Module-1 Electronics Mechanic

Unit-2: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

OBJECTIVE:

Skill:

At the end of the training you should learn about Personal protective equipment (PPE)
especially in Workshops and Electronics Laboratories.

Knowledge:

At the end of this unit trainee should be able to

• Explain the Personal protective equipment (PPE).
• Explain importance of Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Explain what to do for PPE.
• Explain maintenance of PPE.
• Explain types of PPE we can use.

Structure:

2.1 Personal protective equipment (PPE)

2.2 Why is Personal protective equipment (PPE) important?
2.3 What do I have to do for PPE?
2.4 Maintenance of PPE.
2.5 Assignments

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2.1 Personal protective equipment (PPE)

• PPE is equipment that will protect the user against health or safety risks at work.
• It can include items such as laboratory/workshop safety helmets, gloves, eye protection,
high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses.
• It also includes respiratory protective equipment (RPE).

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2.2 Why is Personal protective equipment (PPE) important?

Making the workplace safe includes providing instructions, procedures, training and supervision
to encourage people to work safely and responsibly.
Even where engineering controls and safe systems of work have been applied, some hazards
might remain. These include injuries to:

• The lungs, e.g. from breathing in contaminated air

• The head and feet, e.g. from falling materials
• The eyes, e.g. from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liquids
• The skin, e.g. from contact with corrosive materials
• The body, e.g. from extremes of heat or cold

PPE is needed in these cases to reduce the risk.

2.3 What do I have to do for PPE?

Only use PPE as a last resort

If PPE is still needed after implementing other controls (and there will be circumstances when it
is, e.g. head protection on most construction sites), you must provide this for your employees
free of charge

You must choose the equipment carefully (see selection details below) and ensure employees
are trained to use it properly, and know how to detect and report any faults

2.3.1 Selection and use

You should ask yourself the following questions:

• Who is exposed and to what?

• How long are they exposed for?
• How much are they exposed to?

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2.3.2 When selecting and using PPE:

• Choose products which are CE marked in accordance with the Personal Protective
Equipment Regulations 2002 – suppliers can advise you,
• Choose equipment that suits the user – consider the size, fit and weight of the PPE. If the
users help choose it, they will be more likely to use it
• If more than one item of PPE is worn at the same time, make sure they can be used
together, e.g. wearing safety glasses may disturb the seal of a respirator, causing air leaks
• Instruct and train people how to use it, e.g. train people to remove gloves without
contaminating their skin. Tell them why it is needed, when to use it and what its
limitations are.
2.4 Maintenance of PPE
PPE must be properly looked after and stored when not in use, e.g. in a dry, clean cupboard. If it
is reusable it must be cleaned and kept in good condition.
Think about:
• Using the right replacement parts which match the original, e.g. respirator filters
• Keeping replacement PPE available
• Who is responsible for maintenance and how it is to be done
• Having a supply of appropriate disposable suits which are useful for dirty jobs where
laundry costs are high, e.g. for visitors who need protective clothing

Employees must make proper use of PPE and report its loss or destruction or any fault in it.

2.4.1 Monitor and review

• Check regularly that PPE is used. If it isn’t, find out why not
• Safety signs can be a useful reminder that PPE should be worn
• Take note of any changes in equipment, materials and methods – you may need to update
what you provide

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2.4.2Types of PPE you can use

• For Eyes
• Hazards

Chemical or metal splash, dust, projectiles, gas and vapor, radiation

• Options

Safety spectacles, goggles, face screens, face shields, and visors

• Note

Make sure the eye protection chosen has the right combination of impact/dust/splash/molten
metal eye protection for the task and fits the user properly

• For Head and neck

• Hazards

Impact from falling or flying objects, risk of head bumping, hair getting tangled in machinery,
chemical drips or splash, climate or temperature.

• Options

Industrial safety helmets bump caps, hairnets and firefighters' helmets.

• Note

Some safety helmets incorporate or can be fitted with specially-designed eye or hearing
protection.

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Don't forget neck protection, e.g. scarves for use during welding.

Replace head protection if it is damaged.

• For Ears
• Hazards

Noise – a combination of sound level and duration of exposure, very high-level sounds are a
hazard even with short duration.

• Options

Earplugs, earmuffs, semi-insert/canal caps.

• Note

Provide the right hearing protectors for the type of work, and make sure workers know how to
fit them

Choose protectors that reduce noise to an acceptable level, while allowing for safety and
communication.

• For Hands and arms

• Hazards

Abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals, electric shock,
radiation, vibration, biological agents and prolonged immersion in water.

• Options

Gloves, gloves with a cuff, gauntlets and sleeking that cover part or the entire arm.

• Note

Avoid gloves when operating machines such as bench drills where the gloves might get caught

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Some materials are quickly penetrated by chemicals – take care in selection, see HSE’s skin at
work website

Barrier creams are unreliable and are no substitute for proper PPE

Wearing gloves for long periods can make the skin hot and sweaty, leading to skin problems.
Using separate cotton inner gloves can help prevent this

• For Feet and legs

• Hazards

Wet, hot and cold conditions, electrostatic build-up, slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects,
heavy loads, metal and chemical splash, vehicles.

• Options

Safety boots and shoes with protective toecaps and penetration-resistant, mid-sole wellington
boots and specific footwear, e.g. foundry boots and chainsaw boots

• Note

Footwear can have a variety of sole patterns and materials to help prevent slips in different
conditions, including oil- or chemical-resistant soles. It can also be anti-static, electrically
conductive or thermally insulating

Appropriate footwear should be selected for the risks identified

• For Lungs
• Hazards

Oxygen-deficient atmospheres, dusts, gases and vapors.

Options – respiratory protective equipment (RPE)

Some respirators rely on filtering contaminants from workplace air. These include simple filtering
face pieces and respirators and power-assisted respirators

Make sure it fits properly, e.g. for tight-fitting respirators (filtering face pieces, half and full masks)

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There are also types of breathing apparatus which give an independent supply of breathable air,
e.g. fresh-air hose, compressed airline and self-contained breathing apparatus

• Note

The right type of respirator filter must be used as each is effective for only a limited range of
substances.

Filters have only a limited life. Where there is a shortage of oxygen or any danger of losing
consciousness due to exposure to high levels of harmful fumes, only use breathing apparatus –
never use a filtering cartridge

You will need to use breathing apparatus in a confined space or if there is a chance of an oxygen
deficiency in the work area.

If you are using respiratory protective equipment, look at HSE’s publication Respiratory
protective equipment at work: A practical guide

• For Whole body

• Hazards

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Heat, chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray guns, contaminated dust,
impact or penetration, excessive wear or entanglement of own clothing.

• Options

Conventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, aprons, chemical suits

• Note

The choice of materials includes flame-retardant, anti-static, chain mail, chemically impermeable,
and high-visibility. Don’t forget other protection, like safety harnesses or life jackets.

2.4.3 Emergency equipment

Careful selection, maintenance and regular and realistic operator training is needed for
equipment for use in emergencies, like compressed-air escape breathing apparatus, respirators
and safety ropes or harnesses.

*PPE is only of benefit to you if it is suitable for the task in hand. Learn how to do so and store it
carefully between uses.

Laboratory coats or gowns must always be properly worn and fastened.

They must be kept in good condition, replaced if holed or torn, and cleaned and washed regularly.

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Look after other PPE and keep it clean; do not allow it to be contaminated by, for example, leaving
it on a laboratory bench. Report defective or ill-fitting equipment to your manager or supervisor
and have it replaced. Non-disposable facemasks and respirators require a regime for cleaning
and maintenance, and to ensure that they are effective, must be face-fit tested at the
Occupational Health

All PPE should be taken off before leaving the laboratory area and entering other areas, such as
staff rooms or offices.

2.5 ASSIGNMENTS ON PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

1. What is Personal protective equipment (PPE)?

2. Why Personal protective equipment (PPE) is important?
3. How to do maintenance of PPE?
4. What are the types of PPE?

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Unit-3: Basic Hand Tools

OBJECTIVE:

Skill:

1. At the end of the training you should learn about basic hand tools required in
Electronics operations and Laboratories.

Knowledge:

At the end of this unit trainee should be able to

• Explain the basic hand tools needed for electronics mechanic.
• Explain about screwdrivers, and its types, thickness.
• Explain the parts of a combination pliers and their uses.
• Explain the uses of diagonal cutters.
• Explain the uses of nose pliers and their types.
• Explain the uses of tweezers and their types.
• Explain what is steel rule and different standard sizes of steel rules.
• Explain about different types of scriber and its application.
• Explain what a hacksaw, its types and application is.
• Explain about electrical tester and its application.

Structure:

3.1 Basic Hand tools

3.2 Screwdriver
3.3 Types of Screwdrivers
3.4 Plier, Tweezers, SteelRule, Scriber
3.5 Assignments

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3.1 Basic Hand tools

There are different types of hand tools used for different types of electrical or electronics work.
Some of the basic tools which are must for electronics mechanic are:

• Screwdrivers

• Pliers

• Tweezers.

3.2 Screwdriver

A screwdriver is a tool used to tighten or loosen screws. A simple screwdriver and its parts are
shown in below picture 3.1.

PICTURE 3.1

When a screwdriver is used to tighten or loosen screws. The blade axis of a screwdriver must be
linked up with that of the screw axis as shown in picture 3.2.
g
f
d
g
f

FORCE
SCREWDRIVER’S
DIRECTION

SCREW

PICTURE 3.2

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If this is not taken care of, the screwdriver tip/screw head/threads in the hole will get damaged.
In order not to damage the slot and/or the tip of the screwdriver, it is very important that the
tip is correctly shaped and matches the size of the slot as shown in picture 3.3.

PICTURE 3.3

A flat screwdriver tip should be slightly hollow ground. With such a shape its turning force is
exerted at the bottom of the slot which keeps the tip in the slot when turning a screw. Fig 4
shows a flat screwdriver tip which is slightly tapered. Its turning force is exerted at the top of
the slot causing the tip to be lifted out of the slot. When turning a screw downward pressure
has to be exerted on the screwdriver in order to keep the tip in the slot.

It is important that the width and thickness of a flat screwdriver tip matches with the thickness
and length of the slot it is used with. Its width should be slightly less than the length of the slot
and its thickness should be almost equal to the width of the slot as shown in below picture 3.4.

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PICTURE 3.4

3.2.1 Types of Screwdrivers

Screwdrivers are distinguished from each other based on their tip and what type of screw they
drive. The two most common screwdriver tips are:

1) The slot head screwdriver

2) The Phillips-head screwdriver.

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Slot head screwdriver (Flathead/regular screwdriver). A slot head screwdriver consists of a

single, flat blade that fits in the single slot of traditional screws. It’s the oldest and most
common screwdriver in the world. Refer picture 3.5.

PICTURE 3.5 PICTURE 3.6

Phillips-head Screwdriver. A Phillips-head screwdriver has a four star point at the end that fits
into the corresponding screw’s shallow, cross-shaped depression. This design allows a user to
apply more torque than is possible with a flathead screwdriver. The depression forces the
blades of the Phillips screwdriver to slip out before any damaging over-torqueing can occur.
Refer above picture 3.6.

3.3 Select the Correct Screwdriver

The biggest mistake people make when using a screwdriver is using the wrong kind for the job.
Consequently, they either strip the screw, making it difficult to remove if they need to, or they
damage a perfectly good screwdriver. Avoid these headaches by following these tips.

• Slot head screwdrivers for slot screws, Phillips-head screwdrivers for Phillips-head
screws. You’d think this would be obvious, but a lot of men will take a flathead
screwdriver to a Phillips screw when they don’t have a Phillips-head screwdriver handy.

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Sure, you might be able to get away with it a few times, but you’re risking stripping the
screw or damaging the blade on your screwdriver.
• Use the right tip size. The tip of the screwdriver should completely fill the slot of the
screw you’re driving or removing. If the tip is too narrow, there will be considerable loss
of leverage while driving, which means you’ll have to use more muscle to drive the
screw. Also, you risk stripping the screw and bending the tip of your screwdriver.
• If the tip is too wide, you risk damaging the surface you’re screwing into.
• If the tip is too thick, the blade won’t fit in the screw slot and will just slip out as you’re
driving.
• To help you get the right screwdriver for the job, use this screwdriver sizing chart.
3.3.1 Slot-headed Screwdrivers and Screws

3.3.2 Phillips-head Screwdrivers and Screws

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3.3.3 Types of screwdriver tips

A few examples of other types of screwdriver tips for screw heads with various forms of
recesses are shown in picture 3.7.

1. Hexagonal or Hex socket head

2. Spline socket head

3. Clutch socket head

4. Flat socket head

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PICTURE 3.7

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3.3.4 Instrument screwdrivers

Instrument Screwdriver is used to turn very small screws as used in instruments, electronic
circuits, watches and clocks. It has a rotating head which is held by the forefinger, while the
thumb and the middle finger are used to turn the screwdriver. See picture 3.8

Instrument screwdrivers are available in sets comprising 5 to 8 screwdrivers with the

dimensions as given in the picture 3.9.

Large screws can be turned easily by using screwdriver bits that fit into a carpenter brace. Such
bits are available in different types and sizes of tips.

PICTURE 3.8
Instrument screwdrivers are available in sets comprising 5 to 8 screwdrivers with the
dimensions.

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PICTURE 3.9
3.4 Plier
Plier is a tool which is used for holding, gripping, pulling, cutting and turning small parts
and components in a machine, electrical or electronic arrangement.
3.4.1 Construction of PlierPliers consist basically of a pair of LEGS which are joined by
a PIVOT. Each leg consists of a long HANDLE and a short JAW. See picture 4.0.

PICTURE 4.0 CONSTRUCTION OF PLIER

If the legs of the pliers are crossed at the pivot, the jaws will CLOSE when pressure is
applied to the handles. In some pliers the jaws will close when pressure is applied to the

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handles. Pliers have SERRATED or PLAIN JAWS. Serrated jaws offer a better grip on the
work piece. Serrated jaws might, however, damage the surface of the work piece. In this
case protection sleeves or pliers with non-serrated jaws.

PICTURE 4.1 PLIER

Pliers are made from high quality steel. In many cases pliers are CHROMIUM PLATED to
protect them against rust. In climates with a high degree of humidity it is advisable to
use such pliers as they will last longer and need less maintenance. To keep pliers in good
working condition, they should be kept clean, the metal parts should be wiped with an
oily piece of cloth and, from time to time, a drop of oil should be applied to the pivots
and joints.

3.4.2 What are common types of pliers?

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Pliers are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Some are used for
gripping something round like a pipe or rod, some are used for twisting wires, and
others are designed to be used for a combination of tasks including cutting wire. There
are also tools that are used just for cutting wires (as opposed to wire cable and rope).
Use the correct pliers.

Proper use of side cutting (lineman's) pliers:

• Many applications including electrical, communications and construction work

• Use to grip, splice or cut wires, and strip insulation.

Proper use of long nose pliers:

• Use to grip small objects, reach awkward places, holding wires, bend loops, and attach
wires
• Work involving smaller gauge wire.

Proper use of utility pliers:

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• Use to grip round square, flat and hexagonal objects.

• Can apply limited torque (twisting force) without damaging the work.

Proper use of diagonal cutting pliers:

• For work involving cutting and skinning wires, cutting and removing pins, nails and other
fasteners.

Proper use of flat nose pliers:

• Common pliers, used in many applications and assembly work.

• Use to grip, turn and bend wires.

Proper use of slip joint pliers:

• Used to adjust nuts or bolts.

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Proper use of end cutting pliers

• Use for cutting wires, nails, rivets close to work.

3.4.3 What are some safety tips to know when using pliers and wire cutters?

• Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) whenever
there is a potential hazard from flying particles, pieces of wire, etc.
• Cut at right angles. Never rock the cutting tool from side to side or bend wire back and forth
against the cutting edges.

PICTURE 4.2
3.4.5Tweezers
Tweezers are used to hold light weight and very small components and very thin wires/strands.
Tweezers are classified according to the shape of the tip and are specified by their length and
shape. Below pictures shows different types of tweezers. See picture 4.3.

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PICTURE 4.3
3.4.6Steel Rule

A steel rule is a most commonly used measuring tool for measuring and drawing the length of
straight lines. A steel rule is also called as Engineer’s ruler. A typical steel rule is shown in
picture 4.1

PICTURE 4.1 STEEL RULE

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Steel rules are made of spring steel or stainless steel. The edges are accurately ground to form a
straight line. The surfaces of steel rules are satin-chrome finished to re-duce glaring effect while
reading, and also to prevent rusting.

PICTURE 4.2 MARKING ON STEEL RULE

The steel rules are generally marked both in centimeters and inches.In centimeter markings,
the smallest markings are at intervals of 0.5 mm. In inch markings the smallest marking is of
1/16 of an inch. Thus the maximum reading accuracy of a steel rule is either 0.5 mm or 1/16 of
an inch.

3.4.7 Scriber

A scriber is a pen-like tool that creates fine lines on the surface of a work piece. A scriber is a
pointed, sharp tool made of steel or carbon steel. There are two types of scribers:

• Plain scribers

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• Double end scribers

PICTURE 4.3 SCRIBER AND ITS TYPES

3.4.8 Electricity Tester

Testers are one of the simplest solutions, used to test current and voltage continuity in any
circuit. The below picture shows tester.

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The tester shown above is a screwdriver cum testing circuit. The core of the tester is located
near the head of the screwdriver. The plastic casing under which the tester circuitry is placed
serves as an insulator.

As the metallic rod is the conductor part of the tester, in order to protect the user from getting
an accidental electric shock, a thick sheath of plastic insulator is placed over metallic rod.

3.4.8.1Construction of Tester

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The cap is followed by a spring. The spring has a dual functionality of acting as an earth wire
and connecting the tester circuitry to the cap when screwdriver is placed inside a socket.

After the plastic insulating sheath is removed, the circuitry of the screwdriver can be seen
clearly as shown above.

The above image shows the neon bulb connected to the spring through a wire. It serves as an
indicator of current whenever the metallic rod is plugged inside an active power source. The
neon bulb gives output instantaneously and doesn’t get heated due to high voltage. The current

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requirement of the bulb is quite low and acts quite satisfactorily when circuit is grounded with
the help of human body.

PICTURE: RESISTOR USED IN TESTER

A resistor like one shown in the picture above is connected to the neon bulb from one end and
to the metallic rod from the other. The maximum current from the power source that can
travel to the neon bulb is limited by the resistor.

A threaded metallic cap is at the top of the screwdriver holding the circuit inside. The cap needs
to be grounded when the metallic rod is inserted in the plug. We will understand more clearly
about tester in upcoming unit.

3. 5 ASSIGNMENTS ON BASIC HAND TOOLS.

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1. What are the basic tools you studied in this unit?

2. What is a Screwdriver?
3. What are the different types of screwdrivers you studied in this unit?
4. Draw the tip symbol of Flat and Philips head screwdriver?
5. What is a plier?
6. Name the different types of plier?
7. What are the uses of screw driver?
8. What are the uses of plier?

Unit-3: PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENTS AND EXERCISE

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Assignments
1. Write three mandatory signs?
2. What are the minimum first aid facilities must be in Laboratories?
3. What are the uses of Tweezers?
4. What are different types of tweezers studied in this unit?
5. What is a steel rule?
6. What is a scriber?
7. What are the different types of scriber?
8. What is the purpose of hacksaw?
9. Why we use tester?
10. What is the other name of steel rule?

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PRACTICAL EXRECISE
NAME THE FOLLWING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS

3.

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