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Organizational Behavior Improving Performance and Commitment in The Workplace 4th Edition Colquitt Solutions Manual
Organizational Behavior Improving Performance and Commitment in The Workplace 4th Edition Colquitt Solutions Manual
Organizational Behavior Improving Performance and Commitment in The Workplace 4th Edition Colquitt Solutions Manual
Instructor’s Manual:
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INDIVIDUAL
MECHANISMS ch. 2: Job Performance
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Job "
Satisfaction "
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" INDIVIDUAL
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" Job
" Performance
Motivation "
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" Organizational
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CHAPTER OVERVIEW
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Job performance is the set of employee behaviors that contribute to
organizational goal accomplishment. It has three components: 1) task
performance, or the transformation of resources into goods and services;
2) citizenship behaviors, or voluntary employee actions that contribute to
the organization; and 3) counterproductive behaviors, or employee actions
that hinder organizational accomplishments. This chapter discusses
trends that affect job performance in today’s organizations, as well as
practices that organizations can use to manage job performance.
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LEARNING GOALS
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After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer the following
questions:
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2.1 What is the definition of job performance? What are the three
dimensions of job performance?
2.2 What is task performance? How do organizations identify the
behaviors that underlie task performance?
2.3 What is citizenship behavior, and what are some specific examples
of it?
2.4 What is counterproductive behavior, and what are some specific
examples of it?
2.5 What workplace trends affect job performance in today’s
organizations?
2.6 How can organizations use job performance information to manage
employee performance?
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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I. Job Performance
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A. Defined as the value of the set of employee behaviors that
contribute either positively or negatively to organizational goal
accomplishment
“L L ,L , M ., May 1, 187—.
“M W .”
The car was not more than half full, but just as it started
Harcourt heard a man come into the seat behind them, drop down
in his place, and deposit a heavy bag beside him; and next he felt a
hand laid familiarly on his shoulder.
He turned his head, and was face to face with Charles Cutts, the
Baltimore broker, who was so fatally mixed up with the tragic
drama of his life.
“How do you do? How do you do?” exclaimed the broker
pleasantly, offering his fat hand. “Every time I see you, do you
know, I am reminded of that night of Yelverton’s death on the Isle
of Storms.”
“I need never to be reminded of it,” said poor Harcourt with a
profound sigh.
He was not so cautious and reticent now as he had been in his
previous encounter with Cutts. The time of his confession was
drawing too near to make it necessary that he should be so. If
Cutts—who certainly knew more of the manner of Yelverton’s
death than any other man, except Harcourt himself—should feel
inclined to denounce him, why, let Cutts do it—if he would only
wait a few days or hours, until Dorothy Harcourt should be at rest.
“Ah! you don’t require to be reminded of it, don’t you? Brooding
over it all the time, eh? That’s morbid. Take my advice, don’t you
do it. It is hurting your health. You are looking very badly, my
young friend. Don’t brood over what can’t be altered now,” said
Cutts, patting him on the shoulder.
“I cannot help it. Since you know so much, you must also——”
Harcourt replied.
“Yes, I do know so much!—much more than you dream of, my
young friend—much more than I shall ever breathe to mortal ears,
except your own, unless, indeed, it should be necessary to do so to
vindicate some innocent accused person,” said Cutts, dropping his
voice to a low murmur, which precaution seemed unnecessary,
since there was no one near enough to hear their conversation
except the child, who did not understand what they were talking
about.
“Do not be afraid, Mr. Cutts. No innocent man shall ever suffer
for me, whether you ever open your lips on the subject or not,”
said poor Harcourt in a husky whisper, speaking now in
recognition of the secret understanding between them.
But the broker stared at him blankly for a moment, and then
said:
“I am not so sure of that. Look here, young man, what do you
mean? You brood too much on this matter. How do I know what it
will lead to? How do I know but what you will become insane, and
go and accuse some poor devil or other, whom I shall have to
vindicate by pointing out the real murderer? Take my advice, and
don’t brood, young fellow. It can do no good. ‘What’s done is
done,’ as Lady Macbeth, that strong-minded woman, wisely
remarked to her very particularly feeble-minded lord and master.
All the brooding in the present and future cannot alter the past.
Say to yourself that you could not help what happened; and you
really could not, you poor boy! Say to yourself it was kismet—and
it was kismet, William Harcourt. Say that to yourself, and then
dismiss the matter at once and forever from your mind.”
“As if I could!” sighed the young man.
“Why not? The case is closed and forgotten, except by you and
me. The coroner’s jury decided that Nathan Yelverton committed
suicide, and all the world believed in the truth of that verdict—
except you and me. We know, you and I, that the notorious
sharper and blackleg did not die a suicide. But no one else on
earth, except you and me, know that for the fact that it is, or even
suspect it as a bare possibility, and I shall never divulge the secret,
or breathe a hint of it to any living creature, except under the
contingency I have mentioned.”
“But why do you always speak of it to me? Why, whenever I
happen to meet you anywhere, do you broach this painful
subject?” inquired Harcourt in a distressed tone.
“Why? Because it is a sort of relief to talk of it to the only man
that shares the secret, and—also—because, whenever I meet you,
your looks trouble me. I see you suffer, and I fancy it might be
some relief to you, also, to speak of this tragedy.”
“It is not. It is exceedingly distressing to me. And now, Mr.
Cutts, I must entreat you to drop it, after this, my ultimatum: That
as you will only speak in vindication of some innocent person, I
repeat that no innocent person shall be accused or suffer for me.
Now that we perfectly understand each other, pray let us say no
more about the horror,” said Harcourt, turning his head away
from his persecutor.
“What a child you are! And, by the way, I am not so perfectly
sure that we do understand each other. I, in point of fact, I am
pretty sure that we do not. But here we are at Newark, where I get
off. Good-by,” said the broker, as the train slowed into the station,
and he took up his bag and left his seat to get off.
Harcourt rested his elbows on the window sill, dropped his head
on his hands, and sank into troubled thought as the train started
again.
Owlet was anxiously watching him. She had seen that the
stranger had annoyed her friend, although she had not understood
the drift of the conversation; and now, seeing him so bowed down
in sorrow, she blamed the stranger, and sought to console
Harcourt by the only formula that occurred to her mind:
“Don’t you mind him,” she said, sniffing with exquisite childish
scorn. “He’s not possessed of common sense!”
Harcourt patted her head, in recognition of her sympathy, and
then relapsed into troubled reverie.
Owlet, perceiving that her companion was indisposed for
conversation, settled herself in her seat, drew her roll of
peppermint lozenges from her pocket, and occupied herself with
them until the motion of the cars and the aroma of the peppermint
sent her off into a sleep that lasted until they reached Wilmington.
Then she was awakened by the train stopping and the
passengers leaving their seats for the railway restaurant.
“What shall I bring you for lunch, little girl?” inquired Harcourt,
rousing himself.
“Nothing. Miss Annie gave me this to give to you,” said the
child, handing over the paper parcel of luncheon that had been
intrusted to her. “It is our dinner,” she added.
“Miss Annie has been like a sister to me, and a mother to you,
has she not, little girl?” inquired Harcourt as he opened the parcel,
spread a newspaper over his knees, and divided the sandwiches
and apple pie between himself and his little companion.
“Ah! she has that,” responded Owlet emphatically. “She is
possessed of common sense, and I am going to ask Lady to invite
her to come down and stay at Goblin Hall—that I am!”
“And do you think Lady will comply with your request?”
inquired Harcourt.
“Will—what?”
“Will do it, when you ask her?”
“Why, of course she will, when I tell her what a dear, good
woman Miss Annie is. Lady is possessed of common sense, you
bet. She has invited ever so many poor people to come to her
house this summer. She has such a great big house, with ever so
many rooms in it, and ever such a great big garden, with ever so
much fruit and flowers in it. She’s got everything she wants, and
plenty of it—eggs and roses and banty chickens, and potatoes, and
strawberries, and cows, and—and—things, you know—ever so
many.”
“But will Lady be willing to share all these things with a perfect
stranger like Annie Moss?” inquired Harcourt, solely for the
purpose of drawing the child out to talk of his loved and lost
Roma.
But Owlet looked at him in solemn disapprobation. Why should
he, or any one, doubt that Lady would do everything that was kind
to everybody, her eyes seemed to ask. Then she answered:
“Of course she will! And, of course, Miss Annie will be no
stranger after I have told Lady all about her; and Lady will be sure
to invite her to come to Goblin Hall. You’ll see. Oh! I think I will
ask Lady to invite you to stay when you take me home to her.
Wouldn’t you like to stay?” inquired Owlet, with sudden
inspiration.
“Lady is very good to everybody, then?” said the young man,
evading the child’s question.
“You bet! Why, didn’t I tell you she was possessed of common
sense? But I don’t believe you listen to one word I say!” Owlet
exclaimed in a tone of pique.
“Oh, yes, I do, indeed. To every word you speak about Lady.”
“No, you don’t. You never answered me when I asked you if you
wouldn’t like to stay at Lady’s house when you take me home
there.”
“I beg your pardon, mistress. I will answer now. I should, very
much, if I could, my dear.”
“Well, you can, if you want to. I will tell Lady how good you have
been to me, and she will have you stay, I know. And, oh! I think
she will like you very much—I do, indeed. And, oh! I say, Mr.
William!”
“What now, little girl?”
“I have just thought of it—oh! such a great thing!”
“What is it, dear?”
“I wish you and Lady would get married.”
“Good heavens!” muttered the young man under his breath, and
he turned quickly and looked out of the window to conceal the
agitation of his face.
“Everybody who is possessed of common sense gets married,
you know. And Lady is possessed of more common sense than
anybody I ever saw in this world,” continued Owlet, paying, in her
own estimation, the highest possible tribute to the character of her
benefactress. “But, you see, there’s nobody down there for her to
marry. There’s only old Dr. Keech, who pulls people’s teeth out
and gives them nasty physic, and who I do not think is possessed
of common sense. And there’s old Mr. Shaw, who preaches such
long sermons he almost makes me gape the top of my head off;
and there’s Lawyer Merritt, who is good for nothing, ’cept when he
is Santa Claus. And, yes, there’s old, old, old Grandfather Toomie,
but he has got one wife already, and I don’t think she’d like him to
marry Lady. There, Mr. William! Them’s all the men Lady has to
choose from to marry, unless it’s you, you know, and if you are
possessed of common sense you will marry Lady.”
“But, my dear, I am not possessed of common sense,” said
Harcourt in a serio-comic tone.
“There, now!” exclaimed Owlet, dropping a piece of pie she was
conveying to her mouth. “I always thought so myself! I did,
indeed! Though, mind you, I never said so. You said it, not me. I
wouldn’t like to, when you were so good to me; but it’s too true!”
she added, with a profound sigh.
“Yes, dear, it is too true,” Harcourt confessed.
“Well, never mind. Maybe you was born so, and can’t help it.
But I tell you what you do. You marry Lady—Lady has got enough
for both of you. She’s got more than anybody I know. Marry Lady!
You know very well that you ought to marry. Everybody ought to
marry. I am going to be married myself.”
“Oh, indeed!”
“Yes, indeed! You bet!”
“May I ask the name of the happy man?” inquired Harcourt,
with a smile.
“What happy man?”
“The lucky fellow you are going to marry.”
“Oh, I don’t know yet. But somebody, you may bet your life on
that.” And having expressed this excellent resolution, Owlet fell to
eating her luncheon with a concentration of attention that
precluded the possibility of further conversation for the present.
Harcourt’s appetite had vanished. He could eat but little, and
that little in a merely perfunctory manner, to keep his physical
strength from utterly failing.
Passengers returned to their seats. New people got in. Some
strangers took their places immediately behind Harcourt and his
little companion, so that if either the man or the child had felt
inclined to renew their discourse they could not have carried it on
confidentially. But, in fact, neither wished to talk. Harcourt was
buried in gloomy thought, and Owlet was heavy with drowsiness,
like any other tired young animal after a hearty meal, so she curled
herself up on her seat and shut her eyes.
The train soon started again, and rushed onward toward its
southern destination.
The rapid motion, with the total absence of conversation, soon
lulled the child to sleep.
The remainder of the journey passed without incident.