Functional Approach to Tangent

Vector Fields and its Applications

Maks'OvsjanikovA

Joint&with&Frederic'Chazal,'Omri'Azencot,'Mirela'Ben6Chen,'
Steffen'Weissmann,'Max'Warde<ky'')
 Outline

An'Operator'Approach'to'Tangent'Vector'Field'ProcessingA
SGP'2013A

Functional'Fluids'on'SurfacesA

SGP'2014A

Discrete'Derivatives'of'Vector'Fields'on'Surfaces'A

SubmiQed'to'Transactions'on'GraphicsA
 Motivation

Many'geometry'processing'operations'require'design'and'
manipulation'of'tangent'vector'fields.A

PaQern'GenerationA Texture'SynthesisA

[Ben6Chen'et'al.'10]A
[Fisher'et'al.'07]A
Quad'RemeshingA

[Bommes'et'al.'09]A
 What is a Shape?

A'graph'embedded'in'3D:'a'manifold'triangle'mesh.A

1k'–'200k'trianglesA
 What is a Vector Field

Vector'FieldA FlowA
 What is a Vector Field

Vector'FieldA FlowA

V
t :M !M
V
V 0 = Id

V
d t
=V
dt
 What is a Vector Field
•  Tangent'vector'per'simplexA
•  [Polthier'et'al.'03]A
•  [Tong'et'al.'03]A
•  DECA
•  [Fisher'et'al.'07]A
•  !6RoSy'fieldsA
•  [Palacios'et'al.'07]A
•  [Ray'et'al.'09]A
•  [Crane'et'al.'10]A

A
 What is a Vector Field
•  Tangent'vector'per'simplexA
•  [Polthier'et'al.'03,'Tong'et'al.'03]…A

•  One'vector'per'faceA
•  Simple'and'efficient'(Helmhol<6Hodge'Decomposition)A
•  Non6trivial'to'compute'the'flowA
 What is a Vector Field
•  DEC'(16forms)A
•  [Hirani'2003,'Desbrun'et'al.'2006,'Fisher'et'al.'07]…A

eijA eijA
eijA eijA
eijA
eijA eijA

•  One'scalar'per'edgeA
•  Interpolated'to'a'vector'field'through'Whitney'elementsA
•  Non6trivial'to'compute'the'flowA
 Our Approach

Represent'VFs'using'operators:'AV $ DV
A
''''''''A''''''''','where'both'''''''''are'real6valued'functions.A
DV (f ) = g f, g
A
A'common'view'in'differential'geometryA
 Our Approach

For'a'given'vector'field'V,'define:A
DV (f ) = hV, rf i

An'Operator'Approach'to'Tangent'Vector'Field'Processing,&Azencot,&
Ben0Chen,&Chazal,&O.,&Proc.'SGP'2013A
 Our Approach

A'functional'operator''''''''''corresponds'to'some'vector'field'
DV
if'and'only'if'it'is:A
A
''''''LinearA
A D (↵ f + ↵ f ) = ↵ D (f ) + ↵ D (f )
V 1 1 2 2 1 V 1 2 V 2
A
''''''Satisfies'the'product'ruleA
A D (f f ) = f D (f ) + f D (f )
V 1 2 1 V 2 2 V 1
A
''''''If'so,'V'can'be'reconstructed'from'ADV
A
A
Also'called'the'covariant'derivative,'Lie'derivative,'''''A
R
''''6derivation'on'the'algebra'of'differentiable'functions,'etc.A
 Overall Program

A'vector'field''''''is'associated'with'a'unique'linear'operator:'A
V

V ! DV , where DV (f ) =< V, rf >

We'will:A
•  AnalyzeA
•  DesignA
•  ManipulateA
Vector'fields'by'analyzing,'designing,'manipulating'the'
associated'linear'operators.A
A
 Why is this interesting?

Advection'equation:A
A AA
V dft
AIf' ftA= f0A t AthenA = D V ft
''''''A dt

V f0 f1 f2
 Why is this interesting?

Advection'equation:A
A AA
AA ft = exp(tDV )f0

V f0 f1 f2
 Why is this interesting?

Advection'equation:A
A AA
AA ft = exp(tDV )f0
If'we'can'discretize'A''''''','computing'''''''reduces'to'matrix'
DV ft
exponentiation.'A
A AA
AA

V f0 f1 f2
 Killing Vector Fields
V
A'vector'field'is'Killing'if A'is'an'isometry'for'all't.'Can'show'
t
that'this'is'equivalent'to:''A
DV = DV
:'Laplace6Beltrami'operatorA
DV = DV
 Killing Vector Fields
V
A'vector'field'is'Killing'if A'is'an'isometry'for'all't.'Can'show'
t
that'this'is'equivalent'to:''A
DV = DV
:'Laplace6Beltrami'operatorA
DV = DV

Note'that'this'leads'to'a'least'squares'problem:A

2
arg min k DV DV k2
DV
 Killing Vector Fields
V
A'vector'field'is'Killing'if A'is'an'isometry'for'all't.'Can'show'
t
that'this'is'equivalent'to:''A
DV = DV
:'Laplace6Beltrami'operatorA
DV = DV
 Relation to Functional Maps

Pushforward'of'vector'fields'reduces'to'pullback'of'functions.'A
1
DV2 (f ) = T D V1 T (f )

T
 Representing VFs

•  VF’s'are'represented'as'vectors'on'faces.A
•  Functions'are'scalars'on'vertices.A
•  Straightforward'to'discretize D
A'''''on'a'triangle'mesh.A
V
•  Uniqueness'statement'in'the'discrete'seQing.A
•  Given'a'basis'for'functions,'a'vector'field'is'a'matrix.A
 Generating Vector fields

Directional'and'singularity'constraints'are'linear'on'the'operator:'A
 Generating Vector fields

Symmetry'constraints'are'linearA
 Operators for Vector Fields

•  Many'complex'manipulations'become'simple'(linear)'on'
directional'derivatives.A

•  Can'combine'diverse'constraints'for'vector'field'design.A

•  Simple'relation'to'advection'equation'(matrix'exponentiation).A
 Simulating Fluids on Surfaces

The'advection'equation:'of'the'flow'is:A
dft
dt
= D V ft ) ft = exp(tDV )f0
Given'a'one6parameter'family'of'vector'fields:AVt
A
The'Navier6Stokes'equation'can'be'wriQen'in'
vorticity'form:A
A d!t
A = DVt (!t ) + !t
dt
A
A

''''''A Vt = J r t, !t = t
'''''''':'fluid'velocityA
Vt
"A '''''''':'fluid'vorticityA
!t
A Functional'Fluids'on'Surfaces,&Azencot,&Weissmann,&O.,&Warde;ky,&Ben0Chen,&Proc.'SGP'2014A
 Simulating Fluids on Surfaces

Simple'fluid'simulation'method'on'surfaces:A
Given'an'initial'vorticity'function''''''','iterate:A
!0
A
A Vi = J r!i
A
A !i+1 = exp (sDVi ) !i + !i
A
Forward'Euler'explicit'scheme.A
A
Can'improve'stability'by'using'an'implicit'scheme.A
A
Incompressibility'and'energy'preservation'by'
construction.A
"A A
A
A A
Simulating Fluids on Surfaces
Simulating Fluids on Surfaces
 Covariant derivatives on Surfaces

DV
•  ''''''''':''derivative'of'functions'w.r.t.'A
V

•  More'generally,'differentiate'vector'fields'with'respect'to'
each'other:
A rV A'''''Levi6Civita'connection.A
U
 Covariant derivatives on Surfaces

DV
•  ''''''''':''derivative'of'functions'w.r.t.'A
V

•  'rA'''''''Levi6Civita'connection.A
VU
•  Closely'related'to'parallel&transport.'A
 Covariant derivatives on Surfaces

DV
•  ''''''''':''derivative'of'functions'w.r.t.'A
V

•  'Bad'news:'No'consistent'discretization.A

Discrete'Derivatives'of'Vector'Fields'on'Surfaces,&Azencot,&O.,&Chazal,&Ben0Chen,&submiQedA
 Covariant derivatives on Surfaces

•  ''''''''''''''can'be'discretized'usingA
rV U DV
•  Both rV A'''''and
(·) A r(·)A'''''are'operators'that'represent''
V V
and'can'be'used'for'vector'field'design.A
A

Geodesic'vector'field'design'A
 Covariant derivatives on Surfaces

•  ''''''''''''''can'be'discretized'usingA
rV U DV
•  Both rV A'''''and
(·) A r(·)A'''''are'operators'that'represent''
V V
and'can'be'used'for'vector'field'design.A
•  Parallel'transport'of'''''''along'flow'lines'of''''''can'be'
U V
computed'as:A
Ut = exp (trV )U0
A
 Covariant derivatives on Surfaces

•  ''''''''''''''can'be'discretized'usingA
rV U DV
•  Both rV A'''''and
(·) A r(·)A'''''are'operators'that'represent''
V V
and'can'be'used'for'vector'field'design.A
•  Parallel'transport'of'''''''along'flow'lines'of''''''can'be'
U V
computed'as:AUt = exp (trV )U0
•  Can'be'used'to'solve'advection'equations'of'vector&fields.)
A
 Conclusion

Many'vector'field'processing'tasks'can'be'viewed'as'linear'
operators.A

Operator'composition,'inversion'and'inference&all'lead'to'
simple'algebraic'operationsA

Analysis'and'manipulation'in'a'high6dimensional'(functional)'
space'can'give'access'to'structure'which'is'hard'to'capture.''A