INTRODUCTION

WIRELESS & MULTIMEDIA

COMMUNICATIONS
 Wireless Comes of Age
• Guglielmo Marconi invented the
wireless telegraph in 1896
– Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in
analog signal
– Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
• Communications satellites launched in 1957
• Advances in wireless technology
– Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication
satellites
• More recently
– Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular
technology
 Broadband Wireless Technology
• Higher data rates obtainable with broadband
wireless technology
– Graphics, video, audio
• Shares same advantages of all wireless
services: convenience and reduced cost
– Services can be deployed faster than fixed services
– No cost of cable plant
– Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere
• Wireless is convenient and less expensive
 Limitations and Difficulties of
Wireless Technologies
• Limitations and political and technical
difficulties inhibit wireless technologies
• Lack of an industry-wide standard
• Device limitations
– E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a
few lines of text
– E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless
markup language (WML) instead of HTML
 Why Wireless?
• Characteristics
– Mostly radio transmission, new protocols for data transmission are
needed
• Advantages
– Spatial flexibility in radio reception range
– Ad hoc networks without former planning
– No problems with wiring (e.g. historical buildings, fire protection,
esthetics)
– Robust against disasters like earthquake, fire – and careless users which
remove connectors!
• Disadvantages
– Generally very low transmission rates for higher numbers of users
– Often proprietary, more powerful approaches, standards are often
restricted
– Many national regulations, global regulations are evolving slowly
– Restricted frequency range, interferences of frequencies
• Nevertheless, in the last 10-20 years, it has really been a wireless
revolution…
 The Wireless Revolution
• Cellular is the fastest growing sector of communication industry
(exponential growth since 1982, with over 2 billion users worldwide
today)
• Three generations of wireless

– First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice only, mostly

vehicular communication
– Second Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and CDMA, voice and
low bit-rate data, portable units.
2.5G increased data transmission capabilities
– Third Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high
bit-rate data, portable units
– Fourth Generation (in progress): true broadband wireless: WIMAX,
3G LTE, 802.11 a/b/g/n
 Wireless History
1901: First radio reception across the Atlantic Ocean

1924: First Mobile Radio Telephone

 Early Cellular Systems
• 1940s-50s: cellular concept discovered (AT&T)
• 1st Generation: Analog:
– AMPS: FDMA with 30 KHz FM-modulated voice channels.
– 1983: The first analog cellular system deployed in Chicago:
saturated by 1984,
– FCC increased the cellular spectral allocation from 40 MHz
to 50 MHz.
• Two 25MHz channels: DL and UL (FDD)
– AT&T moved on to fiber optics in ‘80s.

• 2nd generation: digital: early 90s

– higher capacity, improved cost, speed, and power
efficiency of digital hardware
 Wireless Timeline (Partial)
• 1991 - Specification of DECT (cordless phone)
– Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications). Other cordless standards: PHS (Japan), CT-2 (Europe/Asia)
– 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission,
voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50
countries.
• 1992 - Start of GSM
– In Germany as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
– Automatic location, hand-over, cellular
– Roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries
– Services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
• 1996 - HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
– ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
– Recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-
networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
• 1997 - Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11
– IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
– Already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
• 1998 - Specification of GSM successors
– UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000
– Iridium: 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
 Wireless Timeline (Partial)
• 1999 - Standardization of additional wireless LANs
– IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
– Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
– Decision about IMT-2000
• Several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, …
– Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
– Access to many (Internet) services via the mobile phone
• 2000 - GSM with higher data rates
– HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
– First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
– GSM Enhancements for data transmission pick up (EDGE, GPRS, HSCSD)
– UMTS auctions/beauty contests
– Hype followed by disillusionment (approx. 50 B$ payed in Germany for 6
UMTS licenses!)
• 2001 - Start of 3G systems
– Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan
• 2002 – Standardization of high-capacity wireless networks
– IEEE 802.16 as Wireless MAN
• 2006 – WiMAX Forum certified for fied applications
 History
CDMA One CDMA2000 CDMA2000
IS-95-A 1x 1xEV-DO/DV

CDMA One CDMA2000

IS-95-B 3x
EDGE

GSM GPRS WCDMA

HSDPA LTE

New
proposed
TD-SCDMA
operator
by China
IEEE std 802.16m
802.16e,f,g,h,i,j,k WiMAX
802.16

1995 1999 2000 2001/2/3 2002/3/4 2004/6 2007/10

2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G B3G(4G)

 Wireless Map
Mobility

High
WiMax LTE
E

2G 4G
Pedestrian ?
2.5 3G WiMax D
G
WLAN WLAN WLAN
802.11n
Zigbee

Zigbee

802.11b 802.11g
Stationary Bluetooth 802.15.3a
UWB

10 kbps 100 kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps Data Rate

 THERE ARE MANY DIGITAL MEDIA
DEVICES:

- Digital cameras
- Camcorders
- Music players
- Multimedia players
- Game consoles
TRADITIONAL MOBILE PHONES BECOME
MEDIA DEVICES

Music

Reading

Games
Digital camera Portable game iPod
player (Playstation)

Each of these devices can be connected to the network

Or… they can be integrated into a single device… with a mobile phone
Universal mobile devices

Iphone
 What is mobile device?

camera camcorder TV radio game PDA

makeup device? Swiss army knife?

NEW TYPES OF DEVICES:

Tablet computer Book reader

New types of devices
Apple iPad

It is thin, it has network

connection
It can replace books and
newspapers,
Can be used as calendar,
for watching videos
 HOME MEDIA

SIMILAR DEVELOPMENTS ARE ALSO

HAPPENING FOR HOME MEDIA,
DEVICES WHICH ARE USED IN THE
LIVING ROOM HAVE JUST BIGGER
SIZE, ESPECIALLY THE DISPLAY
 TV in 2011 is Smart TV +3D

New TV sets have Internet built-in connectivity

•Internet and Web browser
•Wi-Fi - wireless
•DLNA - home network support
• Access to networked content
3D glasses
 FLAT DISPLAYS
They are getting huge….

80" Diagonal ~2 meters

Smart TV
GAME CONSOLES ALSO BECOMING MEDIA DEVICES
LIKE E.G. MICROSOFT XBOX
 MICROSOFT KINECT

Kinect is a sensor
which is attached
to XBOX. This sensor
measures distance
to objects and finds
movements

Kinect users can interact

with content using body
movements and gestures
WE CAN THINK ABOUT FUTURE MEDIA
DEVICES, WHICH STILL MAY COME….

-ELECTRONIC PAPER
-ROBOTS
-NEW FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT
….
AND PERHAPS MUCH MORE
ELECTRONIC PAPER E-INK:
check www.eink.com

Produced in a roll, like old-fashioned paper,

SmartPaper™ is actually two sheets of thin plastic
with millions of tiny bichromal beads
embedded in between.

Each bead is smaller than a grain of sand

and has a different color on each half or “side ”.

The hemispheres are also charged differently
(i.e. positive or negative).

SmartPaper™ beads reside in their own cavities

within the flexible sheet of material, so that under

the influence of a voltage applied to the
PERSONAL ROBOTS
MAY START APPEARING ...
Robots can do useful things….
 THESE ROBOTS MAY LOOK LIKE
PEOPLE
ACTROID – HUMAN-LIKE ROBOT
Pet robots too
AIBO DOG – PERSONAL ROBOT WITH SENSES
IT HAS SENSES: MICROPHONE,
CAMERA, TEMPERATURE,
DISTANCE, ACCELERATION,
BALANCE, TOUCH

IT HAS INSTINCTS
AND BEHAVIORS
Devices integrated in glasses,
Images projected on the glasses appear
to be hanging in space
All these devices can be connected wirelessly and cooperate
All these devices can be connected wirelessly and cooperate
Business Opportunities

New markets New user terminals New applications

Technical Challenges

• Current 2G and 3G
networks will not be
able to meet future
mobile data traffic
demands
• Most of the data traffic
is performed indoors,
where coverage is the
worst
• As a result, vendors
and operators are
desperately looking for
new solutions
Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data
Traffic Forecast Update, 2010–2015
 data traffic increase by 10x at 2019
Monthly consumption per device type Global mobile traffic: voice and data 2010-2019

2013 2019

3.3 GB 13 GB

1.0 GB 4.5 GB

0.6 GB 2.2 GB
 Future Architecture Cellular Networks
Higher Capacity
Higher Mobility
Larger Coverage

Lower Power Consumption

Lower Radiation