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MGMT 9th Edition Williams Test Bank
MGMT 9th Edition Williams Test Bank
MGMT 9th Edition Williams Test Bank
TRUEFALSE
1. For most of humankind's history, people have commuted to and from their place of work.
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (B)
2. A major change that took place during the Industrial Revolution was that highly skilled artisans
took over the jobs of low-skilled laborers.
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (B)
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (A)
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (B)
5. Gantt charts were revolutionary in the era of seat-of-the-pants management because of the
detailed planning information they provided.
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (A)
6. One of the most commonly used operations management tool is cognitive mapping, which is used
to better understand the psychology of the workers in an organization.
(B) False
Answer : (B)
7. For most of recorded history, information has been costly, difficult to obtain, and slow to spread.
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (A)
8. One of the first technologies to truly revolutionize the business use of information was a stone
tablet.
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (B)
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (B)
10. Nearly all organizations should be viewed as open systems that interact with their environments
and depend on them for survival.
(A) True
(B) False
Answer : (A)
MULTICHOICE
11. Which of the following was al-Farabi's significant contribution to management thought and
practice?
Answer : (B)
(A) al-Farabi
(B) Ghazali
(D) Barbarigo
Answer : (A)
13. How did the Industrial Revolution change jobs and organizations?
(C) Unskilled laborers running machines began to replace high-paid, skilled artisans.
(D) Cottage laborers worked with each other out of small homes that were often built in a semicircle
and did not need management.
Answer : (C)
14. One of the objectives of the motion study conducted by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth was to:
Answer : (D)
(A) It is based on the belief that management can be taught to others.
(B) It allows political connections to determine an individual's power base within organizations.
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wedded. Quintus Curtius regards this as emblematic of the idea that a single
mind was not wide enough to embrace two such destinies,[208] but the true
reason was undoubtedly that the Asiatic officials were already familiar with
the Persian sovereign’s seal and were accustomed to render it due
obedience.
The emblem of the anchor used by the Seleucidæ, the dynasty founded
in Syria by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander’s generals, is said to have
originated in a strange dream of Laodicea, mother of Seleucus and wife of
Antiochus. One night she dreamt that she was visited by the God Apollo,
and that he bestowed upon her a ring set with a stone on which an anchor
was engraved. This was to be given to the son she was to bear. As such a
ring was found in the room the next morning, the dream seemed to be
thoroughly corroborated, and, moreover, when Seleucus was born, he had
on his thigh the birthmark of an anchor. Subsequent to Alexander’s death in
323 . ., Seleucus founded, in 312 . . the kingdom of Syria, which was
transmitted to a long series of his descendants, each of whom in turn is said
to have borne a similar birthmark.[209]
CARDINAL OF BRANDENBURG, BY THE MASTER OF
THE DEATH OF MARY
Seal ring on index of right hand; rings set with precious
stones on fourth and little fingers of the same hand
Reale Galleria Nazionale, Rome
PORTRAIT OF A MOTHER AND HER DAUGHTER,
BY BARTHOLOMEW BRUYN
Three rings on right hand, one with a pointed diamond;
also three rings on left hand, two on index finger; the one
on the fourth finger set with two pearls
Imperial Hermitage, Petrograd
In the Hellenistic period (ca. 300 . .-ca. 100 . .) signet rings entirely
of metal largely gave place to those in which the seal was engraved on a
stone set in a metal ring. Chalcedony continued to be freely used for this
purpose, but the employment of the choicer and harder precious stones from
India, transparent and brilliant, and of deeper coloring, characterizes this
period. In the front rank is the jacinth, unknown in earlier times, with its
wonderful ruddy hues. This is the favorite stone of the time. Usually the
gem is given a strongly convex form in order to bring out better the play of
color. Scarcely less favored than the jacinths were the garnets, also cut in a
convex shape; in many cases the under side was cut slightly concave to
enhance the effect. Evidently, however, garnets were less prized than
jacinths, for the engravings on the former are almost without exception
much inferior to those on the latter. Sometimes, in this period, unengraved
garnets, cut convex, are used for ring adornment. Another precious stone
that makes its first appearance in the Hellenistic epoch is the beryl, which,
because of its costliness, is more rarely met with than those we have already
mentioned. It is only used for the very finest work, as is also the case with
the topaz. The amethyst, which had almost gone out of fashion in the
preceding periods, was now restored to favor, principally because of its
beautiful color; like the other stones, it was cut convex. Rock crystal was
still used, as were also carnelian and sardonyx.[210]
That cruel persecutor of the Jews, Antiochus IV, Epiphanes (175–164
. .), on his death-bed, confided to his most trusted councillor, Philip, the
signet ring from his finger, that it might be held in trust for his son, a child
but nine years old, until the latter should come of age and exercise the royal
authority. In the meanwhile, the grant of the signet was equivalent to the
bestowal of the regency upon Philip, as he had the power to affix the royal
seal upon all edicts or ordinances. The son did not, however, live to receive
the ring, as he only survived his father two years, although he was a
nominal successor under the title, Antiochus V, Eupator.[211]
Two Greek epigrams in the Anthology, on engraved amethysts in signet
rings, express the prevailing superstition regarding the sobering effect of
this precious stone; these have been very well Englished by Rev. C. W.
King.[212] One, by Antipater, concerns a signet of Cleopatra and runs in
King’s version as follows:
A Mœnad wild, on amethyst I stand,
The engraving truly of a skilful hand;
A subject foreign to the sober stone,
But Cleopatra claims it for her own;
And hallow’d by her touch, the nymph so free
Must quit her drunken mood, and sober be.
That this was really a ring-stone is proved by the Greek words “on the
queen’s hand,” which King has not literally translated. The image was that
of Methe, goddess of intoxication. The other epigram is shorter but to the
same point:
Two brass rings. Roman. 1, set with an inscribed agate,; 2, key-ring, set
with an engraved onyx
Gorlæus, Dactyliotheca, Delphis Bat., 1601
Two gold rings, with onyx gems. Roman. 1, engraved with seated
figure of Ceres; 2, design of dove bringing back the olive branch to the
Ark
Gorlæus, Dactyliotheca, Delphis Bat., 1601
Two bronze rings excavated at the
Borough Field, Chesterford, Essex, 1848.
Late Roman.
British Museum
The prophet Haggai (chap. ii, verse 23) uses the designation signet to
indicate a specially chosen instrument, in the following words:
In that day, saith the Lord of hosts, will I take thee, O Zerubbabel, my
servant, the son of Shealtiel, saith the Lord, and will make thee as a signet:
for I have chosen thee, saith the Lord of hosts.
The Freemasons have adopted the signet of Zerubbabel as one of the
symbols of the Royal Arch, the seventh masonic degree.[230]
The monogram of Christ appears on a signet made for a Christian lady of
Roman times, Ælia Valeria. Of this sacred symbol St. John Chrysostom
wrote that the Christians of his time always inscribed it at the beginning of
their letters, and he gives as a reason for this that wherever the name of God
appeared there was nothing but happiness. Undoubtedly the shape of the
Greek X (Ch), forming part of this monogram, suggested a form of the
cross, and gave an added significance to the monogram, especially in view
of Chrysostom’s statement that the Christians of his time painted or
engraved a cross on their houses and made the sign of the cross over their
foreheads and their hearts.[231]
Clemens Alexandrinus in the second century tells us that men were
required to wear the seal ring on the little finger, as worn in this way it
would interfere least with the use of the hand, and would be best protected
from injury and loss.[232] While, however, fashion must have dictated to a
great extent the finger on which a seal ring was to be worn, we should bear
in mind that any particular custom in this matter was not constant, and that
individual preferences must often have determined the finger chosen to bear
the seal ring. This diversity is attested by the differing statements of the old
writers, as well as by the rare examples offered by ancient statues and
paintings.
One of the rare ivory rings in the British Museum is a signet the bezel of
which bears an engraved design of Christ on the Cross, with the Virgin and
St. John on either side. The legend is the motto of Constantine the Great: In
hoc signo vinces. The hoop of this ring, which was found in Suffolk, has
been restored at the back. The figures are very rudely engraved for a
production of the sixteenth century.[233]