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Dental Hygienists Guide To Nutritional Care 5th Edition Stegeman Test Bank
Dental Hygienists Guide To Nutritional Care 5th Edition Stegeman Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Each is true regarding designations for professionals in the field of nutrition, except one.
Which is the exception?
a. A nutritionist usually works in a public health setting.
b. A registered dietitian (RD) must pass a national registration examination.
c. An RD who works in public health can call herself a registered dietitian nutritionist
(RDN).
d. A dietetic technician, registered (DTR) works under supervision of a registered
nurse.
ANS: D
A dietetic technician, registered (DTR) normally works under the supervision of a
registered dietitian. Like the registered dietitian, the DTR must pass a national registration
examination and receive continuing education. Although the DTR can complete a 4-year
curriculum, there also is a 2-year option. Regarding the distinction between the registered
dietitian and the nutritionist, all registered dietitians are nutritionists, but not all
nutritionists are registered dietitians.
2. Nutrition is the process by which living things use food to obtain nutrients for energy,
growth and development. Energy is the measure of heat equivalent to 1000 cal needed to
do work.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. The first statement is true; the second is false.
d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: C
The first statement is true; the second is false. The process by which living things use food
to obtain nutrients for energy is nutrition. Energy is the ability or power to do work,
whereas a kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of heat equivalent to 1000 cal. The second
statement confuses energy with the definition of a kilocalorie.
3. Increase in consumption of which of the following has the greatest effect on an increase in
body weight?
a. Carbohydrate intake
b. Protein intake
c. Fat intake
d. Kilocalorie intake
ANS: D
4. Each is true regarding weight maintenance, except one. Which is the exception?
a. 1600 to 2400 kcal are recommended for adult women.
b. 2000 to 3000 kcal are recommended for adult men.
c. Kilocalories from alcohol do not count because they are expended rapidly.
d. A patient needing 2000 kcal/day should limit saturated fat intake to 20 g or less.
ANS: C
Like energy-producing nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), kilocalories from
alcohol must be balanced with energy expenditure. In short, kilocalories from alcohol
contribute to weight gain in the same manner as any other substance consumed.
5. Dietary guidelines recommend lowering caloric requirements for older adults because
metabolic rate increases with age.
a. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
b. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
d. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
e. Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.
ANS: C
The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. Metabolic rate decreases, not
increases, with age. For this reason, the caloric requirements are lowered. Failure to lower
the caloric intake without an accompanying increase in expenditure of energy will result in
weight gain. For older individuals, this can be very serious because joint and cardiac
function can be further stressed.
8. Increasing the variety of foods often causes nutrient excesses and toxicities. A dietary
change to eliminate or increase intake of one specific food or nutrient usually alters the
intake of other nutrients.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. The first statement is true; the second is false.
d. The first statement is false; the second is true.
ANS: D
The first statement is false; the second is true. Increasing the variety of foods is
recommended to reduce the probability of developing isolated nutrient deficiencies,
nutrient excesses, and toxicities resulting from nonnutritive components or contaminants
in any particular food. For example, because red meats are an excellent source of iron and
zinc, decreasing cholesterol intake by limiting these meats can reduce dietary iron and zinc
intake.
Whitefield was away from England; but even that was not enough to
save him from the malignant attacks of his English enemies. At the very
commencement of the year, the half insane watchmaker, mentioned in a
previous chapter, published another of his shilling pamphlets, with the
fantastic title: “Remarks upon the Life, Character, and Behaviour of the
Rev. George Whitefield, as written by himself, from the time of his birth
to the time he departed from his Tabernacle; demonstrating, by
astronomical calculation, that his ascension, meridian, and declination
were necessarily actuated by planetary influence, and that his doctrine
was not Divine mission, but from a mere fatality evident, as daily seen in
the sad catastrophe of his unhappy, gloomy, and misguided followers.
The whole being a choice new year’s gift for Methodists, and one of the
most valuable prizes that ever was drawn since Methodism has been in
being. By John Harman, astronomer.” Well might the Monthly Review
remark: “Harman styles himself ‘regulator of enthusiasts,’ and
‘astronomer’; we look upon him as a comical genius, who has contrived
to plague the Methodists and their great leader, in the style of an
almanack maker, and with all the antiquated jargon of astrology.”[578]
During the month of January, Wesley, besides preaching in London
and its immediate vicinity, visited Dorking, High-Wycombe, Oxford, and
Witney.
Within three miles of the last mentioned town, at South Leigh, Wesley
preached his first sermon, in the year 1725; but, oddly enough, this was
the first time that he preached at Witney itself.[579]
Wesley writes: “This is such a people as I have not seen; so
remarkably diligent in business, and, at the same time, of so quiet a
spirit, and so calm and civil in their behaviour.”
Near to Witney, at Blandford Park, resided Mr. Bolton and his
unmarried sister, whose house, for many years, was one of Wesley’s
much loved haunts. Miss Bolton was one of Wesley’s favourite
correspondents, and Mr. Bolton one of his best local preachers. On one
occasion, when the two friends were snugly seated in Mr. Bolton’s
parlour, and Wesley, as usual, was employed with his book and pen, the
Witney host, wishful to draw his guest into conversation, began
remarking how much pleasanter it was to live in the country than in
town; “All is silent,” said he, “all retired, and no distracting noises of the
busy multitude intrude themselves.” “True, Neddy,” replied Wesley with
his usual quickness, “but noisy thoughts may.” The hint sufficed, and
Neddy subsided into silence.
On February 2, Wesley reopened the old Foundery, in London, which
had been closed, for several weeks, in order to be repaired and otherwise
improved. “It is now,” says he, “not only firm and safe, but clean and
decent, and capable of receiving several hundreds more.”
On February 6, he opened the new chapel at Wapping. Ten days later,
he writes: “I once more took a serious walk through the tombs in
Westminster Abbey. What heaps of unmeaning stone and marble! But
there was one tomb which showed common sense; that beautiful figure
of Mr. Nightingale, endeavouring to screen his lovely wife from death.
Here, indeed, the marble seems to speak, and the statues appear only not
alive.”
It is well known, that the Rev. Martin Madan, minister at the Lock
hospital, and his curate, the Rev. Thomas Haweis, were both most
passionately fond of music, and themselves composers.[580] Once a year,
their chapel was turned into a concert room for the performance of
oratorios; and, on two occasions at least, Wesley was a listener. He
writes: “1764, February 29.—I heard ‘Judith,’ an oratorio, performed at
the Lock. Some parts of it were exceeding fine; but there are two things
in all modern pieces of music, which I could never reconcile to common
sense. One is, singing the same words ten times over; the other, singing
different words by different persons, at one and the same time. And this,
in the most solemn addresses to God, whether by way of prayer or
thanksgiving. This can never be defended by all the musicians in Europe,
till reason is quite out of date.”
He was present again the year following, when “Ruth” was the
oratorio performed, and observed: “The sense was admirable throughout;
and much of the poetry not contemptible. This, joined with exquisite
music, might possibly make an impression even upon rich and
honourable sinners.”
Some will wonder at Wesley attending the performance of oratorios;
but why so? Fault may properly be found with Martin Madan for using a
place of worship for such performances; but Martin Madan was merely
copying the example of his superiors, who, even then, once a year, gave
the use of their cathedrals to the choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and
Worcester, for the same musical purposes. Indeed, some of the early
Methodists adopted the same doubtful usage. We have before us more
than one of Handel’s oratorios, specially printed, for performance in
Oldham Street chapel, Manchester, only two or three years after
Wesley’s death. All this was dubious; indeed, we venture to designate it
desecration. A Christian sanctuary is a place far too sacred to be used as
a place of intellectual entertainment, even though, as in the case of
Martin Madan, the pleasure be of the most refined and exalted character;
but, excepting the fact that a place of worship was turned into a concert
hall, who can reasonably find fault with Wesley attending the
performance of the oratorios in question? Music was a passion in the
Wesley family; and no one felt it stronger than the subject of this
memoir. His brother’s sons, Charles and Samuel, were young Mozarts;
and his own taste was exquisitely beautiful and pure. The music sung by
the first Methodists was music of his own selecting; and, in after years,
even he himself marvelled that, without studying the science, his
selections had been so classical, and so much in harmony with the
severest taste of the greatest masters. In 1768, he wrote: “I was much
surprised in reading an ‘Essay on Music,’ written by one who is a
thorough master of the subject, to find, that the music of the ancients was
as simple as that of the Methodists; that their music wholly consisted of
melody, or the arrangement of single notes; that what is now called
harmony, singing in parts, the whole of counterpoints and fugues, is quite
novel, being never known in the world till the popedom of Leo X.”
On the 12th of March, Wesley commenced his long northern journey,
which occupied nearly the next five months. At Stroud, he writes: “How
many years were we beating the air in this place! one wrong headed man
pulling down all we could build up; but, since he is gone, the word of
God takes root, and the society increases both in number and strength.”
At Birmingham, Wesley preached in the chapel which had formerly
been a playhouse, and remarks: “Happy would it be, if all the playhouses
in the kingdom were converted to so good an use. After service, the mob
gathered, and threw dirt and stones at people going out.”
At Dudley, “formerly a den of lions, but now quiet as Bristol, they had
just finished their preaching house, which was thoroughly filled.” Mr.
Southall and his family were a part of the first society; in his house
meetings for prayer were held; and more than once were his window’s
smashed, and the congregation cursed with the most bitter oaths and
curses.[581]
At Wednesbury, Wesley had the largest congregation he had seen since
he left London. The riots here, when Methodism was first introduced,
have been already noticed. Suffice it to add further, that a quaker was the
means of quelling them. This “Friend” happening to ride through the
town, the mob swore he was a preacher, pulled him from his horse,
dragged him to a coalpit, and threatened to throw him in. The man of
peace availed himself of law, and prosecuted his assailants at the assizes;
and, from that time, the tumults of the town subsided.[582]
At Walsall, notwithstanding the inclemency of the season, he had to
preach out of doors, at seven o’clock in the morning, the chapel not
being able to contain the people. Remembering past scenes, well might
Wesley say, “How is Walsall changed! Now has God either tamed the
wild beasts, or chained them up!”
On March 26, Wesley paid his first visit to Ashby-de-la-Zouch. The
chapel and the chapel yard both were filled; “and I saw,” says Wesley,
“but one trifler among them all, which, I understood, was an attorney.
Poor man! if men live what I preach, the hope of his gain is lost.”
On leaving Ashby, Wesley went to Derby, and attempted to preach in
the market-place, but he no sooner announced his text than the mob
raised such a noise, that he found it impossible to make himself heard;
and, hence, he quietly retired to the house of Mr. Dobinson, “an
innumerable retinue” following after and throwing stones.
At Sheffield, Wesley found about sixty who professed to be entirely
sanctified. He writes: “I could not learn, that any among them walk
unworthy of their profession. Many watch over them for evil; but they
‘overcome evil with good.’ I found nothing of self conceit, stubbornness,
impatience of contradiction, or London enthusiasm, among them.”
From Sheffield, he proceeded to Rotherham, Doncaster, Epworth, and
Grimsby. At Rotherham, he preached at the opening of a new chapel, a
donkey, who had walked up to the door, being, as he relates, apparently
one of his most attentive auditors. At Doncaster, a society had recently
been formed, which met in the house of Betty Riley, and had Thomas
Naylor as its leader. The rabble were rude and often violent; but truth
was mighty, and its triumphs great. On one occasion, in 1765, while
Jeremiah Cocker of Sheffield was preaching, a bull was driven up to
him; but the preacher quietly laid his hands upon its horns, and continued
his discourse. Still, for many years, Methodism in Doncaster was a
feeble thing, and even as late as 1793, when it had sixty members, it
raised only £1 5s. per quarter for the support of the work of God, or
about a farthing and a half per member weekly. In reference to Grimsby,
Wesley writes: “Grimsby, once the most dead, is now the most lively
place in all the country. Here has been a large and swift increase both of
the society and hearers, so that the house, though galleries are added, is
still too small. The mayor and all the gentry of the town were present;
and so was our Lord, in an uncommon manner. Some dropped down as
dead; but, after a while, rejoiced with joy unspeakable. One was carried
away in violent fits. I went to her after the service. She was strongly
convulsed from head to foot, and shrieked out in a dreadful manner. The
unclean spirit did tear her indeed: but his reign was not long. In the
morning both her soul and body were healed, and she acknowledged
both the justice and mercy of God.”
This is a curious entry, which the reader is left to ponder.
Proceeding to Gainsborough, Wesley no sooner began to preach in Sir
Nevil Hickman’s hall than a cock began crowing above his head. The
noisy rival, however, was speedily dislodged, and the service was carried
on in peace. Wesley then went to Hull, and Beverley, at the latter of
which places, the original hive of the Methodist congregations was the
house of a shoemaker, where “the Culamite preachers,” as the itinerants
were called, were often literally besieged by furious rabbles, and became
“a hissing” to the people.
Wesley spent nearly a week at York; after which he proceeded to
Helmsley, where he found his friend, the Rev. Dr. Conyers, greatly
changed. The Calvinists had prejudiced him against the Arminians, and,
notwithstanding the warmth of his friendship twelve months before, he
was now suspicious, cold, and distant. The itinerant then wended his way
to Scarborough, Robin Hood’s Bay, Whitby, Guisborough, Stokesley,
Hutton, Potto, Yarm, Stockton, Darlington, Barnard Castle, and
Newcastle on Tyne. He also paid a visit to Weardale, a beautiful valley,
above twenty miles long, with only five places of religious worship, to
which however was now added a Methodist chapel, built at High House
in 1760.[583]
After a three weeks’ stay at Newcastle and in its neighbourhood,
Wesley set out for Scotland, preaching at Morpeth, Alnwick, and
Berwick on his way. Nearly a month was spent in North Britain. At
Edinburgh, he attended the sessions of the General Assembly; and, when
he preached on Calton Hill, many, of the ministers were there to hear
him. With some hesitation, he joined, at the West Kirk, in the celebration
of the Lord’s supper. He visited Dundee, Brechin, Aberdeen, Old
Meldrum, Banff, Inverness, Nairn, and other places. In several instances,
he preached in the parish kirks; and remarks: “There is seldom fear of
wanting a congregation in Scotland. But the misfortune is, they know
everything; so they learn nothing.” Two months afterwards, he wrote the
following, hitherto unpublished, letter to Lady Maxwell, then a young
Scotch widow of twenty-two.