signed char will be a negative number.

Output

$ cc pgm2.c

$ a.out

-128

A signed char is same as an ordinary char and has a range from -128 to +127; whereas, an unsigned
char has a range from 0 to 255.

It is still useful to specify unsigned or signed, because the default can vary from compiler to
compiler.

Signed data types are basically a way to store and compute negative values.

a char, unsigned and signed char all are at least 8 bits wide.

There is no requirement that char is exactly 8 bits wide. However, for most systems that's true, but
for some, you will find they use 32bit chars.

size of signed char

Type Storage size Value range

char 1 byte -128 to 127 or 0 to 255

unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255

signed char 1 byte -128 to 127

int 2 or 4 bytes -32,768 to 32,767 or -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned int 2 or 4 bytes 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295

short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to 65,535

long 8 bytes -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807

unsigned long 8 bytes 0 to 18446744073709551615

001 == 1

002 == 2

...

007 == 7

010 == 8

12. HOW DO YOU REFERENCE ALL THE ELEMENTS IN A ONE-DIMENSION ARRAY?

We can reference all the elements in a one-dimension array using an indexed loop. The counter runs

from 0 to the maximum array size, say n, minus one.

All elements of the one-dimension array are referenced

in sequence by using the loop counter as the array subscript.

Join

In DBMS, a join statement is mainly used to combine two tables based on a specified common field
between them.

If we talk in terms of Relational algebra,

it is the cartesian product of two tables followed by the selection operation. Thus, we can execute
the product and selection process on two tables using a single join statement.

We can use either 'on' or 'using' clause in MySQL to apply predicates to the join queries.

Natural Join is an inner join that returns the values of the two tables on the basis of a

common attribute that has the same name and domain. It

Select * from employee Natural Join department;

The above query will return the values of tables removing the duplicates. If we want to specify the
attribute names, the query will be as follows:

Select employee.empId, employee.empName, department.deptId, d

epartment.deptName from employee Natural Join department;

The java command-line argument is an argument i.e. passed at the time of running the java
program.

The arguments passed from the console can be received in the java program and it can be used as an
input.

So, it provides a convenient way to check the behavior of the program for the different values. You
can pass N (1,2,3 and so on) numbers of arguments from the command prompt.

Simple example of command-line argument in java

In this example, we are receiving only one argument and printing it. To run this java program, you
must pass at least one argument from the command prompt.

class CommandLineExample{

public static void main(String args[]){

System.out.println("Your first argument is: "+args[0]);

compile by > javac CommandLineExample.java

run by > java CommandLineExample sonoo

Output: Your first argument is: sonoo

Example of command-line argument that prints all the values

In this example, we are printing all the arguments passed from the command-line. For this purpose,
we have traversed the array using for loop.

class A{

public static void main(String args[]){

for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)

System.out.println(args[i]);

}
“Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge”.

According to, Redman and Mory, “Research is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge”.
According to, Fred kerlinger,

“Research is an organized enquiry designed and carried out to provide information for solving a
problem”.

According to, Robert Ross, “Research is essentially an investigation, a

recording and analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge”.

Significance of Research in Modern Time

Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning
problems of business and industry. Operations research and market research,
along with motivational research, are considered crucial and their results assist,
in more than one way, in taking business decisions. Market research is the
investigation of the structure and development of a market for the purpose of
formulating efficient policies for purchasing, production and sales. Operations
research refers to the application of mathematical, logical and analytical
techniques to the solution of business problems of cost minimisation or of profit
maximisation or what can be termed as optimisation problems. Motivational
research of determining why people behave as they do is mainly concerned with
market characteristics. In other words, it is concerned with the determination of
motivations underlying the consumer (market) behaviour. All these are of great
help to people in business and industry who are responsible for taking business
decisions. Research with regard to demand and market factors has great utility
in business. Given knowledge of future demand, it is generally not difficult for a
firm, or for an industry to adjust its supply schedule within the limits of its
projected capacity. Market analysis has become an integral tool of business
policy these days. Business budgeting, which ultimately results in a projected
profit and loss account, is based mainly on sales estimates which in turn
depends on business research. Once sales forecasting is done, efficient
production and investment programmes can be setup around which are
grouped the purchasing and financing plans. Research, thus, replaces intuitive
business decisions by more logical and scientific decisions.
A research design is a systematic procedure or an idea to carry out different
tasks of the research study. It is important to know the research design for
the researcher to carry out the work in a proper way.

The purpose of research design is that enables the researcher to proceed in

the right direction without any deviation from the tasks. It is an overall
detailed strategy of the research process.

The design of experiments is a very important aspect of a research study. A

poor research design may collapse the entire research project in terms of
time, manpower, and money.

Good research design consists of following important points:

 Formulating a research design helps the researcher to make correct

decisions in each and every step of the study.
 It helps to identify the major and minor tasks of the study.
 It makes the research study effective and interesting by providing
minute details at each step of the research process.
 Based on the design of experiments (research design), a researcher
can easily frame the objectives of the research work.
 A good research design helps the researcher to complete the
objectives of the study in a given time and facilitates getting the
best solution for the research problems.
 It helps the researcher to complete all the tasks even with limited
resources in a better way.
 The main advantage of a good research design is that it provides
accuracy, reliability, consistency, and legitimacy to the research.
hy Is Research Important?

The main purposes of research are to inform action, gather evidence for theories,
and contribute to developing knowledge in a field of study. This article discusses the
significance of research and the many reasons why it is important for everyone—not
just students and scientists.

Understanding that research is important might seem like a no-brainer, but many
people avoid it like the plague. Yet, for those who like to learn, whether they are
members of a research institution or not, conducting research is not just important—
it's imperative.

Why Research Is Necessary and Valuable in Our Daily Lives

1. It's a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning.
2. It's a means to understand issues and increase public awareness.
3. It helps us succeed in business.
4. It allows us to disprove lies and support truths.
5. It is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.
6. It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing
valuable information.

7. It provides nourishment and exercise for the mind.

A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The literature

review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of
research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous
research.  It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the author) determine the nature of
your research.  The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures
the reader that your work has been well conceived.  It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field
of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimiliated that work into the work at hand.

A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a full understanding of the
developments in the field.  This landscape informs the reader that the author has indeed assimilated all (or the
vast majority of) previous, significant works in the field into her or his research. 

Research gap is a problem, which is not addressed properly. This

may be due to lack of sufficient information to support their claim
and also literature gap which are the missing or incomplete piece of
data in the research literature that is not been explored or ventured
so far. It can be anything to everything from a population of
samples-sizes, types, etc. It may arise due to failure in understanding
the working of particular instruments, new technological advances
or studying a new organism that has been recently discovered.
Research gaps can be identified by citation analysis, systematic
reviews and in the introduction section of research articles and
finally in the discussions and future research sections in research
papers or journals which researchers have already published.

Research Gap analysis:

1.Identify the broad area:
The researcher has to narrow down his area of interest e.g. if your
area of interest is animal protection techniques, you can narrow it
down to techniques to protect tigers. This will be the starting stone
to further research. Identification of the research gap can be
achieved by studying more literature on that particular subject.
2. Research gaps identifying methods
It is necessary to formulate questions that will require more
research and investigation to formulate a research gap. This can be
done by collecting data or resources from books, journals or
databases that will help in identifying the research gaps. Reviewing
data over a period of 5-10 years is the best way to narrow down the
search at the same time identifying the literature gaps.
3. Viability of the research gap
After the first two steps, if the research question is not viable then
modifying the research problem which is the best way to move
ahead. This may be due to the confusing literature review
methodology
4. Selection of research gap
This is totally dependent on the researcher, his interests and his
contribution. This may be due to availability of literature easily to
the researcher, e.g. if the problem identified is indiscriminate setting
up of traps to hunt tigers and the literature in databases is limited so
one has to refer to books and other miscellaneous sources to gather
data.

5. Expected outcome
The researcher should have some expected outcomes in mind when
he sets his foot into the research problem. If the gap identified by
the researcher doesn’t bear any usefulness than the gap can be
described as vague and unnecessary and the researcher should
consider revising the entire process.

6. Research gap table

Another way you can find the research problem is by using
the research gap table. The first column in the table includes the
category which consists of characteristics, presentation of the
research problem etc. The Second column is made up of the sub-
category possessing knowledge deficiency, non-matching evidence,
conflict in the resources, etc. The third column contains the
definition where the causes of the research problem, reasons for the
existence of the research gap are mentioned and at the same time
how to present your findings in the research table is also mentioned.
The last column which is nothing but the research gaps show the no
of gaps in the research.
7. Medical Research Gaps
Medicine deals with treatment, prevention of various diseases and
ailments which affect humans. It is a vast field where research is
specified in definite areas within medicine. Over the years medical
research has been able to make vaccines and medicines which have
cured some important diseases in the human race.
As time has passed by, many new diseases and ailments have
entered the human world making the research gap wider with the
increased scope but also resulted in the involvement of more time
and resources.
  A research scholar conducts a research on something that
is unknown.
 However, people may try to anticipate or predict the outcome result
of the research work.
 But it is not necessary that the practical outcome of the research
work will always match to the hypothesis predicted for the work.
 Under such a situation the researcher must try to analyse the
possible reason for the varied outcome and ensure the correctness
of his work.
 He should not defend his research work just for the sake of proving
that his work is correct and authentic for the purpose of publishing it
in a popular journal.

A research scholar has to work as a judge and derive the truth and not as a leader
who is only eager to prove his case in favour of the plaintiff. Discuss the reality of
the statement, point out from your defence the objective of research.
A researcher is a scholar who can, or will in time through learning and experience,
demonstrate:
 specialized knowledge or expertise, conceptual and intellectual capacities such
as the ability to identify and frame key problems, to think critically and
analytically, and to generate and communicate interesting and original insights.
 academic skills such as the ability to produce scholarly high-quality written work
and research papers – clearly composed so that the argument, and the
evidence that supports it, can be grasped by the intended audience (whether
specialist or more general, a conference delegate or a reader with time to
reflect).
 research skills such as the ability to use sources effectively, to gather and
organize information, to analyze text, data and theory.
 personal attributes such as the ambition and ability to work to high standards, to
take initiative and responsibility, to be well organized in one’s procedures and
balanced in one’s judgements, to collaborate well with others where
appropriate, and to take on board and incorporate constructive criticism.
 social skills such as the ability to liaise with students, colleagues and academics
from other institutions in an effective and appropriate way, to be able to adjust
to different circumstances required by academia and to integrate into the larger
community of scholars.
 
Objectives of Research
The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of
scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden
and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own
specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of
following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies
with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research
studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a
group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research
studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated
with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic
research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies
are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).
 
 
Knowing what data are available often serve to narrow down the problem itself as
well as the techniques that might be used. Explain the underlined idea in this
statement in the context of defining a research problem. Hence, define the main
issues which to receive the attention of the researcher in formulating research
problem. Give suitable example to explain your point.    
A research problem is not the same thing as a social problem. A research problem is
defined by intellectual curiosity while a social problem is defined by the values of a
group. A situation may be problematic for one group but it may not be so for another,
depending on their differing value systems. Increase in incidence of crime may be a
problem for social workers, but it may not be so for the underworld of criminals. For a
researcher, on the other hand, it is not only the crime but also the law abiding behaviour
which constitutes a problem. It is as important, and from an intellectual vantage point
even more important, to ask why people adhere to law abiding behaviour. In no sense is
law abiding behaviour a social problem. But it may be an important research problem.
Thus a research problem is a cognitive phenomenon while a social problem an
evaluative one. This does not imply that a social problem cannot turn into a research
problem. A social problem may turn into a research problem once it is so formulated by a
researcher.
What are some of the sources of finding a research problem? Taking a cue from the
existing practices, one can immediately mention the following:
(1)   Research supervisor.
(2)   Research literature.
(3)   Research funding agencies.
It is well known that students desirous of pursuing research for a degree generally leave
it to the supervisor to find and suggest a problem for them. This is so partly because
they do not want to strain their mind and partly because they begin with a sense of total
dependence on the supervisor. Whatever the reason, the fact remains that most
research students look up to the supervisor to get a research problem assigned to them.
They seem to have hardly any interest of their own in the problem, let alone a sense of
involvement in it. The students who come up with a research problem on their own are
more of an exception than a rule.
The research supervisors in turn draw upon the existing research literature for searching
a problem. Research books, research journals and trend reports are some of the more
important components of research literature which in one way or another throw up
research problems. From such literature one may get a clue to an unexplored area, a
hypothesis to test, or a new direction of inquiry. One may as well adopt a problem in
toto for investigation in a different society. In fact, quite a sizeable part of social science
research in India is a result of the study of research problems borrowed from American
and European journals, That is the reason why it remains secondhand. A third source of
problem finding is the lists of research priority areas drawn up by the research funding
agencies. The Indian Council of Social Science Research, for instance, has identified
subjects of research priority which will get funds on preferential basis. At the time of
elections, similarly, special funds are earmarked by some research sponsoring
organisations for election studies. There is no dearth of professional researchers who
will quickly change their research interests in order to take advantage of such research
funds.
The above sources and practices of problem finding are fairly widespread. All of them
are, however, external sources. What they miss in common is the importance of
subjective factor in the choice of a problem. In each case the researcher tends to work
on a problem given by others—a supervisor, or an author of a trend report, or an editor
of a list of priority areas. The problem does not seem to come to him from within. His role
is only that of a chooser out of a given number of research problems.
This lack of subjective factor in identifying a problem is, in our considered opinion, at the
root of much of the bogus research that we have in social sciences in India. It renders
the research activity a ritualistic activity, how can one produce quality research unless
the research problem has sprung from within. There is a substantial difference between
choosing a problem out of a given list and identifying one out of one’s own suffering.
Without undermining the value of the existing sources and practices of problem finding,
we should like to underline the centrality of the subjective factor in identifying a research
problem. Our submission is that it will help improve the quality of research if the
researcher works on a problem identified out of a suffering experience. Suffering, it will
be agreed, is the source of creative ideas, and more so is intellectual suffering.
Intellectual suffering means a sense of deep excitement about the problem arising either
out of one’s experience of having lived through that problem in actual life or out of one’s
empathetic experience of it. Such an experience turns into intellectual suffering the
moment one suffers it at intellectual plane over and above the experimental plane.

Yes, research is much concerned with proper fact finding, analysis, and
evaluation.
The need to solve problems, assume new discoveries, improve science
and technology, as well as to add to the existing generalized body of
knowledge, calls for adequate scientific research.
First, a well directed guess or hypothesis is made. Research designs are
put in place, with the direct manipulation of the variables and parameters
by the by the researcher. These designs are a product of background
knowledge in the concerned area of research, which are gotten through
proper fact searching and finding. Thereafter, the execution and collection
of data are  followed by appropriate analysis and evaluation. This is a
critical stage in research where the inference is drawn and subsequent new
theory is formed.
An example of a type of research that uses basic fact finding and
evaluation process include descriptive research and analytical research,
respectively.