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2020 WTS 12 Rate of Reaction
2020 WTS 12 Rate of Reaction
2020 WTS 12 Rate of Reaction
GRADE : 12
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WTS TUTORING 1
RATE AND EXTENT OF REACTION
UNITS:
o Change in concentration over time (mol·dm−3·s−1)
o Change in mass per unit time (g·s−1)
o Change in volume per unit time (dm3·s−1).
The gradient of a concentration / mass / volume versus time graph gives the rate of a
reaction, thus a steeper gradient means a higher rate of reaction.
EQUATIONS
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COLLISION THEORY
In order for a reaction to occur, molecules need to collide under specific conditions.
The structure of the molecules and their relative orientations to each other is
important for effective collisions.
Some catalysts function by improving molecular orientation.
The molecules have to collide with sufficient amount of energy for bonds to break and
the reaction to occur (activation energy).
The Maxwell-Boltzman distribution curve shows the distribution of the kinetic energy
of molecules.
The area under the graph to the right of the activation energy line represents the
particles with sufficient kinetic energy.
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HYPOTHESIS AND PREDICTION
The hypothesis and prediction state what you believe will happen based on
background information.
These statements can be both qualitative and quantitative.
The independent variable is the factor changed by the person doing the experiment.
This is the one you manipulate or vary during the experiment.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The dependent variable changes in response to the independent variable.
It is the one that is measured by you during the process of the experiment.
CONTROLLED VARIABLES
Controlled variables are held constant so as not to directly affect the independent and
dependent variables.
THE MOLE
Atoms, molecules and ions are too small to count, and there are so many particles in even the
smallest sample of a substance.
A mole of particles is an amount of 6,02 x 1023 particles (Avogadro’s number, NA.)
n=
MOLAR MASS
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CONCENTRATION
The concentration of a solution is the number of moles of solute per unit volume of
solution.
n=
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
PERCENTAGE PURITY
Sometimes chemicals are not pure and one needs to calculate the percentage purity.
Only the pure component of the substance will react.
For an impure sample of a substance
Percentage purity =
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PERCENTAGE YIELD
When you make a chemical in a laboratory a little of the chemical is always lost, due
to evaporation into the surrounding air, or due to a little being left in solution.
Some of the reactants may not react.
We say that the reaction has not run to completion.
Percentage yield =
The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule.
The molecular formula is actual ratio of the atoms in a molecule.
The molecular formula can be calculated from the empirical formula and the relative
molecular mass.
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LIMITING REACTANTS
If one reactant is in excess, it means that there is more than enough of it.
If there are only 2 reactants and one is in excess, it means that the other is the limiting
reactant.
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FACTORS INFLUENCING REACTION RATE
PRESSURE
Its applicable to gases only
In physics pressure is defined as the force per unit area.
Increase pressure by decreasing volume, increases the concentration of the gas thus
increasing the rate of reaction
According to collision theory: If the pressure in a system is increased; the distance
between the particles decreases, resulting in the increase of the number of particles
with the correct orientation.
The number of effective collisions increases, hence the rate of reaction increases.
Also, if the pressure in a system is decreased; the distance between the particles
increases, resulting in the decrease of the number of particles with the correct
orientation.
The number of effective collisions decreases, hence the rate of reaction decreases.
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CONCENTRATION
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KUTHI HUUUU!!!!
TEMPERATURE
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KUTHI HUUUU!!!
CATALYST
A positive catalyst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction
without itself undergoing permanent change.
The presence of a catalyst decreases the activation energy.
The particles require less collision energy to undergo an effective collision.
Leading to more effective collisions.
Hence the rate of reaction increases.
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CATALYST IN THIS EXPERIMENT?
Curve Y/it was obtained for the reaction where a catalyst was added.
Speeds up the reaction.
Increases the reaction rate.
Provides alternate pathway.
Lowers the (net) activation energy.
It does not change the heat energy
NATURE OF REACTANTS
The physical and chemical properties of certain molecules make them more likely to
react.
FOR EXAMPLE:
o O2 has many effective orientations
o F’s electronegativity makes it more reactive
o Tertiary alcohols have limited effective orientations due to molecule structure
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ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
In a chemical reaction energy is used to break old bonds, and energy is released when
new bonds form.
During a reaction energy of the system changes; and that change in energy is called
enthalpy change (heat of reaction)
Enthalpy change is calculated using the following equation:
Also in a reaction products are not formed directly, however an intermediate molecule
forms.
This intermediate molecule is neither a reactant nor a product and is called Activated
Complex
However, activated complex eventually breaks up to form products
An activated complex is defined as the molecule which is highly unstable, high
energy and it breaks up to form products.
The potential energy of this activated complex is equal to the activation energy of the
reaction.
There are two types of reactions as far as energy is concerned i.e.
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EXOTHERMIC REACTION
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION.
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chemical reaction that require (absorbs) energy
Reaction that absorbs more energy it produces
Energy of reactants is less that the energy of products
the enthalpy change (heat of the reaction) of the reaction is positive
non-spontaneous reaction
Heat as reactant
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CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
OPEN SYSTEM
CLOSED SYSTEM
A closed system is isolated from its surroundings and is one where no reactants or
products can leave or enter the system.
This means neither reactants nor products may join or leave the system.
A reaction is a reversible reaction when products can be converted back to reactants.
Reversible reactions are represented with double arrows.
Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward
reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
Chemical equilibrium can only be achieved in a close system.
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LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
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COMMON ION EFFECT
When ionic substances are in solution, they form ions:
If HCl is added to this solution, the concentration of Cl− ions will increase because Cl−
is a common ion.
The system will attempt to re-establish equilibrium by favouring the reverse reaction,
forming a white sodium chloride precipitate.
The disturbance of a system at equilibrium that occurs when the concentration of a
common ion is increased is known as the common ion effect.
General equation: aA + bB → cC
Where A,B,C are chemical substances (ONLY aq and g, NOT s or l )
And a,b,c are molar ratio numbers
Kc value is a ratio and therefore has no units.
If Kc > 1 then equilibrium lies to the right – there are more products than reactants.
If Kc < 1 then equilibrium lies to the left – there are more reactants than products.
Kc values are constant at specific temperatures.
If the temperature of the system changes then the Kc value will change.
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction.
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CATALYST AND EQUILIBRIUM
When a catalyst is added, the rate of the forward as well as the reverse reaction is
increased.
The use of a catalyst does not affect the equilibrium position or the Kc value at all, but
allows the reaction to reach equilibrium faster.
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IN INDUSTRY THE PRODUCT IS REMOVED AS QUICKLY AS IT FORMS.
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THE PRESSURE
A decrease in the pressure (by increasing the volume of the container) will cause
the reverse/back reaction to be favoured as to counteract the change in pressure,
the reaction must proceed to favour a greater number of moles of gas.
KUTHI HUUUU!!!!
2A(g) + 3B(g) ⇌ 3C(g)
When the pressure increases, the reaction that leads to a decrease in the number of
moles will be favoured.
When the pressure increases, the yield increases because the equilibrium position
shifts to the right
The concentration of both the reactants and products increase.
The volume of the container is decreased.
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THE EFFECT OF INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
When considering the change in temperature, firstly the type of reaction must be
identified, whether it is endothermic or exothermic.
This is because the heat is absorbed in an endothermic reaction, then released in an
exothermic reaction.
What would happen in this reaction if temperature is decreased?
Since the reaction has an enthalpy less than zero that means the forward reaction is
exothermic.
Hence, by decreasing temperature of an exothermic reaction that will force the
reaction at equilibrium to shift towards (favours) products (C), then it will re-establish
equilibrium.
Also, if temperature could be increased the reaction at equilibrium will shift towards
(favours) reactants (A and B).
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KUTHI HUUUU!!!
Temperature increases
More products formed as forward reaction is favoured and reactants will decrease.
KC will increase as there will be a larger numerator an a small denominator
OR
More reactants will form as the reverse/back reaction is favoured and products will
decrease.
KC will decrease as there is a smaller numerator and a larger denominator.
Temperature decreases
More reactants will form as the reverse/back reaction is favoured and products will
decrease.
KC will decrease as there is a smaller numerator and a larger denominator.
OR
More products formed as forward reaction is favoured and reactants will decrease.
KC will increase as there will be a larger numerator and small denominator.
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