Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295

www.elsevier.nl/locate/enggeo

Detection of seepage paths in earth dams using self-potential and

electrical resistivity methods
T.V. Panthulu 1,*, C. Krishnaiah, J.M. Shirke
Central Water and Power Research Station, Khadakwasla Research Station, Pune 411024, India
Received 24 May 2000; accepted for publication 28 November 2000

Abstract
Earth and rock®ll dams are designed to operate under steady state seepage. Anomalous seepage may be a threat to the
integrity of the structure. In spite of advances made in the ®elds of geotechnical engineering, it is not possible to have 100%
leak-proof structure. Any excessive and unplanned seepage may lead to the failure of the dam, especially in unconsolidated or
fractured terrains. Geophysical methods play an important role in mapping seepage paths and monitoring the changes of the
seepage with time, enabling to plan technically and economically worthwhile remedial measures. In the present paper,
utilisation of electrical methods for delineation of seepage zones at two of the four Saddle dams of the Som-Kamla-Amba
project, Rajasthan State, India; which is founded on heterogeneous rock mass, is discussed. Electrical resistivity method was
used to delineate zones favourable for seepage, whereas, self-potential (SP) method was used to delineate the seepage paths. SP
measurements have shown negative anomaly of the order of 10±20 mV in amplitude, indicating low seepage, coinciding with
the seepage measurements made by the project authorities. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Seepage zone; Self-potential method; Electrical resistivity method; Earth dam

1. Introduction tures (Sen and Venkatesha, 1989). In unconsolidated

Designers of earth and rock®ll dams increase the
path of the foundation seepage by providing imper-
vious cores, upstream clay blankets and slabs,
upstream impervious aprons and cut-off trenches.
The cut-off trenches are normally through weathered
or slightly weathered rock. Excessive seepage in the
foundation of the dam threatens the integrity of the
structure. In spite of advances made in the ®elds of
geotechnical engineering, most of the times it is not
possible to guarantee completely water-tight struc-
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 191-20-4392511/812/513; fax:
191-20-4392004.
E-mail address: wapis@mah.nic.in (T.V. Panthulu).
1
Website: www.mah.nic.in/cwprs.
0013-7952/01/$ - see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0013-795 2(00)00082-X
or fractured terrain when leakage velocities reach
critical values, erosion takes place giving rise to
subfussion and subsidence leading to the collapse of
the dam (Oglivy et al., 1969; James, 1968). This
emphasises the importance of mapping the seepage
paths and monitoring the changes in seepage as a
function of time. Geophysical surveys especially
geoelectrical methods play an important role in a
comprehensive methodology for assessment of anom-
alous seepage conditions by detecting, mapping and
monitoring the zones. This makes it possible to plan
more technically and economically speci®c anti-leak-
age measures.
The US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station has assisted numerous ®eld of®ces of Corps
of Engineers in conducting seepage assessments
282 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295

Fig. 1. Topographic map of the Som-Kamla-Amba project, Rajastan, India.

(Butler and Llopis 1990). The role of Engineering 2. Study area

Geophysics and the individual geophysical methods
and their speci®c role and applicability in seepage
assessment are discussed by Butler and Llopis
(1990) and Merkler et al. (1985). Individual geophy-
sical methods are utilised either in a primary or
supporting (secondary) role in seepage studies and
are selected to meet site and project-speci®c condi-
tions.
In this paper the applications of electrical methods
consisting of Resistivity (pro®ling and sounding)
and Self-potential (SP) , in detecting and mapping
the seepage paths at two of the four Saddle dams of
the Som-Kamla-Amba Project, Rajasthan, India
(CWPRS Technical Report. No. 3479, 1998) are
discussed.
The main dam is a 1205 m long and 23 m high
earth-masonry dam constructed in 1993, near the
village Kamla-Amba (latitude 23858 0 N; longitude
7482 0 E,) across river Som, Dungarpur District,
Rajasthan. Because of the existing topographical
conditions and in order to raise the reservoir level
without extending the reservoir area, four Saddle
dams were also constructed (Fig. 1). Design changes
were taken up in Saddle dam no. 3 by raising its height
from 14 to 19.5 m and adding earthen lamina on
downstream side in order to accommodate the
increased design ¯ood from 83.1 to 118.66 MCM.
Studies by ®nite element method carried out in
Central Water and Power Research Station
 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295 283

(CWPRS) (Chatre et al., 1994) have concluded that methods and is still used in many ®elds of applied
increase in stresses due to the proposed rise in the dam geophysics (Patella, 1997). A wealth of case histories
height for the critical operating condition, was not very are reported in literature concerning dam and embank-
signi®cant to cause any damage or distress to the struc- ment seepage surveys (Bogoslovsky and Oglivy,
ture. On partial impoundment of the reservoir, seepage 1970a,b, 1973; Bogoslovsky et al., 1979; Gex, 1980;
was observed at Saddle dams no.1 and 3 on their down- Fitterman, 1983; Hadley, 1983; Black and Corwin,
stream central and right side portions, respectively. 1984; Butler, 1984). In the earth an electrical potential
is generated by the ¯ow of a ¯uid through a porous
medium by the process known as electrokinetic
3. Geology coupling (MacInnes, 1961; Nourbehecht, 1963;
Corwin and Hoover, 1979). In the ®eld, potential
The project is located on Basal Aravalli formations,
drops are measured across a passive dipole, normally
consisting of thinly foliated phyllitic quartzites and
consisting of a pair of grounded liquid junction
quartzites within inter layered quartz±mica±schist
copper±copper sulphate porous pots (Ives and Janz,
bands. Mahajan and Upadhyay (1983±1984) carried
1961). The magnitude of the potential ®eld is inver-
out geological investigations of the site and reported
sely proportional to the electrolytic concentration of
the following observations. Due to folding and fault-
pore ¯uid. Therefore, maximum SP anomaly is gener-
ing the strata shows large variations in strike, which
ated by the ¯ow of freshwater (Bogoslovsky and
ranges from N158W±S158E to N808W±S808E dipping
Oglivy, 1973). The magnitude of the anomaly is
268 to 458 towards south westerly direction. Sets of
also affected by the pore size and clay content. The
joints which are by and large tight are observed in
exact variation of the SP above and along the seepage
N158W±S158E to N758E±S758W. A number of shear
path is a complicated function of the geoelectrical
zones most of which are parallel to the foliation, range in
section, the electrokinetic coupling coef®cients, the
thickness from 10 to 30 m and traversed the foundation
¯ow rate, and the depth and geometry of the ¯ow
rock. Another set of shear zones run parallel to sub-
path (Wilt and Corwin, 1988). However, observations
parallel to the ¯ow direction i.e. N808E±S808W. The
and quantitative modelling indicate a negative SP
strata are by and large, hard and fresh with few
anomaly in areas where seepage is entering through
weathered and fractured pockets, occurring locally.
the dam or bottom of the reservoir and positive where
During the foundation investigation stage, four bore
the ¯ow is generally ascending towards the surface
holes were drilled at Saddle dam no. 1, at Ch. (Chainage)
(Oglivy et al., 1969; Corwin, 1988a,b). SP method
880, 935, and 790 m and at Saddle dam no. 3 one bore
seems simple in making measurements, but acquisi-
hole was drilled at Ch. 3185 m. At Saddle dam no. 1
tion of good, repeatable ®eld data requires proper
weathered, jointed and bedding planes were encoun-
planning and experience (Bisdorf, 1985). SP surveys
tered. At Saddle dam no. 3 highly pervious open joints
for seepage assessments are normally carried out by
were encountered. These weak zones may serve as
®xed reference method rather than potential-gradient
active seepage conduits. Surface observations in the
method (Butler and Llopis, 1990). Interpretation of SP
down stream portions of Saddle dams no. 1 and 3 also
data is often done qualitatively using visual correla-
revealed some locations where small seepage of water
tion between observed pro®les (Corwin, 1990),
was observed. In order to locate exactly the source of
because of the lack of modelling techniques, which
observed seepage and its path in or under the body of the
are readily related to speci®c source mechanisms
dam, ®eld layout was planned to cover all these zones
(Fitterman, 1979). If enough data are available, a
and extending either side of these zones.
surface map can be contoured and interpreted
(Bisdorf, 1985).
4. Methods employed
4.2. Electrical resistivity method
4.1. Self-potential method
Electrical pro®ling (EP) or resistivity pro®ling
SP prospecting is one of the oldest geoelectrical measurements are the most extensively used electrical
284 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
techniques for engineering applications. It is primarily
applied in geological mapping (Butler and Llopis,
1990). Extensive literature is available for the descrip-
tion of resistivity pro®ling and sounding (Bhatta-
charya and Patra, 1966; Bisdorf, 1985). Standard
horizontal resistivity pro®ling surveys are used to
detect and map potential seepage paths. The sense
of anomaly will vary depending on the nature of the
path and whether or not seepage is occurring along the
path (Butler and Llopis, 1990). Fractured and other
weak zones generally produce low-resistivity anoma-
lies either by serving as active seepage conduits or
because of the presence of clay or other weathering
products. Horizontal pro®ling with multiple spacings
of electrodes can be used to estimate the depth ranges
of features producing the anomalies. Electrical resis-
tivity soundings with different arrays can be carried
out at locations, which are selected by carefully study-
ing the electrical resistivity pro®ling data. Preparation
of geoelectrical sections by using sounding results
after calibrating with available geological information
may give the source of resistivity anomalies.
A modi®ed pole±dipole electrical resistivity
surveying technique (Bristow, 1966; Butler et al.,
1982) can be used to locate anomalies in two
dimensions. Fountain et al. (1975) mapped 3-D
subsurface feature by pole±dipole survey. Closely
spaced Schlumberger soundings and dipole±dipole
survey can also be used to produce resistivity
cross-sections.
4.3. Field procedure
SP measurements were taken by using two non-
polarising electrodes, one stationary at the base station
and the other moving along the desired line at pre®xed
stations. The base-station was chosen at a point
convenient for operation but away from the expected
anomaly. The base-station reading was repeated at
every half an hour or after completing one pro®le
line, which ever was earlier, for drift correction. To
obtain the most consistent readings, the holes at each
station were dug deep enough to penetrate dry surface
soil. The holes were watered 5±6 h before the
measurements were made. For all the pro®les the
measurements were made two to three times in a
week. In all these measurements the variation in the
data set was less than 5 mV. This variation may
include temperature changes, diurnal effects and
soil moisture content changes (Butler and Llopis,
1990). A regional gradient line is drawn by a
qualitative judgement of the normal trend of the
pro®les, to measure the anomalies for qualitative
interpretation. However, in spite of strict quality
control of SP measurements, the signal to noise
level is low. EP measurements were carried out
by using multi-electrode spacings. Soundings
were conducted at selected locations depending
on SP and EP results. A typical set of sounding
curves are shown in Fig. 3. Both the EP and
soundings were carried out by using Schlumberger
array. For conducting these surveys an AC Terra-
meter, SAS-300 manufactured by M/s. ABEM,
Sweden was used.
4.4. Interpretation of data
Dam sites, like any other geological formations,
more often are layered, non-homogeneous and an-
isotropic, requiring a 3-D representation and analysis.
A 2-D model for the subsurface gives reasonably
accurate results in areas with elongated geological
structures. However, more complex structures (Park
and Van, 1991) can only be adequately represented by
a 3-D subsurface model. According to Mehini et al.
(1996), the 1-D interpretation is quick and simple
when the resistivity changes are smooth. Two exam-
ples given by them illustrate that in geological
contexts where the thickness of the weathered zones
causes changes in the apparent resistivity values, this
parameter can be recovered from 1-D interpretation.
Large deviation from 1-D are suspected of when there
are spikes in the apparent resistivity data or when the
ascending branches of the resistivity curves are very
steep (Koefoed, 1979). However, without additional
information, it is not possible to say anything about
the degree of deviation from 1-D or to interpret the
data further, i.e. to assess the anomalous zone (Morris
et al., 1997). With increased availability of computers
and low frequency earth resistance meters with a
number of electrodes connected to a multi-core
cable controlled by multiplexer system, it is now
practical to employ numerical modeling techniques
to invert resistivity data for 2-D strucures.
When electrical soundings are made over an irre-
gular terrain, topographic effects can in¯uence the
 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
Fig. 2. Lay out of Saddle dam no. 1 and pro®les P6 and P7.
values of apparent resistivity and lead to erroneous 1-
D interpretation (Sahbi et al., 1997). Sahbi and others
applied a 3-D FEM technique to study the
topographical effect of a slope on Schlumberger
soundings parallel to the strike. They applied a correc-
tion method, based on the non-dimensional curves, to
the data for removing topographic effects enabling the
determination of the correct layered ground con®gura-
tion using 1-D interpretation techniques.
In the present case, 2-D or 3-D interpretation could
not be carried out because, by using conventional single
channel resistivity meter it is dif®cult, time consuming
and expensive to collect the data. However, care was
taken to study the available bore hole data and geology
of the area while interpreting the data.
Resistivity sounding data were initially subjected to
partial curve matching interpretation technique by
using Orellana±Mooney master curves and Auxilliary
graphs (Orellana and Mooney, 1966). The
geoelectrical parameters thus obtained were re®ned
285
by using 1-D computer interpretation (RESIX-IPe,
1993). EP and SP pro®ling data were interpreted
qualitatively.
5. Saddle dam no. 1
5.1. Details of investigations
The layout of the Saddle dam no. 1 is shown in
Fig. 2. Four bore holes drilled during the investigation
revealed, in general, weathering which diminishes
beyond 6 m depth in all the bore holes. After that
the recovery percentage rises from 74 to 86%.
Two pro®les were selected for carrying out the ®eld
survey, one (P6) on the saddle crest (on its down-
stream edge) and the other (P7) at the downstream
toe (Fig. 2).
The apparent resistivity in EP near bore hole
(BH 6) (at Ch. 3185 of Saddle dam no. 3) in
 286
T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
Fig. 3. Typical vertical electrical sounding curves; (a) Saddle dam no. 1 (b) Saddle dam no. 3.
 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
Fig. 4. SP and EP Curves at Saddle dam no. 1 showing the seepage path.
which water was present was found to be around
200 V-m. It is thus, assumed that an electrical
resistivity of around 200 V-m may be the upper
limiting value for the resitivity anomaly. With this
assumption a reference line is drawn at 200 ohm-m on
all the electrical pro®le curves to show the potential
seepage paths.
5.2. Results and discussions
The results of EP and SP pro®ling are shown in
Fig. 4. On pro®le P6 (saddle crest), EP shows two
resistivity lows (200 ohm-m) from Ch. 900 to Ch.
1045 m and Ch. 1110 to Ch. 1140 m, with 40 and
50 m electrode spacings, whereas SP shows negative
anomaly from Ch. 880 to Ch. 1040 m with a maxi-
mum amplitude of 28 mV at Ch. 1000 m. For the
70 m spacing curve on pro®le P6 the resistivity
287
value is more than 200 ohm-m. This indicates that
deeper strata is less weathered or fractured. The geo-
electrical section on pro®le P6 shows a wet zone in the
body of the saddle from Ch 830 to Ch 950 m with
depth varying from 5.5 to 9 m (Fig. 5).
On pro®le P7 (D/s toe), the EP shows low resistivity
from Ch. 840 to Ch. 870 m; Ch. 885 to Ch. 915 m;
Ch. 960 to Ch. 1000 m; and Ch. 1040 to Ch. 1070 m,
whereas SP shows two negative anomalies from Ch.
820 to Ch. 845 m and Ch. 910 to Ch. 1080 m with
maximum negative anomaly of 216 mV with respect
to the regional gradient. From the geoelectrical
section in Fig. 5 on pro®le P7, a shallow low resistiv-
ity zone from Ch. 900 m onwards can be seen. The
negative SP anomalies near the abutment may be due
to the higher elevations and are caused by the down
slope movement of subsurface water (Corwin, 1990).
Geoelectrical section drawn along a new pro®le
288 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
Fig. 5. Geoelectrical sections at Saddle dam no. 1.
 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
Fig. 6. Layout of Saddle dam no. 3 and pro®les P1 to P5.
30 m u/s from dam axis shows a low resistivity zone
from Ch. 825 to Ch. 1000 m with a maximum depth of
15.0 m (Fig. 5).
6. Saddle dam no. 3
6.1. Details of investigations
The layout of Saddle dam no. 3 is shown in Fig. 6.
The saddle dam was constructed over an existing dyke
in a typical rock®ll dam design (Fig. 7). A BH 6
drilled at Ch. 3185 m at the time of investigation
revealed open joints with high permeability values
(10±60 lugeons Ð a lugeon is a ¯ow of 1 l min m
of bore hole under a pressure of 1000 k Pa) up to a
depth of 10.54 m. Micaceous schist is encountered
from 0.6 to 11.5 m and quartzites from 11.5 to
15.45 m and the recovery was less than 21% up to a
289
depth of 9.5 m. From 9.5 to 11.5 m the recovery was
about 50% and below. The recovery in the quartzite
was from 60 to 65% and the permeability was around
2 lugeons.
A total of ®ve pro®le lines were selected for carry-
ing out the survey, namely P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 as
shown in Fig. 6. In the SP survey the trend of the
regional gradient is different for upstream and down-
stream pro®les because of the prevalent topographic
elevations.
6.2. Results and discussions
As in the case of Saddle dam no. 1, in this EP data
the apparent resistivity of 200 ohm-m level is also
taken as the upper limit for resistivity anomaly and
accordingly a line is drawn at 200 ohm-m on the
pro®ling curves to identify the potential seepage
zones.
290 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
Fig. 7. Typical cross-section of Saddle dam no. 3 at Ch. 3190 m.
The results of SP and EP surveys are shown in
Fig. 8. On pro®le P1 (u/s toe) the EP curve shows
two low resistivity zones from Ch. 3160 to Ch.
3290 m and Ch. 3330 to Ch. 3460 m, and the SP
results show three negative anomaly zones from Ch.
3160 to Ch. 3280 m; Ch. 3300 to Ch. 3370 m and Ch.
3435 to Ch. 3490 m. The maximum negative anom-
aly, 220 mV is at Ch. 3245 m. The geoelectrical
section on this pro®le shows a low resistivity zone
along the entire length with thickness ranging from
13 to 23 m (Fig. 9).
Along the pro®le P2 (u/s slope), as shown in Fig. 8,
part of the pro®le is covered with EP and part by SP.
The EP curve shows low resistivity zone between Ch.
3160 and Ch. 3290 m for higher electrode separation,
indicating deeper wet zone. SP shows negative anom-
aly from Ch 3320 to Ch 3370 m, and Ch 3400 to Ch
3430 m, the 10 m wide maximum negative anomaly
of order of 213 mV being at Ch 3330 m.
The geoelectric section on pro®le P2 indicates a
low resistivity zone of thickness varying from 8.0 to
14.0 m on the part of the saddle dam between Ch.
3100 and Ch. 3200 m and the remaining part of the
saddle dam is dry (Fig. 9). It may be noted here that
this pro®le was taken on the u/s slope of the saddle
and this low value of resistivity may be due to the
moisture content of the earth layers in the body of
the saddle dam.
On pro®le P3, only SP survey was carried out
covering both the dam line and abutment. Since
keeping one base station was not possible for the
entire pro®le due to site condition, two base
stations were selected one at each end of the
pro®le. On this pro®le, SP results show negative
anomaly from Ch. 3100 to Ch. 3360 m having
maximum negative anomaly of about 218 mV at
Ch. 3320 m with a width of 30 m. In the remain-
ing zone the anomaly is of the order of 28 mV.
 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295 291

Fig. 8. SP and EP curves at Saddle dam no. 3 showing the seepage path.

The overlap portion of the SP anomaly shows the
same trend indicating consistency of the results.
Soundings could not be taken in this zone because
of ®eld constraints.
Along pro®le P4 (d/s toe), EP results show low
resistivity from Ch. 3130 to Ch. 3300 m and the SP
results also show negative anomaly from Ch. 3130 to
Ch. 3270 m. The maximum SP anomaly on this pro®le
is about 210 mV at Ch. 3140 m. The geoelectric
section from Ch. 3125 to Ch. 3250 m shows wet
zone having maximum thickness at Ch. 3135 m
(Fig. 9). The results of the geoelectric section corro-
borate well with the bore hole data (BH 6 in Fig. 9).
Soundings could not be carried out on the stretch
between Ch. 3250 and Ch. 3300 m.
On pro®le P5, (95 m d/s from dam axis) the positive
SP anomaly observed is of the order from 116 to
118 mV at four locations showing the ¯ow ascending
upwards towards the surface. The ®eld observations
(shown in Fig. 9) of water logging, substantiates these
results. The geoelectric section on this line shows a
low resistivity zone thickening towards higher value
of chainages. At Ch. 3200 m, below the 4 m thick dry
top layer there is a 13 m thick wet layer from RL
(Reduced Level, above mean sea level) 197.0 to RL
210.0 m.
 292
T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
Fig. 9. Geoelectric sections at Saddle dam no. 3 along with bore hole and piezometer location.
 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
Based on the above discussions, the potential
seepage path is demarcated (Figs. 8 and 9). It may
be noted that the seepage zone is along the junction
of the Saddle dam no. 3 and its right abutment. A
geoelectric section is drawn across the dyke covering
all the pro®le lines at Ch. 3190 m (Fig. 10). The piezo-
meters installed on this section show the presence of
water, indicating seepage in this zone. The high resis-
tivity values obtained in cut-off trench (COT in
Fig. 10) may be because of the presence of impervious
material.
The electrical resistivity method, which can be used
to detect the path of the seepage irrespective of the
existence of ¯ow (Butler and Llopis, 1990) identi®ed
the zones favourable for seepage. SP method, which
can detect anomalies produced by the ¯uid ¯ow
(Butler and Llopis, 1990) and proved to be highly
successful in detecting leakage from dam embank-
ments and evaluating its relative intensity (Al-Saigh
et al., 1994) could con®rm the exact ¯ow path. A wet
zone observed from the geoelectric section is
commensurate with the results of EP and SP. The
presence of water in the piezometers, which lie with
Fig. 10. Geoelectric section across the Saddle dam no. 3 at Ch. 3190 m.
293
in the seepage zone demarcated by the electrical
survey, as well as in the bore holes that were drilled
after the survey, also con®rmed the electrical resistiv-
ity results.
7. Conclusions and recommendations
The geology of the area under investigation shows
that a number of shear joints and bedding joints
traversed the foundation rock. Few weathered and
fractured pockets are also found locally. In Saddle
dam no. 1 the seepage path is in its middle segment,
where as in Saddle dam no. 3, the main seepage path is
along the junction of the Saddle dam no. 3 and its right
abutment. The strike direction of interpreted seepage
zone is approximately same as that observed in
geological mapping. The presence of water in the
piezometers, which lie within the seepage zone
demarcated by the electrical survey, as well as in
the bore holes that were drilled after the survey, also
con®rms the electrical resistivity results. Electrical
resistivity survey (EP and VES) has proven successful
294 T.V. Panthulu et al. / Engineering Geology 59 (2001) 281±295
in demarcating the weak zones, which are responsible
for seepage. SP pro®ling was useful in con®rming the
seepages in the weak zones delineated by electrical
resistivity survey. Thus, a typical electrical set up
consisting of SP and EP methods, both of which
play primary role in ground water surveys, was
successful in delineating the seepage paths.
According to project authorities, the ¯ow of
seepage since the ®rst impounding (in year 1994) is
reduced year by year in spite of the increase in reser-
voir water levels. The low negative SP anomalies
observed may be because of the small magnitudes
of seepage. This may be con®rmed by collecting addi-
tional data and subjecting SP data to quantitative
interpretation.
It was suggested to keep monitoring the seepage
with reservoir levels, by periodical SP measurements
for a few more wet seasons. If the seepage is found to
be alarming, the delineated zones are required to be
treated either by curtain grouting or by providing
upstream blankets. This will be decided after seepage
analysis by using mathematical modelling techniques.
At present the seepage water getting accumulated near
the toes may be drained away by providing cross and
toe drains to avoid water logging near the immediate
vicinity of the Saddle dam.
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to Shri R. Jeyaseelan,
Director, CWPRS for giving permission to publish
this paper. We are grateful to Dr N. Ghosh, Joint
Director, for his guidance and Shri R.S. Ramteke,
Chief Research Of®cer for his suggestions. We are
also thankful to Shri G.A. Panvalkar, for helping in
data analysis and S/Shri L.T. Khillare and J.S. Borje
for their cooperation in preparing this paper.
The authors are also very grateful to the project
authorities of Som-Kamla-Amba Project, Rajasthan,
for kindly referring the problem and rendering coop-
eration in our ®eld work.
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