Name: _____________________ Unit 5: 3

Period: _____________________ Acids and Bases

Acids Bases

Acids are compounds that add H+ ions Bases are compounds that add OH- ions
to a water solution. to a water solution. Na+
Cl-
H+
H
Na+ In water H
Cl- In water OH– ion
H+ H+ ion O- O-

HCl— In water HCl breaks NaOH— In water it breaks up

Hydrochloric acid: up (dissociates) sodium hydroxide: (dissociates) making
a very strong acid. making H+ ions. a very strong base. OH– ions.

Many of our foods are acidic: citric
(lemons; oranges); apples; tomato sauce.
Acids taste sour and feel “squeaky”
when you rub your fingers together.
Many of our cleaning products are basic
(ammonia [Windex]; soap; bleach)
because they neutralize acidic food.
Bases taste bitter and feel slippery.

Strong acids and bases —ionize almost Weak acids and bases—ionize incompletely,
completely in water, contributing many ions. contributing just a few ions.
Strong acids and bases can burn your skin or eyes.

pH—The Measure of Acids and Bases

Strong acids Acids Weak acids Neutral Weak bases Bases Strong bases

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Concentrated Lemon Vinegar Distilled Baking Bar Ammonia Concentrated

HCl juice water soda soap NaOH

Neutralization (Titration) Diluting Acids

When acids and bases are mixed they neutralize each other.
Never add water to a concentrated acid!
Equal concentrations of acids and bases make neutral salt water.
H H+ H+ When acid compounds are dissolved in water,
heat is produced (sometimes a lot of heat). Acids
H+
+ O- → O-
are more dense than water, so if you add water to
a concentrated acid, water sits on top and can
H+ + OH− → H 2O flash boil (quickly boil).
The boiled water can
A typical neutralization reaction:
splash up burning you
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O water with hot water and acid.
If the acid is added to
Acid + Base → Salt Water acid
water it sinks thru the
water and is diluted
One of the products safely.
Chemists call ANY ionic
of a titration
compound a salt. NaCl is
is always water!
a special salt: table salt. Always add acids to water!
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Name: _____________________ Unit 5: 3
Period: _____________________ pH and Acid Rain

Plants and animals need water close Acid rain also eats away statues and historical
to neutral (pH 7) to survive. landmarks.

Due to pollution from combustion The Roman ruins, the pyramids of Egypt, and
reactions, rain today can be acidic. other treasures of the world are being slowly
Raid less than pH 5.6 we call acid dissolved away by acid rain. More damage
rain. has been done in the last century than in the
last 2,000 years.
Acid rain can kills plants, cause
asthma and other physical problems. Without stopping pollution (and acid rain)
these treasures may be lost forever.

1. Acid A. To mix acids and bases to cancel each 1. pH A. The measure of acids and bases.
other out and make salt water.
2. Base B. A compound that adds a few OH– ions
B. A compound that adds H+ ions to water. 2. Salt Water to water.
3. Neutral C. Any ionic compound.
3. Strong Acid C. To neutralize an acid with a base.
D. Equal number of H+ and OH– ions;
4. Neutralize water is an example. D. The product of a neutralization reaction
4. Weak Base between an acid and a base.
E. A compound that adds OH– ions to
5. Acid Rain
water. E. A compound that adds a few H+ ions to
5. Weak Acid
F. A compound of sodium and chlorine. water.
6. A Salt
G. When pollution causes rain to be acidic 6. Titration F. A compound that adds a lot of H+ ions
7. Table salt (pH of less than 5.6). to water.

Acid or Base? Solution A (pH 4); Solution B (pH 2)

___ HCl __ H2(CO3) __ H3PO4 Which one has more H+ ions?
Which one has less OH– ions?
___ H2(SO4) __ NaOH __ LiOH
Which one is more basic?
___ Mg(OH)2 __ Ca(OH)2 __ HNO3 Which one is more acidic?

Acid or Base? Solution A (pH 11); Solution B (pH 13)

___ Has fewer OH– ions ___Has more OH- ions
Which one has more OH- ions?
___ Has more H+ ions ___pH of 0 to 7 Which one has less H+ ions?
___ Feels squeaky clean ___pH of 7 to 14 Which one is more acidic?
___ Has fewer H+ ions ___Feels slippery Which one is more basic?
___ Tastes bitter ___Tastes sour
What is the product of every titration?
Should you add an acid or a base? Finish these neutralization reactions: (balance the salt, too).
You need a pH of 6.2; you have a pH of 5.1. HBr + Mg(OH)
You need a pH of 12; you have a pH of 13.4.
HS + Li(OH)
You need a pH of 7; you have a pH of 11.2.

You need a pH of 4; you have a pH of 2.3.

How do you safely dilute a concentrated acid?
Antacids neutralize stomach acid. What is an antacid really?

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