21st Century Literature from the Philippines and humans that are legendary and supernatural

the World tales.

C. Folklore – songs, stories, myths and proverbs of
REVIEWER a person of “folk” that was handed down by
word of mouth.
What is LITERATURE? D. Science Fiction – is a story based on impact of
potential science, either actual or imagined.
- LITERATURE (origin of term – litera which E. Mythology – a type of legend or traditional
means letter) deals with ideas, thoughts, and narrative. This often based in part of historical
emotions of man – thus it can be said the events that reveals human behavior and natural
literature is the story of man. (Kahayon, 1998,
p.5-7); phenomena by its symbolism; other pertaining to
- LITERATURE comes from the French phrase the actions of gods
“belles-letters” which means beautiful writings.
(Baritugo, et al. 1993, p.3)
- In its broadest sense, LITERATURE is 2.NONFICTIONS: involve real things, people,
everything that has ever been written. events, places and writing. Non-fiction focuses on ideas
- Through LITERATURE, we learn the or events that actually took place.
innermost feelings and thoughts of people.
Examples:
A. Essays – a short literary composition on a
Why do people read LITERATURE? particular theme or subject, usually in prose and
generally analytic, speculative or interpretative.
- Information B. Biography – is a written account of another
- Amusement person’s life.
- Higher and keener pleasure C. Autobiography – gives the history of a person’s
- Cultural upliftment life.
- Discovery of broader dimensions in life D. Speech - the faculty or power of speaking; oral
communication, ability to express one’s thoughts
DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE: and emotions.
PROSE and POETRY II. POETRY: is expression that is written in verse,
often with some form of regular rhythm. The basis of
PROSE POETRY poetic expression is a heightened sense of perception or
FORM Written in Written in consciousness.
paragraph stanza or
form verse form
LANGUAGE Expressed in Expressed in SUBTYPES OF POETRY
ordinary metrical, a. Lyrical Poetry: a verse or poem that is
language rhythmical, susceptible of being sung to the accompaniment
and figurative of a musical instrument.
language b. Narrative Poetry: a form of poetry that tells a
story, often making the voices of a narrator and
APPEAL To the To the characters as well; the entire story is usually
intellect emotion written in metered verse
c. Dramatic Poetry: any drama that is written in
verse that is meant to be recited.
AIM To convince, Stir the
inform, imagination • Literature can ALSO be classified into five
instruct,imitate and set an categories or genres:
and reflect ideal of how • 1. Prose Fiction - imaginary stories
life should be • 2. Poetry – is an expression that is written in
verse, often with some form of regular rhythm.
• 3. Drama- is designed to be acted out on a stage
GENRES OF LITERATURE performed by actors in front of the audience.
The two broad categories of drama are Comedy
I.PROSE: is expression (whether written or and Tragedy.
spoken) that does not have a regular rhythmic pattern. • 4. Nonfiction Prose – any kind of prose writing
Prose does have rhythm but its rhythm lacks any that is based on facts.
sustained regularity and is not meant to be scanned. • 5. Creative Nonfiction- uses literary styles and
techniques to create factually accurate narratives

SUBTYPES OF PROSE What is PHILIPPINE LITERATURE?

1.FICTIONS: are made up stories, imaginary things,
people, events and writing. Fiction tends to be focusing
on imaginary ideas and events.
Examples:
A. Fairy Tales – stories are about fairies or other
magical creatures, usually for children.
B. Fable – a story about supernatural or
extraordinary people. Animals often speak as
“…the literature associated with the Philippines and
includes the legends of prehistory, and the colonial
legacy of the Philippines, written in both indigenous, and
Hispanic languages.”
TIMELINES IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Pre-Colonial Times
- The longest period in Philippine Literatures.

- Folk Speeches, Folk Songs, Folk Narratives,
Indigenous Rituals, Mimetic Dances
FOLK SPEECHES:
1. RIDDLES: central to the riddle is the metaphor or
talinghaga
- some riddles are ingenious while others are
sex- related
2. PROVERBS/APHORISMS:
- express norms or codes of behavior, community beliefs
or they install values by offering wisdom in short,
rhyming verse.
Ex. TANAGA
3. FOLK SONGS:
- express the hopes and aspirations, the people’s lifestyle
as well as their loves.
- often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naïve.
Ex. lullabyes, love songs, harana, tulang pambata
4. FOLK NARRATIVES: They explain how the world
was created, how certain animals possess certain
characters,
1. EPICS and FOLKTALES are varied, exotic and
magical.
2. LEGENDS are explanation of the origins of
things
3. FABLES are about animals and these teach
moral lessons
- Our EPICS are considered as ETHNO-EPICS
because they are not national but they are
histories of varied groups
- These epics revolve about supernatural events
and heroic deeds. Examples: Lam-ang (Ilocano),
Hudhud (Ifugao), Kudaman (Palawan)
The Spanish Colonial Tradition
- Literature may be classified as RELIGIOUS
prose and poetry, SECULAR prose and poetry
- Secular works appeared alongside historical and
economic changes
- Religious Lyrics: versed in both Spanish and
Tagalog language
- another form is meditative verses like the
DALIT appended to novenas and catechisms
- Religious Poetry: PASYON, Filipino’s
commemoration of Christ’s agony and
resurrection at Cavalry.
- Leading poets are JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
(Huseng Sisiw) and FRANCISCO BALAGTAS
(Francisco Baltazar)
- Popular Secular Poetry is METRICAL
ROMANCE: AWIT and KORIDO, colorful
tales of chivalry from European sources made
for singing and chanting
- IBONG ADARNA, korido
- FLORANTE AT LAURA, awit
Nationalistic Period
- Formation of PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
- While Rizal’s novels Noli and Fili are political,
the novel NINAY (1885) by PEDRO
PATERNO is cultural and is considered the first
FILIPINO novel.
- Other famous writers: Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
Mariano Ponce, Emilio Jacinto, Andres
Bonifacio, (Propaganda Movement), Claro M.
Recto, Teodoro M. Kalaw, Vicente Sotto, Rafael
Palma (essayists)
The American Colonial Tradition
- ENGLISH as the medium of instruction in all
schools with literary modernism
- JOSE GARCIA VILLA and ANGELA
MANALANG GLORIA used free verse in
poetry
- RICARDO ABADILLA advocated modernism
in poetry
- ABADILLA influenced young poets Virgilio
Almario, Pedro Ricarte and Rolando Tinio who
wrote modern verses
- Some leading essayists were journalists like,
CARLOS P. ROMULO, JORGE BOCOBO and
PURA SANTILLAN CASTRENCE who wrote
formal to humorous essays
The CONTEMPORARY Period
- A period when a Filipino writer has become
more conscious of his art
- Young people have become activists
- Various Literary Awards such as the DON
CARLOS PALANCA MEMORIAL AWARDS
for LITERATURE, THE PHILIPPINE FREE
PRESS…
- Literature can be combined with Technology
What is World Literature?
- Sum total of the world’s national literatures
- Circulation of works into the wider world
beyond their country of origin
st
What is 21 Century Literature in the world?
- World literature in prose produced during the
st
21 century
- Literary works from 2001 to present
st
It is 21 Century Literature…
-When the written word is more accessible and
democratic than ever before
- When Book sales, as well as magazines, and newspaper
subscriptions have DIMINISHED
- TWITTER has its own literary form, offering the use of
HASH TAGS (#) to help convey a message within 240
characters
- BLOGS have afforded both individual writers and
organizations, established or not, the opportunity of free
publication.
CANONICAL PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTISTS
IN LITERATURE
1. BIENVENIDO LUMBERA (2006)
- POET, LIBRETTIST, SCHOLAR
- Introduced to Tagalog Literature what is now
known as “BAGAY POETRY
- Pioneered the creative fusion of fine arts and
popular imagination
- Author of the following works:
LIKHANG DILA, LIKHANG DIWA (poems in
Filipino and English), 1993
Tales of Manuvu and Rama Hari
2. VIRGILIO ALMARIO (2003)
- RIO ALMA, a POET, LITERARY
HISTORIAN AND CRITIC
- Revived and reinvented traditional Filipino
poetic forms
- Founded the following workshops:
- Galian sa Arte at Tula (GAT), Linangan sa
Imahen, Retorika at Anyo (LIRA)
- Chairman emeritus of the Unyon ng mga
Manunulat sa Pilipinas (UMPIL)
- Published 12 books of poetry including
“MAKINASYON AT PEREGRINASYON”, the
landmark trilogy, “DOKTRINANG
ANAKPAWIS”, also his 10 books of criticisms
and anthologies: “Ang Makata sa Panahon ng
Makina, Balagtasismo versus Modernismo,
Walong Dekada ng Makabagong Tula Pilipino,
Barlaan at Josaphat
3. ALEJANDRO REYES ROCES (2003)
- July 13, 1924 – May 23, 2011
- a short story writer, author, essayist, dramatist,
- served as Secretary of Education from 1961-
1965 during the term of Philippine President
Diosdado Macapagal
- considered as the country’s best writer of comic
short stories
- known for his widely anthologized, My
Brother’s Peculiar Chicken”
- caused the change of language from English to
Filipino in the country’s stamps, currency and
passports
- personally led the campaign to change the
country’s Independence Day from July 4 to June
12
- recovered Jose Rizal’s original manuscripts of
NOLI, FILI and MI ULTIMO ADIOS
4. FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE(2001)
- F. SIONIL JOSE,
- A publisher, lecturer on cultural issues,
- Founder of the Philippine chapter of the
international organization PEN
- Bestowed the CCP Centennial Honors for the
Arts in 1999,
- The Outstanding Fulbrighters Award for
Literature in 1988
- one of the most widely read Filipino writers in
the English language
- his novels and short stories depict the social
underpinnings of class struggles and colonialism
in Filipino society
- his works- written in English - have been
translated and published in various languages
5. Edith L. Tiempo (1999)
- April 22, 1919 – Aug. 21, 2011
- A fictionist, a poet, a teacher, a literary critic
- One of the finest Filipino writers in English
whose works are characterized by a remarkable
fusion of style and substance, of craftsmanship
and insight
- An influential tradition in Philippine Literature
in English
- Founded and directed the Siliman National
Writers Workshop in Dumaguete City together
with her husband, Edilberto K. Tiempo
- Two of her much anthologized pieces: The Little
Marmoset
and Bonsai
6. Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez (1997)
- Sept. 8, 1915 – Nov. 28, 1999
- N.V.M. GONZALEZ, a fictionist, essayist,
poet and teacher,
- Became U.P.’s International-Writer-In-
Residence
- Became a member of the Board of Advisers of
the UP Creative Writing Center
- UP conferred on him the Doctor of Humane
Letters, honoris causa, the highest recognition in
1987
- Among the many recognitions:
1. he won the First Commonwealth Literary
Contest in 1940,
2. Received the Republic Cultural Heritage
Award in 1960,
3. The Gawad CCP Para sa Sining in 1990
7. Levi Celerio (1997)
- April 30, 1910 – April 2, 2002
- A prolific lyricist and composer
- Received the scholarship at the Academy of
Music in Manila that made it possible for
him to join the Manila Symphony Orchestra
- He made it to the Guinness Book of World
Records as the only person able to make
music using just a leaf
- Enriched the Philippine music for no less
than two generations with a treasury of more
than 4,000 songs
8. Rolando S. Tinio (1997)
- March 5, 1937 – July 7, 1997
- Playwright, thespian, poet, teacher, critic
and translator, stage director
- Revived traditional Filipino drama by re-
staging old theater forms like the
SARSWELA
- LITERARY WORKS:
- POETRY: Sitsit Sa Kuliglig, Dunung –
Dunungan, Kristal na Uniberso, A Trick of
Mirrors
- FILM SCRIPTS: Now and Forever,
Gamitin Mo Ako, Ang Kiri, Ana Maria
9. Francisco Arcellana (1990)
- Sept. 6, 1916 – Aug.1, 2002
- Writer, poet, critic, journalist, teacher
- One of the most important contributors of the
modern Filipino short story in English
- pioneered the development of the short story as
a lyrical-prose poetic form
- Some of his short stories: Frankie, The Man
Who Would Be Poe, Death in a Factory, A
Clown Remembers, Divided by Two
10. Carlos Peña Romulo (1982)
- January 14, 1899 – Dec. 15, 1985
- Educator, soldier, university president,
journalist and diplomat
- Was a reporter at 16, newspaper editor at 20,
publisher at 32
- Was the only Asian who won PULITZER
PRIZE in Journalism
- Was the first Asian president of the United
Nations General Assembly
- America’s most trusted spokesman
11. Nicomedes Marquez Joaquin (1976)
- Nick Joaquin
- May 4, 1917 – April 29, 2004
- playwright, journalist, essayist, poet,
- Known for his novels and short stories in
English
- Regarded as the most distinguished Filipino
writer in English writing
- As a journalist he used nome de guerre
Quijano de Manila
- Among his works: The Woman Who Had
Two Navels, A Portrait of the Artist as
Filipino, Manila, My Manila
12. Jose Garcia Villa (1973)
- DOVEGLION
- Aug. 5, 1908 – Feb.7, 1997
- One of the finest contemporary poets
regardless of race or language
- Introduced the extensive use of punctuation
marks in poetry especially commas,
- Used free verse in poetry
- Villa was also known for his tartness of his
tongue
- Some of his Works: Footnote to Youth,
Many Voices, Poems by Doveglion, The
Best Love Poems by Jose Garcia Villa
13. Amado Vera Hernandez (1973)
- Amado V. Hernandez/Amante Ernani
- Sept. 13, 1903 – May 24, 1970
- poet, playwright, novelist,
- A labor leader who was known for his
criticism of social injustices in the
Philippines
- Imprisoned for his involvement in the
communist movement
- While still a teenager, he began writing in
Tagalog for the newspaper WATAWAT,
and an editor of MABUHAY
- Among the Filipino Artists who practiced
committed Arts
- Some of his famous works: Mga Ibong
Mandaragit, Bayang Malaya, Isang Dipang
Langit, Luha ng Buwaya
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ELEMENTS OF POETRY
-----------------------------------------------------------

FIVE KEY ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY

1. Characters
A character is a person, or sometimes even
an animal, who takes part in the action of a
short story or other literary work.
2. Settings
The setting of a short story is the time and place
in which it happens. Authors often use
descriptions of landscapes, scenery, buildings,
seasons or weather to provide a strong sense of
setting.
3. Plot
A plot is a series of events and character actions
that relate to the central conflict.
4. Theme
The theme is the central idea or belief in a short
story.
5. Conflict
The conflict is a struggle between two people or
things in a short story. The main character is
usually on one side of the central conflict. On
the other side, the main character may struggle
against another important character, against the
forces of nature, against society, or even against
something inside himself or herself (feelings,
emotions, illness).
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LITERARY TEXTS THAT ARE INCLUDED IN YOUR EXAM.:

1. “First, a Poem Must Be Magical” by Jose

Garcia Villa (poem)
2. Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez (short
story)
3. Dead Stars by O.H. Santos (poem)
4. “The Tale of Tonyo the Brave” by Ma.
Aleah G. Tobaclaon (short story)
5. “Motherhood Statements” (ESSAY)