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Subject: RE: Maxwell

Date: Tue, 7 Mar 2006 19:02:11 -0600

David,

Maxwell's real "primary theory" was published as James Clerk

Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field,"
Royal Society Transactions, Vol. CLV, 1865, p 459. The paper
was read before the Society on Dec. 8, 1864. It is included in
The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, 2 vols. bound
as one, edited by W. D. Niven, Dover, New York, 1952, Vol. 1,
p. 526-597. Two errata are given on the unnumbered page prior
to page 1 of Vol. 1.

In this 1865 paper Maxwell presents his seminal theory of

electromagnetism, containing 20 equations in 20 unknowns.
His general equations of the electromagnetic field are given in
Part III, General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field, p.
554-564. On p. 561, he lists his 20 variables. On p. 562, he
summarizes the different subjects of the 20 equations, being
three equations each for magnetic force, electric currents,
electromotive force, electric elasticity, electric resistance, total
currents; and one equation each for free electricity and
continuity. In the paper, Maxwell adopts the approach of first
arriving at the laws of induction and then deducing the
mechanical attractions and repulsions.

Maxwell himself was pressured intensely to change from his

"horrid" quaternion-like mathematics theory (20 equations in
20 unknowns). Hamilton's quaternions were advanced and
backed by a gruff, quarrelsome fellow, Tate, who almost no one
could get along with. The math of the day was quite simplified.
Vector algebra, e.g., had not yet been born, and in fact it got
born because of the work (by Heaviside, Gibbs, Hertz and
others) to simplify Maxwell's work.

There were less than three dozen "electrodynamicists" in the

entire world in the 1880s, even after Maxwell's death in 1879.
The electron had not been discovered, and the "atom" was still
just a theory. Everyone still believed in the material ether, and
also believed that only force fields were real and that potentials
were just mathematical conveniences having no physical
reality.

Maxwell's own previous electromagnetic theorizing had been

very "mechanical" and generally followed Faraday's belief in
"lines of force" in space around conductors etc. To Maxwell,
these were very material things -- in short, the material ether
was a very firm part of his thinking, and also was a firm part of
the thinking of Faraday and most others. See Maxwell, James
Clerk, "On Faraday's Lines of Force," Transactions of the
Cambridge Philosophical Society, Vol. X, Part I., p. TBD,
1855-56. Read Dec. 10, 1855 and Feb. 11, 1856. Also see
Maxwell, James Clerk, "On Physical Lines of Force,"
Philosophical Magazine, Vol. XXI, Mar., Apr., and May 1861;
Jan. and Feb. 1862.

In 1868, Maxwell used an electrical derivation of his theory

instead of the previous dynamical derivation. See Maxwell,
James Clerk, "On a Method of Making a Direct Comparison of
Electrostatic with Electromagnetic Force; with a Note on the
Electromagnetic Theory of Light," Philosophical Magazine,
Vol. CLVIII, 1868.

Eventually Maxwell retired to his estate, and after some years

of hard work he produced the first edition of his famous
Treatise. See Maxwell, James Clerk, A Treatise on Electricity
and Magnetism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1873. This
was just six years before his death.

During this time, the Maxwell theory had not really made very
much progress, and though considered of importance, it was
not considered anything very spectacular -- much of this being
because of its "considered too difficult" mathematics and the
residues of the "terrible quaternions". Even Maxwell's own
publisher strongly criticized to Maxwell his use of this horrid
mathematical style which was so much opposed, as the
publisher considered that was cause of the theory meeting with
such opposition.

Taken aback, Maxwell himself set upon greatly simplifying his

own mathematics, by going back through his Treatise and re-
doing it. He had finished doing this for about 80% of the book
(the first nine chapters or so) when he died of stomach cancer
in 1879.

After his death, a modified second edition was published in

1881. Foreword to the second edition was by Niven, who
finished the work past where Maxwell had dramatically
rewritten the first nine chapter. Some new matter was added
and the former contents rearranged and simplified. The rest of
the second edition is therefore largely a reprint from the first
edition.

The third edition was published in 1891, volumes 1 and 2. This

third edition was then edited by J. J. Thomson and a new third
edition was published in 1892, by Oxford University Press
(much later this one was published unabridged, Dover
Publications, New York, 1954). J. J. Thomson finished the
publication of the third edition, and wrote a "Supplementary
Volume" with his notes. A summary of Maxwell's equations
are given in Vol. II, Chapter IX of the third edition.

However, Maxwell had gone (in his work for the second
edition) to some pains to reduce the quaternion expressions
himself, so as not to require the students to know the calculus
of quaternions (so stated on p. 257). We note that Maxwell did
not finish the second edition, but died before that. He actually
had no hand at all in the third edition as to any changes. The
Second edition was later finished by Niven by simply adding
the remaining material from the previous first edition approved
by Maxwell. The printing of the first nine chapters of the third
edition was already underway when J. J. Thomson was
assigned to finish the editing of the manuscript.

Quoting Paul Nahin, "Oliver Heaviside," Scientific American,

262(6), June 1990, p. 124:

"Maxwell had predicted that an oscillating electric

field in space would generate a magnetic field
oscillating at the same frequency, which, in turn,
would induce an electric field and so on. This
"electromagnetic" wave would necessarily
propagate at the speed of light, itself a species of
electromagnetic radiation."

Quote p. 124: "Maxwell died at 48 in 1879, nine years before

the German genius Heinrich Hertz verified his prediction by
detecting electromagnetic waves in space. Almost immediately
thereafter Oliver J. Lodge (later Sir Oliver) - who was to be
one of Heaviside's most ardent supporters - detected
electromagnetic waves in metal wire. Only then did Maxwell's
theory become widely accepted as the standard."

Quote p. 124: "Heaviside vastly simplified Maxwell's 20

equations in 20 variables by squeezing their essence into two
equations written in two variables (the variables described the
magnetic and electric field vectors). Much of the theoretical
work was done in parallel with Hertz, who graciously noted in
his book on electric waves that "Mr. Heaviside has the
priority." ... "For some years the reformulated equations were
called the Hertz-Heaviside equations, and later the young
Einstein referred to them as the Maxwell-Hertz equations.
Today only Maxwell's name is mentioned." ..."Together with
Josiah Williard Gibbs of Yale University, Heaviside taught
vectors to the world's physicists."

Summarizing on p. 124: "Heaviside vastly simplified

Maxwell's 20 equations in 20 variables by squeezing their
essence into two equations written in two variables (the
variables described the magnetic and electric field vectors)."
We also point out that Heaviside never attended university, and
was self-taught. He was brilliant, but hated quaternions and
potentials. For potentials, he stated that they should "be
murdered from the theory". Today, in modern quantum theory
we know that it is the potentials that have the primary reality,
and the force fields are merely constructed from them (by their
interaction in and with charged matter).

So, as one can see, Maxwell had been dead quite a few years
prior to the dramatic reduction of his equations and theory and
the emergence of vector analysis. Maxwell's theory did not
gain prominence until Hertz and Lodge had experimentally
detected electromagnetic waves.

The much-reduced Heaviside-Gibbs-Hertz limited version of

Maxwell's theory, with the added Lorentz symmetrization and
arbitrary discarding of all asymmetrical Maxwellian systems,
has since been taught as "Maxwell's theory". It is Heaviside's
equations and Heaviside's notations, as further limited by
Lorentz.

In 1892 Lorentz added the coup de grace to even this much-

reduced Heaviside vector theory with simple equations and
much fewer potentials. Lorentz arbitrarily symmetrized the
equations to make them simpler yet, so that closed algebraic
solutions could usually be found and one would not have to use
numerical methods so widely. He did it merely to simplify the
equations to NEW equations having much easier solutions!
That he changed the potentials was considered of no
consequence, so long as no NET translation force field
emerged (even though two new force fields were arbitrarily
introduced).

Contrast this to the "argument" that a man standing between

two elephants pushing against each other and against him, is no
different than the man standing between two fleas pushing
against each other and against him. To anyone who believes
that, he can stand between the elephants and we will stand
between the fleas -- and then we will compare notes on
whether or not our systems are "the same". Opposing forces
equal and opposite comprise a stress potential, and two systems
with differing stress potentials are most certainly not "the same
thing".

Indeed, the two free fields that symmetrization introduced,

represent free "EM energy from the vacuum" introduced into
the system, and then "locked up" in it as stress potential. It
deliberately is not allowed to translate electrons, but only to
change the physical stress of the system. In short, it is a very
convenient way to "lock up" and not use that extra EM field
energy from the vacuum that was generated and used in the two
equal and opposite new fields.

At the time, by his symmetrization of the Heaviside-Maxwell

equations, Lorentz had just (unknowingly and unrecognized to
anyone else) discarded all nature's permissible asymmetrical
Maxwellian systems -- the very ones that contained the entire
class of Maxwellian systems capable of freely receiving energy
from the vacuum, creating a NET translation force field in its
charged matter system, and using it to push current through
loads and power them freely.

None of this was originally done "diabolically" but only in a

desperate attempt to get something developed that would be
simple and also useful. Most of particle physics had not been
discovered, there was no special and general relativity, no
quantum mechanics or quantum electrodynamics, no quantum
field theory, no Yang-Mills theory, etc. The electron had not
been discovered, and most of those early scientists believed
firmly in the thin material ether assumed in the various
versions of the theory by Maxwell, Heaviside, Hertz, Gibbs,
Lodge, and others.

In that period, also there were less than three dozen

"electrodynamicists" in the entire world.

In 1887 the material ether was falsified experimentally. Not a

single Maxwell-Heaviside-Lorentz equation has ever been
changed to correct the theory accordingly and eliminate its
continued assumption of a material ether and therefore force
fields in mass-free space. After all, space was thought to be
filled with a thin material fluid, and so -- to them -- there was
no single point in all the universe where mass was absent.

Force was considered the only reality; the potentials were not
even considered physically real, but just considered to be
mathematical conveniences. Hence the electrodynamicists
believed that they could change the potentials any way they
wished (regauge at will), so long as the two new free force
fields that emerged were equal and opposite, so that no NET
translation force field emerged (even though two new ones did
including with their field energies). In short, that was Lorentz
symmetrization.

The conventional EEs were and are trained in a symmetrical

theory which only prescribes Lorentz-symmetrical circuits.
They were and are taught to build circuits where the source
dipole inside the generator is left wired into the source
generator's own external circuit as a load while current is
flowing. The result is to equalize the back emf (translation
force field that must be opposed by all current pumped back
through the generator) and the forward emf (translation force
field that pushes the current to flow through the external circuit
and thus enables powering the external circuit's loads and
losses.

This inane practice thus produces only circuits and electrical

power systems that use precisely half their freely collected
potential energy from the vacuum, to do naught but destroy the
source dipolarity that is furnishing the energy flow from the
vacuum in the first place, quite freely.

Electrical engineers and electrical engineering do not calculate

the EM field in space, though all purport to do so, and they are
not even taught what powers the electrical circuit itself. They
are erroneously taught that cranking the shaft of the generator
produces mechanical energy that eventually gets transduced
into the Poynting energy flowing along the conductors of the
external circuit, through surrounding space, and getting
diverged into the circuit to potentialize the charges q.

Electrical engineers falsely assume an inert vacuum and a flat

spacetime. When the Lorentz condition is violated, or the
energy density in the circuit changes, this is not true. Rigorous
proof that eliminating the arbitrary Lorentz condition provides
systems having free additional energy currents from the
vacuum is given by M. W. Evans et al., "Classical
Electrodynamics without the Lorentz Condition: Extracting
Energy from the Vacuum," Physica Scripta, Vol. 61, 2000, p.
513-517.

After the rise of particle physics, special and general relativity,

quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, quantum field
theory, gauge field theory etc., most of modern physics was
born. Along the way the errors in CEM/EE were noted now
and then by various scientists, including some Nobelists and
other eminent scientists. In 1957, the prediction and proof of
broken symmetry in physics electrified all physics and resulted
in the prompt award of the Nobel Prize to Lee and Yang for
predicting it.

One of those proven broken symmetries that so revolutionized

modern physics is that of the separation of opposite charges --
the common dipole. Broken symmetry -- in Lee's words --
means "something virtual has become observable". For the
source dipole, it means that the charges of the dipolarity
continuously absorb virtual photon energy from the seething
vacuum, transduce it coherently and integrate it to the next
quantum level of excitation, then abruptly the quantum
excitation decays and the dipole emits a real, observable
photon. The process iterates continually, so that any common
little charge or dipole is actually (1) a true Maxwellian demon,
absorbing ordered virtual energy from the seething virtual state
vacuum and (2) a real physical system continually producing
negative entropy in total violation of the hoary old second law
of thermodynamics (in accord with the theoretical proof that
such systems are permitted, as shown by D. J. Evans and
Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of
Nonequilibrium Steady States," J. Stat. Phys., 109(3-4), Nov.
2002, p. 895-920).

Here the knowledge in thermodynamics that disordered

statistical systems are comprised of parts that continually
violate the second hoary old law of thermodynamics is of
importance. Maxwell -- also a thermodynamicist -- realized
this in the latter 1800s. Quoting:

"The truth of the second law is a statistical, not a

mathematical, truth, for it depends on the fact that
the bodies we deal with consist of millions of
molecules. Hence the second law of
 thermodynamics is continually being violated, and
that to a considerable extent, in any sufficiently
small group of molecules belonging to a real
body." [Maxwell, J. C., "Tait's Thermodynamics
II," Nature 17, 278-280 (7 February 1878)].

I crudely solved the "source charge problem" (how the source

charge sits there and pours out real EM energy continuously,
without any OBSERVABLE EM energy input) in 1999 and
published it in 2000 and subsequently, gradually improving it
as time passed. We finally realized that, in conceiving and
modeling the virtual particles themselves that continually
appear and disappear in the seething virtual state vacuum,
physicists have actually conceived each virtual particle (during
its momentary existence) as an already-perfectly ordered
entity! In short, the entire statistical vacuum is of course
disordered, but each virtual particle WHILE IT
MOMENTARILY EXISTS is totally ordered!

Thus in continually absorbing virtual photons from the

statistically disordered vacuum, the charge is absorbing
ORDERED entities serially that have momentarily already
violated the second law of thermodynamics. The absorbing
charge changes each virtual increment of photon energy to a
virtual increment of mass-energy, thereby coherently summing
(integrating) the mass-energy of the charge which continually
increases. When the next quantal level of excitation is reached
by this increasing virtual state excitation, the zitterbewegung of
the vacuum violently "kicks out" a real, observable photon, so
that the excitation abruptly decays back to the starting level by
that emission. This repeats continually -- hence every charge
and dipole is both a Maxwell's demon (selecting only ordered
particles to absorb and integrate) and a Feynman ratchet
(coherently integrating these ordered virtual increments to the
next full quantized photon).

So nature has been most kind. The universe is filled with

absolutely free energy sources -- every charge and dipole in the
entire universe. Every one is continually extracting energy
from the vacuum in virtual state but coherent form, integrating
it to observable magnitude, and thus emitting a continual
outflow of real observable photons -- real EM energy -- in all
directions.

And every charge and dipole in the universe is continually

violating the present hoary old flawed second law of
thermodynamics.

Every EM field and its energy, and every EM potential and its
energy, are thus continuous outflows of real photons and real
EM energy from the source charges. Every observable joule of
EM energy in the universe is and has been extracted directly
from the seething virtual state vacuum by its associated source
charges. Cranking the shaft of the generator has nothing to do
with inputting the energy used to generate the Poynting energy
flow in a system! It only has to do with physically forcing the
internal opposite charges inside the generator apart, thereby
producing the source dipole that does the extracting of that real
Poynting energy from the virtual state vacuum. It is the proven
broken symmetry of this source dipolarity that produces all EM
energy flowing out of the generator terminals and onto the
power line. And all its energy input comes directly from the
seething vacuum.

Indeed, when we go back and account for the long-neglected,

mind-boggling extra curled Heaviside energy flow that also
gets extracted and poured out, but does not usually diverge and
so does not interact with anything -- every generator and
battery and dipole actually outputs something like a trillion
times as much EM energy as our electrical engineers account
and are aware of. Obviously the mechanical energy input into
the shaft of the generator is nothing even remotely resembling
the magnitude of that enormous but long ignored and
arbitrarily discarded curled component of the energy flow.

Also, in modern physics the classical so-called "isolated

charge" is quite a different creature from how we are taught to
envision it classically. It is in fact an infinite bare charge in the
middle, having infinite energy, and it polarizes its surrounding
virtual state vacuum. The surrounding polarized vacuum has an
infinite charge of the opposite sense, also having infinite
energy. But the difference between these two infinite quantities
is FINITE. Consequently, our instruments -- peering through
the outside screen of the surrounding vacuum -- sees that finite
difference as the so-called "isolated charge".

But any charge -- even a single electron -- involves infinite

energies and infinite charges. So it is not accidental that the
lowly "charge" can continually output real EM energy at a
finite rate, for any finite time. Infinite energies and charges can
do that.

Here's how Nobelist Weinberg puts it:

"[The total energy of the atom] depends on the

bare mass and bare charge of the electron, the
mass and charge that appear in the equations of the
theory before we start worrying about photon
emissions and reabsorptions. But free electrons as
well as electrons in atoms are always emitting and
reabsorbing photons that affect the electron's mass
and electric charge, and so the bare mass and
charge are not the same as the measured electron
mass and charge that are listed in tables of
elementary particles. In fact, in order to account
for the observed values (which of course are finite)
of the mass and charge of the electron, the bare
mass and charge must themselves be infinite. The
total energy of the atom is thus the sum of two
terms, both infinite: the bare energy that is infinite
because it depends on the infinite bare mass and
charge, and the energy shift . that is infinite
because it receives contributions from virtual
photons of unlimited energy." [Steven Weinberg,
 Dreams of a Final Theory, Vintage Books,
Random House, 1993, p. 109-110.].

So every EM system we ever built has and did and does extract
all its EM energy directly from the seething vacuum. There is
no observable EM energy, field, or potential in the entire
universe that has come from anywhere BUT being extracted
from the seething virtual state vacuum.

We have never had a problem of the AVAILABILITY of

energy -- all we wish, anywhere, anytime. Just make a little
charge (and consider its dipolarity). Once made and the work to
make it is paid for, then it will sit there and freely pour out real,
observable EM energy from now till the end of time, if we just
let it alone and do not "symmetrize" the circuit and have to
pump all the return current back up through the back emf
inside the generator.

Similarly with a magnetic motor, using the back mmf. A

permanent magnet dipole is just a magnetic charge dipolarity,
and it too continually extracts EM energy from the vacuum and
pours it out continuously.

For the major errors in the present electrical engineering model

(as mostly pointed out by eminent scientists, to no avail), see
my paper "Errors and Omissions in the CEM/EE Model".
Included in that paper is information on the magnetic Wankel
engine, which easily kills its own back mmf at very little cost.
The result is an engine that can continually and freely develop
torque, so it can power a load at COP>1.0. The engine is also
easily closed looped for self-powering (all its input energy
being furnished freely from the vacuum). Any competent EE
department and physics department can build one and test it if
they wish. This engine and several other "free energy"
Japanese engines have been ruthlessly suppressed by the
Japanese Yakuza, worldwide.

So the bottom line is this: Whenever our scientific community

will fund and permit some sharp young doctoral candidates and
post doctoral scientists to do research and work in this area,
then within two years there will never again be an energy
problem anywhere on earth -- or in our space capsules and
space stations in orbit around the earth or in deep space.

The sad part is that the scientific community's funding is

largely controlled by huge cartels that do not wish (and will not
permit) such work to be seriously done in our universities and
great national labs. Indeed, the "big nuclear power" cartel of
both industry and science is one of the most powerful -- and
part of it is one of the most ruthless. It is absolutely no accident
that cold fusion is being suppressed, overunity and self-
powering electrical systems are being suppressed, and that the
horribly flawed old CEM/EE model continues to be paramount
in all our electrical power engineering, EM analysis, etc.

So long as that is enforced, just so long will we continue to

despoil the planet and the biosphere, keep the energy crisis
escalating, spawn energy wars that may become more fierce
than was WW II, and keep down much of the peoples of the
world in the poor nations where they are starving, being killed
by warlords and dictators, etc.

And the direct cause of it is our own scientific community, for

ignoring what has long been pointed out by scientists such as
Feynman, Wheeler, Margenau, Bunge, and many others.

One can forgive the scientific community for the first 50 years
of the suppression of energy from the vacuum and
asymmetrical Maxwellian system suppression -- say, until the
discovery and proof of broken symmetry in 1957.

Since then, the ethics of the entire organized scientific

community itself are called ever more seriously into question.
Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are impoverished,
starving, disease-wracked, with hopeless lives. Hundreds of
millions have died as a result of this eerie situation. The fragile
biosphere is being steadily polluted on a grand scale. The
world is already struggling to control access to the known oil
and gas supplies of the world.

Isn't it about time that the scientific community -- if it is to

have any ethics remaining at all -- does face these facts and
does fund such "energy from the vacuum" work on asymmetric
power systems? And isn't it about time that this terribly flawed
old CEM/EE model is sharply corrected in all our universities
and in our electrical engineering departments and texts?

We have only a nation and a planet and a biosphere and a

humanity to save.

Best wishes,

Tom Bearden

Subject: Maxwell

Dr. Bearden Just a simple question out of curiosity, not that it

will change anything. Do you think those who destroyed
Maxwell's work and altered the course of history in doing so
did so out of ignorance or so you believe they knew or
suspected the potential and altered them with intent?
David