Family Health Care Nursing Theory

Practice and Research 6th Edition

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Family Health Care Nursing Theory Practice and Research 6th Edition Kaakinen Test Bank

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Family Health Care Nursing, 6e 2-1

Chapter 2: Theoretical Foundations for the Nursing of Families

Multiple Choice:

1. The nurse reviews potential theories to use as a guide for providing care to a family in the
community. What should the nurse keep in mind as a major function of theory in family nursing?

1. Identifies a specific hypothesis

2. Answers “How?” or “Why?” questions
3. Examines how the concepts create a meaningful pattern
4. Improves nursing services provided to families

2. The nurse reviews a theory for applicability to a family health situation. On which part of the
theory should the nurse focus in order to understand the expected relationship between the
theory’s concepts?

1. System
2. Hypothesis
3. Propositions
4. Conceptual model

3. The nurse prepares to assess a family according to a family development theory. Which action
will the nurse complete first during this assessment?

1. Health of individual members

2. Employment status of the parents
3. Family structure and life cycle stages
4. Education status of the children

4. The nurse is struggling with using a developmental model when assessing a family new to a
community. Which data could explain the difficulty the nurse is having using this model?

1. The parental units are same-sexed.

2. The youngest son is beginning college.
3. The middle child is attending high school.
4. The oldest daughter has just gotten married.

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Rowe
Family Health Care Nursing, 6e 2-2

5. The nurse uses the bioecological system theory to assess a family. On which system should the
nurse focus to determine the impact of the mother’s change in employment?

1. Mesosystem
2. Exosystem
3. Microsystem
4. Macrosystem

6. The nurse reviews the bioecological system theory before discussing this approach with a
group of new graduate nurses. What should the nurse explain as the blueprint for the ecology of
human and family development?

1. There is no one system that can serve as a blueprint.

2. Macrosystems contain mesosystems and exosystems.
3. The microsystem sets the stage for all future development.
4. Sociohistorical conditions determine developmental progress.

7. The nurse works in an environment in which a family therapy theory serves as the model for
assessing and planning care. Which data should the nurse expect when assessing the family?

1. Pathology
2. Health problem
3. Illness treatment
4. Normal trajectory

Multiple Response:

8. The nurse selects the family systems theory as a guide for providing care to a family. Which
concept of this theory should the nurse use to maintain the stability of this family? Select all that
apply.

1. The whole is more than the sum of its parts.

2. All parts of the system are interconnected.
3. Families develop and change over time.
4. Systems can be organized into subsystems.
Rowe
Family Health Care Nursing, 6e 2-3

5. There is a boundary between the system and the environment.

9. The nurse learns that the father of a family passed away at age 41. How should the nurse
classify this family event in relation to family development theory? Select all that apply.

1. On time
2. Off time
3. Normative
4. Conflicting
5. Nonnormative

10. The nurse prepares to employ the family systems theory to assess a family. Which actions
will the nurse complete during this assessment? Select all that apply.

1. Complete a family ecomap

2. Determine normative and nonnormative events
3. Complete a family genogram
4. Conduct family member care-planning sessions
5. Collect data on the family and individual members
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Title: Forerunners and rivals of Christianity

being studies in religious history from 330 B.C. to 330 A.D.,
Vol. 1 (of 2)

Author: Francis Legge

Release date: August 10, 2023 [eBook #71384]

Language: English

Original publication: Cambridge: University Press, 1915

Credits: Wouter Franssen, David King, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORERUNNERS

AND RIVALS OF CHRISTIANITY ***
 FORERUNNERS AND RIVALS OF
CHRISTIANITY
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
C. F. CLAY, M
London: FETTER LANE, E.C.
Edinburgh: 100 PRINCES STREET

New York: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS

Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., L .
Toronto: J. M. DENT AND SONS, L .
Tokyo: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA

All rights reserved

FORERUNNERS AND RIVALS OF

CHRISTIANITY
BEING

STUDIES IN RELIGIOUS HISTORY

FROM 330 B.C. TO 330 A.D.

BY
F. LEGGE, F.S.A.
(Honorary) Foreign Secretary Society of Biblical Archaeology,
Member of Council Royal Asiatic Society,
Member of Committee Egypt Exploration Fund, &c.
“The ghosts of words and dusty dreams”
“Old memories, faiths infirm and dead”

S , Félise.

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. I

Cambridge:
at the University Press
1915

Cambridge:
PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
 PREFACE

The following pages are a modest attempt to bring before the public certain
documents of great importance for the understanding of the growth and
development of the Christian religion. They are not new, almost all of them
having been translated at one time or another into English, French, German,
or Italian: but they are all practically unknown save to scholars, are all
fragmentary, and with hardly an exception, are difficult to understand
without a running commentary. In these circumstances, I have ventured to
follow, not for the first time, the advice given by Sir Gaston Maspero to his
pupils in one of his luminous lectures at the Collège de France. “If” said in
effect that great master of archaeology, “you find yourselves in the presence
of scattered and diverse examples of any monument you cannot understand
—funerary cones, amulets of unusual form, hypocephali, or anything else—
make a collection of them. Search museums, journals of Egyptology,
proceedings of learned societies, until you think they have no more
novelties of the kind to offer you. Then put those you have collected side by
side and study them. The features they have in common will then readily
appear and in a little time you will find that you will perceive not only the
use of the objects in question, but also the history of their development,
their connexion with each other, and their relative dates.” This has been the
end aimed at in this book; and although, like most aims in this world, it has
not been perfectly achieved, it may, I think, be said with confidence that
these documents explain and supplement one another in a remarkable
degree, and that in the majority of cases sense can now be read into what at
first sight seemed to be nonsense. As more fragments of the same kind
come to light, also, one has fair reason to hope that those points which are
still obscure may be made clear.
The system of references adopted perhaps calls for some explanation. As I
have no right to expect my readers to take what I say for gospel, I should
have preferred to give my authority for every statement made by me in the
text. But there are often many authorities supporting the same statement,
and some discrimination between them was necessary unless these two
volumes were to be swollen to an intolerable length. The same
consideration for brevity, too, has often led me to quote at second or third
hand rather than at first. References to well-known passages in the more
widely read classical writers and Christian Fathers are not needed by
scholarly readers, while to others they are difficult to check or verify. I have
therefore deliberately and of choice preferred the less recondite sources to
the more recondite, and have never hesitated to refer the reader to
encyclopaedias, popular lectures, and the works avowedly addressed to the
general public of writers like Renan and Mahaffy, rather than to the sources
from which they have themselves drawn their information. In so doing,
however, I have never consciously failed to check the statement quoted with
the original source, and to see, so far as in me lay, that it correctly
represents its purport. A fairly long experience has convinced me that to
many readers the “Apoll. Rhod. ac Nigid. Schuster, p. 41” and the
“Clemens de div. serv. Su 20” dear to certain German professors and their
English admirers mean very little, and to the greater public nothing at all.
For the translations which appear in the text or notes I have gleaned from
all sources, but, except where expressly mentioned, I must personally
accept all responsibility for them, and in cases in which any doubt seemed
possible I have generally added the words of the original document.
Finally, I have not attempted to impress my own opinion on my readers, but
merely to give them the material on which they can form their own; and
where I have found myself in doubt as to what the facts of the case really
were, I have never scrupled to say so. This is not a counsel of perfection,
but the one which on the whole seemed to me best. If by doing so I have
succeeded in sending to the documents themselves a few readers hitherto
ignorant of them, I shall think I have not wasted my time.
F. LEGGE.

6G ’ I S ,
July 1914.

P.S. The outbreak of the war has caused the publication of this book to be
postponed. I regret the delay the less that it has enabled me to make use of
several works and studies which have appeared during the last twelve
months.
F. L.
 ERRATA

Transcriber’s Note:

The following author’s corrections have already been applied to the e-books
for this Volume and for Volume 2.
Vol. I.

p. 121, l. 5, for Xerxes read Darius.

p. 141, n. 4, for Prof. C. R. B. Weidmann read Prof. Carl Robert.

Vol. II.

p. 18, n. 2, for cc. III, xxxi. Justin Martyr read cc. III, xxxi; Justin
Martyr.
p. 36, n. 1, for Isidore Loeb, La Cabbale juive, p. 587. F. Herman
Krüger, La Grande Encyclopédie, s.v. Gnosticisme read Isidore Loeb,
La Grande Encyclopédie, s.v. La Cabbale juive; ibid. F. Herman
Krüger, s.v. Gnosticisme.
p. 37, n. 1, for Thou the King, the Aeon of Aeons read Thou King,
Aeon of Aeons.
p. 38, n. 3, for Introduction (pp. xx-xxiii) read Introduction (pp. lxi-
lxiii).
p. 69, n. 3, for ‫ השטבה‬read ‫חשטפה‬.
p. 72, l. 4, for boundless read thoughtless.
p. 102, l. 22, for Ecclesiasticis read Ecclesiasticus.
p. 129, n. 3, for Canons read Canon.
p. 146, l. 17, for its read Its.
p. 146, n. 2, for the Five Words, translated in the text read the five
words translated in the text.
p. 166, n. 2, for 18 Eons read 18 Aeons.
p. 174, l. 1, for die read dies.
p. 183, l. 10, for Books read Texts.
p. 200, l. 10, for Pistis Sophia read Texts of the Saviour.
p. 338, n. 2, for Journal des Savants read Journal des Savans.
 CONTENTS

T D . . . Pages xiii-xxvii
B . . . xxviii-xlviii

INTRODUCTION
Importance of study of Christian origins—Cause of popular misconceptions
on the subject—Change of standpoint with progress of science of religions
—Definition of science and religion—Apparent dilemma of orthodox—
Christianity seems to follow evolutionary law like other faiths—Rivals of
infant Christianity—Judaism, classical Paganism, and philosophy ruled out
—Real competitors, Oriental religions, Gnosticism, and Manichaeism—
Certain features common to surviving documents of all these faiths—
Possibility of common origin—Question insoluble till origin and dates of
Zoroastrianism ascertained . . . Pages xlix-lxiii

CHAPTER I
THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER
The extent of the Persian Empire and its government—Alexander’s aim, the
marriage of Europe and Asia, attained after his death—Greek becomes
common language—Importance of this for History of Religions—Ideas of
antiquity about gods—Monotheism of philosophers, and of Hebrew
Prophets—Aristotle’s dictum that religion follows form of temporal
government—Alexander, perfect type of monarch—Adoption of
monarchical government by his Successors—Identification of Greek with
barbarian gods—Worship of Syrian and other foreign gods in Athens—
Increase of foreign worships after Alexander—Deification of Alexander
and his Successors leads to Euhemerism—Change of religious views
among Greeks—Age of innovation in religion—The missions of Asoka—
Religious associations in Greece, their composition and influence—Low
character of their priests and members—Alexander of Abonoteichos—
Impulse given by associations to proselytism—Summary . . . 1-27

CHAPTER II
THE ALEXANDRIAN DIVINITIES
Alexander’s Egypt and the policy of the Ptolemies—The Egyptian
priesthoods and their disastrous rule—Popularity of worship of Osiris—
Legend of Osiris according to Plutarch—Its composite character, totemistic
and historical elements—The Dying God of the Eastern Mediterranean—
The Eleusinian Mysteries—Resemblance of Eleusis legend to Osirian—
Ptolemy’s new religion—The Alexandrian triad, Serapis, Isis, and Horus—
Refusal of Egyptians to accept Ptolemy’s religion—Its success in the West
culminates under the Antonines—Causes of its triumph—Its monarchical
principle, or monotheistic pantheism—The Fatherhood of God—Hope for
future life—The Mysteries of the Alexandrian Religion described—Degrees
of initiation—Popular and external Ceremonies: Daily Services in Temples,
Opening, and Closing—Other Ceremonies: The Herculaneum Frescoes—
Adoration of the Sacred Water—The Finding of Osiris—The Ship of Isis—
Modern character of these Festivals—The Isiac Priesthood—Recluses of
Serapeum—Decline of Alexandrian Religion with rise of Christianity—
Superiority of Christianity—Last days of Alexandrian Religion—
Destruction of Serapeum at Alexandria in 391 A.D.—Borrowings of
Christianity from Alexandrian Religion—Ritual, Worship of Virgin, and
Monachism—Likeness of sacramental usages—And, more doubtfully, of
doctrines—Transition probably effected through Gnostic heresies . . . 28-89

CHAPTER III
THE ORIGIN OF GNOSTICISM
Religion and Magic—Knowledge chief necessity in magic—Origin of
myths, cosmogonies, and apocalypses—Spells and charms—Examples
from Magic Papyri, Sumerian invocation of Persephone, etc.—Letter of
Nephotes to Psammeticus with process of lecanomancy—Egyptian
magicians deal with devils—Polyglot spell of Alleius Craeonius invokes
Jehovah with heathen gods—Spread of magic in late Pagan and early
Christian centuries—Magic ceremonies not all imposture—Hypnotism
employed in magic—Influence of these ideas on evolution of Gnostic sects
—Leads to development of ritual in worship, especially in Egypt—Effect of
Gnostic ideas if not checked—Their early appearance in Greece—The rise
of astrology—Its origin in Babylonia—Introduces new ideas in religion—
Astrological tablets in Assurbanipal’s library—Construction of calendar—
System of correspondences—Planetary influence—Change in astrology
when united to Greek mathematics—Religion and Magic alike adopt astral
theories—Increased importance of Sun worship—Impulse given by astral
theories to Gnosticism—Entry into it of predestinarian ideas . . . 90-120

CHAPTER IV
PRE-CHRISTIAN GNOSTICS: THE ORPHICI
The Orphic poems and the Pythagoreans—The Orphic Theology and
Legend of Dionysos—Orphics first to connect this with man’s fate in next
world—Asceticism of Orphic ideal—Initiation a substitute for asceticism—
Gold Plates of Italian Orphics and their likeness to Egyptian funerary
literature—Orphic propaganda at first confined to Rhapsodists—Orphics
seize upon worships of foreign gods—Demosthenes’ oration against
Aeschines and its explanation—Orphics probably form thiasi and other
religious associations—The Orpheotelestae, wandering charlatans—The
Orphic Hymns—Hymns to Persephone and Dionysos and their explanation
—Influence of Orphics upon later religions—Orphism leads to spread of
syncretism, magic, and external conformity—Summary of Orphism and its
influence upon Gnosticism . . . 121-148

CHAPTER V
PRE-CHRISTIAN GNOSTICS: THE ESSENES
Contrast between religious ideas of Greeks and Jews—Fate of Jews under
Alexander’s Successors and Maccabaean Wars—Josephus’ account of the
Essenes—Its accuracy shown by Philo and others—Improbable views as to
their origin—Essenes essentially Gnostics—Their secret teaching—The
Enochian Apocalypses described—The Messianic delusions of the Jews in
Roman times—Books of Enoch, etc.—Essene method of interpreting
Scripture, isopsephism, and Cabala—Later history of Essenes—Survival of
their exegetical methods among Gnostics . . . 149-171

CHAPTER VI
PRE-CHRISTIAN GNOSTICS: SIMON MAGUS
Adherence of Jews to Mosaic Law—Inconvenience of this to rich, and
necessity for compromise between Judaism and Hellenism—System of
Philo Judaeus and formation of secret sects among Jews—Simon Magus in
the New Testament—Position of Samaritans temp. Christ intermediate
between Jews and heathen—Account of Simon in Clementines
untrustworthy—Hippolytus’ quotations from the Great Announcement—
Simon’s First Cause and Six Roots—His system of correspondences or
paradigms—His bisexual Deity—Parallels between systems of Simon and
of Orphics—Simon’s account of creation of man—Simon’s views on origin
of evil and redemption not clear—Contradiction among Fathers as to
Simon’s doctrines—Simon’s redemption through union of sexes and
Platonic affinity—Simon’s view of end of world—Later history of Simon’s
sect; their indifference in external matters and changes—Fathers’ ascription
of all subsequent heresy to borrowing from Simon examined and partly
confirmed . . . 172-202
 TABLE OF DATES

N.B. The dates which follow are only approximate, no attempt having here
been made to harmonize the system of chronology lately adopted by the
professors of the Berlin school with those formerly in use. For the dates of
the reigns of the Egyptian and Asiatic Successors of Alexander, I have
mainly relied upon the excellent work of M. Bouché-Leclercq as given in
his French version of Droysen’s Hellenismus, his Histoire des Lagides and
(especially) his Histoire des Séleucides, the second volume of which,
containing the chronological tables, maps, and indexes, has appeared at the
close of this year (1914). The dates of the Parthian and Bactrian kings are
given with all reserve and are in effect conjectures based on the slipshod
statements of compilers like Justin, Quintus Curtius, and Trogus Pompeius.
For the Parthian dates I have followed, though without any confidence in its
accuracy, the chronology of Prof. Eduard Meyer, and for the Bactrian, those
given in Mr. H. C. Rawlinson’s Bactria.
The dates in Vol. II, which deals with the centuries after Christ, are for the
most part fairly well ascertained, and those given in Prof. Bury’s edition of
Gibbon have been used wherever possible. For matters not mentioned in
Gibbon, such as the lives of the obscurer Christian Fathers and leaders of
sects, recourse has generally been had to Smith and Wace’s Dictionary of
Christian Biography and other books of the kind. The only serious
discrepancy here noticeable arises from the habit still prevalent among
certain Continental writers of beginning the Christian Era four years earlier
than others, so as to increase all subsequent dates by 4. Thus M. Cumont, in
his Mystères de Mithra and elsewhere, invariably gives the date of the
Carnuntum inscription proclaiming Mithras the Protector of the Roman
Empire, as 307 A.D., although he asserts that the Iovii et Herculi
religiosissimi Augusti responsible for the inscription are Diocletian and
Galerius. Diocletian, however, resigned the purple, and retired into private
life in the year 305 A.D., by the reckoning of Prof. Bury and others, and it is
plain therefore that M. Cumont puts the date too far forward according to
our ideas. To bring it into line, I have therefore ventured to alter the date of
the inscription quoted by him to 304 A.D., which would moreover coincide
with the persecution of the Christians, which he thinks may have owed
some of its severity to the rivalry of the Mithraic faith. The same procedure
has been followed in one or two other cases.
336. Accession of Alexander.
340 to 260. Zeno of Citium (founder of Stoic school) flourished.
340 to 288. Pyrrho of Elis flourished.
334 to 322. Aristotle and first Peripatetic School flourished.
331. Foundation of Alexandria.
Alexander transports many Jews to Alexandria and gives them equal
rights with Macedonians.
330. Death of Darius.
326. Alexander conquers Punjab.
324. Alexander at Susa celebrates marriage of Europe and Asia.
323. Death of Alexander and first division of Empire.
Ptolemy, son of Lagos, made satrap of Egypt.
321. Second division of Alexander’s Empire at Triparadisus.
320. Ptolemy captures Jerusalem and transports many Jews to Alexandria.
Circa 316. Euhemerus of Messene flourished.
312. Ptolemy and Seleucus defeat Demetrius Poliorcetes at Gaza.
Ptolemy seizes Syria, but evacuates it when defeated by Demetrius
near Myontes.
Many Jews voluntarily emigrate to Egypt.
312. Seleucus conquers Media and Persia, and enters Babylon in triumph.
Beginning of Seleucid Era.
310. Antigonus Monopthalmos by treaty abandons Eastern Provinces to
Seleucus.
307. Demetrius Poliorcetes at Athens.
Demetrius of Phalerum leaves Athens for Alexandria.
Probable foundation of Museum.
306 to 270. Epicurus flourished.
306. Ptolemy I Soter proclaims himself King of Egypt.
302. Coalition against Antigonus. Ptolemy invades Syria, and Lysimachus
Asia Minor.
301. Battle of Ipsus, and further division of Empire between Seleucus,
Lysimachus, and Cassander.
300 to 220. Cleanthus of Assos (Stoic philosopher) flourished.
298. Cession of Valley of Indus by Seleucus to Chandragupta.
297. Destruction of Samaria by Demetrius Poliorcetes.
294. Seleucus transports many Jews from Babylon to Antioch and other
Syrian cities.
293. Many Jewish colonies founded in Cyrene and Libya.
292. Seleucus gives his wife Stratonice and the Eastern Provinces to his son
Antiochus.
288. Coalition against Demetrius Poliorcetes.
Accession of Bindusara (Amitrochates) to Chandragupta’s Indian
Kingdom.
283. Accession of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
283. Demetrius Poliorcetes dies a prisoner in the hands of Seleucus.
282. Seleucus conquers Asia Minor from Lysimachus.
281. Lysimachus defeated and slain at Corupedion.
Accession of Antiochus I Soter on assassination of Seleucus.
280.? Establishment of Greek worship of Serapis, Isis, and Horus at
Alexandria.
280 to 207. Chrysippus of Soli (Stoic philosopher) flourished.
280. Pyrrhus invades Italy.
Invasion of Thrace by Celtic tribes.
278. Pyrrhus’ campaign in Italy.
277. Settlement of Celtic tribes (Galatae) in Asia.
276. Translation of Pentateuch into Greek by order of Ptolemy
Philadelphus.
274. First Syrian War. Ptolemy Philadelphus against Antiochus Soter and
Magas of Cyrene.
273. Ptolemy Philadelphus sends embassy to Rome to conclude alliance.
265. Accession of Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta.
264. Asoka’s missions to Greek Kings.
First Punic War.
261. Accession of Antiochus II Theos.
258. Second Syrian War. Ptolemy Philadelphus against Antiochus Theos.
252. Diodotus revolts against Antiochus Theos and founds Kingdom of
Bactria.
250. Association of Greek Sarapiasts at Athens.
249. Arsaces revolts against Antiochus Theos and founds Arsacid Kingdom
of Parthia.
248. Accession of Tiridates on death of his brother, Arsaces of Parthia.
247. Accession of Seleucus II Callinicus on death of his father, Antiochus
Theos.
246. Accession of Ptolemy III Euergetes.
Third Syrian War. Ptolemy Euergetes against Seleucus Callinicus.
245.? Accession of Diodotus II on death of his father, Diodotus of Bactria.
244. Ptolemy Euergetes overruns Upper Asia as far as Susa.
241. War between Seleucus Callinicus and his brother Antiochus Hierax.
Accession of Attalus as dynast of Pergamum.
238. Ptolemy Euergetes and his wife Berenice II deified. Decree of
Canopus.
Attalus defeats Galatae and proclaims himself King of Pergamum.
230. Euthydemus of Magnesia seizes throne of Bactria on death of
Diodotus II.
229. Rome first intervenes in affairs of Greece on behalf of Acarnanians.
226. Accession of Seleucus III Soter on death of his father, Seleucus
Callinicus.
225. Attalus of Pergamum, “Friend of Rome,” defeats Seleucus Soter and
seizes Syrian Asia Minor.
222. Accession of Antiochus III the Great, on assassination of his father,
Seleucus Soter.
221. Accession of Ptolemy IV Philopator on death of his father, Ptolemy
Euergetes.
219. Antiochus the Great reconquers Asia Minor.
Antiochus the Great captures Jerusalem from Ptolemy Philopator.
217. Antiochus the Great transports 2,000 Jewish families from Babylon to
Phrygia and Lydia.
Ptolemy Philopator defeats Antiochus the Great at Raphia and
recaptures Jerusalem and Samaria.
Second Punic War.
216. Worship of Greek Sarapis and Isis established in Boeotia.
211. Accession of Artabanus I to throne of Parthia on death of his father
Tiridates.
210. Artabanus of Parthia attacked by Antiochus the Great, who besieges
his capital, but finally makes alliance with him.
First Macedonian War. Romans and Aetolians against Philip.
205. Accession of Ptolemy V Epiphanes.
Antiochus the Great seizes Palestine.
204. Statue of Great Mother brought from Pessinus to Rome.
Scopas reconquers Palestine for Ptolemy Epiphanes and Jews revolt to
latter.