E-Proceedings - ICCRET-2023

4th International Conference on Current Research in
Engineering & Technology -4th ICCRET-2023:: Google Meet

HEAD OFFICE:: CHIRALA::BAPATLA::ANDHRA PRADESH::INDIA
Date: 04 - JUNE - 2023
4th ICCRET-2023:: Virtual Conference

ISBN-13- 979-8-3971-1475-2
Google Meet Link: https://meet.google.com/zth-iukx-nxh?hs=224
IIRM-SDT, INDIA
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PROCEEDINGS
4th ICCRET-2023
4th International Conference on Current Research in
Engineering & Technology -4th ICCRET-2023
Date: 04 - JUNE - 2023:: Google Meet::
CHIRALA::BAPATLA::ANDHRA PRADESH::INDIA
Sponsored by
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH IN

MULTIDISCIPLINARY – SKILL DEVELOPMENT
TRUST
(Bindu Lakshmi Skill Development Trust for Engineering (BLSDTE) Which is Registered at
National Level and Reg. Number: BK IV of 7/2017, Under Indian Trust Act 1882)
Technical Program
04 - JUNE - 2023
HEAD OFFICE, ANDHRA PRADESH::INDIA
Organized By
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH IN
MULTIDISCIPLINARY – SKILL DEVELOPMENT TRUST
https://www.iirmsdt.org/
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ISBN-13-979-8-3971-1475-2
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About IIRM-SDT:
THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH IN
MULTIDISCIPLINARY – SKILL DEVELOPMENT TRUST is a Professional and
non-profit conference organizing company devoted to promoting social,
economic, and technical advancements around the world by conducting
international academic conferences in various Engineering fields around the
world. IISET organizes multidisciplinary conferences for academics and
professionals in the fields of Engineering, Medicine, Pharmacy and
Management. In order to strengthen the skill development of the students IISET
has established.
IISET is a meeting place where Engineering students can share their

views, ideas, can improve their technical knowledge, can develop their skills
and for presenting and discussing recent trends in advanced technologies, new
educational environments and innovative technology learning ideas. The
intention of IISET is to expand the knowledge beyond the boundaries by joining
the hands with students, researchers, academics and industrialists etc, to explore
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opportunities to learning professionals for the exploration of problems from
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to implement innovative ideas. IISET aimed to promote upcoming trends in
Engineering, Medicine, Pharmacy, and Management.
About 4th ICCRET-2023
The aim objective of 4th ICCRET-2023is to present the latest research and
results of scientists related to Recent Trends in Emerging Technologies and
Engineering. This conference provides opportunities for the different areas
delegates to exchange new ideas and application experiences face to face, to
establish business or research relations and to find global partners for future
collaboration. We hope that the conference results constituted significant
contribution to the knowledge in these up to date scientific field. The organizing
committee of conference is pleased to invite prospective authors to submit their
original manuscripts to 4th ICCRET-2023.
All full paper submissions will be peer reviewed and evaluated based on
originality, technical and/or research content/depth, correctness, relevance to
conference, contributions, and readability.The conference will be held every
year to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in
current trending technologies in the related areas.
International Advisory Committee
Dr. Parameshachari B D B.E, M.Tech, Ph.D, SMIEEE ,GSSS Institute of Engineering and
Technology for Women,Karnataka,India
Dr. Shubhalaxmi Kher, Director & Associate Professor,Department of Electrical Engineering,

Arkansas State University,USA
Dr. Bhanu Prakash K N Group Leader, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
Dr. TEO Yong Meng Professor, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
Dr. Thang Ka Fei Head of Engineering School, Asia Pacific University of Technology and
Innovation (A.P.U), Malaysia
Dr. Narayan Murthy Professor and Chair, PACE University, USA
Dr. Ali Chekima Professor, Universiti Sabah Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Nadia Thalmann Director, Institute for Media Innovation, National University of Singapore,
Singapore
Dr. Chin Kuan Ho Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Malayasia.
Dr. Mohan S Kankanhalli Dean, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Dr. KMS Soyjaudah Professor, University of Mauritius, Mauritius
Dr. Hong Shen Professor, The University of Adelaide,Adelaide, Australia
Dr. K.R.M.Nair Federal Transformers Co L.LC, UAE
Dr. Bhojan Aannd Professor, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Dr. Ahmed A. Elngar Associate Professor, Beni-Suef University , Egypt
Dr. Simon K.S. Cheung Director of Information Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong
Dr. Vincenzo Piuri - Professor, University of Milan, Italy
Dr. Nihar Athreyas Chief Technology Officer, Spero Devices Inc., USA
Dr. Doina Bein Professor, California State University, Fullerton,USA
Dr. Dipankar Dasgupta University of Memphs,USA
Dr. Kantola Raimo Professor, Aalto University, Finland
Dr Malka N. Halgamuge Professor, University of Melbourne, Australia
Dr. Bryuhomitskiy Yury Professor, Southern Federal University (SFedU), Russia
Dr. M. Selvakumar Samuel Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Malaysia.
Dr. SHI Hongjian Research Professor, Southern University of Science and Technology, China
Dr. Rocío Pérez de Prado Associate Professor, University of Jaén, Spain
Dr. Kin-Choong Yow Associate Professor University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
Dr. Paul Wang Professor, Columbus Statte University, USA
Dr. Valentina Balas University of Arad, Romania
Dr. Byung-Jae Choi Professor, DAEGU UNIVERSITY, Korea
Dr. Mestetskiy Leonid Professor, Dept of Intelligent system, Lomonosov, Moscow State
University, Russia.
Dr.Archil Maysuradz Professor, Dept of Intelligent system, Lomonosov, Moscow State

University, Russia.
Dr. Haruna Chiroma Head, Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe, Nigeria
Dr. Ayush Singhal, Scientist, CONTATA SOLUTIONS, LLC, MN, USA
Dr.V.Murugesh Cihan University. Nawruz, Erbil. IRAQ
Dr Chandratilak De Silva LIYANAGE Dean & Professor, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
Darussalam
Dr. Aung Ko Ko Kyaw Associate Professor , Southern University of Science and Technology, China
Dr. Gordon Huang Professor,University of Regina, Regina, Canada,
Dr. Athanasios V.. Vasilakos - Distinguished Professor, University of Technology, Sweden
Dr. Alvin Sahroni Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta
Dr. Anand Nayyar Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam, Prof. Silvia L. Ullo Engineering
Department, Universita' degli Studi del Sannio, Italy
Dr.V.Appa Rao Professor, India
Dr. K. Jagadeesh Babu, Professor, India
Dr. Sheshang Degadwala, Professor, India
Dr. D. RAJENDRA PRASAD, Professor, India
Dr. R MURUGADOSS, Professor, India

National Advisory Committee
Dr. Harish Kumar Sharma Director, National Institute Of Technology Agartala, West
Tripura,India
Dr. Lalit Kumar Awasthi Director, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Jalandhar,Punjab, India.
Dr. P Nagabhushan Director, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India
Dr. Rohit Mehra Registrar, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Jalandhar,Punjab, India
Dr. Arvind Bhardwaj Dean (Research and Consultancy), Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of
Technology Jalandhar,Punjab, India
Dr. S Y Kulkarni Vice Chancellor, Reva University, Bengaluru, India
Dr. Nandini Gupta Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Dr. Pradip K Das Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
Dr. Muthukumar S Professor & Head, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Trichy,
Tamilnadu, India
Dr. Nandy Soumitra Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Dr. Sukhendu Das Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Dr. Vasudeo B Virulkar Professor, Govt. College of Engineering, Chandrapur, Pune, India
Sri. Rajashekar S Secretary, EXECOM IEEE Bangalore Section, Bengaluru, India
Sri. B S Bindhumadhava Associate Director, C-DAC Bengaluru, Member, EXECOM IEEE

Bangalore Section
Dr. T Srinivas Indian Institute of Science, Benguluru
Dr. Annappa Professor, NITK, Surathkal
Dr. VPS Naidu Principal Scientist & Associate Professor (AcSIR), CSIR-National Aerospace
Laboratories
Dr. Gaurav Trivedi Professor, IIT Guwahati
Dr. Ram Bilas Pachori Professor, IIT Indore
Dr.V.Appa Rao, Professor, India

Technical Program Committee

Dr. Pierre. C. Catherine University of Technology, Mauritius
Dr. Tomasz RAK Rzeszow University of Technology, POLAND
Dr. Ho Chiung Ching Multimedia University, Malasiya
Dr. Ling Tok Wang National University of Singapore, Singapore
Dr. Roopesh Kevin SUNGKUR University of Mauritius, Mauritius
Dr. Li Fang Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Dr. Nguyen Phu Binh Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore
Dr. Kannan Ramakrishnan Multimedia University, Malaysia.
Dr. Ng Keng Hoong Multimedia University, Malasiya
Dr. Dinesh Mavaluru Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Mohammed A. Algarni Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Khondker Shajadul Hasan University of Houston – Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
Dr. R. Logeswaran Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU), Malaysia
Dr. Dimitris Kanellopoulos University of Patras, Greece
Dr. Choo-Yee TING Multimedia University, Malasiya
Prof. Quek Albert Multimedia University, Malasiya
Mr. Rommel Evan J. Paje Bicol University, Philippines
Dr. Mohammad Mahmood Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia
Dr. K Zin Lin University of Information Technology, Myanmar
Dr. Zar Zar Linn Myanmar Institute Of Information Technology, Myanmar
Dr. Fayez Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Khin Htr Nwe University of Information Technology, Myanmar
Dr. Khalid Nazim Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Teresa Guarda Universidad Estatal Peninsula Santa Elena(UPSE), Ecuador
Dr. Yalew Zelalem Jembre Keimyung University, South Korea

Dr. Sonali Chouhan Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
Dr. Aneek Adhya Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Dr. Alok Barua Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
Dr. Debapriya Das Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
Dr. Mummadi Veerachary Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
Dr. Sujata Pal Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, India
Dr. Manish Kumar Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, India
Dr. Satyabrata Jit Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, India
Dr. M K Verma Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, India
Dr. R K Srivastava Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, India
Dr. Shiru Sharma Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, India
Dr. Amrita Chaturvedi Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, India
Dr. Kishor Sarawadekar Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, India
Dr. Shyam Kamal Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi, India
Dr. Kalidas Yeturu Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati, India
Dr. Saurabh Kumar Pandey Indian Institute of Technology Patna, India
Dr. Rajiv Misra Indian Institute of Technology Patna, India
Dr. Ranjan Kumar Behera Indian Institute of Technology Patna, India
Dr. Sriparna Saha Indian Institute of Technology Patna, India
Dr. Abdul Gafoor Shaik Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Dr. Bibhash Sen National Institute of Technology Durgapur
Dr. Malaya Kumar Nath, NIT Puducherry, Karaikal
Dr. Pradeep K Katti Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere
Dr. Tanima Dutta IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India
Dr. S P Singh IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India
Dr. Kishor Sarawadekar IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Srivastava Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi
Dr. Saurabh Kumar Pandey Indian Institute of Technology Patna

Dr. Vishal Ramesh Satpute Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
Dr. H M Suryawanshi Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
Dr. Sanjay Dhar Roy National Institute of Technology,Durgapur, India
Dr. Alak Majumder National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Dr.G K Mahanti National Institute of Technology,Durgapur, India
Dr. Dakshina Ranjan Kisku National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Dr. Suresh Sundaram Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
Dr. Badri Narayan Subudhi National Institute of Technology, Goa, India
Dr. Trilochan Panigrahi National Institute of Technology, Goa, India
Dr. Pravati Swain National Institute of Technology, Goa, India
Dr. T Kishore Kumar National Institute of Technology, Goa, India
Dr. Nandini Gupta Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
Dr. Chandran Saravanan National Institute of Technology,Durgapur, India
Dr. Harigovindan V P National Institute of Technology, Puducherry, India
Dr. B Surendiran National Institute of Technology, Puducherry, India
Dr. Shashidhar G Koolagudi National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, India
Dr. Deepak Gupta National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Dr. Aniruddha Chandra National Institute of Technology,Durgapur, India
Dr. Damodar Reddy Edla National Institute of Technology, Goa, India
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Metya National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Dr. Narasimharaju B. L National Institute of Technology, Warangel, India
Dr. Sangram Ray National Institute of Technology, Sikkim, India
Dr. Brahmjit Singh National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra , India
Dr. Manoj Madhava Gore Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Dr. Navjot Singh National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, India
Dr. Rather Gulam Mohd National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India
Dr.P S Kulkarni Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
Dr. Pankaj Kumar Pal National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. R S Yadav Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India
Dr. Chaitali Koley National Institute of Technology Mizoram, India
Prof. Sushanta Bordoloi National Institute of Technology Mizoram, India
Dr. Pradeep Kumar National Institute of Technology,Sikkim, India
Dr. Akhilesh Swarup National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, India
Dr. Dinesh Kumar Tyagi Malaviya National Institute of Technology,JLN Marg, Jaipur, India
Dr. Nitin Kumar National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand, India
Dr. Deep Gupta Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, India
Dr. Vishal Ramesh Satpute Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur,
India
Dr. Naresh Babu Muppalaneni, Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Silchar,
Assam, India
Dr.V.Appa Rao, Professor, India
REVIEWERS
Dr. Naresh Babu Muppalaneni, India
Dr. Vishal Ramesh S, India
Dr. Manoj Madhava, India
Dr. Sangram Ray, India
Dr.N.Guptha, India
Dr. G. Prasad. USA
Dr. S. Sundaram. India
Dr. Pradeepa, Brazil

Dr. Chandrakala, India
Dr. Pramesha B, Singapore
Dr. Ling Tok Wang, Singapore
Dr. Pierre. C. Catherine, Mauritius
Dr. Tomasz RAK, POLAND
Dr.V. R Rao, India
Dr.G. Chandrakala, India
Dr. Muragadoss, India
Dr. D.R. Prasad, India
Dr. P. Chari. BD, India
Dr. M.RAMARAO, India
Dr. JayaChardra M, India
Dr. Ravindra.J. India
Prof. Murali Krishna, Vizag, Inida
Dr. H.G. Rao, vizag, India
Dr. Bharathi Hiremath, Karnataka, India
Dr. Sheshang Degadwala,Vadodhara, Gujarath,India
Dr. V. Appa Rao, Professor, India
Dr. S. Shamshath Begum , B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, India
Dr. Lokesh C, Associate Professor, India

4th International Conference on Current Research in Engineering &
Technology -4th ICCRET-2023::Date:04-JUNE-2023::Google Meet::
CHIRALA::BAPATLA::ANDHRA PRADESH::INDIA
CONTENT
ARDUINO BASED SOLAR TRACKER IN DUAL AXIS
1 1
RAGIB R SHARIEF, SYED AHMED OSAMA, MARGARET R E., SUNITHA P, C.S. SURESH BABU
AIRLINE FARE PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
2 6
SHAIK MOHAMMAD ASHFAQ, R. N RAMU, CHITIVELI NEERAJ VARMA,SHAIK
MOHAMMAD RAFIQ, Dr. S. PREM KUMAR
ACCELERATE AN EGO-VEHICLE USING VISUAL PERCEPTION
3 AND PRE-BUILD DATA 7
VINUBALA U V, KISHORE KUMAR B, RAHUL PRASAD P , KARTHIKEYAN R
THE ROLE OF ORDINARY WORDS TAKE AN EFFECTIVE AND
4
A SPECIFIC MEANING CONDITIONED TO TECHNICAL TERMS 15
Dr.P.AMUDHA
ISBN:ISBN-13: 979-8-3971-1475-2 The Virtual Proceedings of 4th ICCRET-2023
Arduino based Solar Tracker in Dual Axis

1st Margaret R E. 5th Ragib R Sharief 5th Syed Ahmed Osama
Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering
Malnad College of Engineering Malnad College of Engineering Malnad College of Engineering
Hassan, India Hassan, India Hassan, India
rem@mcehassan.ac.in rem@mcehassan.ac.in rem@mcehassan.ac.in
1st Sunitha P. 3rd C. S Suresh Babu

Computer Science and Engineering Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
Malnad College of Engineering Malnad College of Engineering
Hassan, India Hassan, India
ps@mcehassan.ac.in css@mcehassan.ac.in
Abstract—A solar tracker system positions the object at an challenge to maximise power output of PV systems in areas
angle relative to the Sun. The system maximizes the electricity that do not receive a large amount of solar radiation. More
production by moving solar panels to follow the sun throughout advanced technologies are being used by the manufacturers to
the day, optimizing the angle at which the panels receive solar
radiation. The goal of the project is to develop a laboratory improve the capability of PV materials, but improvement of
prototype of a solar tracking system, which is able to enhance system design and module construction is a feasible approach
the performance of the photovoltaic modules in a solar energy to make solar PV power more efficient, thus being a reliable
system. The operating principle of the device is to keep the choice for customers. Aiming for this purpose, the project had
photovoltaic modules constantly aligned with the sunbeams, been carried out to support the development of such promising
which maximises the exposure of solar panel to the Sun’s
radiation. As a result, more output power can be produced by the technology.
solar panel. The system utilises an ATmega328P microcontroller One of the main methods of increasing efficiency is to
to control the motion of two servo motors, which rotate the solar maximise the duration of exposure to the Sun. Tracking
panel in two axes. The amount of rotation is determined by the systems help to achieve this by keeping PV solar panels
microcontroller, based on inputs retrieved from the four photo
aligned at the appropriate angle with the sun rays at any time.
sensors located next to solar panel. The objective of the project
is to design and implement a functional solar tracking system The goal of this project is to build a prototype of light tracking
which is able to keep the solar panel aligned with the sun, or system at smaller scale, but the design can be applied for
any light source repetitively. any solar energy system in practice. It is also expected from
Index Terms—Solar Tracker, Microcontroller, Radiation, this project a quantitative measurement of how well tracking
Bioenergy
system performs compared to system with fixed mounting
method.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The work of the project included hardware design and
With the unavoidable shortage of fossil fuel sources in implementation, together with software programming for the
the future, renewable types of energy have become a topic microcontroller unit of the solar tracker.Design of the solar
of interest for researchers, technicians, investors and deci- tracker from this project is also a reference and a starting
sion makers all around the world. New types of energy point for the development of more advanced systems in the
that are getting attention include hydroelectricity, bioenergy, future.
solar, wind and geothermal energy, tidal power, and wave
power. Because of their renewability, they are considered as II. L ITERATURE S URVEY
favourable replacements for fossil fuel sources. Among those
types of energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the The biggest crisis we are heading into is the climate change
most available resources. This technology has been adopted due to excessive use of fossil fuels and to overcome these
more widely for residential use nowadays, thanks to research issues, one possible solution is to utilize Renewable Energy.
and development activities to improve solar cells’ performance Renewable energy is a type of energy that is harnessed from
and lower the cost. According to International Energy Agency the nature without causing ill effects to the environment. One
(IEA), worldwide PV capacity has grown at 49% per year on of the most prominent kind of renewable energy is solar
average since early 2000s. Solar PV energy is highly expected energy. In recent past, researchers have tried to use the solar
to become a major source of power in the future. energy in various applications.Researchers are trying to collect
However, despite the advantages, solar PV energy is still far Solar radiation from the sun by various means and converted
from replacing traditional sources on the market. It is still a into electrical energy.
IIRM-SDT E-XPLORE::https://www.iirmsdt.org/ 1 © BLSDTE

Barsoum et. al [1] have designed a control circuit for the light dependent resistors (LDR) were utilized to capture the
solar tracker based on a PIC16F84A microcontroller (MCU). maximum light source from the sun and Two servo motors to
The MCU is programmed to detect the sunlight through the move the solar panel to maximum light source location sensed
photocells and then actuate the motor to position the solar by the LDRs. C programming language is use to program the
panel where it can receive maximum sunlight. Arduino UNO controller. The performance of the solar tracker
Khan and et. al [2] have developed a microcontroller based was analyzed and compared with the static solar panel and
automatic solar tracker. Light dependent resistors are used the result showed that the solar tracker is better than the static
as the sensors of the solar tracker. The designed tracker has solar panel in terms of voltage, current and power. Therefore,
precise control mechanism which will provide three ways of the solar tracker is proven more effective for capturing the
controlling system. A small prototype of solar tracking system maximum sunlight source for solar harvesting applications.
is also constructed to implement the designed methodology.
III. B ENEFITS OF S OLAR E NERGY
A prototype of two-axis solar tracking system based on
a PIC microcontroller is developed by Hlaing and et. al Solar energy is obtained from the sun’s radiation and it can
[3] . The parabolic reflector or parabolic dish is constructed be converted to electricity or heat. It is freely available and
around two feed diameter to capture the sun’s energy. The thanks to advances in technology, we can now harness even
focus of the parabolic reflector is theoretically calculated more of the solar energy that is continuously available to us.
down to an infinitesimally small point to get extremely high The below list gives the main benefits of solar energy
temperature. This two axis auto-tracking system has also been • Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.
constructed using PIC 16F84A microcontroller. The assembly • Once a solar panel is installed, the energy is produced at
programming language is used to interface the PIC with two- reduced costs.
axis solar tracking system. The temperature at the focus of the • Whereas the reserves of oil of the world are estimated to
parabolic reflector is measured with temperature probes. This be depleted in future, solar energy will last forever.
auto-tracking system is controlled with two 12V, 6W DC gear • Solar energy has the least negative impact on the envi-
box motors. Time Delays are used for stepping the motor and ronment compared to any other energy source. Thus it is
reaching the original position of the reflector. The designs of pollution free.
the gear and the parabolic reflector are carefully considered • Solar cells are free of any noise. On the other hand,
and precisely calculated. various machines used for pumping oil or for power
Bawa and et. al [4] have discussed various types of tracking generation are noisy
techniques like active tracking, passive tracking, and chrono- • Once solar cells have been installed and running, minimal
logical tracking, and also a comparison with the different maintenance is required. Some solar panels have no
tracking systems. From these discussions, one can select the moving parts, making them to last even longer with no
tracking method adopted for a specific application. maintenance.
The goal of the work done by Zolkapli and et. al [5] is to • On average, it is possible to have a high return on invest-
trace the maximum sunlight source to power the solar panel. ment because of the free energy solar panels produce.
In hardware development, five light dependent resistor (LDR) • Solar energy can be used in very remote areas where
has been used for capturing maximum light source. Two servo extension of the electricity power grid is costly.
motors have been used to move the solar panel at maximum IV. M ETHODOLOGY /A PPROACH
light source location sensing by LDR. Moreover, the code is
constructed using C programming language and targeted to The solar tracking system has three salient components;
Arduino UNO controller. The efficiency of the system has • An input stage with light sensors and potentiometer - The
been tested and compared with static solar panel on several input stage is two LDRs which are part of voltage divider
time intervals, and it shows the system react the best at the circuit.
10-minutes intervals with consistent voltage generated. • A program in embedded software in microcontroller -
An inexpensive active dual-axis solar tracking system for C-program loaded into MSP430 forms the embedded
tracking the movement of the sun so as to get maximum power software.
from the solar panels as they follow the sun is being consructed • A driving circuit in form of H-bridge- L293D chip forms
by Kaur [6]. It uses Light Dependent Resistors to sense the the driver circuit
position of the sun which is communicated to a Arduino Uno All the parts are designed independently and then assembled
microcontroller which then commands a set of two servo- into a solar tracking system. Finally, a wooden frame is used
motors to re-orient the panel in order to stay perpendicular to house the components required to execute the tracker. Fig
to the sun rays. The design was constructed successfully 2 gives the flow diagram of the system designed
and tested using Lab View to determine the improvements The working principle is:
in efficiency. Evaluation results show that the new system • Step 1: The signals from the light source fall on the
performs 13.44% better than the immobile solar PV system. sensors
Othman and et. al. [7] have tried to investigate whether static • Step 2: Pairs of sensors receive the signals for horizontal
solar panel is better than solar tracker, or the opposite. Five and vertical movement of the panel

A. Arduino
Arduino is an open-source stage utilized for structure gad-
gets ventures. Fig. 2 gives the pin diagram of the Arduino
board.
Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the Solar Tracking System
• Step 3: An analog to digital converter is used to convert

the signals into digitised data
• Step 4 : The signals are thus forwarded to Arduino UNO
for computations. Fig. 2. Arduino Pin Diagram
• Step 5: The signals from horizontal sensors are compared
first, if not equal the motor rotates towards sensor with The various components of the board are :
greater intensity. If equal, different signals are sensed • Power USB : Arduino board can be powered by using
again. the USB cable from your computer.
• Step 6:The signals from vertical sensors are compared, if • Voltage Regulator : The function of the voltage regulator
not equal the motor rotates towards sensor with greater is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
intensity. If equal, different signals are sensed again. stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other
elements.
Hardware and software components of the project were
• Arduino Reset : Reset the Arduino board to start the
separated into stages while developing the overall system.
program from the beginning.
The hardware consisted of light detection, motor driving,
• Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)
software tracking, and software enhancements. Building and
testing smaller Chapters of the system made the project more – 3.3V (6) : Supply 3.3 output volt
manageable and increased efficiency by decreasing debugging – 5V (7): Supply 5 output volt
time. – GND (8)(Ground) : There are several GND pins on
the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground
The project performs the required functions envisioned at your circuit.
the proposal phase. However, while satisfied with software – Vin (9) : This pin also can be used to power the
operation and simulation, less satisfaction was obtained from Arduino board from an external power source, like
two hardware areas. AC mains power supply.
First, there is a potential for problems with motor/photocell • Analog pins : The Arduino UNO board has six analog
movement due to the photocell wires creating binding issues. input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
There are two wires attached to the photocell then connected signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor
to control circuit. Once the tracker has moved approximately or temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value
30 to 45 degrees, the wires place a counter torque on the motor that can be read by the microprocessor.
and the motor slips. This creates positioning error. The present • ICSP pin : Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny program-
workaround for this is to hold the photocell wires in a way ming header for the Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO,
as to keep them close to the wooden frame which holds the SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to
photocell as the tracker moves. as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be
The second issue deals with the photocell. It was discovered considered as an ”expansion” of the output.
that the photocell needs to be shielded such that light can be • TX(transmit) and RX (receive) LEDs: They appear in two
directed narrowly to its surface. This was done by placing a places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital
black vinyl tube around the photocell to create a tunnel and pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial
help shield it from light that is not directly in its direct path. communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The

TX led flashes with different speed while sending the
serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving
process.
• Digital I/O : The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital
I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work
as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as
digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs,
relays, etc. The pins labeled “ ” can be used to generate
PWM.
• AREF: AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is some-
times, used to set an external reference voltage (between
0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input
pins.
Arduino comprises of both a physical programmable circuit
board (frequently alluded to as a microcontroller) and a bit of
programming, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
that keeps running on your PC, used to compose and transfer
PC code to the physical board. The Arduino stage has turned
out to be very prevalent with individuals simply beginning
with hardware, and all things considered. Not at all like most
past programmable circuit sheets, the Arduino does not require
a different bit of equipment (called a developer) so as to stack
new code onto the board - you can basically utilize a USB link.
Furthermore, the Arduino IDE utilizes an improved variant
of C++, making it simpler to figure out how to program. At Fig. 3. Prototype of the Solar Tracker1
last, Arduino gives a standard structure factor that breaks out
the elements of the small-scale controller into an increasingly
available bundle.
V. R ESULTS
In this 21st century, as we build up our technology, pop-
ulation growth, the energy consumption per capita increases
exponentially, as well as our energy resources (e.g., fossils
fuels) decrease rapidly. So, for sustainable development, we
have to think alternative methods (utilization of renewable
energy sources) in order to fulfil our energy demand. In this
project, a demo model of solar tracker is developed to track
the maximum intensity point of light source so that the voltage
given at that point by the solar panel is maximum. Fig. 3 and
Fig. 4 shows the model designed.
The vital importance of a dual axis solar tracker lies in Fig. 4. Top view of the Solar Tracker prototype model
its better efficiency and sustainability to give a better output
compared to a fixed solar panel or a single axis solar tracker.
The tracking system is designed such that it can trap the solar VI. F UTURE WORK AND C ONCLUSION
energy in all possible directions. Generally, in a single axis
tracker that moves only along a single axis, it is not possible to Solar Radiation Tracker has played a vital role in increasing
track the maximum solar energy. In case of dual axis trackers, the efficiency of solar panels in recent years, thus proving to
since the solar rays are perpendicular to panel throughout the be a better technological achievement. The project aims to
year, maximum possible energy is trapped throughout the day develop an Arduino based Solar Tracker to track the maximum
as well as throughout the year. Thus, the output increases intensity point of light source so that the voltage given at that
indicating that the efficiency more than a fixed solar panel point by the solar panel is maximum.
(about 30-40% more) or a single axis solar tracker (about 6- Now, like every other experiment, this project has couple
7% more). of imperfections.

• Solar panel senses the light in a sensing zone, beyond
which it fails to respond.
• If multiple sources of light (i.e., diffused light source)
appear on panel, it calculates the vector sum of light
sources moves the panel in that point.
• As dual-axis tracking generates 40% more power from
each panel, you can achieve the same power output with
fewer panels, frames and so on, which reduces a project’s
upfront costs and offsets to a great extent the additional
cost for tracking hardware.
The above limitations can be overcome in the furure work.
VII. R EFERENCES
R EFERENCES
[1] Barsoum, N., 2009. Implementation of a Prototype for a Conventional
Solar Tracking System. In EDAS, European Modelling Symposium
EMS2009. IEEE Digital Library.
[2] Khan, M.T.A., Tanzil, S.S., Rahman, R. and Alam, S.S., 2010, Decem-
ber. Design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system. In
International Conference on Electrical Computer Engineering (ICECE
2010) (pp. 326-329). IEEE. Dual Axis Solar Tracker, March 2023
[3] Oo, L.L. and Hlaing, N.K., 2010, May. Microcontroller-based two axis
solar tracking system. In 2010 Second International Conference on
Computer Research and Development (pp. 436440). IEEE.
[4] Bawa, D. and Patil, C.Y., 2013. Fuzzy control based solar tracker
using Arduino Uno. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative
Technology, 2(12), pp.179-187.
[5] Zolkapli, M., Al-Junid, S.A.M., Othman, Z., Manut, A. and Zulkifli,
M.M., 2013, June. High efficiency dual-axis solar tracking development
using Arduino. In 2013 International Conference on Technology, Infor-
matics, Management, Engineering and Environment (pp. 43-47). IEEE.
[6] Kaur, T., Mahajan, S., Verma, S. and Gambhir, J., 2016, July. Arduino
based low-cost active dual axis solar tracker. In 2016 IEEE 1st Interna-
tional Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy
Systems (ICPEICES) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[7] Othman, N., Manan, M.I.A., Othman, Z., and Al Junid, S.A.M., 2013,
November. Performance analysis of dual-axis solar tracking system. In
2013 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and
Engineering (pp. 370-375). IEEE.
[8] Kumar, V.S.S. and Suryanarayana, S., 2014. Automatic dual axis sun
tracking system using ldr sensor. International Journal of Current Engi-
neering and Technology, 4(5), pp.32143217.
[9] Elagib, S.B. and Osman, N.H., 2013, August. Design and implementa-
tion of dual axis solar tracker based on solar maps.

Airline Fare Prediction using Machine Learning

1
SHAIK MOHAMMAD ASHFAQ, 2R.N RAMU, 3CHITIVELI NEERAJ VARMA, 4SHAIK
MOHAMMAD RAFIQ, 5Dr. S. PREM KUMAR
1,2,3,4
STUDET, DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING & G
PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
5
Sr. PROFESSOR, Computer Science and Engineering & G Pullaiah College of Engineering and
Technology
Abstract-This project aims to develop an application that forecasts flight prices

for various flights using machine learning algorithm. The user will be provided
with the predicted values so they may decide how to buy their tickets with
knowledge. At the moment, the cost of an airline ticket can vary significantly
and fundamentally for the same flight and available seats in the same cabin.
Customers are looking to demand the lowest price while airlines work to keep
their overall revenue as high as is practically reasonable and improve their
profit.

ACCELERATE AN EGO-VEHICLE
USING VISUAL PERCEPTION AND
PRE-BUILD DATA
Vinubala U.V1*, Kishore Kumar B 2, Rahul Prasad P3, Karthikeyan R4
1,2,3
Student, Department of Automobile Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering, Thandalam, Chennai- 602105
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering, Thandalam, Chennai-
602105
*Corresponding author E-mail ID: 210201011@rajalakshmi.edu.in
Abstract:
Instead of using people to drive, the autonomous 1.INTRODUCTION
vehicle was developed to lower accident rates. Autonomous cars, also
Since there aren't enough traffic signs in our known as self-driving cars, are vehicles that can
country, we are unable to offer the necessary operate without human intervention. These cars use
data for the autonomous car's prediction, test, a combination of sensors, cameras, and advanced
and sample examples. The use of autonomous software algorithms to navigate roads, interpret
vehicles (AVs) is becoming more prevalent. traffic signals, and avoid obstacles. The
Research on AVs shows the significant introduction of autonomous cars has been a major
consequences they may have for many sectors as milestone in the evolution of the automotive
time goes on and technology develops. The industry, offering significant benefits in terms of
impacts of vehicle automation on global safety, efficiency, and convenience. The concept
mobility, traffic efficiency, competitiveness, the of autonomous vehicles dates back to the early 20th
labour market, territory occupancy, and other century, but it was not until the 21st century that
factors are already being identified, despite the the technology began to emerge as a viable option
fact that they are extremely difficult to forecast. for the mass market. The first significant milestone
Current research lays the framework for future in the development of autonomous cars came in
studies and identifies potential weaknesses that 2004, when the Defence Advanced Research
should be taken into account as technology and Projects Agency (DARPA) sponsored a
vehicles advance. Among them include competition for self-driving vehicles. The event,
preserving user privacy and avoiding terrorism known as the DARPA Grand Challenge, offered a
or hacking. The choosing of the automobile is cash prize of $1 million to the team that could
the topic that generates the most debate. The develop a vehicle capable of completing a 142-mile
behaviour of the AVs in the face of danger will course in the Mojave Desert. While no team
be dictated by pre-programmed ethical completed the course in the first year, the
standards rather than by individual moral or competition spurred significant advances in the
irrational impulses. This paper, with a focus on technology, with the winning team completing the
passenger transport, gives a general overview of course the following year. Since then, major
the present state of the art in AVs, which can automakers such as Tesla, Google, and Uber have
help academics obtain a wider perspective on invested heavily in autonomous vehicle research,
this subject using Arduino uno and Node MCU and numerous pilot programs have been launched
ESP8266. The paper is based on an extensive around the world to test the technology in real-
literature review and information gathered by world scenarios.There are five levels of autonomy
the authors during visits to top research centres for self-driving cars, defined by the Society of
in Germany and Switzerland, and it is Automotive Engineers (SAE). At Level 0, the car
supplemented by the authors' views on the has no automation, and the driver is responsible for
future evolution of AVs. all aspects of driving. At Level 1, the car has some
driver assistance features, such as adaptive cruise
Keywords: Autonomous vehicle, Arduino Uno, control or lane departure warning. At Level 2, the
traffic signs, Node MCU ESP8266 car has advanced driver assistance features, such as
lane keeping and automatic braking, but the driver

is still responsible for monitoring the environment autonomous delivery services and ride-sharing
and taking control if necessary. At Level 3, the car platforms.
can perform most driving tasks but may require the
driver to take over in certain situations. Finally, at 2. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Level 4 and Level 5, the car can operate without 2.1 Node MCU (ESP8266)
any human intervention. One of the key Node MCU is a development board that is designed
technologies used in autonomous cars is lidar (light for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It is based
detection and ranging). Lidar uses lasers to scan the on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module and is open source,
environment and create a detailed 3D map of the which makes it a popular choice for hobbyists and
surroundings. This information is then used by the developers who want to build connected devices.
car's software to identify obstacles, navigate The Node MCU board provides an easy-to-use
through traffic, and make driving decisions. platform for prototyping IoT projects, with built-in
Another important technology used in autonomous Wi-Fi connectivity and a range of input/output
cars is radar. Radar uses radio waves to detect (I/O) pins that can be used to interface with
objects and measure their distance and speed. This sensors, actuators, and other hardware. One of the
technology is particularly useful for detecting other key advantages of the Node MCU board is its ease
vehicles on the road and avoiding collisions. of use. The board can be programmed using Lua or
Cameras are also an important component of the Arduino IDE, which makes it accessible to a
autonomous cars. They provide a high-resolution wide range of developers and hobbyists.
view of the environment and can be used to Additionally, the built-in Wi-Fi connectivity
identify road signs, traffic lights, and pedestrians. enables the board to easily connect to the internet,
Cameras can also help the car navigate in low light which is critical for IoT applications. The Node
conditions and detect obstacles that may not be MCU board also has a range of I/O pins that can be
visible to other sensors. In addition to sensors and used to interface with a wide range of sensors and
cameras, autonomous cars also rely on software to other hardware. The board has 17 I/O pins in total,
make driving decisions. The software uses complex including 11 digital pins and one analog input pin.
algorithms to analyze data from the car's sensors These pins can be used to control LEDs, motors,
and make decisions about steering, braking, and and other actuators, as well as read data from
accelerating. The software can also be programmed sensors such as temperature and humidity sensors.
to respond to different driving scenarios and adjust Another advantage of the Node MCU board is its
the car's behavior accordingly. Autonomous cars small form factor. The board is compact and
have the potential to offer several benefits to lightweight, which makes it easy to integrate into
society. One of the most significant benefits is IoT projects without taking up a lot of space.
increased safety. Human error is the leading cause Additionally, the board is relatively inexpensive,
of traffic accidents, and self-driving cars are not which makes it an affordable option for hobbyists
susceptible to fatigue, distraction, or impaired and developers who want to experiment with IoT
driving, which can all contribute to accidents. With applications without breaking the bank. Overall, the
advanced technology and sensors, autonomous cars Node MCU board is a versatile and easy-to-use
can detect and respond to potential hazards in a platform for developing IoT applications. Its built-
fraction of a second, which could significantly in Wi-Fi connectivity and range of I/O pins make it
reduce accidents and save lives. Another benefit of a popular choice for hobbyists and developers who
autonomous cars is increased mobility for people want to build connected devices, and its small form
who are unable to drive, such as the elderly or factor and affordable price point make it an
disabled. Self-driving cars could provide a level of accessible option for a wide range of projects.
independence that was previously impossible,
allowing these individuals to travel more easily and
freely without relying on family members or public
transportation. Autonomous cars could also help
reduce traffic congestion and improve traffic flow.
With the ability to communicate with other
vehicles and infrastructure, self-driving cars could
optimize traffic patterns and reduce the number of
cars on the road. This could lead to shorter
commute times, less traffic congestion, and reduced
greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, autonomous Fig 2.1 Node MCU
cars could have significant economic benefits.
They could reduce the costs associated with
accidents, such as medical expenses, property
damage, and lost productivity. They could also lead
to the development of new industries, such as

3. TRADITIONAL METHOD FOR

DETECTING ENVIRONMENT USED IN
EGO-VEHICLE
2.2 ARDUINO UNO
Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller 3.1 CAMERA
board designed for beginners and professionals Cameras are a crucial component of the sensor
who want to build electronics projects. It is one of suite used in autonomous vehicles. They provide
the most popular and versatile development boards visual information about the vehicle’s surroundings
in the market, and it is based on the ATmega328P and are essential for tasks such as object detection,
microcontroller. It is widely used for prototyping lane tracking, and traffic sign recognition. In this
and creating various types of electronic projects, paragraph, we will explore the various types of
such as robotics, home automation, and data cameras used in autonomous vehicles, their
loggers. One of the main advantages of the Arduino specifications, and their applications. One of the
Uno is its ease of use. It has a simple, intuitive most common types of cameras used in
interface, and it can be programmed using the autonomous vehicles is the monocular camera.
Arduino Integrated Development Environment Monocular cameras are small, low-cost cameras
(IDE), which is a cross-platform application that that capture a single 2D image. They are often used
makes it easy to write, upload, and debug code. The in conjunction with other sensors to provide a more
IDE includes a range of libraries that provide pre- comprehensive understanding of the environment.
written code for common functions, such as reading Monocular cameras are particularly useful for
sensor data, controlling motors, and detecting and tracking objects in the vehicle’s
communicating with other devices. Additionally, surroundings, such as other vehicles and
the Arduino community provides a wealth of pedestrians. They are also used for lane tracking,
resources and tutorials online, making it easy for which is essential for autonomous driving. Stereo
beginners to get started with the board. The cameras are another type of camera used in
Arduino Uno board has a range of input and output autonomous vehicles. They consist of two cameras
(I/O) pins that can be used to interface with mounted next to each other, capturing images from
sensors, actuators, and other components. The slightly different perspectives. By comparing the
board has 14 digital I/O pins, which can be two images, the distance to objects in the
configured as input or output, and six analog input environment can be calculated, providing a 3D
pins. These pins can be used to control LEDs, understanding of the surroundings. Stereo cameras
motors, and other components, as well as read data are particularly useful for obstacle detection and
from sensors such as temperature and humidity depth perception, allowing the vehicle to navigate
sensors. Another advantage of the Arduino Uno through complex environments. In addition to
board is its versatility. It is compatible with a wide monocular and stereo cameras, there are also multi-
range of shields, which are modular circuit boards camera arrays used in autonomous vehicles. These
that can be stacked on top of the Arduino Uno arrays consist of multiple cameras mounted around
board to add additional functionality. For example, the vehicle, providing a 360-degree view of the
a Wi-Fi shield can be used to connect the Arduino surroundings. Multi-camera arrays are particularly
Uno board to the internet, while a motor shield can useful for detecting objects in blind spots and for
be used to control DC motors. In addition, the providing a more comprehensive understanding of
Arduino Uno board can be powered using a USB the environment. Another important consideration
cable or an external power supply. This makes it when choosing cameras for autonomous vehicles is
easy to power the board from a computer or a the camera’s resolution and frame rate. Higher
battery, depending on the application. resolution cameras provide a more detailed view of
the surroundings, allowing for more accurate object
detection and tracking. Similarly, higher frame
rates allow for faster image processing, providing
real-time feedback to the vehicle’s on-board
commuter.
3.2 LIDAR
LIDAR, or Light Detection and Ranging, is a
sensing technology that uses lasers to measure
distances to objects in the environment. It is one of
the key components of the sensor suite used in
autonomous vehicles, providing accurate and
Fig 2.2 Arduino Uno detailed information about the vehicle’s
surroundings. In this paragraph, we will explore the
various types of LIDAR used in autonomous

vehicles, their specifications, and their applications. vehicles and obstacles, allowing the vehicle to
The most common type of LIDAR used in maintain a safe distance and avoid collisions .In
autonomous vehicles is the 3D rotating LIDAR. addition to millimeter-wave and long-range radar,
This type of LIDAR consists of a spinning laser there are also short-range radar systems used in
that emits a beam of light in a 360-degree circle autonomous vehicles. These systems typically use
around the vehicle. As the laser spins, it measures lower frequency radio waves and are used for tasks
the distance to objects in its surroundings, creating such as parking assistance and blind-spot detection.
a 3D point cloud that provides a detailed Another important consideration when choosing
understanding of the environment. 3D rotating radar systems for autonomous vehicles is the
LIDAR is particularly useful for obstacle detection radar’s resolution and accuracy. Higher resolution
and avoidance, allowing the vehicle to navigate radar systems provide a more detailed
through complex environments. Another type of understanding of the environment, allowing for
LIDAR used in autonomous vehicles is the solid- more accurate object detection and tracking.
state LIDAR. This type of LIDAR uses a fixed Similarly, more accurate radar systems provide
laser and an array of sensors to create a 3D point more reliable information to the vehicle’s on-board
cloud of the environment. Solid-state LIDAR is computer, allowing for better decision-making.
often smaller and more cost-effective than rotating
LIDAR, making it an attractive option for 3.4 SONAR
autonomous vehicle manufacturers. There are also Sonar, or Sound Navigation and Ranging, is a
hybrid LIDAR systems that combine the benefits of sensing technology that uses sound waves to detect
both rotating and solid-state LIDAR. These and locate objects in the environment. It is one of
systems use rotating LIDAR for long-range sensing the key components of the sensor suite used in
and solid-state LIDAR for short-range sensing, autonomous vehicles, providing accurate and
providing a more comprehensive understanding of reliable information about the vehicle's
the environment. In addition to the type of LIDAR, surroundings. In this paragraph, we will explore the
other factors such as the LIDAR’s range and various types of sonar used in autonomous
resolution must also be considered when choosing vehicles, their specifications, and their applications.
a LIDAR system for autonomous vehicles. Higher The most common type of sonar used in
range LIDAR systems can detect objects further autonomous vehicles is the ultrasonic sensor. This
away from the vehicle, providing more time for the type of sonar uses sound waves with frequencies
vehicle’s on-board computer to make decisions. above the range of human hearing to detect objects
Similarly, higher resolution LIDAR systems in the environment. Ultrasonic sensors are
provide a more detailed understanding of the particularly useful for short-range sensing tasks,
environment, allowing for more accurate object such as parking assistance and obstacle detection.
detection and tracking. Another type of sonar used in autonomous vehicles
is the underwater sonar. This type of sonar is used
3.3 RADAR in underwater vehicles, such as autonomous
Radar, or Radio Detection and Ranging, is a submarines, to navigate through complex
sensing technology that uses radio waves to detect underwater environments. Underwater sonar
and locate objects in the environment. It is one of systems typically use lower frequency sound waves
the key components of the sensor suite used in and are capable of detecting objects at long
autonomous vehicles, providing accurate and distances. In addition to ultrasonic and underwater
reliable information about the vehicle’s sonar, there are also other types of sonar systems
surroundings. In this paragraph, we will explore the used in autonomous vehicles, such as acoustic
various types of radar used in autonomous vehicles, cameras and phased array sonar. These systems use
their specifications, and their applications. The advanced signal processing techniques to create
most common type of radar used In autonomous detailed images of the environment, providing a
vehicles Is the millimeter-wave radar. This type of more comprehensive understanding of the vehicle's
radar uses radio waves with frequencies between surroundings.
30 and 300 GHz to detect objects in the
environment. Millimeter-wave radar is particularly 4. OPERATION & WORKING
useful for detecting objects in adverse weather
conditions, such as rain, snow, and fog, which can The on-board computer in an autonomous vehicle
interfere with other sensing technologies such as plays a crucial role in analysing the data gathered
cameras and LIDAR. Another type of radar used in from sensors such as cameras, LIDAR, and radar,
autonomous vehicles is the long-range radar. This and making decisions about how to navigate
type of radar uses a higher frequency radio wave, through the environment. The computer uses
typically around 77 GHz, to detect objects at longer advanced algorithms and machine learning
distances. Long-range radar is particularly useful techniques to process the data and generate a
for detecting objects on the highway, such as other detailed understanding of the environment,

allowing the vehicle to navigate safely and Self-driving car is a vehicle that can guide itself
efficiently. One of the key tasks of the on-board without human interaction. The car is capable of
computer is to identify and track objects in the reaching the given destination safely and
environment. This involves analysing the data from intelligently thus avoiding the risk of human
sensors such as cameras, LIDAR, and radar to erroring this paper aims to build server-based self-
detect objects such as other vehicles, pedestrians, driving car prototype using server for processing of
and obstacles. The computer can use machine data. The car is designed to autonomously navigate
learning techniques to recognize patterns in the through appropriate paths by detecting lanes, stop
data and identify different types of objects. Once sign and obstacles through real-time high-definition
the objects have been identified, the computer can videos from Pi camera. Raspberry Pi is used to
track their movements and predict their future control L298N motor driver and driver module
behaviour, allowing the vehicle to make informed controls DC motors for the movement of the car.
decisions about how to navigate through the The motor driver also controls the car’s speed
environment. The on-board computer can also based on the distance calculation result between the
calculate the optimal route to take to reach a car and front objects. All the computations are
destination. This involves analysing data from handled by server and python is used for image
maps and other sources to determine the most processing. Lane detection, stop sign detection and
efficient route to the destination, taking into object detection algorithms are combined together
account factors such as traffic conditions, road to provide the necessary control to the car.
conditions, and the vehicle's energy consumption.
The computer can use machine learning techniques
to learn from past experiences and improve its
ability to calculate optimal routes over time.
Another important task of the on-board computer is
to adjust the speed of the vehicle to maintain a safe
distance from other vehicles. This involves
analysing data from sensors such as radar and
cameras to detect the position and speed of other
vehicles on the road. The computer can then
calculate the optimal speed to maintain a safe
distance from other vehicles, taking into account
factors such as the vehicle's braking distance and
the speed of other vehicles. The computer can also
apply the brakes to avoid collisions with obstacles. Fig 5 PROJECT OVERVIEW DIAGRAM
This involves analysing data from sensors such as
LIDAR and radar to detect obstacles in the 5.1 CODING
environment. The computer can then calculate the
distance to the obstacle and the speed at which the
vehicle is approaching, and apply the brakes if Send and receive data from a drive over an
necessary to avoid a collision. The computer can ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, you can use the SPIFFS
use machine learning techniques to learn from past
experiences and improve its ability to detect and (SPI Flash File System) library provided by the
avoid obstacles over time. In conclusion, the on- ESP8266 core for Arduino
board computer plays a critical role in the operation
of an autonomous vehicle. By analysing data from
sensors such as cameras, LIDAR, and radar, the #include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
computer can identify and track objects in the #include <FS.h>
environment, calculate optimal routes, adjust the const char* ssid = "YourSSID"; // Replace with
speed of the vehicle, and apply the brakes to avoid your network name
collisions with obstacles. The computer can also const char* password = "YourPassword"; //
perform a wide range of other functions, making it Replace with your network password
an essential component of the autonomous vehicle void setup() {
system. As technology continues to evolve, the Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication
capabilities of on-board computers are likely to for debugging
improve, making autonomous vehicles safer and
more efficient than ever before. WiFi.begin(ssid, password); // Connect to WiFi
network
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
5. EXPLANATION
delay(1000);
Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi...");
}

Serial.println("Connected to WiFi"); delay(1000); // Wait for a second before repeating
}
if (!SPIFFS.begin()) { // Initialize the SPIFFS file
system
These are the header files included in the code.
Serial.println("Failed to initialize SPIFFS");
ESP8266WiFi.h provides the Wi-Fi library for
return; ESP8266 while FS.h provides the SPIFFS library
} for file system operations.
Serial.println("SPIFFS initialized"); const char* ssid = "YourSSID"; // Replace with
} your network name
void loop() { const char* password = "YourPassword"; //

// Write data to a file Replace with your network password explain this
File file = SPIFFS.open("/data.txt", "w"); code this used for node mcu esp8266
if (file) { These are the credentials of the WiFi network that

file.println("Hello, World!"); the ESP8266 module will connect to. Replace
file.close(); "YourSSID" and "YourPassword" with the actual
Serial.println("Data written to file"); network name and password.

void setup() {
} else {
Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication
Serial.println("Failed to open file for writing"); for debugging
} WiFi.begin(ssid, password); // Connect to WiFi

network
// Read data from a file
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
file = SPIFFS.open("/data.txt", "r"); Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi...");
}
if (file) { Serial.println("Connected to WiFi");
String data = file.readString(); if (!SPIFFS.begin()) { // Initialize the SPIFFS file

system
file.close(); Serial.println("Failed to initialize SPIFFS");
return;
}
Serial.println("Data read from file: " + data);
Serial.println("SPIFFS initialized");
}
} else
Serial.println("Failed to open file for reading");

5.2 OUTPUT by detecting lanes, stop signs, and obstacles

through real-time high-definition videos from a
camera. All computations will be handled by the

server and Python will be used for image
processing. This project is a step towards
developing more sophisticated self-driving cars that
can operate.
7. REFERENCES
1. Ahmad, F., Kazim, M., Adnane, A., Awad, A.,
6.CONCLUSION 2015. Vehicular Cloud Networks: Architecture,
Applications and Security Issues, 2015
The car will be designed to autonomously navigate 2. IEEE/ACM 8th International Conference on Utility
through appropriate paths by detecting lanes, stop and Cloud Computing (UCC). Limassol, Cyprus.
signs, and obstacles through real-time high- 3. Arriola, J.J., 2017. Circulación de vehículos
definition videos from a camera. The Arduino Uno autónomos: retos legislativos. Carreteras 216, 18-
will be used to control the L298N motor driver, 27.
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ABSTRACT
THE ROLE OF ORDINARY WORDS TAKE AN EFFECTIVE AND A SPECIFIC MEANING
CONDITIONED TO TECHNICAL TERMS
Vocabulary knowledge in reading comprehension is very important aspect of learning a

language. Learning vocabulary becomes a very big hurdle in understanding a circumstance; for
this kind of practice one has to undergo different measures during the course of study.
Pedagogical implications of different types are needed for further learning of language. For
instance learning vocabularies from real life context, picture description, practical games and
creative stories are must for anyone to study a language, and the most important level of learning
vocabularies are from stories. The interested or inspired event in the story might make one to
learn new words and that stays in the mind of a human being forever and ever; for example none
other than the line from Shakespeare’s drama “You too Brutus”. This context gives effect in the
audience of any generation and even who doesn’t know the language much uses this line in the
real life context either sarcastically or directly. In the essence one has to learn a language along
with the stories and not with the technical terms alone. Learning a language technically might not
stay in the minds of any student. These practice implies effect of vocabulary knowledge on
reading comprehension so familiar in day today life and thereafter which doesn’t stay as hurdle
in comprehending any circumstances.
Dr. P. Amudha
Assistant Professor
Department of English (H & S)
S A engineering College
Chennai – 600077
Amudha11175@gmail.com

papers.iirmsdt@gmail.com
7670915352

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Dr. Narayan Murthy Professor and Chair, PACE University, USA

Dr. Ali Chekima Professor, Universiti Sabah Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Mohan S Kankanhalli Dean, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Dr. KMS Soyjaudah Professor, University of Mauritius, Mauritius

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Dr. Ahmed A. Elngar Associate Professor, Beni-Suef University , Egypt

Dr. Vincenzo Piuri - Professor, University of Milan, Italy

Dr. Doina Bein Professor, California State University, Fullerton,USA

Dr. Dipankar Dasgupta University of Memphs,USA

Dr. Kantola Raimo Professor, Aalto University, Finland

Dr Malka N. Halgamuge Professor, University of Melbourne, Australia

Dr. Bryuhomitskiy Yury Professor, Southern Federal University (SFedU), Russia

Dr. Rocío Pérez de Prado Associate Professor, University of Jaén, Spain

Dr. Kin-Choong Yow Associate Professor University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

Dr. Paul Wang Professor, Columbus Statte University, USA

Dr. Valentina Balas University of Arad, Romania

Dr. Byung-Jae Choi Professor, DAEGU UNIVERSITY, Korea

Dr.Archil Maysuradz Professor, Dept of Intelligent system, Lomonosov, Moscow State

Dr. Ayush Singhal, Scientist, CONTATA SOLUTIONS, LLC, MN, USA

Dr.V.Murugesh Cihan University. Nawruz, Erbil. IRAQ

Dr. Gordon Huang Professor,University of Regina, Regina, Canada,

Dr. Athanasios V.. Vasilakos - Distinguished Professor, University of Technology, Sweden

Dr.V.Appa Rao Professor, India

Dr. K. Jagadeesh Babu, Professor, India

Dr. Sheshang Degadwala, Professor, India

Dr. D. RAJENDRA PRASAD, Professor, India

Dr. R MURUGADOSS, Professor, India

Dr. P Nagabhushan Director, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India

Dr. S Y Kulkarni Vice Chancellor, Reva University, Bengaluru, India

Dr. Nandini Gupta Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

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Dr. T Srinivas Indian Institute of Science, Benguluru

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Dr. K. Jagadeesh Babu, Professor, India

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Technical Program Committee

Dr. Tomasz RAK Rzeszow University of Technology, POLAND

Dr. Ho Chiung Ching Multimedia University, Malasiya

Dr. Ling Tok Wang National University of Singapore, Singapore

Dr. Roopesh Kevin SUNGKUR University of Mauritius, Mauritius

Dr. Li Fang Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Dr. Kannan Ramakrishnan Multimedia University, Malaysia.

Dr. Ng Keng Hoong Multimedia University, Malasiya

Dr. Dinesh Mavaluru Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia