Script Let’s proceed with the common drainage

problems. The first one is blocking of drains

Maintenance of Drainage, Shoulders and
by debris or vegetation. If this will not be
Slopes
address, then expected clogs will happen.
This is the table of Contents
Next is silting which is the deposition of silt
5.1 The Drainage System in the bottom of drains and culverts, often
reducing the gradient when it is
(Basa sa intro)
accumulated.
And so, drainage in a road consists of
The third one is the erosion of the bottom of
removing surface water away from the road
side drains in erodible soils (not concrete
and controlling ground water away from the
side drains) or on steep gradients,
subgrade supporting the road.
particularly where insufficient turn-outs
There are classifications of highway drainage result in large flows in drains.
that is according to DPWH Design
The fourth one is the erosion at culvert
Guidelines, Criteria and Standards 2015.
outfalls, resulting from high discharge
The first one is the surface drainage which is velocities. This will be further discussed later
a drainage that is intended for surface water in the culverts.
produced by rainfall on a roadway and from
Lastly, the erosion of shoulders and side
areas other than the right-of-way.
slopes.
Next is the slope drainage which is
Bisan pa nga ang drainage system kay
constructed to protect slopes from erosion
carefully designed together with the new
or stability decline that is caused by surface
road, there comes a time nga kailangan na
water on the cuts, fills and natural slopes.
ang pagcheck sa performance para mahibal-
Next is the subsurface drainage which is an kung unsa pay pwedeng iimprove or
used to reduce the groundwater level since amendments.
some parts of the rain water percolates or to
And also sa design or sa maintenance sa
pass through the ground and reaches the
drainage, kung pwede dili gyud iinterfere
ground water table which can raise its level
ang natural flow of water because it will
and also to intercept and drain water rising
change the existing water flow, velocity and
to prevent saturation of the subgrade.
the quantity of water na kung mali ang pag
Another one is the drainage of structures s is alter, will result to damages.
for the purpose of removing stored water
5.2 Side Drains
from the backfill of structures and surface
runoff on bridges in order not to saturate the The bottom of side drains should normally
foundation of the structure. be maintained at a level at least one meter
below formation level (the underside of the
Basa lang sa (good drainage system)
sub-base). Kung constructed too shallow or
dili na gyud sya ga perform properly, its
should be deepened as part of the
maintenance operations.
Volumes in the side drains can usually be
reduced by constructing frequent turn-outs.
In highly erodible soils, additional measures
may be needed to prevent or control
erosion. So, pwede ta magbutang ug grass sa
drainage ditches because it helps to bind the
topsoil and prevents erosion.
Sa mga side drains nga dili concrete then
erodible sya, ang most effective control is to
dam the side drain at frequent intervals and
also to construct additional turn-outs
The first check dam is made up of
handpicked rocks up to 200 to 300
millimeters in size, then naa syay fine or
medium gravel filter which is 2 to 20
millimeters in size that is placed against
upstream side and in bed.
Next, this check dam is made up of steel wire
mesh baskets or gabions filled with rock up
to 200 to 300 millimeters and set into ditch
bottom and sides. In addition to that are
gabion mattress or rock rip-rap as
appropriate to prevent scour downstream.
So scour is a term used to mean localised
erosion of a soil surface as a result of
excessive flow velocity.
Next is wooden stakes that is up to 100 mm
driven into bed of channel can be used with
space between up to 1 meter filled with
brushwood.
For each of the check dams presented, there
is a standard on the distance between them
and its height. (Refer to the picture)
As for the turn-outs, it should have a 10
meter minimum radius for its curve to avoid
the tendency for scour. In addition to that,
the spacing of the turn-outs depend on the
gradient. To know the exact spacing, we’ll
refer to the table 2 which is the Turn-out
Spacing
Removal of Silts is part of the routine
maintenance program. Basahon sa then kani
dayon: If this persist then realignment is
advisable to increase water velocity.
5.3 Fords and Drifts
Fords and drifts are often used on lightly
trafficked roads at watercourses with
seasonal flows. They may be covered by
deep water for short periods when traffic
may not be able to pass, or by shallow water
for longer periods. For much of the year they
may be dry.
The difference is that ford is a location where
a stream is shallow and the bottom has good
footing, making it possible to cross from one
side to the other; while drift is the act or
motion of drifting; the force which impels or
drives; an overpowering influence or
impulse.
Some drifts have a culvert passing under
them. These can cause the deposition of silt
up-stream of the drift which tends to block
the entrance to the culvert, making it
inoperative.
5.4 Culverts
Basa lng sa
(For DPWH)
Culverts on natural water-courses should
follow the existing alignment as closely as
practicable and re-alignment (often resulting
in sharp changes in direction) should be between coats for the paint to dry. Brushes
avoided. should be washed thoroughly after use with
thinners, petrol or kerosene. The colour of
5.5 Bridges
the topcoat should be as bright as possible
Bridge inspection and maintenance requires for better visibility and safety.
specialist knowledge and skills, some of
5.6 Shoulders
which will only be held by a qualified bridge
engineer. Paved shoulders are subject to the same
type of defects as paved carriageways and
Debris should be removed as soon as
are repaired using the same methods as
possible after floods, and eroded and
described in Section 7 (Maintenance of
scoured areas should be repaired.
paved roads).
These should be filled with compacted gravel
It will usually be convenient to carry out
and then protected with rip-rap, concrete or
repairs to this type of shoulder at the same
gabions. Deposits of silt and sand should be
time as the repairs to the carriageway with
removed where necessary to restore the
the same maintenance gang.
original channel. Simple repairs can be
carried out to the decks of timber bridges. Periodically, it is necessary to reseal
shoulders and this should be carried out in
Loose plans can be re-fixed using screws or
the same way as for manual surface dressing
nails whose length is two or three times the
(Section 7.6). Similarly, maintenance of
thickness of the plank. Defective planks
earth and gravel shoulders is essentially the
should be replaced with new planks of the
same as for unpaved roads. Most defects are
correct thickness, length and width, which
corrected by grading, although ruts and pot-
should be treated with wood preservative.
holes can be repaired manually (see Section
All nail heads should be driven flush with the
6.5).
surface.
One of the objects of grading is to retrieve
Whenever planks are replaced, the condition
gravel lost to the shoulder and place it back
of the timber underneath should be
on to the carriageway. On no account, must
checked. Small painting jobs can be
sediment from the ditch be graded on to the
undertaken such as the repainting of railings
shoulder.
or, occasionally, steel beams.
The grader should cut to the bottom of all
All dust, dirt, rust and old paint scale should
defects in the shoulder and spread the
be removed, where possible with an oxy-
material so that, when compacted, it is level
acetylene burner, and then with a wire
with the carriageway edge and slopes away
brush. The steelwork should be given coats
to the ditch at a steeper crossfall than the
of primer, undercoat and topcoat.
carriageway. For unpaved roads, this grading
Only good quality paint should be used and should be carried out at the same time as
it should be brushed thoroughly into the grading of the carriageway and in the same
steel. Ample time should be allowed way.
5.7 Slopes necessary to add water to the fill material to
assist compaction.
Severe damage, where the road is cut by a
landslide or a washout will usually have to be When reinstating slopes in these cases, gab
repaired by special gangs often needing ions can be used for all or part of the repair
heavy construction equipment. work. In all cases, protection measures
should be taken to stop the slip occurring
Less severe damage can often be repaired by
again.
the maintenance gang. Although slips and
settlements can occur as a result of slopes Thin will probably involve improvements to
being too steep, they are much more usually the drainage system and may require paving
associated with the presence of water in the of the slope itself using rip-rap, masonry or
soil. concrete. The use of gabions for filling
material removes the need for slope
protection.
In the case of landslide material blocking the
Establishing grass or other vegetation on the
road, all the material should be removed and
slope may be a cheaper form of protection.
carted away on a tipper truck or on
It may also be necessary to surface the
wheelbarrows and dumped where it cannot
shoulder with gravel or with a bituminous
affect the road. Roadside ditches should be
surface dressing
cleared of all debris and ditch shapes should
be reinstated. 5.8 Maintenance Gang
When shoulders have been cleared, their Basahon lng
levels should be checked to ensure that
water can flow from the carriageway
uninterrupted into the drain. When the
failed slope is not to be reinstated, the sides
of the slip area should be rounded off.
Where there has been severe erosion or slips
which have removed part of the carriageway
or shoulder, or if erosion of slopes threatens
the road structure, repairs are needed
urgently.
Loose material must be removed and the
damaged area should be cut back to sound
material.
New material must be placed and
compacted in 50-7 mm layers using small
vibrating rollers or hand tampers. It may be