Geography

UNIT Topic:4.1 and 4.2

   
2  

TERMS (List & DEFINE the terms important to understanding the concepts.)
 Rate of natural increase(RNI): the difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude
death rate (CDR) of defined group of people
 Doubling time (DT): is the number of years in which a ppopulation growing at a certain rate will
double
 urbanization: the growth and development of cities, and took hold more strongly in the
industrialized countries that form the core.
 overpopulation: describe a population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity.
 Neo-MalthusianL raises concernes about sustainable use of the planet, claiming that Eath's
resources can only support a finite population
 demographic transition model (DTM): the shifts in growth that world's populations have
undergone and are still experiencing over time.
 epidemiological transition model: changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancym and
poulation arge distribution, largely as the result of chnages in causes of death


CONCEPTS & PROCESSES (Summarize, in bullet points, the most important ideas.)
 As a country's RNI cahnges, its estimate poulation doubling time must aloso be recalculated.
 As new agricultural and health-care preactices spread through the owrld, they helped increase
population growth in nonindustrialized countries
 Strong birth rates and lower crude death rates led to rapidly increasin worldwide RNI
 countries in the periphery, with lower rates of industrialization, have generally remianed more
rural.
 Now, in the present days, many peripheral countries are experinceing rapid urban growth as
populations move from rural areas to citeis.
 improvements in health and sanitation had contributedd to unprecedented population growth.
 Human exceed their Earth's carrying capacity, could bring a consequences such as starvation.
 Economic factors: the strength of a country can have significant impact on both fertility and
mortality
 Birth rates decline economoic hardship, since people are concentrated about food and
resources to support their children.
 welathier countries can provide better access to health care, advanced medical treatments,
good nuritition, and clean water
 which can help prevent and cure dieases and lower crudde death rate.
 Types of economic activity influence familes decisions about childbearin, and fertility rates.
 Familes tend be large in agriculture econmy, while their children are essentail for labor.
 In industrial economies, children may be viewed as an economic burden leading to a lower
crude death rate
 Political factor: war,peace, and government policy play an important role in poulation trends.
 Government controling the rate of population growth
 government who are concerned with the population growth tend to offer incentive or
disincentives, to discourage a certain behavior
 But other countries, with declining population will enougrage people to have children
 For example, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, Francem and Iran
Geography
 War often results in food shortages or migration away from the conflict.
 • War can impact on the demographics countreis by reducing the number of people of
childbearing age
 Environmental factos: natural disaster which can affect region population
 Famine an dthe psread of deadly diseases
 Famine is often caused by drough, a natural disaster, or by political factors such as war
 Which can create a lower fertilty rates due or maternal health
 Environmental factors also affect population distribution
 Cultural factors: in societies where women tend to marry at a young age and large familes are
the norm.
 religion also impact the family's decision to have children
 availabilty and access to contraceptive options has an impact on birth rates
 Changing social, economic, and political roles for wome have influence patterns of fertility
 Before, women would stay home but now women are likey to remain in work full time as they
balaced pareting and household responsibilities
 wome are postpoing to have children until they have established their careers
 Thomas Matlhsu, a demographer, said that the Britain accelerated poulation growth would
contribute to a food shortage and famine by the late 1800s
 War, famine, and the pserad of disease would excessive population growth said Matlhus
 His theories was accurate to a point, since technoligies was not seen by him in the recent years
 Technoligies that improved agricultural efficiency and increase productivity
 The prefix neo, means "new".
 Neo-Malthusian argue that today's declining trends in fertility and crude birth rates will
reversd in some countries
 DTM is based on population trends related to birth rate and death reate, and each stage of the
model is charcterized by the relationship between these two factors
 Stage 1 , is the long period of human history before the improvemnets in health care and other
changes at the ime of industrial rovelotion recued the curde death reate
 stage 2, with high birth rate and falling death rate in western europe and the us
 stages 3 and 4, shows as brith rates begin to slow due to economic ans social facots
 while stage 5, population begins to decrease
 The stages of ETM do not correspond to the stages of DTM
 ETM is an independent mode cause of death to explane population growth and decline
 stage 1: attacts by animals and other humans are another main cause of death, Black death
 stage 2: the main cause of death is pandemics or disease that affect significant percentage of
the poulation over a large area
 stage 3: chronic disorder with agingm hear, lungs, and cancers
 stage 4: with medicine that have extended life expectancy
 stage 5: as the pandemic comes back like the covid 19 spread the global community
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SPACIAL RELATIONSHIPS (Analyze geographic
patterns and relationships.)
 We know that the that (RNI) is the
difference between the crude CBR and CDR
from a given region, which gives
demographers an idea of how a certain
SCALE ANALYSIS (How does the scale of analysis change
concepts and processes from the unit?)
 We can see rate of natural increase is different
scales, in a country we can see the regional scale to
look at the population growth
Geography
country population is growing
EXAMPLES OF THIS (Use the book, and your own
knowledge, to give some geographic examples of this in
real life.)
 An example of natural increase in
2020, Niger with 37.4 persons per thousan
accounts for 1.63% of the world's rate of
natural increase. And other like Angloa,
Mali. Which shows that these countries
have high rate natural increase which can
been seen by the demographer
GEOGRAPHIC MODELS (If there are Geographic
Models in this section, LIST & EXPLAIN the models.)
 The demographic transtion model ,
both a description and an explanation of
the growth of the world's population over
time.The graph illustrates how the global
population has cahnged at the same time
that birth rates and death rates have risen
fallen.
 Stage 1: high stationary
 stage 2: early expanding
 stage 3: late expanding
 stage 4: low stationary
 state 5: declining
 Epidemiological transtion model,
describes changes in fertility, mortality, life
expecatnacy, and poulation age
distribution, largely as the result of changes
in causes of death.
 Stage 1: Famine
 Stage 2: Receding pandemic disease
 Stage 3: Degenerative and Human
Created Diseases
 Stage 4: Delayed degenerative
diseases
 Stage 5: Reemergence of Infectious
Diseases

EXAMPLES OF THIS (Use the book, and your own knowledge,
to give some geographic examples of this in real life.)
 At region scale, a high RNI can indicate rapid
poulation growth, but because it does not take
migration into account, RNI does not tell the whole
story of an areas's growth or decline
 As in the past, the world's population is not
increasing at the same rate in all areas. We can look
at from a global scale and change to a national
scale, differing population trend become apparent.
In some countries in the periphery are seeing the
higherst rates of natural increase.     
CASE STUDIES (If the book uses a specific place to explain
concepts, explain the ideas here. In other words, what is the
story?)
 Zika Viurs in South And North America
 The virus in Zika was discovered in 1947 in
monkeys in Uganda. Fiver years later, the first
human diagonese of the Zika virus were made
Tanzania and Uganda. It was in Brazil and on the
other side of Atlantic Ocean. In November 2016,
more than 200,000 cases of ZIka infection has been
reported in Brazil. Then virus spread in North,
Centralm and South America and the Caribbean.
People that are affected may unknowiingly spread
the disease locally or travel to a new place after
contracting it. The virus was so frightening because
it affects the brain development and pregnant
woman. In the United States the centers control
pregnant women to avoid traveling areas where
Zika had been affected.