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Fundamentals of Financial Management Concise 7th Edition Brigham Test Bank
Fundamentals of Financial Management Concise 7th Edition Brigham Test Bank
CHAPTER 2
FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS
Note that there is an overlap between the T/F and multiple-choice questions, as some of the T/F
statements are used in multiple-choice questions. See the preface for information on the AACSB
letter indicators (F, M, etc.) on the subject lines.
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The submucosa, connects the mucous and muscular coats and the
muscularis layer throws the mucous membrane into folds.
Outside the muscularis mucosa there is another layer (Fig. 32, A),
of simple tubular glands, grouped in lobules, and lined by cuboidal
cells and separated from each other by clefts. These tubular glands
converge toward the center and open into the same cavity.
The middle muscular coat can be divided into three layers: two
thin, longitudinal layers, and a thick, circular layer interposed
between the other two.
Function.—The function of the proventriculus appears to be to
soak the food with a secretion. The secretion from the proventriculus
is similar to that produced by the fundus glands of the stomach of
mammals. It contains acid and a ferment-pepsin.
The Gizzard (Fig. 31, No. 18). Location.—The gizzard, or
muscular stomach, occupies a portion of the central part of the
abdominal cavity (Fig. 33, No. 4). It lies slightly to the left and just
behind the liver, the proventriculus, and the spleen, and rests upon a
mass of intestines. The gizzard communicates at its anterior portion
with the proventriculus and with the duodenum. These openings are
close together. The gizzards of a large number of hens of average size
averaged in weight as follows: full, 0.215 pound; empty, 0.126 pound.
The gizzard stands perpendicularly and somewhat obliquely in the
abdominal cavity.
Shape.—In shape the gizzard is roundish, flattened laterally.
Structure.—The walls of the gizzard are very thick and are made
up of three coats: mucous, muscular, and serous.
The cavity of the gizzard is covered by a thick skin-like structure
possessing a heavy stratified squamous epithelial layer which is
thrown somewhat into ridges (Fig. 32, B). This membrane becomes
thinnest near the edges.
The mucous membrane, being cornified and readily detachable, is
by some anatomists considered as a special membrane (Fig. 37, B).
At the pyloric opening there is a valve formed by a fold of the
mucous membrane, which prevents grit and large particles of food
from passing out of the gizzard.
F . 33.—View of viscera of the left side of a hen. 1, The base of the heart.
2, Proventriculus. 3, Left lobe of the liver. 4, Gizzard. 5, End of the
duodenal loop. 6, Pancreas. 7, Free portion of the small intestine. 8,
Lungs. 9, Diaphragm.
F . 34.—View of the viscera of the right side of a hen. 1, Base of the heart.
2, Lungs. 3, Right lobe of the liver. 4, Duodenal loop. 5, Pancreas. 6,
Cæcum. 7, Large intestine or rectum. 8, Free portion of the floating small
intestine. 9, Gall-bladder. 10, Right kidney. 11, The ribs. Note the lungs
pushing up between them.
F . 36.
The cæca are usually partly filled with a soft pultaceous material of
a pasty consistency.
The Cloaca (Fig. 31, No. 13). Location.—The rectum opens by a
circular, valvular orifice into the dilated portion just in front of the
anus, which dilatation is called the cloaca.
Shape.—The cloaca is saccular in shape.
Structure.—The cloaca is divided into two portions, the
coprodeumal and the urodeumal. That portion of the cloaca into
which the intestine empties is called the coprodeum; and the ureter
and oviduct empty into the urodeum. The seminiferous tubules,
carrying the semen from the testes in the male empty in teatlike
projections on the cloacal mucous membrane into the urodeumal
portion. The cloacal walls are similar in structure to the large
intestines.
On the dorsal wall of the cloaca between it and the spine, is a small
sac, called the bursa of Fabricius, which has a duct communicating
with the cloaca. The mucous membrane of this sac is thrown into
folds and is studded with glands. The bursa of Fabricius is larger in
the young than in the adult bird. It apparently atrophies as the bird
becomes older. When the bird is four months old this bursa is best
developed, and at this age it may be as large as 2 or 3 centimeters in
diameter.
Function.—The function of the cloaca is to give passage way to the
feces, the urine, and the egg and to act as an organ of copulation.
Course of the Food.—The food first enters the mouth, after
being picked up by aid of the beak. From here it passes through the
pharynx and first portion of the esophagus to the crop, without
mastication, as the bird is not provided with teeth. The food is passed
from the crop by aid of its muscular walls as needed; thence through
the second portion of the esophagus to the proventriculus, an
expansion in the digestive tube just before it terminates in the
gizzard. The glands of the proventriculus produce a secretion in
which the food is soaked before passing into the gizzard. The gizzard
is provided with strong muscular walls which, by aid of grit,
thoroughly reduce the food to fineness. From the gizzard the food
passes through the first portion of the small intestine, where it is
subjected to the action of the bile from the liver, the pancreatic juice
from the pancreas, and of the succus entericus from the glands of the
intestinal wall. The food is then passed into the cæca. The
indigestible portion of the food passes from the cæca through the
large intestine, or rectum, to the cloaca and thence to the external
world.
The digestive functions of the bird are very potent and rapid. This
compensates for the waste caused by their extensive, frequent, and
energetic motions, and is in accordance with the rapidity of their
circulation and their high state of irritability.
THE ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION
The accessory organs of digestion are the liver, pancreas, and some
anatomists include also the spleen. The first two manufacture fluids
containing ferments which aid in splitting or digesting the food.
The Liver (Figs. 31, 33 and 34). Location.—The liver, hepar, lies
ventrally and posteriorly to the heart. It is related anteriorly with the
diaphragm, inferiorly with the sternum, posteriorly with the gizzard
and intestine, and superiorly with the ovary, oviduct and
proventriculus and laterally with the abdominal wall.
Shape.—The liver is a voluminous deep livid brown gland, soft and
friable in texture. It is divided into two principal lobes, a right and a
left.
The right lobe is larger than the left. In the hen of average size the
liver weighs 35 grams. The parietal surface is convex and smooth.
The surface which lies against the viscera is irregularly concave. The
visceral surface furnishes exit for the bile duct and passage for the
nerves and blood-vessels. This part is called the porta.
The left lobe may be cleft from below so deeply as to form two
lobes on that side.
Structure.—Each lobe is covered by a double serous membrane,
one closely adherent, the other surrounding the structure loosely.
These tunics, which are reflections of the peritoneum, are continued
from the base of the liver, over both the anterior, and the posterior
surface. The loose layer is formed by the air cells surrounding the
lobes. The thin border of the liver is usually free.
The two lobes of the liver are connected by a narrow isthmus of
liver tissue. Occasionally there is a bird in which there occurs a lobus
Spigelii located at the posterior of the liver between the two principal
lobes.
The apex of the heart sacculates the diaphragm backward, so that
part of this apex lies between the right and the left lobes (Fig. 43, No.
6 and 7). A ligament, the falciform, extends from the apex of the
pericardial membrane, and attaching it rather firmly to the central
connective tissue, or interlobar ligament. This ligament also has
attachments to the inner surface of the sternum. The broad ligament
of the liver is formed posteriorly by a fold of the peritoneum.
The interlobar, or principal, ligament of the liver is formed by a
large and strong duplicature of the peritoneum, which makes a
longitudinal division in the abdominal cavity similar to the lateral
division made by the thoracic mediastinum in mammals. It is
reflected upon the pericardium from the linea alba and the middle
line of the sternum, and passes deeply into the interspace of the
lobes of the liver. It is attached to these lobes throughout their whole
length and connects them below to one side of the gizzard. The
lateral and posterior part of the liver attach to the adjacent air cells,
and the whole viscus is thus kept fixed in its position during rapid
and violent movements of the bird.
The remains of the umbilical veins are traceable within the
duplicature of the membranes forming the septum. These remains
thus represent the round ligament of mammals.
F . 38.—Cellular structure of liver, pancreas, and trachea.