ASSIGNMENT

Department of Botany

• Semester ; 5th Bridging Morning

• COURSE CODE ; CSI - 421

• Assignment ; All types of computer,

Main Memory and all types of RAM

• Submitted To ; Dr Sami ullah

• Submitted by ; Jahanzaib khan

• Roll no ; 227296

[School]
[Course title]
 Computer
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data. It renders output just after performing mathematical and logical operations and can save the
output for future use. It can process numerical as well as non-numerical calculations. The term "computer" is
derived from the Latin word "computare" which means to calculate.

Types of computer

Features
Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers

Analog computer is that
computer, which is use to
process continuously varying
data. Everything we see and
hear is change continuously. This etc. They accept input and
Purpose changeable continuous stream of produce output as discrete signals
data is called analog data.
Analog computer can be used in
scientific and industrial
applications
A hybrid is a combination
of digital and analog
computers. It combines the
These are high speed electronic best features of both types
devices. These devices are of computers, i.e. It has the
programmable. They process speed of analog computer
data by way of mathematical and the memory and
calculations, comparison, sorting accuracy of digital
computer. Hybrid
representing high (on) or low (off) computers are used mainly
voltage state of electricity. in specialized applications
Numbers, alphabets, symbols are where both kinds of data
all represented as a series of 1s need to be processed.
and 0s.
Therefore. they help the
user, to process both
continuous and discrete
data

Input On / off , 0/1 Measure elements Both 0/1 and measure elements

Output
On / off , 0/1 Graph picture On/ off and Graph picture

Based on
Both counting and continuous
Counting Continuous measurement
measurement.

operational amplifiers, mechanical Calculator ,IBM PC, the Apple Gas Pump Station,Used in hospitals
integrators, slide rules, tide Macintosh, and modern – in ICUs.Used to measure
predictors, electric integrators smartphones, weighing machine, heartbeats, Cement plant
Examples ATM,
 Digital computers

FEATURES Super Computer Mainframe computer Minicomputer Microcomputer

Purpose Supercomputer, any of Mainframes are a type Minicomputers were Microcomputers

a class of extremely of computer that used for scientific and have been used for
powerful computers. generally are known for engineering applications
The term is commonly their large size, amount computations, business including data and
applied to the fastest of storage, processing transaction processing, word processing,
high-performance power and high level of file handling, and electronic
systems available at reliability. They are spreadsheets,
any given time. Such primarily used by large database management . professional
computers have been organizations for presentation and
used primarily for mission-critical graphics programs,
scientific and applications requiring communications
engineering work high volumes of data and database
requiring exceedingly processing. management
high-speed systems
computations.
RAM(min) 256-1024MB 128-256MB 64-128MB 8-64MB

Word length 128-256 bit 64-128 bit 32-64 bit 8-32 bit

Unix, Mac Windows, LINUX Windows, LINUX Windows

os
Speed Under 15 nanoseconds Under 70 nanoseconds Under 100 nanoseconds Microseconds

Examples Oil exploration, ENIAC, UNIVAC, ASCC IBM's AS/400e, Modern desktop
satellites ,IBM, DELL, Honeywell200, TI-990 computers, video
LINPACK game consoles,
laptops, tablet PCs,
mobile phones,
pocket calculators,
and industrial
embedded
systems
Peripherals Special high Magnetic tape drive Terminals, printers Joysticks, modems
performance devices , keyboard ,disk
drive , monitor
 Main Memory
Main memory is the primary, internal workspace in the computer, commonly known as RAM (random access memory). Random Access Memory
(RAM) is a type of computer memory that is used to temporarily store data that the computer is currently using or processing. RAM is volatile
memory, which means that the data stored in it is lost when the power is turned off. RAM is typically used to store the operating system,
application programs, and data that the computer is currently using "Random" means that the memory cells can be accessed in any order.
However, properly speaking, "RAM" means the type of silicon chip used to implement main memory.

Types of RAM

Various RAM chips have been developed to move data in and out of memory
quicker, to avoid errors and to make collections of RAM chips smaller. Here are the most common types of RAM:-

• SRAM :- Stands for static RAM. Static RAM is able to retain all information into static form until power supply
is turn off, so due to this nature this memory is known as volatile memory. Main objective of using the static RAM
is to make Cache Memory. Static Ram is more expensive as well as its power consumption more to dynamic RAM,
but Static Ram has higher speed compare to dynamic RAM. In SRAM, All data has been stored in flip-flop. Flip-flop
contains the every bit of this Ram. Flip-flop uses 4-6 transistors for making a memory cell and its circuit do not
need to refreshment continuously.

• DRAM :- stands for dynamic RAM. DRAM is another type of semiconductor memory, and it is designed
specially to store data or program files which are needed by computer processors for performing their functions.
In DRAM, several capacitors are used for storing every bit of data. This is very simple path to save data in its
memory because it needs small area to store same data to SRAM as well as it is capable to store massive data
than to SRAM but it requires the frequently refreshing of its circuit for its charging, so it consumes more power
compare to SRAM.

• VRAM(Video): RAM optimized for video adapters. RAM optimized for video adapters. VRAM chips have two
ports so that video data can be written to chips at the same time the video adapter continuously reads the
memory to refresh the monitor’s current display.

• Edo RAM :- EDO DRAM is an abbreviation of Extended Data Output Random Access Memory. It doesn’t wait
for the completion of the processing of the first bit before continuing to the next one. As soon as the address of
the first bit is located, EDO DRAM begins looking for the next bit. Faster than DRAM.

• SDRAM :- SDR RAM is a full form of synchronous dynamic access memory. It has access times between 25 and
10 ns (nanosecond), and they are in DIMM (dual in-line memory module) modules of 168 contacts. They store
data using capacitors using IC’s (Integrated Circuits). On one of its sides, they have terminations, which can be
inserted inside of the individual slots for the Motherboard’s memory.

• DDR SRAM :- The full form of DDR SDRAM is Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access
Memory. It is just like SDRAM. The only difference between the two is that it has a higher bandwidth, which
offers greater speed. It’s maximum transfer rate to L2 cache which is approximately 1,064 Mbps
• RD RAM :- Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory is a full form of RDRAM. This type of RAM chips works
in parallel, which allows you to achieve a data rate of 800 MHz or 1,600 Mbps. It generates much more heat as
they operate at such high speeds.

• FPM DRAM: - FPM DRAM Stands for Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory. FPM DRAM this is
also a type of RAM memory that comes with a high-performance speed.FPM DRAM completes the process of
reading data by column and row and after reading the data deletes the RAS (Remote Access Services) signal.

• ECC RAM :- Error correction code memory (ECC memory) is a type of computer data storage that uses an
error correction code[a] (ECC) to detect and correct n-bit data corruption which occurs in memory. ECC memory
is used in most computers where data corruption cannot be tolerated, like industrial control applications, critical
databases, and infrastructural memory caches. Typically, ECC memory maintains a memory system immune to
single-bit errors: the data that is read from each word is always the same as the data that had been written to it,
even if one of the bits actually stored has been flipped to the wrong state.
• SIMM ; - The Single In-line Memory Module or SIMM was designed to free up most of that space. The
memory chips were installed on a separate circuit board and plugged into the motherboard at a perpendicular
angle. The first generation of SIMMs used electrical pins that went into sockets like a large SIP chip. This design,
however, was vulnerable to the pins being bent, and the pins were the most expensive part of the SIMM.