Medical Terminology for Health

Professions 7th Edition Ehrlich Test

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Medical Terminology for Health Professions 7th Edition Ehrlich Test Bank

Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease

MATCHING

Match each definition with the correct word part.

a. gland
b. fat
c. front
d. head
e. lower part of body
1. aden/o
2. adip/o
3. anter/o
4. caud/o
5. cephal/o

1. ANS: A PTS: 1
2. ANS: B PTS: 1
3. ANS: C PTS: 1
4. ANS: E PTS: 1
5. ANS: D PTS: 1

Match each definition with the correct word part.

a. cell
b. out of
c. specialist
d. tissue
e. within
6. cyt/o
7. endo-
8. exo-
9. hist/o
10. -ologist

6. ANS: A PTS: 1
7. ANS: E PTS: 1
8. ANS: B PTS: 1
9. ANS: D PTS: 1
10. ANS: C PTS: 1

Match each definition with the correct word part.

a. back
b. control
c. disease, suffering, emotion
d. formation
e. study of
11. -ology
12. path/o
13. -plasia

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14. poster/o
15. -stasis

11. ANS: E PTS: 1

12. ANS: C PTS: 1
13. ANS: D PTS: 1
14. ANS: A PTS: 1
15. ANS: B PTS: 1

Match each definition with the correct term.

a. abnormal development of cells, tissues, or organs
b. change in cell structure and orientation
c. defective development of an organ or tissue
d. deviation from what is regarded as normal
e. study of body structures
16. anaplasia
17. anatomy
18. anomaly
19. aplasia
20. dysplasia

16. ANS: B PTS: 1

17. ANS: E PTS: 1
18. ANS: D PTS: 1
19. ANS: C PTS: 1
20. ANS: A PTS: 1

Match each definition with the correct term.

a. back of the body or organ
b. farthest from the midline
c. nearer the midline
d. situated in the back
e. situated in the front
21. anterior
22. distal
23. dorsal
24. medial
25. posterior

21. ANS: E PTS: 1

22. ANS: B PTS: 1
23. ANS: A PTS: 1
24. ANS: C PTS: 1
25. ANS: D PTS: 1

Match each definition with the correct term.

a. sudden outbreak of a disease
b. ongoing presence of a disease within a population
c. outbreak of a disease over a large area
d. study of the causes of diseases
 e. study of tissues
26. endemic
27. epidemic
28. etiology
29. histology
30. pandemic

26. ANS: B PTS: 1

27. ANS: A PTS: 1
28. ANS: D PTS: 1
29. ANS: E PTS: 1
30. ANS: C PTS: 1

Match each definition with the appropriate condition or disease.

a. disease acquired in a hospital or clinic
b. illness caused by pathogenic organisms
c. illness without known cause
d. pathologic condition caused by an absent or defective gene
e. unfavorable response arising from a medical treatment
31. genetic disorder
32. iatrogenic illness
33. idiopathic disorder
34. infectious disease
35. nosocomial infection

31. ANS: D PTS: 1

32. ANS: E PTS: 1
33. ANS: C PTS: 1
34. ANS: B PTS: 1
35. ANS: A PTS: 1

COMPLETION

1. The ____________________ contains primarily the major organs of digestion.

ANS: abdominal cavity

PTS: 1

2. The study of the functions of body structures is known as ____________________.

ANS: physiology

PTS: 1

3. A/An ____________________ disease is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or
indirect contact.

ANS: communicable
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The agricultural and forest

products of British West Africa

 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The agricultural and forest products of British West Africa

Author: Gerald C. Dudgeon

Editor: Wyndham R. Dunstan

Release date: June 14, 2023 [eBook #70973]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: John Murray, 1922

Credits: Galo Flordelis (This file was produced from images generously
made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST PRODUCTS OF BRITISH WEST
AFRICA ***
 IMPERIAL INSTITUTE HANDBOOKS

THE AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST

PRODUCTS OF BRITISH WEST AFRICA
 IMPERIAL INSTITUTE SERIES OF
HANDBOOKS TO THE COMMERCIAL
RESOURCES OF THE TROPICS, WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BRITISH WEST
AFRICA
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY
OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES
EDITED BY

WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S

DIRECTOR OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE; PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
 WEST AFRICA

Territory held by Great Britain under Mandate is hatched in Red. Stanford’s Geogl. Estabt., London.
(Large-size)
 IMPERIAL INSTITUTE HANDBOOKS

THE
AGRICULTURAL AND
FOREST PRODUCTS OF
BRITISH WEST AFRICA

BY

GERALD C. DUDGEON, C.B.E.

LATELY CONSULTING AGRICULTURIST AND DIRECTOR-GENERAL
OF AGRICULTURE IN EGYPT; PREVIOUSLY INSPECTOR OF
AGRICULTURE FOR BRITISH WEST AFRICA

WITH A PREFACE BY
WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.
DIRECTOR OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE

SECOND EDITION

WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1922
A R R
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

S the first edition of this book appeared, British West Africa has
experienced a serious set-back in its development through the occurrence
of the Great European War. From that war, however, many lessons will
have been learnt, which will, it is hoped, make the course of progress in
the future more sure and perhaps more rapid.
The cultivation of cotton has now been shown to be successful and
profitable in Nigeria. In the Northern Provinces great progress has been
made in perfecting a cotton originally grown from “American Upland”
seed, whilst the Southern Provinces have produced increasing quantities
of an improved native cotton of the type of “Middling American.” The
future of cotton production in Nigeria is now assured, and its further
development chiefly depends on effective action being taken on
commercial lines.
The products of the oil palm and especially palm kernels have been in
increased demand for edible purposes, the war having led to a far greater
use of margarine and similar materials. The perfection of processes for
the better extraction of palm oil from the fruits which had nearly reached
success at the outbreak of war now awaits completion, when a large
additional source of edible oil will be available. In the meantime the trial
cultivation of this palm in other countries has been attended with
remarkable success, the growth of the palm in plantations having been
entirely satisfactory and furnished yields of oil which exceed those given
by the wild palm in West Africa. The Dutch East Indies, where large
plantations have been made, and also British Malaya, where similar
enterprise has been shown, may before long be formidable rivals to West
Africa in the production of palm kernels and palm oil. The neglect in
West Africa of the wild trees, the imperfect methods followed in
extracting the palm oil, and the large number of palms unutilised are
questions which now need renewed attention, and in fact the entire
subject of the development of the palm-oil industry in West Africa
demands the most serious study in all its aspects if the industry is not to
be supplanted by the enterprise of other countries.
 In this and other directions where the continuous acquisition of new
knowledge is requisite, it is satisfactory to learn that the staffs of the
Agricultural Departments in West Africa are to be extended and better
remunerated. In addition to this step, and perhaps equally important, will
be the increased interest and activity of those merchants and
manufacturers who utilise the raw materials of the country, and to whom
the commercial development of West Africa has hitherto owed so much.
There are many other subjects which, it will be seen from the new
edition of this book, have come to the front since the first edition
appeared, and now need increased attention.
The only rubber tree which has survived as a producer in the years of
strenuous competition is Hevea brasiliensis, from which Para rubber is
obtained. Successful plantations of this tree have been established both
in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria and in the Gold Coast, and from the
former commercial rubber is now being produced of quality equal to that
of the rubber plantations of the East.
The Gold Coast has become the chief cocoa producer of the world,
but it is clear that unremitting care and attention in connection with the
cultivation and the preparation of cocoa in that country will be necessary
if that supremacy is to be maintained.
In connection with the production of fibres, cinchona bark, cinnamon,
tobacco, and many other materials, there are promising possibilities in
various parts of West Africa, including those new territories for which, as
a result of the war, Great Britain is now responsible. Above all, there is
the dominant problem of the growth of foodstuffs sufficient to maintain
the native populations of these countries.
Mr. Dudgeon, within the limits imposed in the production of a revised
but not greatly enlarged edition, has successfully brought this Handbook
up-to-date, and it is hoped that it will continue to serve as a standard
guide to all those who require general information respecting the
agricultural and forest products of West Africa.
WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN.
I I ,
March 1921.
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

T present series of Handbooks is intended to present a general account

of the principal commercial resources of the tropics, and has been written
with special reference to the resources of British West Africa. These
Handbooks will furnish a description of the occurrence, cultivation and
uses of those tropical materials, such as cotton and other fibres, cocoa,
rubber, oil-seeds, tobacco, etc., which are of importance to the producer
in the tropics, as well as to the manufacturer and consumer in Europe.
Without attempting to include all the detailed information of a
systematic treatise on each of the subjects included, it is believed that
these Volumes will contain much information which will be of value to
the tropical agriculturist as well as to the merchant and manufacturer.
They will also be of importance to Government Officials in tropical
Colonies where the advancement of the Country and the welfare of its
inhabitants depend so largely on the development of natural resources. In
recent years those candidates who are selected for administrative
appointments under the Colonial Office in British West Africa are
required to pass through a short course of instruction in tropical
cultivation and products, which is now arranged at the Imperial Institute.
For these prospective officials the present series of Handbooks will be
helpful in the study of a large and generally unfamiliar subject. Similarly
it is believed that the series will provide a valuable aid to the teaching of
commercial geography. It is hoped also that the Handbooks will not be
without interest for the student of Imperial and national problems.
The increase in the productivity of the tropics, and especially of the
tropical regions within the British Empire, is important, not only for the
natives of those countries, and others who are actually engaged in
tropical enterprise, but for the merchant and manufacturer at home. The
preparation for general use of cotton and other fibres, of tea, coffee and
cocoa, of oils, of tobacco, and of numerous other products exported from
the tropics, provides the means of employment and livelihood for a very
large proportion of the working population of this country, whilst every
one at home is interested in securing an adequate supply at a moderate
cost of these necessaries and luxuries of life.
 The subjects of these Handbooks, treated as they will be, as far as
possible, in non-technical language, should therefore appeal to a large
class of readers.
The present Handbook deals with the Agricultural and Forest
Products of British West Africa and serves as an introduction to this
series. Mr. Dudgeon, who until lately was Inspector of Agriculture in the
West African Colonies and Protectorates, writes with an unrivalled
knowledge of his subject, and gives a comprehensive account of the
vegetable products of that country, which will afford to the general
reader some idea of the enormous possibilities of this British territory
now in the process of rapid commercial development.
WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN.
I I , S.W.
March 1911.
 CONTENTS

PART I
PAGES

T G 1-14

PART II
S L 15-42

PART III
T G C ,A , N T 43-92

PART IV
N —S P 93-119

PART V
N —N P 120-164
INDEX 165-176
 LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

S M B W A Frontispiece

GAMBIA AND SIERRA LEONE

OPPOSITE
PAGE

J N H - ,B ,F 3
C I P ,A S ,A 3
R T (Ficus vogelii) B 3
R V (Landolphia heudelotii) K 9
C R T (Manihot glaziovii) B 9
R T (Castilloa elastica) K 9
F O P ,S L 13
S C , B T ,B 13
I D ,M C I 13
S M G S L 15
O P (Elæis guineensis), M 21
N O P F ,B 21
K T M 21
N W P 35

GOLD COAST
K , C A 35
S V P F , G O
35
W ,K P
S M G C 43
C M B C - B 51
D C B M 51
N I R T (Funtumia elastica), O ,
51
A
“O ”T (Chlorophora excelsa) 61
P R T (Hevea brasiliensis), A 61
R T ,H - S I ,A 61
 NIGERIA—SOUTHERN PROVINCES
S M S N 93
S O F P O P ,O 97
C B ,M G ,I 97
A T (Terminalia superba) O 97
D C ,I 119
O 119

NIGERIA—NORTHERN PROVINCES
H I (L R : I. F , II. G , III.
119
S ), N P
S M N N 120
S - T (Butyrospermum Parkii), N - ,I 130
Y G T (Acacia caffra) K 130
L - T (Parkia filicoidea) I 130
V F , G - S 137
O E ’ P ,K 137
N S G ,Z 137
B C G A G ,O ,I 155
G T , M ,S Z 155
C F W M G 155
 THE GAMBIA

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Geographical Position.—The

Gambia Colony and Protectorate consists of a narrow tract of country
following the winding course of the river from which it takes its name,
for a distance of about 250 miles, and extending approximately four
miles from the river on both banks.
The whole country lies between 12° 10′ and 13° 15′ north latitude and
13° 50′ and 16° 40′ west longitude. It is the most northerly of the British
West African possessions.
Area and Population.—The extent of territory is said to be 3,619
square miles, much of which consists of low-lying land intersected by
creeks and rivers, which under tidal influence are often densely
afforested with mangroves.
According to the census of 1911 the Colony and Protectorate had
populations of 7,700 and 138,401 respectively, totalling 146,101. The
total of 90,404 given in the previous census is now admitted to have been
below the actual amount. A large migratory farming community exists,
coming annually from the adjoining countries, for the purpose of raising
groundnut crops. This in 1911 numbered 3,367. Many of these
immigrants are reported to have remained and established themselves
permanently under the British flag.
Tribes.—The principal tribes inhabiting the Gambia are the
Mandingoes, Foulahs, Joloffs, and Jolahs. The first-named are the most
numerous, and are, generally speaking, Mohammedans, although there
are many “Sonninkis” or spirit drinkers among them. The Foulahs are
identical with the Fulanis of the Gold Coast and Northern Nigeria, and
are frequently fair-skinned without negroid features. They are said to be
strictly Mohammedan, and to have originated from the country near the
source of the Senegal river. The Joloffs occupy the northern bank of the
Gambia river, and extend well into Senegal. The Jolahs inhabit the
province of Fogni, and spread into the confines of French territory
towards the Casamance river. They are a curious race, given to living in
small family villages, and are said to be vindictive. They are of a lower
type than the three other tribes mentioned, and are jealous of their rights.
Political Divisions.—The Protectorate is divided into five districts,
each under the control of a Travelling Commissioner. These districts are
named in accordance with their positions: North Bank, South Bank,
M‘Carthy Island, Kommbo and Fogni, and Upper River.
Natural Conditions.—The climatic conditions of the country are
favourable to the breeding of cattle and horses, although in the vicinity
of the river and creeks two species of tsetse fly are common. By
carefully preventing animals from straying into these infested tracts the
spread of fly-borne disease is held in check, and cases are comparatively
rare.
During the dry season, which often occupies seven months in the year,
from November to May, the highest maximum and the lowest minimum
temperatures are recorded; the range being from 41° (lowest minimum,
March 1909) to 105° (highest maximum, March 1909 and April 1911).
The rainfall, of which official records are kept at Bathurst, varies
considerably, as the following extract will serve to show:
1901 45·31 inches 1910 44·00 inches
1902 29·42 „ 1911 28·14 „
1903 57·13 „ 1912 33·99 „
1904 38·02 „ 1913 23·68 „
1905 66·07 „ 1914 48·91 „
1906 64·36 „ 1915 47·64 „
1907 34·00 „ 1916 38·02 „
1908 43·54 „ 1917 37·68 „
1909 56·59 „ 1918 54·03 „

Soil.—The soil generally is of a light sandy nature, becoming stiffer

as the undulating regions of the upper river are approached. The low
countries are subject to flood in the rainy season, and are only favourable
for rice cultivation.
 JOLAH WITH NATIVE HAND-PLOUGH, BULLELAI, FOGNI.
Fig. 1, p. 3.

CANARY ISLAND PLOUGH, AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, ABUKO.

Fig. 2, p. 3.
 RUBBER TREE (FICUS VOGELII) AT BATHURST.
Fig. 3, p. 9.

Chief Crops.—The country is rather sparsely populated, but, on the

whole, the people are fair cultivators and prepare their lands in a careful
manner. Practically the only crop grown for export is the groundnut,
monkey-nut, or earth-pea (Arachis hypogæa), which forms by far the
most important article of cultivation. Alternating this with the staple
food-crops of the country, namely, guinea-corn, maize, millet, and
cassava, a fairly useful form of rotation is obtained.
Implements.—Cultivation among the Mandingoes and Joloffs is
performed by means of a large wooden-bladed, iron-shod hoe, with
which the loose earth ridges are thrown up. A small iron hoe is used for
keeping down weeds and clearing. In the Jolah country a handplough is
employed, consisting of a flat blade attached to a pole, and pushed in
front of the operator, so as to throw up a shallow ridge. This is shown in
the picture which represents a native with the implement at Bullelai (Fig.
1).
Ploughing.—Cattle are plentiful, even to the extent of there being an
insufficiency of fodder for them in the dry season in some localities.
They are chiefly kept for the purpose of displaying the wealth of their
owners, and are not employed for any kind of farm work.
Notwithstanding the shortage of manual labour and the successful
demonstrations made by the Government, through the agency of the