Logic and propositions

Proposition example: Today is hot,

propositions are statements, which can also be negated e.g. It is not hot today

Truth tables

It is hot today It is not hot today

T F
F T

Truth Tables are determined by no of propositions for their columns and 2^N for their rows

e.g., Proposition P and Q truth table

P Q
T T
T F
F T
F F

Method for filling out truth table 1,2,4,8,16,32,64 etc

Stop at the no equalling no of rows e.g., proposition of q & p & r

2^3 = 8 rows

1,2,4,8,16,32,64

Q's move in 4’s TTTTFFFF

P’s move in 2’s TTFFTTFF

R’s move in 1’s TFTFTFTF

Truth Table (Please note: This is only for single propositions not conjunctions etc)

Q P R
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
Conjunctions (AND)

Denoted by ^, means that both propositions must be true for it to be true

P=T and Q=T

Disjunctions (OR)

Denoted by V, means that at least one proposition must be true

P=T or Q=T

Exclusives (OR limited to 1)

Denoted by , means only one proposition can be true

P=T or Q=T but P cannot be T while Q is T

P Q P Q
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F

Conditional

Denoted by 🔜, means that if p must influence q

e.g., the soccer team trained hard (p) and won their tournament(q), only if they train hard and do
not win is P 🔜 Q, False

P Q P🔜Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Biconditional

Denoted by 🔛, means that p only occurs if q occurs, if this is not the relationship then P 🔛 Q is F

If extra tickets are bought (P) a free drink is given (Q)

P Q P🔛Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Terms:

Tautology: Columns always true

Contradiction: Columns always false

Contingency: Both True and False occurs

Compound propositions

Multiple propositional statements in one e.g., (P^Q) 🔜P

Truth Table

P and Q are 2 propositions therefore 2^2 = 4 rows 1,2,4

P Q P^Q (P^Q) 🔜P
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T

(P^Q) 🔜P is a Tautology

Show that -(PVQ) and –P^-Q are logically equivalent (are the same)

P and Q are 2 propositions therefore 2^2 = 4 rows 1,2,4

P Q PVQ -(PVQ) -P -Q -P^Q

T T T F F F F
T F T F F T F
F T T F T F F
F F F T T T T

Construct Truth table for (PV-Q) 🔜(P^Q)

P and Q are 2 propositions therefore 2^2 = 4 rows 1,2,4

P Q -Q (PV-Q) (P^Q) (PV-Q) 🔜(P^Q)

T T F T T T
T F T T F F
F T F F F T
F F T T F F