EARTH

AND
SPACE
SCIENCE

ALTHEA O.
ARTEMIS 9
AGUSTIN
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STA. TERESITA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

VOLCANO

ARTEMIS
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STA. TERESITA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

VOLCANO
Any opening in the earth's crust which emits smoke, hot gases, and other pyroclastic
materials/debris.

10 MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES (PHILIPPINES)

1. Mt. Mayon - Albay
2. Mt. Taal - Batangas
3. Mt. Kanlaon - Negros Occidental
4. Mt. Bulusan - Sorsogon
5. Mt. Makaturing - Lanao Del Sur
6. Mt. Didicas - Camiguin, Cagayan
7. Mt. Hibok hibok - Batangas
8. Mt. Smith - Quezon Province
9. Mt. Banahaw - Quezon Province
10. Mt. Panther - Cotabato
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF A VOLCANO

Vent – a pipe or tube-like structure where liquid

materials come out of the volcano.
Base – bottom part of a volcano that contains hot gases,
molten rocks, lava, water, ashfalls and other debris.
Summit – topmost part of a volcano.
Crater – a basin-like opening of a volcano.
Flanks – are the sides of a volcano giving a volcano its
cone shape.

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2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES

PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
1. ACTIVE VOLCANOES - volcanoes with records of eruption.
a. DORMANT - has the possibility to erupt again.
b. EXTINCT - has town crypted, but destroyed due to weathering (weather, climate, precipitation).
2. INACTIVE VOLCANOES - have no record of eruption.

TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Volcanoes erupt differently. They are generally classified as wet or dry defending on the
magma’s content. Volcanoes are described according to the style of eruption.
a. Phreatic or hydrothermal - is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with
water. It is short-lived characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a larger eruption
shown on the right is our Taal Volcano in Batangas.
b. Phreatomagmatic - is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. As a
result, a large column of very fine ash and highspeed and sideway emission of pyroclastic called
base surges are observed.
c. Strombolian - a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava, just like the
Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica.
d. Vulcanian - characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20km high with pyroclastic
flow and ashfall tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.
e. Plinian – excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic, just like our Pinatubo
Volcano in Zambales.

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MAGMATIC ERUPTIONS
Magmatic eruptions produce juvenile clasts during explosive decompression from gas
release. They range in intensity from the relatively small lava fountains on Hawaii to catastrophic
Ultra-Plinian eruption columns more than 30 km (19 mi) high, bigger than the eruption of Mount
Vesuvius in 79 AD that buried Pompeii.

Hawaiian Eruptions

o calmest type of eruption

o short-lived (2-3 hours)
o 5m in high

Examples: Mt.
Apo, Mt.
Kanlaon and Mt.
Mayon

Strombolian Eruptions

o most beautiful type

o erupts like a fountain

Examples: Mt. Taal, Mt. Mayon

and Mt. Kanlaon

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Vulcanian Eruptions

o the most common type of eruption

Examples: Mt. Didicas, Mt. Smith, Mt.

Taal and Mt. Mayon

Plinian eruptions

o strongest type of eruption

Example: Mt. Pinatubo

Subglacial eruptions
o underwater volcano

Examples: Mt. Smith, Mt. Babuyan de Claro,

Mt. Taal, Mt. Didicas and Mt. Hibuk - hibuk

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FACTORS AFFECTING VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

1. Viscosity of the material (pyroclastic materials)

resistance of the molten rocks (magma)

fluid to change its water
shape or mud flow (lava)
movements silica or sand

2. Temperature - the degree of hotness or coldness of a body

3. The pressure inside the earth - increase in energy (Geothermal Energy)
4. Amount of silica content - the more mud /sand + the pressure of water = the more possibility for
the volcano to erupt

SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

1. Plants surrounding volcanoes are withered
2. Animals move down on the slope of volcanoes
3. Hot springs will eventually arise
4. Drying of wells and other water resources. Sources of water like (streams, lakes and wells) are
dried up
5. Smoke emission changes from grayish to blackish in appearance
6. The crater or opening of the volcano is glowing
7. Earthquakes or aftershocks are very rampant very often
8. Increase in the steaming activity of a volcano

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WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

BEFORE
1. Be prepared
→emergency kit
→first aid kit (medicine)
→ radio powered battery
→fully charged CPs and powerbank
→ flashlights / emergency lights/candles
→whistle
→ready to eat foods

2. Be aware

→listen and watch on radios and TVs

→wait for the GO signals of local officials
3. Know your emergency hotlines
4. Know your evacuation route
5. Prioritize the safety of the children

→count heads
→place name tags on hands
6. Wear a positive attitude

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DURING
1. Know the latest updates
2. Stay at home, close all doors and windows
3. Use protective gears- goggles, face mask/wet towel
4. Follow instructions from local officers
5. Help others, lend a helping hand
6. Stay away from tall trees and falling branches, tall
building and pointed objects
7. Stop driving and seek for a sturdy/firm building where
you can stay for a while.

AFTER
1. Know the latest updates
2. Only the mature persons(parents) will go home first
3. Leave the children under the care of a trusted person
4. Check the damages in our houses
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 ARTEMIS
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STA. TERESITA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 ARTEMIS
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STA. TERESITA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL