Lecture 8

1. Regional disparities: Great Britain has significant regional disparities in

economics and livelihoods. London and the South East have the highest levels of
income and economic development, while the north of England, Scotland, Wales
and Northern Ireland will often face economic challenges and lower incomes.
2. Gender inequality: Despite significant progress on gender equality, the UK still
faces inequalities between men and women. For example, the gender pay gap
remains significant, and women are underrepresented in senior positions and
political structures.
3. Poverty and social inequality: Great Britain also has a problem of poverty and
social inequality. According to the data, a significant number of people live below
the poverty line, especially among children. Inequality in income and opportunities
can have a negative impact on the social stability and well-being of the country.
4. Brexit: Great Britain supported Brexit - leaving the European Union - after a
referendum held in 2016. This has had significant economic and political
consequences, including trade changes, uncertainty for EU citizens, an impact on
the financial sector and mixed reactions regarding the country's future prospects.
5. High cost of living: Great Britain is known for its high cost of living, especially
in cities like London. Prices for accommodation, food, transport and other costs
can be significantly higher than in many other countries.
6. Demographic change: The UK is facing significant demographic change, such as
an aging population and increased migration. This poses a challenge to the
country's health care system, social services and infrastructure.
Lecture 9
1. Linguistic diversity: Many different languages are spoken in the United States of
America. Apart from English, which is the official language of the country, other
languages are spoken in the USA such as Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog, French,
German, Vietnamese, Korean and many others. This reflects the diversity of ethnic
groups and cultures in the country.
2. American Slang: There are many regional slangs and dialects in the USA. For
example, in the American South, people speak with a certain accent and use unique
expressions. There are also slang variants in urban areas, in youth groups and
among immigrants.
3. Indigenous languages: Before the arrival of Europeans in the USA, the territory
was inhabited by various indigenous peoples who spoke different languages. Many
of the indigenous languages of the United States are now on the verge of
extinction, and there are efforts to preserve and rehabilitate them.
4. Language Controversies: In the US, there are controversies regarding the use of
English and various other languages. Some states pass laws officially recognizing
English as the only official language, while others prohibit the use of such laws to
ensure linguistic freedom and equality.
5. Impact of Immigration: The large number of language options in the US is the
result of historical immigration. The country has received and continues to receive
a significant number of immigrants from different countries of the world, bringing
with them various languages and cultures.
6. Speaking without languages: In the US, there are also groups that use sign
language, such as American Sign Language (ASL). ASL is a full-fledged language
with its own grammar and vocabulary, and is used by the deaf community to
communicate.
Lecture 10
1. External Territories: In addition to its main mainland possession, the United
States of America has several external territories. This includes the Hawaiian
Islands in the Pacific Ocean and Alaska in the northwest of the continent. In
addition, the US has Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, Guam, the Northern
Mariana Islands, and other islands and territories.
2. Location of two continents: the USA is the only state entity located on two
continents - North America and South America. Through its outer territories,
which include the Hawaiian Islands and Alaska, the United States extends in
latitudes from the Arctic Circle to the Tropics.
3. Long coastline: The US has one of the longest coastlines in the world. From the
Atlantic Ocean on the east coast to the Pacific Ocean on the west coast, the length
of the US coastline is more than 12,000 miles. This creates significant geographic,
ecological and economic diversity.
4. Great Lakes: The five Great Lakes - Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario and
Superior - form the natural border between the United States and Canada. They are
the largest groups of freshwater lakes in the world and are of great importance to
the ecosystem, tourism and industry in the region.
5. Geographical Diversity: The US offers significant geographic diversity,
including mountains, deserts, forests, plains, rivers, and lakes. From the Rocky,
Appalachian, and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges to major rivers such as the
Mississippi and Missouri, the country has a variety of natural settings and
landscapes.
6. Volcanic Activity: Although the US is not a highly volcanically active country
compared to some other regions of the world, it does have active volcanoes. For
example, the Hawaiian Islands have active volcanoes such as Kilauea and Mauna
Loa that periodically spew lava and create new land masses.
Lecture 11
1. Accents and dialects: There are differences in accents and dialects in different
regions of the United States. For example, in Southern states such as Texas or
Alabama, you may hear a Southern accent and the use of specific phrases and
expressions that differ from other parts of the country.
2. Culinary traditions: Different regions of the United States have their own unique
culinary traditions. For example, seafood dishes such as crab and mussels are
popular in New England, while the South is famous for barbecue and its Black
American culinary heritage.
3. Climatic conditions: The United States has a variety of climatic conditions in
different regions. For example, Alaska has an arctic climate with long winters and
cold summers, while Las Vegas, Nevada has a desert climate with hot summers
and mild winters.
4. Cultural celebrations: Cultural celebrations can vary significantly in different
parts of the country. For example, Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana is a
popular folklore festival, while the Sakura Festival in Washington, DC celebrates
Japanese culture and the spring cherry blossoms.
5. Socio-political differences: Different regions of the US may have differences in
socio-political institutions and beliefs. For example, Northern California and North
Carolina may have different views on issues such as gay rights and civil liberties.
6. Ethnic diversity: Different regions of the USA have different ethnic
composition. For example, cities in the east such as New York or Chicago have
significant populations from different cultures and ethnicities.

Lecture 12
1. Two different houses of Congress: The US Congress consists of two houses -
the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 100 senators (two
from each state), while the House of Representatives has 435 representatives,
distributed among the states based on population. This system was established to
ensure a balance of representation between smaller and larger states.
2. State independence: In the US, states have considerable autonomy and
independence in certain areas. For example, each state has its own legislature that
makes laws specific to that state. Also, states have different rules regarding
taxation, education and other aspects of life.
3. Electoral system: The President of the United States is elected by the Electoral
College, not by direct vote of the citizens. This means that US citizens vote for
electors in elections, who then vote for the president. This system can lead to
situations where the candidate who received more general popular support may not
become president due to the distribution of votes in the Electoral College.
4. Separation of powers between the federal and state levels: The US Constitution
provides for the separation of powers between the federal and state governments.
Some powers, such as defense and foreign policy, belong to the federal
government, while others, such as education and health, belong to state
governments. This creates a system of separation of powers and self-government in
the United States.
5. Additional rights of states: In addition to the rights of states listed in the
Constitution, there are also additional rights that are recognized by precedents and
other documents. For example, states have the right to set their own rules regarding
gun regulation, union membership, and other issues that may differ from federal
law.

Lecture 13
1. Service of General Lafayette: The famous French general and hero of the
American Revolutionary War, the Marquis de Lafayette, volunteered for the
American army in 1777 to support the struggle of the colonists against Great
Britain. He became a key figure in the American Revolution and was a close
associate of George Washington.
2. First American President: Although George Washington is considered the first
president of the United States, the first president was John Hancock. He became
president of the Continental Congress in 1775, before the Constitution was
adopted, and Washington became the first president under the new system of
government.
3. Prohibited alcohol: During the period from 1920 to 1933, the production, sale,
and transportation of alcohol was prohibited in the United States. This was known
as the "Era of Prohibition" and was brought about by the Prohibition Act.
Prohibition led to the underground alcohol trade and the development of illegal
spirits known as "moonshine".
4. Internment of Japanese during World War II: After the attack on Pearl Harbor in
1941, the United States began internment of Japanese-Americans living in the
United States. About 120,000 Japanese were placed in internment camps, despite
the fact that many of them were American citizens. It was one of the most
controversial episodes in US history.
5. Immigration Act of 1924: In 1924, the US passed the Immigration Restriction
Act, which limited the number of immigrants who could enter the country based on
nationality. The law favored immigration from Western Europe, while immigrants
from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa were restricted. This led to major changes
in the demographic makeup of the United States.