Annual Accounting at the B.Com (Bachelor of Commerce) level.

1. Introduction to Annual Accounting:

- Definition of accounting and its importance in business.

- The role of financial accounting in providing information to stakeholders.

- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRS).

2. Accounting Equation and Double-Entry System:

- The accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity) and its significance.

- Understanding the double-entry system and its application in recording transactions.

3. Recording Transactions:

- The accounting cycle: Analyze, Journalize, Post, Trial Balance, Adjust, Adjusted Trial Balance, Financial
Statements, and Closing Entries.

- Journal entries for various transactions, including sales, purchases, expenses, and revenues.

4. Financial Statements:

- Income Statement: Calculating revenues, expenses, and net income.

- Balance Sheet: Presenting assets, liabilities, and owner's equity.

- Statement of Cash Flows: Classifying cash flows into operating, investing, and financing activities.

5. Adjusting Entries:

- Understanding accruals and deferrals.

- Making adjusting entries to ensure proper recognition of revenues and expenses in the correct accounting
period.

6. Depreciation and Amortization:

- Different methods of calculating depreciation (straight-line, declining balance, etc.).

- Amortization of intangible assets.

7. Inventory Valuation:

- Different methods of valuing inventory (FIFO, LIFO, weighted average).

- The impact of inventory valuation on the financial statements.

8. Receivables and Payables:

- Recording accounts receivable and accounts payable transactions.

- Estimating and accounting for bad debts.

9. Financial Ratios and Analysis:

- Common financial ratios for assessing a company's performance and financial health.

- Interpreting financial ratios to make informed business decisions.

10. Statement of Cash Flows:

- Operating, investing, and financing activities and their impact on the cash flow statement.

- Analyzing cash flow information to assess a company's liquidity and cash management.

11. Analysis of Financial Statements:

- Horizontal and vertical analysis of financial statements.

- Ratio analysis for performance evaluation and comparison.

12. Partnerships and Corporations:

- Accounting for partnerships, including distribution of profits and losses.

- Introduction to corporate accounting and share capital.

13. Introduction to Cost Accounting:

- Differentiating between financial accounting and cost accounting.

- Overview of cost accounting principles and concepts.

14. Budgeting and Variance Analysis:

- The importance of budgeting in planning and control.

- Analyzing variances between actual and budgeted results.

15. Accounting for Long-term Assets and Liabilities:

- Accounting for long-term investments, property, plant, and equipment.

- Long-term debt and bonds accounting.