Unit 2 FOC

Q.1: Define operating system.

An operating system (OS) is a software that acts as an intermediary between the user and the
computer hardware. It manages computer resources, provides a user interface, and allows the
execution of software programs.

Q.2: Functions of O.S

Functions of an operating system include:

(a)Process management: Managing and scheduling processes or tasks running on the

computer.

(b)Memory management: Allocating and managing memory resources for programs and data.

(c)File system management: Organizing and controlling access to files and directories.

(d)Device management: Controlling and coordinating the use of hardware devices.

(e)User interface: Providing an interface for users to interact with the computer system.

(f)Security: Protecting system resources and data from unauthorized access.

(g)Networking: Managing network connections and communication.

(h)Error handling: Detecting and handling errors that occur during system operation.
Q.3:Types of O.S

(a) Single user OS: Designed for a single user to operate the system at a time. Examples
include MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/ME.

(b) Multiuser OS: Designed to support multiple users concurrently. Each user has separate
accounts and can access the system simultaneously. Examples include Unix/Linux, Windows
Server, and macOS.

Q.4: Overview of Windows O.S, Android O.S and IOS.

(a)Windows OS: Developed by Microsoft, it is a popular operating system for personal

computers. It provides a graphical user interface, compatibility with a wide range of software
and hardware, and has various versions such as Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.

(b)Android OS: Developed by Google, it is a mobile operating system based on the Linux kernel.
It is primarily used in smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices. Android offers a
customizable interface, a vast app ecosystem through the Google Play Store, and seamless
integration with Google services.

(c)iOS: Developed by Apple Inc., it is a mobile operating system exclusively used on Apple's
devices like iPhones, iPads, and iPod Touch. It focuses on simplicity, security, and integration
with Apple's ecosystem. iOS offers a smooth and intuitive user experience and has its own
App Store for downloading applications.

Q.5: Definition, goals, applications and components of Topology.

- Topology: Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of nodes (devices) and
connections in a network.
- Goals: The goals of network topology include efficient data transmission, scalability, fault
tolerance, and optimal resource utilization.

- Applications: Topology is applied in various network environments such as LANs, WANs,

MANs, home networks, office networks, and data centers.

- Components: The components of topology include nodes (computers, routers, switches, etc.),
links (connections between nodes), and network protocols.

Q.6:Types of Topology.

Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies.

(a)Bus Topology: Devices connected to a shared cable. Data travels back and forth. If the
cable fails, the whole network goes down.

(b)Star Topology: Devices connected to a central hub. Each device has its own connection. If
one device has a problem, others are not affected.

(c)Ring Topology: Devices connected in a circle. Data flows in one direction. If one device has
an issue, the whole network can be disrupted.

(d)Mesh Topology: Devices interconnected in multiple paths. Provides backup routes for data
transmission. Offers high reliability.

(e)Tree Topology: Hierarchical structure with a main node and sub-nodes. Allows for
expansion. Main node failure impacts the entire network.

(f)Hybrid Topology: Combination of different topologies. Customized for specific network

requirements. Provides flexibility and optimization.
Q.7: Types of networks

Types of networks include LAN (Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), WAN
(Wide Area Network), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), and VPN (Virtual Private Network).

Q.8:LAN,MAN,WAN.

(a(LAN: Local Area Network is a network that spans a small area, such as a home, office, or
building. It connects computers and devices in close proximity to facilitate local
communication and resource sharing.

(b)MAN: Metropolitan Area Network covers a larger geographical area, such as a city or town.
It interconnects multiple LANs and provides high-speed connectivity for organizations or
institutions within the metropolitan area.

(c)WAN: Wide Area Network covers a wide geographic area, often spanning multiple cities,
countries, or continents. The internet is an example of a WAN. It allows long-distance
communication and connects various LANs and MANs together.