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PART III
REFERENCE
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Chapter 28
Blood Chemistry and Body
Fluids
Lauren McDaniel, MD
See additional content on Expert Consult

Determining normal reference ranges of laboratory studies in pediatric
patients poses some major challenges. Available literature is often limited
due to small sample sizes of patients used to derive these suggested refer-
ence ranges.
The following values have been compiled from both published literature
and the Johns Hopkins Hospital Department of Pathology. Reference
range values vary with the analytic method used. Consult your laboratory
for its analytic method and range of reference values, and for less com-
monly used parameters that are beyond the scope of this text. Additional
reference laboratory values may be found in Chapters 10 (Endocrinology),
Chapter 14 (Hematology), and Chapter 15 (Immunology and Allergy).
Special thanks to Lori Sokoll, PhD, and Stefani Thomas, PhD, for their
guidance in preparing this chapter.
I. REFERENCE VALUES

(Table 28.1)
II. EVALUATION OF BODY FLUIDS

A. Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
(Table 28.2)
B. Evaluation of Urine
(Table 28.3)
C. Evaluation of Transudate / Exudate
(Table EC 28.A)
D. Evaluation of Synovial Fluid
(Table EC 28.B)
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642 Part III Reference
TABLE 28.1
REFERENCE VALUES
Conventional Units SI Units
ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT)a,1
0 to <1 year 5–33 U/L 5–33 U/L
1 to <13 years 9–25 U/L 9–25 U/L
13–19 years (male) 9–24 U/L 9–24 U/L
13 to <19 years (female) 8–22 U/L 8–22 U/L
ALBUMINb,1
0–14 days 3.3–4.5 g/dL 33–45 g/L
15 days to <1 year 2.8–4.7 g/dL 28–47 g/L
1 to <8 years 3.8–4.7 g/dL 38–47 g/L
8 to <15 years 4.1–4.8 g/dL 41–48 g/L
15 to <19 years (male) 4.1–5.1 g/dL 41–51 g/L
15 to <19 years (female) 4.0–4.9 g/dL 40–49 g/L
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE1
0–14 days 90–273 U/L 90–273 U/L
15 days to <1 year 134–518 U/L 134–518 U/L
1 to <10 years 156–369 U/L 156–369 U/L
10 to <13 years 141–460 U/L 141–460 U/L
13 to <15 years (male) 127–517 U/L 127–517 U/L
AMMONIA5
0–14 days 35.8–161.8 mCg/dL 21–95 mcmol/L
15 days to 6 years 27.2–115.8 mCg/dL 16–68 mcmol/L
>6 years 30.7–122.6 mCg/dL 18–72 mcmol/L
AMYLASE1
0–14 days 3–10 U/L 3–10 U/L
15 days to <13 weeks 2–22 U/L 2–22 U/L
13 weeks to <1 year 3–50 U/L 3–50 U/L
1 year to <19 years 25–101 U/L 25–101 U/L
ANTISTREPTOLYSIN O TITER1
0 to <6 months 0 IU/mL 0 IU/mL
6 months to <1 year 0–30 IU/mL 0–30 IU/mL
1 to <6 years 0–104 IU/mL 0–104 IU/mL
6 to <19 years 0–331 IU/mL 0–331 IU/mL
ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST)c,1
0–14 days 32–162 U/L 32–162 U/L
15 days to <1 year 20–67 U/L 20–67 U/L
1 to <7 years 21–44 U/L 21–44 U/L
7 to <12 years 18–36 U/L 18–36 U/L
BICARBONATE1
0–14 days 5–20 mEq/L 5–20 mmol/L
15 days to <1 year 10–24 mEq/L 10–24 mmol/L

Chapter 28 Blood Chemistry and Body Fluids 643
TABLE 28.1—CONT’D
1 to <5 years 14–24 mEq/L 14–24 mmol/L
5 to <15 years 17–26 mEq/L 17–26 mmol/L
Male 15 to <19 years 18–28 mEq/L 18–28 mmol/L
Female 15 to <19 years 17–26 mEq/L 17–26 mmol/L
BILIRUBIN (TOTAL)1
See Chapter 18 for more complete information about neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
0–14 days 0.19–16.60 mg/dL 3.25–283.92 mcmol/L
15 days to <1 year 0.05–0.68 mg/dL 0.86–11.63 mcmol/L
1 to <9 years 0.05–0.40 mg/dL 0.86–6.84 mcmol/L
BILIRUBIN (CONJUGATED)1
0–14 days 0.33–0.71 mg/dL 5.64–12.14 mcmol/L
15 days to <1 year 0.05–0.30 mg/dL 0.86–5.13 mcmol/L
13 to <19 years (female) 0.10–0.39 mg/dL 1.71–6.67 mcmol/L
13 to <19 years (male) 0.11–0.42 mg/dL 1.88–7.18 mcmol/L
BLOOD GAS, ARTERIAL (BREATHING ROOM AIR)6
pH PaO2 (mmHg) PaCO2 (mmHg) HCO3− (mEq/L)

Cord blood 7.28 ± 0.05 18.0 ± 6.2 49.2 ± 8.4 14–22
Newborn (birth) 7.11–7.36 8–24 27–40 13–22
28
5–10 min 7.09–7.30 33–75 27–40 13–22
30 min 7.21–7.38 31–85 27–40 13–22
60 min 7.26–7.49 55–80 27–40 13–22
1 day 7.29–7.45 54–95 27–40 13–22
Child/adult 7.35–7.45 83–108 32–48 20–28
NOTE: Venous blood gases can be used to assess acid-base status, not oxygenation. PvCO2 averages
6–8 mmHg higher than PaCO2, and pH is slightly lower. Peripheral venous samples are strongly
affected by the local circulatory and metabolic environment. Capillary blood gases correlate best
with arterial pH and moderately well with PaCO2.
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (HIGH SENSITIVITY)1
0–14 days 0.3–6.1 mg/L 0.3–6.1 mg/L
15 days to <15 years 0.1–1.0 mg/L 0.1–1.0 mg/L
15 to <19 years 0.1–1.7 mg/L 0.1–1.7 mg/L
CALCIUM (IONIZED)7
0–1 month 3.9–6.0 mg/dL 1.0–1.5 mmol/L
1–6 months 3.7–5.9 mg/dL 0.95–1.5 mmol/L
1–19 years 4.9–5.5 mg/dL 1.22–1.37 mmol/L
CALCIUM (TOTAL)1
0 to <1 year 8.5–11.0 mg/dL 2.1–2.7 mmol/L
1 year to <19 years 9.2–10.5 mg/dL 2.3–2.6 mmol/L
CARBON MONOXIDE (CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN)6
Nonsmoker 0–2% of total hemoglobin
Smoker 0–9% of total hemoglobin
Continued
CHLORIDE (SERUM)8
3–5 years 100–107 mEq/L 100–107 mmol/L
6–11 year 101–107 mEq/L 101–107 mmol/L
12–29 years (male) 101–106 mEq/L 101–106 mmol/L
12–29 years (female) 100–107 mEq/L 100–107 mmol/L
CHOLESTEROL
(See LIPIDS, further on)
COPPER9
6 months to 2 years 72–178 mCg/dL 11.3–28.0 mcmol/L
3–4 years 80–160 mCg/dL 12.6–25.2 mcmol/L
CREATINE KINASE10
6 months to 2 years (male) 50–292 U/L 50–292 U/L
6 months to 2 years (female) 38–260 U/L 38–260 U/L
3–5 years (male) 59–296 U/L 59–296 U/L
3–5 years (female) 42–227 U/L 42–227 U/L
6–8 years (male) 54–275 U/L 54–275 U/L
9–11 years (male) 55–324 U/L 55–324 U/L
12–14 years (male) 63–407 U/L 63–407 U/L
15–17 years (male) 68–914 U/L 68–914 U/L
CREATININE (SERUM) (ENZYMATIC)1
0–14 days 0.32–0.92 mg/dL 28.29–81.33 mcmol/L
15 days to <2 years 0.10–0.36 mg/dL 8.84–31.82 mcmol/L
15 to <19 years (male) 0.62–1.08 mg/dL 54.81–95.47 mcmol/L
15 to <19 years (female) 0.49–0.84 mg/dL 43.32–74.26 mcmol/L
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR)6
Child 0–10 mm/hr
Adult male 0–15 mm/hr
Adult female 0–20 mm/hr
FERRITIN1
4 to <15 days 100–717 ng/mL 224–1611 pmol/L
15 days to <6 months 14–647 ng/mL 31–1454 pmol/L
6 months to <1 year 8–182 ng/mL 19–409 pmol/L

1 to <5 years 5–100 ng/mL 12–224 pmol/L
5 to <14 years 14–79 ng/mL 31–177 pmol/L
14 to <19 years (female) 6–67 ng/mL 12–152 pmol/L
14 to <16 years (male) 13–83 ng/mL 28–186 pmol/L
16 to <19 years (male) 11–172 ng/mL 25–386 pmol/L
FOLATE (RBC)5
Deficient ≤3.9 ng/mL ≤8.7 nmol/L
Indeterminate 4.0–5.8 ng/mL 9.1–13.1 nmol/L
Normal ≥5.9 ng/mL ≥13.4 nmol/L
FOLATE (SERUM)5 ≥366 ng/mL ≥831 nmol/L
GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE (GGT)d,1
0–14 days 23–219 U/L 23–219 U/L
15 days to <1 year 8–127 U/L 8–127 U/L
1 to <11 years 6–16 U/L 6–16 U/L
11 to <19 years 7–21 U/L 7–21 U/L
GLUCOSE
See Chapter 10.
HAPTOGLOBIN1
0–14 days 0–10 mg/dL 0–0.10 g/L
15 days to <1 year 7–221 mg/dL 0.07–2.21 g/L
1 to <12 years 7–163 mg/dL 0.07–1.63 g/L
12 to <19 years 7–179 mg/dL 0.07–1.79 g/L
HEMOGLOBIN A1C
28
See Chapter 10.
HEMOGLOBIN F, % TOTAL HEMOGLOBIN5
0–1 month 45.8–91.7
2 months 32.7–85.2
3 months 14.5–73.7
4 months 4.2–56.9
5 months 1.0–38.1
6–8 months 0.9–19.4
9–12 months 0.6–11.6
13–23 months 0.0–8.5
2 years and older 0.0–2.1
IRON1
0 to <14 years 16–128 mCg/dL 2.8–22.9 mcmol/L
14–19 years (male) 31–168 mCg/dL 5.5–40.0 mcmol/L
14–19 years (female) 20–162 mCg/dL 3.5–29.0 mcmol/L
LACTATE7
0–90 days 9–32 mg/dL 1.0–3.5 mmol/L
3–24 months 9–30 mg/dL 1.0–3.3 mmol/L
2–18 years 9–22 mg/dL 1.0–2.4 mmol/L
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE1
0–14 days 309–1222 U/L 309–1222 U/L
15 days to <1 year 163–452 U/L 163–452 U/L
1 to <10 years 192–321 U/L 192–321 U/L
Continued

15 to <19 years 130–250 U/L 130–250 U/L
LEAD
See Chapter 3.
LIPASE1
0 to <19 years 4.0–39.0 U/L 4.0–39.0 U/L
LIPIDS11
Desirable Borderline Highe

Total cholesterol <170 mg/dL (4.4 170–199 mg/dL ≥200 mg/dL (5.2
mmol/L) (4.4–5.2 mmol/L) mmol/L)
LDL <110 mg/dL (2.8 110–129 mg/dL ≥130 mg/dL (3.4
Non-HDL <120 mg/dL (3.1 120–144 mg/dL ≥145 mg/dL (3.8
HDL >45 mg/dL (1.2 40–45 mg/dL (1.0–1.2 ≤40 mg/dL (1.0
mmol/L) mmol/L) mmol/L)
Triglycerides (0–9 <75 mg/dL (0.8 75–99 mg/dL (0.8–1.1 ≥100 mg/dL (1.1
years) mmol/L) mmol/L) mmol/L)
Triglycerides (10–19 <90 mg/dL (1.0 90–129 mg/dL (1.0–1.5 ≥130 mg/dL (1.5
years) mmol/L) mmol/L) mmol/L)

MAGNESIUM1
0–14 days 1.99–3.94 mg/dL 0.82–1.62 mmol/L
15 days to <1 year 1.97–3.09 mg/dL 0.81–1.27 mmol/L
1 to <19 years 2.09–2.84 mg/dL 0.86–1.17 mmol/L
OSMOLALITY5
0–16 years 271–296 mOsm/kg 271–296 mmol/kg
17 years and older 280–303 mOsm/kg 280–303 mmol/kg
PHOSPHORUS1
0–14 days 5.6–10.5 mg/dL 1.8–3.4 mmol/L
13 to <16 years (male) 3.5–6.2 mg/dL 1.1–2.0 mmol/L
13 to <16 years (female) 3.2–5.5 mg/dL 1.0–1.8 mmol/L
PORCELAIN12
Male 5.28–20.15 mg/dL 6.15–20.13 mmol/L
Female 7.20–19.21 mg/dL 7.01–20.15 mmol/L
POTASSIUM6
Preterm 3.0–6.0 mEq/L 3.0–6.0 mmol/L
Newborn 3.7–5.9 mEq/L 3.7–5.9 mmol/L
Infant 4.1–5.3 mEq/L 4.1–5.3 mmol/L

Child 3.4–4.7 mEq/L 3.4–4.7 mmol/L
Thereafter 3.5–5.1 mEq/L 3.5–5.1 mmol/L
PREALBUMIN1
0–14 days 2–12 mg/dL 0.02–0.12 g/L
15 days to <1 year 5–24 mg/dL 0.05–0.24 g/L
1 to <5 years 12–23 mg/dL 0.12–0.23 g/L
5 to <13 years 14–26 mg/dL 0.14–0.26 g/L
13 to <16 years 18–31 mg/dL 0.18–0.31 g/L
16 to <19 years (male) 20–35 mg/dL 0.20–0.35 g/L
16 to <19 years (female) 17–33 mg/dL 0.17–0.33 g/L
RHEUMATOID FACTOR1
0–14 days 9.0–17.1 IU/mL 9.0–17.1 IU/mL
15 days to <19 years 0–9.0 IU/mL 0–9.0 IU/mL
SODIUM8
3–5 years 135–142 mEq/L 135–142 mmol/L
6–15 years 136–143 mEq/L 136–143 mmol/L
16–49 years (male) 137–143 mEq/L 137–143 mmol/L
16–49 years (female) 137–142 mEq/L 137–142 mmol/L
TOTAL IRON-BINDING CAPACITY (TIBC)5
0–2 months 59–175 mCg/dL 11–31 mcmol/L
3 months to 17 years 250–400 mCg/dL 45–72 mcmol/L
18 years and older 240–450 mCg/dL 43–81 mcmol/L
TOTAL PROTEIN1
28
0–14 days 5.3–8.3 g/dL 53–83 g/L
15 days to <1 year 4.4–7.1 g/dL 44–71 g/L
1 to <6 years 6.1–7.5 g/dL 61–75 g/L
6 to <9 years 6.4–7.7 g/dL 64–77 g/L
9 to <19 years 6.5–8.1 g/dL 65–81 g/L
TRANSFERRIN1
0 to <9 weeks 104–224 mg/dL 1.04–2.24 g/L
9 weeks <1 year 107–324 mg/dL 1.07–3.24 g/L
1 to <19 years 220–337 mg/dL 2.2–3.37 g/L
TRIGLYCERIDES
(See LIPIDS, earlier)
UREA NITROGEN1
0 to <14 days 2.8–23.0 mg/dL 1.0–8.2 mmol/L
Male 10 to <19 years 7.3–21 mg/dL 2.6–7.5 mmol/L
Female 10 to <19 years 7.3–19 mg/dL 2.6–6.8 mmol/L
URIC ACID1
0–14 days 2.8–12.7 mg/dL 0.2–0.8 mmol/L
Continued

Male 12 to <19 years 2.6–7.6 mg/dL 0.2–0.5 mmol/L
Female 12 to <19 years 2.6–5.9 mg/dL 0.2–0.4 mmol/L
VITAMIN A (RETINOL)1
0 to <1 year 8.0–53.6 mg/dL 0–2 mcmol/L
1 to <11 years 27.5–44.4 mg/dL 1–2 mcmol/L
VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE) RBC6 4.5–10.3 mCg/dL 106–242 nmol/L
VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)6 4–24 mCg/dL 106–638 nmol/L
VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)1
5 days to <1 year 259–1576 pg/mL 191–1163 pmol/L
1 to <9 years 283–1613 pg/mL 209–1190 pmol/L
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)6 0.4–2.0 mg/dL 23–114 mcmol/L
VITAMIN D (1,25-DIHYDROXY-VITAMIN D)13
0 to <1 year 32.1–196.2 pg/mL 77–471 pmol/L
1 to <3 years 47.1–151.2 pg/mL 113–363 pmol/L
3 to <19 years 45.0–102.5 pg/mL 108–246 pmol/L
VITAMIN D (25-HYDROXY-VITAMIN D)14,15
Deficient <12 ng/mL <30 nmol/L
Insufficient 12–20 ng/mL 30–50 nmol/L
Sufficientf ≥20 ng/mL ≥50 nmol/L
Excess >50–60 ng/mL >125–150 nmol/L
VITAMIN E (α-TOCOPHEROL)1
0 to <1 year 0.2–2.1 mg/dL 5.0–50.0 mcmol/L
ZINC9
6 months to 2 years 56–125 mCg/dL 8.6–19.1 mcmol/L
a
These reference ranges are similar to data from the SAFETY study,2 which examined 12-to 17-year-old NHANES partici-
pants and identified the 95th percentile of ALT in boys to be 25.8 U/L and in girls to be 22.1 U/L. In all age groups, similar
yet slightly higher ALT cutoffs were published in Bussler et al.3 (LIFE Child cohort) and in Zierk et al.4
bAssay with bromocresol green.
cIn all age groups, similar, yet slightly higher AST cutoffs were published in Bussler et al.3 (LIFE Child cohort) and in Zierk
et al.4
dSimilar data can also be referenced for all age groups in Bussler et al.3 (LIFE Child cohort) and Zierk et al.4
eIt is important to note that these values have not been validated to demonstrate increased risk of atherosclerosis or
cardiovascular events.
fControversy exists regarding optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Some experts recommend a level ≥30 ng/mL as
sufficient.16

TABLE 28.2
EVALUATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
WBC
Age Count/mcL (median) 95th Percentile
0–28 days17 0–12a (4) 16
29–60 days17 0–8a (2) 11
Child18 0–7
GLUCOSE
Age Median 5th Percentile
0–28 days17 45 mg/dL 35 mg/dL
Infant, child6 60–80 mg/dL 3.3–4.4 mmol/L
Adult6 40–70 mg/dL 2.2–3.9 mmol/L
PROTEIN
Age Median 95th Percentile
6 months to 2 years19 6–25 mg/dL 60–250 mg/L
2–6 years19 5–25 mg/dL 50–250 mg/L
6–12 years19 5–28 mg/dL 50–280 mg/L
12–18 years19 6–34 mg/dL 60–340 mg/L
OPENING PRESSURE (LATERAL RECUMBENT POSITION18,20)
Newborn 8–11 cm H2O
28
1–18 years 11.5–28 cm H2Oa
Respiratory variations 0.5–1 cm H2O
a
Up to 90th percentile.
WBC, White blood cell

TABLE 28.3
EVALUATION OF URINE
Urine Analyte Normal Range
ALBUMIN18,21
Random <30 mg urine albumin/g creatinine (on first morn-
ing urine)
24-hr collection
4–16 years (male) 3.35–13.15 mg/1.73 m2/day
4–16 years (female) 3.75–18.34 mg/1.73 m2/day
CALCIUM21
Random
0–6 months <0.8 mg/mg creatinine
7–12 months <0.6 mg/mg creatinine
≥2 years <0.21 mg/mg creatinine
24-hr collection <4 mg/kg/day
CHLORIDE6
Random
Male 25–253 mEq/g creatinine
Female 39–348 mEq/g creatinine
24-hr collection
Infant 2–10 mEq/day
Child <6 years 15–40 mEq/day
6–10 years (male) 36–110 mEq/day
6–10 years (female) 18–74 mEq/day
Adult 110–250 mEq/day
CREATININE6
Random
Male <40 years 24–392 mg/dL
Female <40 years 16–327 mg/dL
24-hr collection
Infant 8–20 mg/kg/day
Child 8–22 mg/kg/day
Adolescent 8–30 mg/kg/day
Adult (male) 14–26 mg/kg/day
Adult (female) 11–20 mg/kg/day
POTASSIUM6
Random
24-hr collection

PROTEIN18,21
Random
6 months to 24 months <0.5 mg protein/mg creatinine
>2 years <0.2 mg protein/mg creatinine
24-hr collection
At rest 50–80 mg/day
After intense exercise <250 mg/day
SODIUM6
Random
24-hr collection
Full-term, 7–14 days ∼20% that of adults
UREA NITROGEN6
Random
Male 2,864–9,851 mg/g creatinine
Female 3,129–11,639 mg/g creatinine
24-hr collection 12–20 g/day
URINE OSMOLALITY6
Random 50–1,200 mOsm/kg H2O, depending on fluid intake
28
On average fluid intake 300–900 mOsm/kg H2O
After 12 hr fluid restriction >850 mOsm/kg H2O
24-hr collection ∼300–900 mOsm/kg H2O

Chapter 28 Blood Chemistry and Body Fluids 651.e1
TABLE EC 28.A
EVALUATION OF TRANSUDATE VERSUS EXUDATE (PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL, OR
PERITONEAL FLUID)
Measurementa Transudate Exudateb
Protein (g/dL) <3.0 >3.0
Fluid/serum protein ratio <0.5 ≥0.5
LDH (IU/L) <200 ≥200
Fluid/serum LDH ratio <0.6 ≥0.6
WBCs (mm3)c <10,000 (PMN) >10,000 (PMN)
RBCs (mm3) <5,000 >5,000
Glucose (mg/dL) >40 <40
pHd >7.2 <7.2
aAlways obtain serum for glucose, LDH, protein, amylase, etc. for comparison.
bAll of the following criteria do not have to be met for consideration as an exudate.
cIn peritoneal fluid, WBC count >800/mcL suggests peritonitis.
dCollect anaerobically in a heparinized syringe.
Amylase >5000 U/mL or pleural fluid/serum ratio >1 suggests pancreatitis.

LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; RBCs, red blood cells; WBCs, white blood cells
Data from Nichols DG, Ackerman AD, Carcillo JA, et al. Rogers Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care. 4th ed. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
28

TABLE EC 28.B
CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNOVIAL FLUID
Miscellaneous
Group Condition Synovial Complement Color/Clarity Viscosity Mucin Clot WBC Count PMN (%) Findings
Noninflammatory Normal N Yellow ↑↑ G <200 <25
Clear
Traumatic arthritis N Xanthochromic ↑ F–G <2,000 <25 Debris
Turbid
Osteoarthritis N Yellow ↑ F–G 1,000 <25
Clear
Inflammatory Systemic lupus ↓ Yellow N N 5,000 10 Lupus cells
651.e2 Part III Reference
erythematosus Clear
Rheumatic fever N–↑ Yellow ↓ F 5,000 10–50
Cloudy
Juvenile rheumatoid N–↓ Yellow ↓ Poor 15,000–20,000 75
arthritis Cloudy
Reactive arthritis ↑ Yellow ↓ Poor 20,000 80
Opaque
Pyogenic Tuberculous arthritis N–↑ Yellow-white ↓ Poor 25,000 50–60 Acid-fast
Cloudy bacteria
Septic arthritis ↑ Serosanguineous ↓ Poor 50,000–300,000 >75 Low glucose,
Turbid bacteria
F, Fair; G, good; H, high; N, normal; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte; WBC, white blood cell; ↓, decreased; ↑, increased
From Cassidy JT, Petty RE. Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2005.
III. CONVERSION FORMULAS

A. Temperature
1. To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit:
[(9 / 5) × Celsius] + 32

2. To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius:
(Fahrenheit − 32) × (5 / 9)

B. Length and Weight
1. Length: To convert inches to centimeters, multiply by 2.54
2. Weight: To convert pounds to kilograms, divide by 2.2
REFERENCES
A complete list of references can be found online at www.expertconsult.com.

REFERENCES
1. Adeli K, Higgins V, Trajcevski K, White-Al Habeeb N. The Canadian laboratory
initiative on pediatric reference intervals: a Caliper white paper. Crit Rev Clin
Lab Sci. 2017;54(6):359–413.
2. Schwimmer JB, Dunn W, Norman GJ, et al. Safety study: Alanine aminotrans-
ferase cutoff values are set too high for reliable detection of pediatric chronic
liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(4):1357–1364, 1364.e1-e2.
3. Bussler S, Vogel M, Pietzner D, et al. New pediatric percentiles of liver
enzyme serum levels (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase,
γ-glutamyltransferase): effects of age, sex, body mass index, and pubertal stage.
Hepatology. 2018;68(4):1319–1330.
4. Zierk J, Arzideh F, Haeckel R, et al. Pediatric reference intervals for alkaline
phosphatase. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55(1):102–110.
5. ARUP Laboratories: A National Reference Laboratory. www.aruplab.com/test-
ing. Accessed February 23, 2019.
6. Wu Alan HB. Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders; 2006.
7. Soldin SJ, Wong EC, Brugnara C, Soldin OP. Pediatric Reference Intervals. 7th ed.
Washington, DC: AACC Press; 2011.
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PART III

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I. REFERENCE VALUES

II. EVALUATION OF BODY FLUIDS

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pH PaO2 (mmHg) PaCO2 (mmHg) HCO3− (mEq/L)

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Desirable Borderline Highe

Conventional Units SI Units

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Descargado para Anonymous User (n/a) en National Autonomous University of Mexico de

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Amylase >5000 U/mL or pleural fluid/serum ratio >1 suggests pancreatitis.

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III. CONVERSION FORMULAS

2. To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius:

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2. To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius: