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CMMS Software Work Order Coding

By Don Armstrong, Idcon Inc, 21 January 2005

This article provides guidelines on the selection and structure of the codes and categories that CMMS
Software work order systems use to filter and sort backlogs of work.

When many organizations first introduced a computer software (CMMS) to manage maintenance they saw
an opportunity to use the computer's ability to sort and filter work in a backlog by various categories. With
card or paper files, if work was to be separated by urgency, reason, shutdown requirements and so on, it
meant that multiple files must be maintained. However CMMS software made this kind of manipulation of Maintenance Management
data very simple and, unfortunately in some cases, dangerously simple. Safety committees wanted to see Articles
lists of safety work, engineering managers wanted to see lists of capital work, maintenance people
wanted lists of work for various types of shutdowns, and so on. Technical Articles

In some plants, the various work order categories were put into a list without a lot of thought, and they Maintenance Surveys
were then put into use. An example of such a list is shown below:
Reliability Discussion Forum
CODE DESCRIPTION
CA Capital Project Work Christers Krönika
CM Corrective Maintenance (articles in Swedish)
CO Contractor Work Submit an article
EM Emergency Work
ER Environmental / Regulatory
EW Equipment Warranty
EQ Equipment Modification
MA Machine / Tooling
MP Maintenance Project
OS Operations Support
PR Process Modification
PM Preventive / Predictive
RS Repairable Spares
SA Safety Work Order
SW Standing Work Order

The trouble with a table like this, is that the selection options describe different characteristics of the work
to be done. For example, in the plant which used this list, consider the possibilities if there was a serious
accident involving a machine shop lathe, and a decision was made to immediately bring in a contractor to
replace the lathe (a capital project). Would the correct work order code be CA, CO, EM, EQ, MA or SA?
Chances are, different people would select different codes, based on which they determined to be the
most important from their point of view.

Many work order "types", "classes" or other categories contain tables of this nature, and they frequently
break three of the basic rules of data-base management which are:

- each field must contain a list of "mutually-exclusive" options. "Mutually exclusive" means that an
informed user would be able to select one and only one option that describes the characteristic of the
work covered by that field. This means that there must be a separate field for each characteristic of the
work.

- the list of options must be short - about eight is a good goal, but the list must never be longer than can
be viewed in large font without scrolling. I have seen lists with over a hundred options - these lists do, of
course, provide no value and the item that's at the top of the list was the one most frequently selected.

- a default selection should not be used. Some thought must be given to the selection before it is entered.

Typical characteristics of maintenance work orders which can be used are:

- the limitations on scheduling the work

- the reason for the work
- the urgency of the work
- the source of funding

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- the manpower resources to be used

- the current state of the work

There are other possibilities (such as "root cause of the failure" which has its own unique problems) but
lets look at the above list in more detail.

The limitations on scheduling the work are normally easy to define, and the options include

"on the run", i.e. there are no limitations

"shutdown preparation", i.e. work which must be completed before a specific scheduled outage
"major shutdown", probably requiring a total plant outage
"area shutdown", requiring an outage in a defined section of the plant
"deadline", for work which has no value if done after a certain date (e.g. painting the boardroom
for a meeting with important investors)
"emergency", i.e. it must be started immediately
"urgent", which could be defined as work that must break into an established work plan, such as
a weekly work schedule
"by arrangement with operator", e.g. to work on standby equipment

There are other possibilities, for example some operations may shut down parts of an area to produce
certain products, and maintenance may be scheduled during these times.

The reason for the work is a little more difficult, because more than one reason may apply. A typical list
of options might include

"safety", or work that is required to eliminate a hazard

"environment", or work that protects against environmental non-compliance events
"quality", i.e. to maintain or enhance product quality
"service", such as lubrication, calibration, winterizing or other time-based care
"inspection", usually time-based (and should be defined to exclude "legal" - see below)
"improvement", which can be separated further, if desired, into "process improvement" and
"reliability improvement"
"legal", or required to comply with regulations, such as some inspections.
"repair", or correcting problems which have been identified by some type of inspection.
"spare parts", or work required to make or overhaul items which will be returned to inventory.

There may be other reasons for work that are appropriate for specific industries.

There are circumstances where more than one reason may apply. For example, if a pump is to be
repaired because it has noisy bearings, and at the same time a new type of coupling is to be installed to
improve reliability, part of the job is "repair" and part is "improvement". Some guidelines are required to
assist users in this decision, and two possible options are that the part of the work which will cost the
most money should determine the "reason" code, or the part of the work that is most important to be
recorded should determine the code selection.

The urgency of the work (which can also be called its "priority") is different from the scheduling limitations,
and defines a target time frame for work completion. Typical options include:

a) for work which does not require a shutdown:

- required within 2 weeks

- required within one month
- required within three months
- required immediately
- required within one week

The last two options do duplicate two of the codes used to define scheduling limitations, and the CMMS
should be designed to ensure that the either of these code selections are automatically duplicated in the
"limitation on scheduling" and "urgency" fields.

b) for work which requires a shutdown

- required at the first opportunity (including unscheduled outages)

- required at the next scheduled outage
- required at one of the next 2 (or 3) scheduled outages

The first of these options should be reserved for equipment which is an advanced stage of failure (very
noisy bearings, hazardous leakage, etc) and the resulting list of work should be updated frequently and
carried by people who are likely to be involved if an unscheduled outage occurs. This would include
people on weekend call, for example.

One issue with the use of "urgency" codes is that the perceived urgency of a job is often very subjective
or even emotional. Good predictive maintenance can make the assessment of urgency more objective,
but there will always be the need to balance the importance of the wide range of jobs that are the work
of a maintenance organization.

The source of funding is usually straightforward, and includes the following

"routine expense", for most maintenance work

"major maintenance project", if the plant uses a more sophisticated project management process
for maintenance work over a certain dollar value

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"capital project"
"warranty work"
"inventory", if it is the plant's policy to charge repairs to spare equipment to an inventory account

The manpower resources to be used may require two fields, depending on the organization. The first
should describe the trade or skill required ("electrician", "carpenter", etc) and the second the area
maintenance crew from which the resources will be drawn ("finishing area maintenance crew", etc).

Resources which should be included in the appropriate list include contractors, engineers, vendors'
representatives, consultants and any other resources that are used to complete any work.

The current state of the work is used for management of work orders, and is also valuable information for
anyone, especially operators, who want to know the status of their work requests. Typical status codes
include

in the backlog
prioritized and to be planned
in planning
waiting for materials
ready to schedule (all materials on site)
scheduled (on a weekly or shutdown schedule)
in progress (some time charged)
completed (or cancelled)

The fields used for describing the current state of the work and the resources to be used are usually well-
managed. It is the other codes, for scheduling limitations, reasons, urgency and funding, which are
frequently combined to one extent or another, with the result that the data in the database can be so
"dirty" that it has little value for analysis or control.

One over-riding consideration in the use of any of these codes is one of value. Computers make it very
easy to gather and store large quantities of data, but unless it is used to create real value, it should not
be collected at all. For example, if the only "reason for the work" that is ever reviewed is safety work,
because a commitment has been made to provide this to the safety committee, then the only two options
in the "reason for the work" field should be "safety" and "other".

In many of these fields, the options may require a carefully-considered definition, which in turn requires
that its someone's responsibility to make sure there is no abuse of the options. For example, "safety"
work may be defined as "work that is required to eliminate a hazard, or work that originates as a
recommendation from an accident investigation". This still requires some judgement on what a "hazard" is,
but eliminates routine work, such as re-painting the lines in the parking lot, from the list of safety work.

Also, some code options may not strictly meet the objective of being "mutually exclusive", such as the
"inspection" and "legal" options in the suggested table of reasons for the work. In these cases, the
definition should indicate any exceptions (in this case "inspections" is defined to exclude inspections that
are required by laws or regulations, such as pressure-vessel and elevator inspections).

If the above guidelines are adopted to manage work orders, clean, valuable data will reside in the CMMS.
At regular intervals, the value of this information should be reviewed with a goal to maintaining as simple
a process as possible.

One last word - the people who enter work order codes and have to make decisions code selection
MUST have some regular feedback on its value, or they will soon lose the discipline that is needed to
maintain clean and consistent information. If this value can not be demonstrated to them, then it is
probably not worth entering the information in the first place.
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