CHEM 23.1 Worksheet No.

Name: JUN KHOBE M. SARCILLA Lab Section: MN

A. Preparation of Solution
1. What is the mass of the NaOH pellets needed to prepare 500 ml of 2.0 M NaOH stock
solution?
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑖𝑛 𝐿)

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
2.0 𝑀 =
0.500 𝐿

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑠 39.997 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

= 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 39.997 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝒈

2. What is the volume of 2.0 M NaOH stock solution required to prepare 250ml of 0.1 M NaOH?
𝐶1 = 2.0 𝑀
𝑉2 = ?
𝐶1 = 0.1 𝑀
𝑉2 = 250 𝑚𝐿

𝐶1 𝑉2 = 𝐶2 𝑉2
(2.0 𝑀)(𝑉1 ) = (0.1 𝑀)(250 𝑚𝐿)
25
𝑉1 =
2.0
= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝑳

B. Standardization and determination of acetic acid in the sample

Table 1. Standardization of NaOH solution.

Volume of NaOH, mL Concentration, M
Replicate g of KHP
Initial Final Volume Added (mean±SD)
1 0.5894 0.00 28.91 28.91
29.91 50.00
2 0.6072 21.09 + 8.75= 29.84 0.997±9.54 × 10-5
0.00 8.75
3 0.5136 8.75 33.97 25.22

Table 2. Determination of acetic acid content in vinegar sample.

mL. of Volume of NaOH, mL
aliquot Concentration, M
Replicate
sample used Initial Final Volume Added (mean±SD)
for titration
1 25 0 7.75 7.75
2 25 7.75 15.23 7.48 -0.729%±2.14%
3 25 22.42 7.19 -15.23
Show 1 sample calculation:
Table 1. Standardization of NaOH solution
Replicate 1:
KPH: 0.5894 g
Initial Volume: 0.00 mL
Final Volume: 28.91 mL
Volume Added: 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 28.91 − 0.00 = 28.91 𝑚𝐿
1𝐿
28.91 𝑚𝐿 × = 0.0289 𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1000 𝑚𝐿
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑃𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.5894 𝑔 𝐾𝑃𝐻 × × = 0.0029
204.22 𝑔 𝐾𝑃𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.0029
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = = 0.0998 𝑀
0.0289
Replicate 2:
KPH: 0.6072 g
Initial Volume: 28.91 mL
Final Volume: 58.75 mL
Volume Added: 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 58.75 − 28.91 = 29.84 𝑚𝐿
1𝐿
29.84 𝑚𝐿 × = 0.0298 𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1000 𝑚𝐿
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑃𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.6072 𝑔 𝐾𝑃𝐻 × × = 0.0029 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
204.22 𝑔 𝐾𝑃𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.0029
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = = 0.0997 𝑀
0.0289

Replicate 3:
KPH: 0.5136
Initial Volume: 8.75 mL
Final Volume: 33.97 mL
Volume Added: 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 33.97 − 8.75 = 25.22 𝑚𝐿
1𝐿
25.22 𝑚𝐿 × = 0.0252 𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1000 𝑚𝐿
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑃𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.5136 𝑔 𝐾𝑃𝐻 × × = 0.0025 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
204.22 𝑔 𝐾𝑃𝐻 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.0029
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = = 0.0997 𝑀
0.0289
0.0998 + 0.0996 + 0.997
𝑥̅ = = 0.0997
3
((0.0998 − 0.0997) + (0.0996 − 0.997)2 + (0.0997 − 0.997)2
2
𝑆=
3−1

𝑆 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
 0.0997 + 9.54 × 10−5 = 0.0998 𝑀
0.0997 − 9.54 × 10−5 = 0.0996 𝑀

Table 2. Determination of acetic acid content in vinegar sample.

Replicate 1:
Convert M to grams
7.75 𝑚𝐿 = 0.0078
𝑚𝑜𝑙 39.997 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.9973 × 0.0078 𝐿 × = 0.0309
𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Percent w/v of Replicate 1:

0.0309
%𝑤/𝑣 = × 100 = 0.1237 %
25
Mean Percent w/v:
0.1237 + 0.1194 + (−2.4300)
𝑥̅ = = −0.7290%
3
[(0.1237 − (−0.7290)]2 + [(0.1194 − (−0.7290)]2 + [(−2.4300 − 0.7290)]2
𝑆=√
2
𝑆 = 2.14 %

Mean ± Standard Deviation

−0.7290 + 2.14 = 1.4109 %
− 0.7290 − 2.14 = −2.8690%
Questions:
1. Draw and name 5 materials generally needed in the preparation of a solution.

2. Describe how you will prepare 100ml of 1M HCl from a concentrated HCl. Show your
calculations.

Convert Percent HCl to M HCl

37% w/w HCl – density 1.19 kg/L

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
37% 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 1.19 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.44 𝐻𝐶𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
 0.44 𝑘𝑔/𝐿
= 12 𝑚𝑜𝑙
36.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
1𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙: 𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 83 𝑚𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
12𝑀
𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑡𝑜 1𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 8.3 𝑚𝐿 𝑡𝑜 100 𝑚𝐿

2
2𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙: 𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 167 𝑚𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
12𝑀
𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑡𝑜 1𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 167 𝑚𝐿 𝑡𝑜 100 𝑚𝐿

3. Do you always have to use a primary standard in the standardization of titrant? Why or why
not?

Even if primary standard is often used for standardization of a titrant, it is not always the
case. There are instances in which secondary standard can be suit better in a titration, such
that in certain analysis where a pure reagent is not suitable. But in order to have a secondary
standard, it should be standardized using a primary standard.

4. Describe the results of the acid-base titrations for each of the following scenarios: What will
happen to the calculated analyte concentration in the sample?

a. A drop of the NaOH titrant adheres to the side of the buret (because of a dirty buret)
between the initial and final readings for the titration (also called “clean glass” error).
The results of readings will be not accurate. The NaOH drop that stayed to side of
the buret will be included as a part of the volume which was added to the acid. The
NaOH concentration will become lower and will then outcome in requiring to have more
NaOH volume to neutralize acid.

b. For the standardization of the NaOH solution, the endpoint was consistently reproduced
to a dark pink color. While the endpoint for the titration of the sample solution was
consistently reproduced to a faint pink color.
Due to the indicators, visible color comes out in the end-point. However, it is
obviously inaccurate because endpoint that is constantly reproduced should be lighter
or show faint color while the endpoint for the sample titration should be consistently
reproduced to dark color in order to become a reasonable titration.

c. An air bubble was present inside the nozzle of the buret containing the titrant and
remained there throughout the titration.
The results will become inaccurate because existing air bubble will fill up space in
the buret, making errors in the reading. Such that, the reading should be responsible
both the air that fill up the space and the titrant volume.

d. Some of the acid in the flask spilled out during titration.

Acid spilling during titration automatically result to inaccuracy because every
amount is significant during the process such that an error will occur and concentration
becomes lower.

e. The HCl solution was transferred into a wet Erlenmeyer flask prior to titration
 It will result to error since the Erlenmeyer flask is already wet when HCl solution
was transferred. There will be inaccuracy in the analyte concentration since the solution
is not a hundred percent acid. The liquid present in the Erlenmeyer flask will change
both the volume and the concentration.