13/1/2020

MTES3113

Struktur Kawalan/
Control Structure

@DL IPGKPP 2018

Basically
commands in
code form
… Java, COBOL,
Arahan/Perintah FORTRAN,
pada asasnya PASCAL, BASIC,
dalam bentuk Visual Basic,
PYTHON
kod

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Kawalan adalah penentu aliran There are 3 types of control

perlaksanaan arahan dalam structure
aturcara.  sequence control
• Bermula dengan arahan pertama, kawalan akan  decision control
menentukan arahan manakah yang akan
 loop control
dilaksanakan seterusnya sehingga tamat

Control determines the command Terdapat 3 jenis struktur kawalan

implementation flow in programming  Kawalan jujukan
 Starts with the first instruction, the structure will  Kawalan pilihan
determines which instruction will be implemented  Kawalan ulangan
next until the end

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Kenyataan dilakukan baris demi Mula Start

baris mengikut urutan /
Statements are carried out row by Minta pengguna input Ask user to input 3
3 nombor numbers
row in a sequence
Cari hasil tambah 3 Find the sum of 3
Digunakan apabila nombor numbers

arahan berdasarkan Bahagikan hasil

Divide the sum with 3
urutan demi urutan/ tambah dengan 3

Is used when
Cetak Print
instruction is based
on rows
Tamat End

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Start
Start
Output “ Enter the
Output “ Enter your radius value:”
name:”

Input radius
Input name
Compute
Output “ Hello” + Circle Area =
name PI*radius*radius

End Output “Circle Area =

“ + answer

End

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 Kenyataan dilakukan
mengikut keadaan/syarat
(syarat ialah benar atau
Start palsu)
Output “ Enter the  Statement is executed
radius value:”
based on the condition if it
Input radius is true or false
Compute
Circle Area =  Digunakan apabila mahu
PI*radius*radius
membuat keputusan dalam
Output “Circle Area = perjalanan sesuatu
“ + answer
program (mungkin
End mengakibatkan lompatan)
 Is used when needed to
make a decision (maybe it
may cause a jump) @DL IPGKPP 2020
@DL IPGKPP 2020

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 Menggunakan simbol
pilihan
 Uses a decision symbol Adakah
benar Papar Is sum
hasil
“Gagal” <10?
<10?
 KP tunggal, KP dwipilihan true

dan KP pelbagai pilihan palsu Display false

“Fail”
 If, if----else, switch
Papar Display
 Single DC, Dual DC and “Lulus” “Pass”
multi ways DC
 If, if----else, switch

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 Kenyataan “if……”
 Jika keadaan benar tindakan dilakukan
 Jika keadaan palsu, tindakan dilangkau
 “if……” statement
 If condition true, action will be taken
 If condition false, action will skip

 Kenyataan “if/else”
 Tindakan berbeza jika keadaan benar atau palsu
 “if/else” statement
 Different action if condition is true or false
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Kenyataan “switch”
true
 Membolehkan satu pemboleh ubah untuk diuji case a case a
action(s)
break

berbanding dengan satu senarai nilai-nilai. Setiap false

nilai dipanggil kes dan pemboleh ubah di ‘switched

on’ untuk disemak untuk setiap kes.
true
case b case b break
action(s)

“switch” statement false

 Enable one variable to be compared and tested with .

.
a list of values. Each value is called case and the .

variable is ‘switched on’ to check for each case.

true
case z case z break
action(s)
false

default
action(s)

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 Atarcara yang dibuat perlu KU “SELAGI”

mengulang pemprosesan
yang sama beberapa kali
IC “WHILE”
sehingga satu Tamat
?
keadaan/syarat dipenuhi /End
KU ULANG-
 Programs that to be SEHINGGA
iterated its same processes
several times until one IC repeat/until;
condition is satisfied. do/while

 KU “UNTUK”
 IC “FOR”

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 Adalah lebih baik untuk melaksanakan satu
operasi berulang dengan menulis kod untuk
operasi tersebut sekali dan kemudian
letakkannya dalam struktur supaya memaksa
komputer mengulanginya sebanyak kali yang
perlu daripada menulis kod ikut kawalan
jujukan.
 It is better to implement one iteration
operation by writing a code for the operation
once and then put it inside the structure so
that it forces the computer to repeat it as
many times needed then to write a code
following a sequence control
 Ini dapat dilaksanakan dengan satu struktur
ulangan, yang lebih dikenali sebagai satu
loop
 This can be completed withone iteration
structure, which is better known as a loop
 Program Payroll untuk pekerja.
• perlu lakukan langkah yang sama untuk setiap orang pekerja
• Menyelesaikan masalah begini memerlukan satu struktur yang
diulangi satu set arahan/kenyataan sebanyak kali yang perlu
 Workers Payroll Program.
• Needs to repeat the same steps for each worker
• Solving problem like this required one structure where a set of
command/statements is repeated as many times needed.

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Masukkan satu Enter one positive

nombor positif number

Adakah Is the
nombor benar number True
positif? positive?
Tamat End
palsu False

Input semula Reinput

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1. Set nilai permulaan untuk pembilang sebelum ulangan bermula/ Bentuk/Form:

A set of starting values for the counter before looping starts
2. Biasanya ada satu pembilang tokokan selepas ulangan bermula/ while (syarat/condition)
Normally there is one incremental counter after the loop started kenyataan/statement
3. Contoh: Cetak “Hello” 5 kali
Example: Print “Hello” 5 times

Jika keadaan benar, maka kenyataan

dilakukan, kemudian semua
dilaksanakan semula sehingga
Control-variable
expression

4. Carta alir/ Flow Chart: false

keadaan menjadi palsu
If condition is true, then statement
Adjustment Continue
expression condition?

true
is executed, then all executed again
until condition becomes false
Statement(s)
(loop-body)

Next
Statement @DL IPGKPP 2020 @DL IPGKPP 2020

 Kod Pseudo: 1. Carta Alir/Flow Chart

While (selagi) terdapat lagi barangan pada senarai shopping
Beli barang yang berikutnya dan pangkahkan daripada
senarai saya condition? true statement
 Pseudo Code:
false
While there are still things in the shopping list
Buy the following things and cross out from my list 2. Contoh/ Example
int product = 2;
while ( product <= 1000 )
product = 2 * product;

true
product <= 1000 product = 2 * product

false
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seconds = 5; Serupa dengan struktur while

while (seconds > 0) {  Buat pengujian penyambungan ulangan pada
System.out.print(seconds + "..."); penghujung dan bukan pada awalan
seconds = seconds - 1;  Badan loop dilakukan sekurang-kurangnya sekali
}  “Bottom tested loop” Statement(s)

System.out.println("Blast off!"); Similar to while structure

 Does connecting iteration testing
OUTPUT:
true
at the end and not at the beginning Continue
condition?
5...4...3...2...1...Blast off!  The loop body is executed at least once
 “Bottom tested loop”
false

Next
Statement
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Statement(s)

Format
do { true
Continue
statement condition?

} while ( continue condition );

false

Next
Statement

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