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Educational Research Quantitative Qualitative and Mixed Approaches 6th Edition Johnson Solutions Manual
Educational Research Quantitative Qualitative and Mixed Approaches 6th Edition Johnson Solutions Manual
Educational Research Quantitative Qualitative and Mixed Approaches 6th Edition Johnson Solutions Manual
This chapter presents an introduction to the three major research methodology paradigms:
quantitative, qualitative, and mixed. The characteristics and applications of each
paradigm are discussed. The concept of a variable is introduced and the role of variables
in quantitative research is discussed. Experimental and nonexperimental quantitative
studies are compared. Correlation coefficients are explained both conceptually and
practically. Qualitative and mixed research methods are also discussed.
2
Johnson & Christensen Educational Research, 6e
As seen in Table 2.2, variables can be categorized based on how they are measured
and the role they play.
o The simplest classification involves the level of measurement of the variable.
Quantitative variables vary in degree or amount (e.g., annual income).
Categorical variables vary in type or kind (e.g., gender).
o Another way to categorize variables is based upon the roles they take on in
quantitative research studies.
Independent variables (symbolized by “IV”) are the presumed cause of
another variable.
3
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