Universal Review ISSN NO : 2277-2723

INFLUENCE OF BARBELL TRAINING ON

SHOULDER STRENGTH AND LEG STRENGTH
AMONG HANDBALL PLAYERS
1
Dr.S.Arumugam & 2 C.Selvaraja
Assistant Professor & 2Ph.D. Full Time Scholars (Reg.No:11859)
1
1& 2
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India, Pin Code: 627012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of barbell training on shoulder strength and leg
strength among handball players. To achieve the purpose of this study, twenty male handball players were
randomly selected as participants from Department of Physical Education, Health Education and Sports,
M.D.T. Hindu College, Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu, India. Their age were ranged from 18 to 25 years, who
were participated intercollegiate tournament in the Manonmaniam Sundaranar University intercollegiate
Handball competitions during the academic year of 2018-2019 were selected. The selected participants were
randomly divided into two groups such as group ‘I’ underwent barbell training (n=10) and group ‘II’ acted as
control group (n-10). Group ‘I’ underwent barbell training for three alternative days and one session per day
and each session lasted for an hour for six week period. Group ‘II’ was not exposed to any specific training but
they were participated in regular activities. The data on shoulder strength was assessed by push ups test and leg
strength was assessed by Iso metric leg strength test. The pre and post tests data were collected on selected
criterion variables prior to and immediately after the training programme. The pre and post tests scores were
statistically examined by the dependent‘t’ test and Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) for each and every
selected variables separately. It was concluded that the barbell training group had shown significantly
improved in shoulder strength and leg strength. However the control group had not shown any significant
improvement on selected variables such as shoulder strength and leg strength.

Keywords: Barbell Training, Shoulder Strength, Leg Strength, Handball Players

I. INTRODUCTION

Team-handball is an Olympic sport ball game that is characterized by fast pace defensive and offensive
action during the game with the objective of the game to score goals. Handball is one of the world’s oldest
sports. The Romans are known to have played ‘Harpaston’ (130-200 AD) which resembled handball. “Cath Ball
games” played in the middle age Europe by maids of honour and knights, seems to be forerunner to the modern
handball [1].

Team handball is a dynamic sport game that is characterized by frequent changes in intensities, high
demands on specific techniques, tactics and cognition as well as challenging physical confrontations during the
game [2].

In previous studies, it was found that male team handball players of varied performance levels differ in
upper-body and lower-body strength and power, body weight and throwing performance and a lack of general
endurance and sprinting as well as jumping performance [3].

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Barbell exercises are performed using a barbell (i.e. a straight metal bar) and weight plates that are
placed on both ends. You'll find barbell sets that let you put on different weight plate configurations and others
that won't offer this option. These latter ones are called fixed weight barbell sets and are usually found in gyms.
If we use the term “press” specifically in reference to barbell exercise, we mean a standing overhead press with
a bar in both hands, the older term for this being the “two - hands press,” which has been shortened over the
years to the simpler form [4].

II. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of barbell training on shoulder strength and leg
strength among handball players.

III. METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study was to find out the influence of barbell training on shoulder
strength and leg strength among handball players. To achieve the purpose of this study, twenty male handball
players were randomly selected as participants from Dept. of Physical Education, Health Education and Sports,
M.D.T. Hindu College, Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu, India. Their age were ranged from 18 to 25 years, who
were participated intercollegiate tournament in the Manonmaniam Sundaranar University intercollegiate
handball competitions during the academic year of 2018-2019 were selected. The selected participants were
randomly divided into two groups such as group ‘I’ underwent barbell training (n=10) and group ‘II’ acted as
control group (n-10). Group ‘I’ underwent barbell training for three alternative days and one session per day and
each session lasted for an hour for six week period. Group ‘II’ was not exposed to any specific training but they
were participated in regular activities. The data on shoulder strength was assessed by push ups test and leg
strength was assessed by Iso metric leg strength test. The pre and post tests data were collected on selected
criterion variables prior to and immediately after the training programme. The pre and post tests scores were
statistically examined by the dependent‘t’ test and Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) for each and every
selected variables separately.

IV. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

TABLE 1
MEANS AND DEPENDENT‘T’-TEST FOR THE PRE AND POST TESTS ON SHOULDER
STRENGTH OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
Experimental Control
Criterion variables Test
Group Mean Group Mean
Pre test 38.37 38.11
Shoulder Strength Post test 47.51 39.62
‘t’test 8.66* 1.81
*Significant at .05 level. (Table value required for significance at .05 level for ‘t’-test with df 9 is 2.26)

The table 1 show that the pre-test mean value of barbell training and control groups are 38.37 and
38.11 respectively and the post test means are 47.51 and 39.62 respectively. The obtained dependent t-ratio
values between the pre and post tests mean of barbell training group and control group are 8.66 and 1.81
respectively. The table value required for significant difference with df 9 at 0.05 level is 2.26. Since, the

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obtained ‘t’ ratio value of barbell training group was greater than the table value, it is understood that barbell
training group had significantly improved on shoulder strength.

The pre, post and adjusted mean values of shoulder strength of both experimental and control groups
are graphically represented in the figure 1.

Computation of Analysis of Covariance

The descriptive measures and the results of analysis of covariance on the criterion measures were given
in the following tables.

TABLE 2
COMPUTATION OF MEAN AND ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON SHOULDER STRENGTH OF
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
Experimental Control Source of Sum of Mean
df F
Group Group Variance Squares Square
Shoulder
Strength BG 41.05 1 41.05
47.65 39.81 14.82*
WG 47.05 17 2.77

* Significant at 0.05 level. Table value for df 1, 17 was 4.45

The above table 2 indicates the adjusted mean value on shoulder strength of experimental and control
groups were 47.65 & 39.81 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of 14.82 for adjusted post mean was greater than
the table value 4.45 for the degrees of freedom 1 and 17 required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. The
result of the study indicates that there was a significant difference among experimental and control groups on
shoulder strength.

The pre, post and adjusted mean values of shoulder strength of both experimental and control groups are
graphically represented in the figure 1.

FIGURE 1: PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED MEAN VALUES OF SHOULDER STRENGTH OF BOTH
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS

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TABLE 3
MEANS AND DEPENDENT‘T’-TEST FOR THE PRE AND POST TESTS ON LEG STRENGTH OF
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
Experimental Control
Criterion variables Test
Group Mean Group Mean
Pre test 91.22 90.64
Leg Strength Post test 104.67 93.91
‘t’test 13.45* 1.15
*Significant at .05 level. (Table value required for significance at .05 level for ‘t’-test with df 9 is 2.26)

The table 3 shows that the pre-test mean value of barbell training and control groups are 91.22 and
90.64 respectively and the post test means are 104.67 and 93.91 respectively. The obtained dependent t-ratio
values between the pre and post tests mean of barbell training group and control group are 13.45 and 1.15
respectively. The table value required for significant difference with df 9 at 0.05 level is 2.26. Since, the
obtained ‘t’ ratio value of barbell training group was greater than the table value, it is understood that barbell
training group had significantly improved on leg strength.

The pre, post and adjusted mean values of leg strength of both experimental and control groups are
graphically represented in the figure 2.

Computation of Analysis of Covariance

The descriptive measures and the results of analysis of covariance on the criterion measures were given
in the following tables.

TABLE 4
COMPUTATION OF MEAN AND ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON LEG STRENGTH OF
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
Experimental Control Source of Sum of Mean
df F
Group Group Variance Squares Square
Leg Strength BG 284.22 1 284.22
105.23 94.58 46.29*
WG 104.38 17 6.14

* Significant at 0.05 level. Table value for df 1, 17 was 4.45

The above table 4 indicates the adjusted mean value on leg strength of experimental and control groups
were 105.23 & 94.58 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of 46.29 for adjusted post mean was greater than the
table value 4.45 for the degrees of freedom 1 and 17 required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. The
result of the study indicates that there was a significant difference among experimental and control groups on leg
strength.

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FIGURE 2: PRE, POST AND ADJUSTED MEAN VALUES OF LEG STRENGTH OF BOTH
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
V. DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS

Zapartidis, I., Gouvali, M., Bayios, I., & Boudolos, K. (2007) discussed on study effectiveness on
shoulder strength on handball players. Marques, M. C. (2010) also discussed on his study on strength and power
training for handball players. Trzaskoma, L., Tihanyi, J., & Trzaskoma, Z. (2010) conducted on his study short-
term combined conditioning training for the development of leg strength and power, concluded study on
improvement on leg strength. K.Satheeshkumar & Dr.S.Arumugam (2018) concluded their study on shoulder
strength and explosive power among sports participants due to the Plyo Push-up Exercises.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

The present study was exposed that significant difference was found in the mean of selected shoulder
strength and leg strength among experimental and control groups. There was significant improvement on
shoulder strength and leg strength due to the effect of barbell training among handball players. However the
control group had not shown any significant improvement on shoulder strength and leg strength.

VII. REFERENCE

1. Singh, R., and Kerketta, I. (2016) A comparative study on pre-competition anxiety between male handball
and volleyball players of GGV Bilaspur.
2. Chelly, M.S., Hermassi, S., and Shephard, R.J. (2010) Relationships between power and strength of the
upper and lower limb muscles and throwing velocity in male handball players. Journal Strength Conditional
Research, 24: 1480–1487.
3. Ziv, G., and Lidor, R. (2009) Physical characteristics, physiological attributes, and on-court performances of
handball players: A review. European Journal Sports Science 9: 375–386, 2009.
4. Wagner, H., Buchecker, M., von Duvillard, S.P., and Mu¨ ller, E. (2010) Kinematic description of elite vs.
low level players in team-handball jump throw. Journal of Sport Science Medicine 9: 15–23.
5. Mark Rippetoe (2006) The press, Cross Fit Journal , Issue 45
6. Tidow, G. (1990). Aspects of strength training in athletics. New Studies in Athletics, 1, 93-110.

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7. Zapartidis, I., Gouvali, M., Bayios, I., and Boudolos, K. (2007). Throwing effectiveness and rotational
strength of the shoulder in team handball. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(2), 169.
8. Marques, M. C. (2010). In-season strength and power training for professional male team handball
players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 32(6), 74-81.
9. Trzaskoma, L., Tihanyi, J., and Trzaskoma, Z. (2010). The effect of a short-term combined conditioning
training for the development of leg strength and power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning
Research, 24(9), 2498-2505.
10. Satheeshkumar, K and Arumugam, S (2018) Influence of Plyo Push Up Exercises on Shoulder Strength and
Explosive Power among Sports Participants, International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT),
ISSN: 2320-2882, Vol-6, Issu-1, , UGC Journal No: 49023

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