Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
Division of Rizal
District of Cardona
BERNARDO F. SAN JUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Cardona, Rizal

SCIENCE 8
QUARTER 4; WEEK 2

NAME: __________________________ GRADE AND SECTION: ________ DATE:___________

(Monday)
CELLULAR REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS
 Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It is the
cellular level of Reproduction.
 Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation,
and heredity in organisms.
 Heredity: the transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring
 Genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations.
 THE CHROMOSOME
 A chromosome is a long DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule with part or all of the genetic
material of an organism.
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth
and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
 The chromosomes of a cell change as the cell transition from one stage to another in a typical cell
cycle.
 CELL CYCLE
 The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events
that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two
daughter cells.
 The cell cycle may be divided into two stages: the
INTERPHASE and the M PHASE or DIVISION.
 INTERPHASE- he cell grows, accumulating nutrients
needed for mitosis, and replicates its DNA and some of
its organelles. Where the cell spends most of its life.
The Interphase is divided into 3 stages.
 G1 (First Gap Period) - the cell grows initially.
This stage is characterized by protein and
ribonucleic acid synthesis.
 S (Synthesis)- is the period of DNA synthesis
and replication. The chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for the next cell division.
 G2 (Second Gap Period) – represents the period of rapid cell growth in preparation for cell
division.
 M PHASE (CELL DIVISION) – Alternating the interphase is the cell division phase. In eukaryotic cell,
there are two types of cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis.
(Tuesday)
 MITOSIS
 Mitosis is the type of cell division that produces two identical cells (body cells/ somatic cells) with the
same number of chromosomes. Mitosis is divided into 4 stages.

 Prophase – The chromosomes are visible, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fiber begin to form
 Metaphase- The sister chromatids ( the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome) line up at the
center of the cell.
 Anaphase- sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to the opposite poles of the cell.
  Telophase- spindle fibers breakdown, nuclear membrane forms, and chromosomes begin to uncoil to
form chromatin.

 Cytokenesis the cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells genetically identical to the
original cell.
 MEIOSIS
 Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces four genetically different daughter cells (sperm cell/ egg
cell) with half the number of chromosomes (haploid) of the original cell. Meiosis is divided into 8 stages:

 Prophase I – The chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelop breakdown. Crossing- over
(interchange of genes or segments between homologous chromosomes.) occurs.
 Metaphase I – Pairs of homologous chromosomes ( are made up of chromosome pairs of
approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same
corresponding loci.) move to the equator of the cell
 Anaphase I – Homologous chromosomes moves to the opposite poles of the cell
 Telophase I – chromosomes gather to the poles of the cell. Cytoplasm divides. .
 Prophase II – New spindle forms around the chromosomes
 Metaphase II – Chromosomes line up at the equator
 Anaphase II- sister Centomeres divide. Chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cell.
 Telophase II- A nuclear envelop forms around each set of the chromosomes. The cytoplasm divides into
four haploid genetically different daughter cells.
( Wednesday)
MENDELIAN GENETICS
Gregor Mendel the father of Modern Genetics performed an experiment to common pea plant that led
to the formulation of Mendel’s Principle of inheritance.
Mendel began his experiment by cross-pollinating pure- breading plants with contrasting traits. The
pure- breeding peas constituted the Parental or P1 Generation. All offspring of this cross resembled one
another. For example when he crossed pea plant that produced round seeds with pea plant that produced
wrinkled seeds, all the offspring had round seed.
The offspring of the parental cross are called first filial (F1) generation. F1 generation is also called
hybrids because they resulted from a cross between two pure breeding- plants with contrasting traits.
When the plants from the F1 generation were crossed with each other or self pollinated, the offspring
(F2- Second Filial) were of two types. . For example when he when he crossed two hybrid pea plant with
round seed the offspring are plants that produces either round seeds or wrinkled seeds.
Based on his experiment, Mendel hypnotized that:
 There was a factor in a plant that controls the appearance of a trait. These factors are what we call
today as genes.
 Traits were controlled by a pair of genes, now called alleles. Mendel noted that for each pair, one
dominates the other.
 MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

1. Law of dominance- Some alleles are dominant while others are recessive, an organism with at least
one dominant allele will display the effect of the dominant allele.
2. Law of segregation- During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so
that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
3. Law of independent assortment- Genes of different traits can segregate independently during the
formation of gametes.
 Unlocking of unfamiliar words
 Allele- a variant form of a gene
 Dominant allele- trait that mask another trait
 Recessive allele- trait that is being mask by the dominant allele.
 Genotype- Genetic makeup of an organism
  Homozygous Dominan (Pure- Breeding)- a genotype in which both alleles are dominant
 Homozygous Recessive (Pure- Breeding)- a genotype in which both alleles are recessive

Heterozygous (Hybid) - a genotype in which both dominant and recessive allele are present
Phenotype- Physical appearance
Punnett Square- is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or
breeding experiment.
 MONOHYBRID CROSS
 A monohybrid cross is a cross between two organisms with different variations and involves a
single trait.
 STEPS IN SOLVING MONOHYBRID CROSS
1. Figure out the genotypes of the parent.
2. Draw a Punnet Square.
3. Place one parent along the top of the Punnet square outside of the boxes, and place the
other parent at the left side of the Punnet square outside of the boxes.
4. Cross
 OBTAINING THE GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC RATIOS
 Genotype:
 Homozygous Dominant (XX)
 Homozygous Recessive (xx)
 Heterozygous (Xx)
 Phenotype:
1. Recessive trait will only appear only in homozygous state.
 EXAMPLE
A. What will be the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring it you cross a pure breeding tall
pea plant and a pure- breeding short pea plant, Given that Tall(T) is dominant over sort(t)

1. Figure out the genotypes of the parent. 2. Draw a Punnet Square.

>Homozygous tall pea plant (TT)
> Homozygous short pea plant (tt).

3. Place one parent along the top of the Punnet square outside of the boxes, and place the
other parent at the left side of the Punnet square outside of the boxes.

T T 4. Cross T T

t
t Tt Tt
t
t Tt Tt

>Genotypic Ratio- 4:4 or 100% Heterozygous for stem length

> Phenotypic Ratio- 4:4 or 100 tall pea plants

B. F2 (Second Filial Generation)

Both parents are Heterozygous Tall (Tt)
T t

TT Tt T >Genotypic Ratio- 1:2;1 or 25% Homozygous dominant; 50%

Heterozygous; 25% Homozygous recessive

t > Phenotypic Ratio- 3:1 or 75% Tall; 25% Short

Tt Tt

 DIHYBRID CROSS
 A cross that involves two pairs of alleles that differ in two observed traits
 STEPS IN SOLVING MONOHYBRID CROSS
1. Determine the Genotype of the parent.
2. Get the gamete combination from the parents. (Cross out the same gamete combination for
each parent)
3. Draw a punnet square
4. Place the gamete combination of the first parent at the top of the punnet suare.
5. Place the gamete combination of the second parent at the left side of the punnet suare.
6. Cross
  EXAMPLE
A. What will be the outcome of a cross between a round yellow seed and a wrinkled green seed, both
homozygous for both traits? Considering that Round is dominant over wrinkled and yellow is
dominant over green.

>Genotype- 1:1 or 100% Heterozygous for both traits

> Phenotype- 1:1 or 100% Round- yellow seed

B. F2 (Second Filial Generation)

The second filial generation, which occurs by crossing the members of the first filial
generation, shows a phenotypic (appearance) ratio of 9:3:3:1, where:

 the 9 represents the proportion of individuals displaying both dominant traits:

1 x RRYY + 2 x RRYy + 2 x RrYY + 4 x RrYy
 the first 3 represents the individuals displaying the first dominant trait and the second recessive
trait:
1 x RRyy + 2 x Rryy
 the second 3 represents those displaying the first recessive trait and second dominant trait:
1 x rrYY + 2 x rrYy
 the 1 represents the homozygous, displaying both recessive traits:
1 x rryy
 The Dihybrid phenotypic ratio= 9:3:3:1
 The genotypic ratio are: RRYY 1: RRYy 2: RRyy 1: RrYY 2: RrYy 4: Rryy 2: rrYY 1: rrYy 2: rryy 1.
(Thursday)
Activity 1.
A. Match Column A with the correct answer in Column B. Write only the answer on
the space provided before the number.

A B
1. The process by which a parent cell  A. Interphase
divides into two or more daughter cells. B. Cell Division
2. Transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring C. DNA
3. A long DNA molecule with part or all of the  D. Heredity
genetic material of an organism. E. Chromosome
4. Carries genetic instructions for the development,
functioning, growth and reproduction of all known 
organisms and many viruses.
5. Where the cell spends most of its life.

B. Compare and contrast Mitosis and a Meiosis . Write only the letter of your
answers in the Venn diagram.
A. Division of Somatic Cell G. Creates 2 cells
B. Division of gamete cells H. Creates 4 Cells
C. Diploid Daughter Cells I. Increases Genetic Diversity
D. Haploid Daughter Cells J. Creation of Cell
E. Divides twice K. DNA replicates once
F. Divide once L. Genetically identical Daughter Cells
M. Genetically different daughter cells
 MITOSIS MEIOSIS

(Friday)
Activity 2.
A. Arrange the jumbled letters to form the word/s that is being described in each
item. Write your answer in the space provided.
________________________1. (LEDNEM ROGERG) He is the father of Genetics.
________________________ 2. (OMNOHYDIBR CRSSO) It is a cross between two organisms
with different variations and involves a single trait.
________________________ 3. Law of (DONANCEMI) states that some alleles are dominant
while others are recessive, an organism with at least one dominant allele will display the
effect of the dominant allele.
________________________ 4. (TEYPONEG)It is the genetic makeup of an organism
________________________ 5. Law of (INDPNEEETDN) assortment- Genes of different traits
can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
B. Mendel’s Cross.

In pea plants round (R) seed is dominant over wrinkled (r) seed. Determine
the expected phenotypic ratios from crossing two heterozygous round seed.
Genotype of the parent:

Genotypic Ratio: ____________________________

Phenotypic Ratio: ___________________________

Prepared: Checked:

AIKO F. PICONES LILIBETH C. DELA VENTE

Teacher Department Head
Noted:
CELESTINO A. SANTIAGO
Principal III
ANSWER KEY:

ACTIVITY 1.A
(5 Points)
1. B
2. D
3. E
4. C
5. A
ACTIVITY 1.B
(5 P0INTS Basta may tinatang 5 pataas 5 points, sa di umabot ng lima 5 , 1 point each
correct answer)

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

A C F G L
J K
B D E H I M

ACTIVITY 2.A
1. GREGOR MENDEL
2. MONOHYBRID CROSS
3. DOMINANCE
4. GENOTYPE
5. INDEPENDENT

ACTIVITY 2.B
Genotype of the parent: R r

RR Rr

Rr rr 4 points

Both parents are

1 point Heterozygous( Rr)
R

5 points
Genotypic Ratio: 1:2:1
Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1
5 points