What is Biology?

What is Biology?
 Three Main Branches of Biology

•  Botany – study of plants

•  Zoology – study of animals
•  Microbiology – the scientific study of
microorganisms.
 Life’s Levels of Organization

•  The unique properties of life emerge as

certain kinds of molecules become organized
into cells.
 Cell Theory
and Parts of the Cell
Learning Competencies
At the end of our tutorial, you will be able to:
•  Explain the postulates of the cell theory
•  Describe the structure and function of major
and subcellular organelles
Cell Discovery Timeline
Zacharias Janssen, a Dutch eyeglass
1950s maker, invented the very first
___________.

CLUE: It is an instrument used to magnify

small objects.
Cell Discovery Timeline

Zacharias Janssen, a Dutch eyeglass

1950s maker, invented the very first
Microscope
___________.
CLUE: It is an instrument used to magnify
small objects.
Cell Discovery Timeline
While looking at a piece of cork
1965 under the microscope, Robert Hooke
saw box-shaped structures that he
called ___________.

CLUE: It is the basic unit of structure and

function in living things.
Cell Discovery Timeline

While looking at a piece of cork

1965 under the microscope, Robert Hooke
saw box-shaped structures that he
Cell
called ___________.

CLUE: It is the basic unit of structure and

function in living things.
Cell Discovery Timeline
___________, while looking at the
1674 pond water under the microscope,
observed what he called
“animalcules”

CLUE: He is known as the Father of

Microbiology
Cell Discovery Timeline
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
___________, while looking at the
1674 pond water under the microscope,
observed what he called
“animalcules”

CLUE: He is known as the Father of

Microbiology
Cell Discovery Timeline
Matthias Schleiden, a German
1838 botanist, stated that___________ are
made up of cells.

CLUE: What do botanists’ study?

Cell Discovery Timeline

Matthias Schleiden, a German

1838 Plants are
botanist, stated that___________
made up of cells.

CLUE: What do botanists’ study?

Cell Discovery Timeline
Theodor Schwann, a German
1839 physiologist, concluded that
__________ are also made up of cells.

CLUE: What do zoologists’ study?

Cell Discovery Timeline

Theodor Schwann, a German

1839 physiologist, concluded that
Animals are also made up of cells.
__________

CLUE: What do zoologists’ study?

Cell Discovery Timeline
Rudolf Virchow stated that cells
1855 come from pre-existing cells through
__________.

CLUE: It is the process by which a parent cell

divides into two or more daughter cells
Cell Discovery Timeline

Rudolf Virchow stated that cells

1855 come from pre-existing cells through
Cell Division
__________.

CLUE: It is the process by which a parent cell

divides into two or more daughter cells
CELL THEORY
1.  All living things are made up of cells.
2.  Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in an organism.
3.  Cells come from pre-existing cells
“Omnis cellula e cellula”
~Rudolf Virchow~
MODERN CELL THEORY
4. Cells carry genetic material which is passed
from cell to cell during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same structure
and chemical composition
6. Energy flow (biochemical processes occurs
within cells.
 SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
•  an obsolete theory that states that living
organisms can originate from inanimate objects.

•  Other common examples of spontaneous
generation were that dust creates fleas, maggots
arise from rotting meat, and bread or wheat left in
a dark corner produces mice.
 CELL STRUCTURES
ORGANELLES
•  Literally means “little
organs”
•  Specialized structures found
within the cell which
performs specific functions
vital to cellular life.
CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE:
•  a phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins that separates the internal
contents of the cell from its
surrounding environment.
FUNCTION:
•  Separates the inner contents of the
cell with its environment
•  Regulates the passage of materials in
and out of the cell
CYTOPLASM
STRUCTURE:
•  is the entire region of a cellwithin the
plasma membrane. In eukaryotes,it is
made-up of organelles suspended in thegel-
like cytosol.
•  FUNCTION:
•  Responsible for the fluid nature of the cell’s
internal environment and that which allows
the organelles to suspend dynamically.
•  Many metabolic reactions, includes protein
synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm.
NUCLEUS
STRUCTURE:
•  A membrane-bound spherical body discovered by
Robert Brown in 1831.
•  is the most prominent organelle in a cell.
FUNCTION:
•  It houses the cell DNA (termed as chromatin
strand)
•  directs the synthesis of ribosomes subunits and
proteins.
•  The control center of the cell which is enclosed in a
double membrane which selectively permits
certain materials like mRNA to exit.
NUCLEOLUS
STRUCTURE:
•  Located within the nucleus,
FUNCTION:
•  It is where subunits of the ribosomes
are assembled and include the
synthesis and maturation of
ribosomal RNA for release in the
cytoplasm where protein synthesis
occurs.
RIBOSOME
STRUCTURE:
•  A large complex of protein and RNA

FUNCTION:
•  responsible for protein synthesis and are considered
the protein factories of the cell
•  They may be attached to the cytoplasmic side of
plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear
envelope.
•  Ribosomes receive their “orders” for protein synthesis
from the nucleus during DNA transcription and RNA
translation into a specific order of amino acids in a
protein.
•  Amino acids are the building blocks of protein.
MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE:
•  A double-membraned, rod-shaped
organelle
•  Has its own DNA

FUNCTION:
•  Produces chemical energy needed to
power the cell in the form of ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
VACUOLE
STRUCTURE:
•  A large space within the cell that is
enclosed in a membrane filled with
fluid.
FUNCTION:
•  Maintains water balance
•  Maintains cell shape
•  Stores nutrients and waste products

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
STRUCTURE:
•  A series of interconnected membranous
sacs and tubules
•  The membrane of the ER which is
phospholipids bilayer imbedded with
proteins is continuous with the nuclear
envelope.
TWO TYPES:
•  Rough ER
•  Smooth ER
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
STRUCTURE:
•  With ribosomes attached to its
surface
FUNCTION:
•  Modifies proteins synthesized by
ribosomes
•  Makes phospholipids for cellular
membranes

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
STRUCTURE:
•  No attached ribosomes

FUNCTION:
•  Synthesize carbohydrates, lipids and
steroid hormones
•  Detoxification of drugs and toxins
•  Storage of calcium ions

GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS
STRUCTURE:
•  A series of flattened, sac-like
membranes that resembles a stack of
pancakes

FUNCTION:
•  Sort, tag, package and distribute
lipids and proteins to their proper
destination in the cell.
LYSOSOME
STRUCTURE:
•  Spherical bodies containing digestive
enzymes
FUNCTION:
•  It is the digestive component and
organelle-recycling facility of animal
cells.
•  Lysosome use their hydrolytic
enzymes to destroy pathogens that
might enter the cell through
phagocytosis.
CYTOSKELETON
STRUCTURE:
•  A network of protein filaments or fibers
•  TYPES: Microfilaments, Microtubules,
and intermediate filaments

FUNCTION:
•  Provides shape and structure
•  Movement
CELL WALL
STRUCTURE:
•  A rigid membrane surrounding
plant cells made up mostly of
cellulose

FUNCTION:
•  gives the cell protection, support,
and structure

CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE:
•  A long, disc-shaped organelle
containing pigment chlorophyll

FUNCTION:
•  Site of photosynthesis

 REVIEW
1.  Which of the following statement is TRUE in
conformity with the tenets of the Cell Theory?
A.  Cells arise spontaneously through a process called
“abiogenesis”
B.  The cell wall can be found in all living cells
C.  The cell is the basic unit of life.
 REVIEW
1.  Which of the following statement is TRUE in
conformity with the tenets of the Cell Theory?
A.  Cells arise spontaneously through a process
called “abiogenesis”
B.  The cell wall can be found in all living cells
C.  The cell is the basic unit of life.
 REVIEW
2. According to the Cell Theory, “all living thins are
made up of cell.”. This tenet is a product of the work
and research of two scientists?
A.  Hooke and Leeuwenhoek
B.  Schwann and Schleiden
C.  Schwann and Virchow
D.  Schleiden and Virchow
 REVIEW
2. According to the Cell Theory, “all living things are
made up of cell.”. This tenet is a product of the work
and research of two scientists?
A.  Hooke and Leeuwenhoek
B.  Schwann and Schleiden
C.  Schwann and Virchow
D.  Schleiden and Virchow
 REVIEW
3. Rudolph Virchow’s observations was instrumental
in disproving which widely accepted belief during his
time?
A.  Atomic Model
B.  Evolution
C.  Gravity
D.  Spontaneous Generation
 REVIEW
3. Rudolph Virchow’s observations was instrumental
in disproving which widely accepted belief during his
time?
A.  Atomic Model
B.  Evolution
C.  Gravity
D.  Spontaneous Generation
 REVIEW
4. Organelles can be found in the _________ of a cell?

A.  Cytoplasm
B.  Mitochondria
C.  Nucleus
D.  Ribosomes
 REVIEW
4. Organelles can be found in the _________ of a cell?

A.  Cytoplasm
B.  Mitochondria
C.  Nucleus
D.  Ribosomes
 REVIEW
5. Which of the following organelles is NOT found in a
plant cell?
A.  Cell wall
B.  Lysosome
C.  Nucleus
D.  Vacuole
 REVIEW
5. Which of the following organelles is NOT found in a
plant cell?
A.  Cell wall
B.  Lysosome
C.  Nucleus
D.  Vacuole
Thank You!