DESCRIBING MOTION Physics progresses not by revolutions, which do away with all that went before, but rather by evolutions, which exploit the best about what is already understood. Newton's laws will continue to be as true today, no matter what we discover at the frontiers of science. Lawrence M. Krauss The Physics of StartrekDESCRIBING MOTION Distance and displacement are both ways of measuring how far an object has moved. Distanceis a scalar quantitywhich refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion. Displacementis a vector quantitywhich refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's change in position. Displacement is the distance moved in a particular direction.DESCRIBING MOTION e Physics is a mathematical science - that is, the underlying concepts and principles have a mathematical basis. The motion of objects can be described by words - words such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. These mathematical quantities which are used to describe the motion of objects can be divided into two categories. The quantity is either avectorora scalar. These two categories can be distinguished from one another by their distinct definitions: » Scalarsare quantities which are fully described by a number alone. » Vectorsare quantities which are fully described by both a number and a direction.DESCRIBING MOTION In the day we sweat it out in the streetsof a Tunawayamerican dream At night we ridethrough mansions of glory in suicide machines ‘Sprung from cages out on highway, Ghro = re sieprin out mie wheeled, fuel injected an gver the line Baby this town rips the bones from your back Its a death trap, its a suicide rap We gotta get out while were young “cause tramps like us, baby we were born to run ‘Wendy let me in | wanna be your friend |want to guerd your dreams and visions Just wrap your lags round these velvet rims ‘And strap your hands across my engines Together we could break this trap run til we drop, baby well never go back il you walk with me out on the wire “cause baby Im just a scared and lonely rider But | gotta find out how it feels. want to know ilove is wild, gil | want to know if love is real Beyond the palace hemi-powered drones scream down the boulevard The gitls comb their hair in rearview mirrors ‘And the boys try to look so hard ‘The amusement park risesbold and stark Kids are huddled on the beach ina mist | wanna die with you wendy on the streets tonight In an everlasting kiss ‘The highwaysjammed with broken heroes on a last chance power drive Everybodys out on the runtonight but theres no place left to hide Together wendy well live with the sadness Ii ove you with all the madness in my soul ‘Someday girl | dont know when were gonna get to that place ‘Where we really want to go and well walk in the sun But til then tramps like us baby we were born to run Bruce SpringsteenDESCRIBING MOTION e In science we define motion as the change in e How fast an object changes position or the ratethat an object’s position changes with time is called the speed. If we know both the directionin which an object moves and its speed,then the combined direction and speed are called the velocityof an object. When either the speed or the velocity of an object is zero, then there is no motion.Is she in motion? How can she estimate her arrival time? How far the car has moved? How fast the car has moved?| KINEMATICS 4TH ESO Chemistry and Physics IES AMESDESCRIBING MOTION e Kinematics is the science of describing the motion of objects using words, diagrams, numbers, graphs, and equations. e The goal of any study of kinematics is to develop sophisticated mental models which serve to describe (and ultimately, explain) the motion of real-world objects. e In this chapter you will learn: » How to describe motion in terms of distance, displacement, velocity, acceleration and time. » How to use equations to link these quantities » How to draw and interpret graphs representing motionDESCRIBING MOTION Speed and velocity are both ways of measuring how fast an object has moved. Speedis a scalar quantitywhich refers to “the rate of change of distance”. average speed= distance travelled (m)/ time taken (s) Velocityis a vector quantitywhich refers to “the rate of change of displacement”. average velocity= total displacement (m)/ time taken (s) Instantaneous velocity: it is the actual velocity of the car. To find it we have to find the displacement over a very small time interval. The smaller the time interval, the closer we get to an instantaneous valueDESCRIBING MOTION DISTANCE/DISPLACEM|DESCRIBING MOTION VERTICAL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY TERMINAL VELOCITY: On Earth, falling object always experience some Air Resistance. The air sae resistance is not constant, it time (s) increases with speed. Eventually the air resistance and weight will balance out. At this point the object stop accelerating and is travelling at the maximum possible speed or terminal velocity. speed (m/s) = aDESCRIBING MOTION e GRAPHS INDICATING +/- VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION ‘These objects are moving These objects are moving, ‘with « positive velocity. ‘with « negative velocity. HB S~ foe the moeDESCRIBING MOTION e Acceleration is a vector quantitywhich refers to “the rate of change of velocity”. oO average acceleration= change in velocity (m s"')/ time taken (s) The change in velocity may be a change in speed, or direction or both.DESCRIBING MOTION e DESCRIBING MOTION WITH EQUATIONS v-u aa ura at’ X=X, ule vauw+2ax a: acceleration v: velocity u: initial veloctiy x: position Xq: initial position t timeDESCRIBING MOTION e DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPHS The gradient of a displacement-time graph gives us thevelocity. The steeper the gradient, the greater the velocity. S| 4 Time (s) Time (s) Positive Velocity Constant Velocity _- Positive Velocity Changing Velocity (acceleration)DESCRIBING MOTION e VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS The gradient of a velocity-time graph gives us theacceleration. The area under a velocity-time graph also gives us the displacement. 5 4 5 Time (s) g s > 3 e s Velocity (m/s) Time (3) Positive Velocity Constant Velocity ; No acceleration Positive Velocity Changing Velocity (acceleration)DESCRIBING MOTION VERTICAL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY FREE FALL: An object is in ‘free fall’ if the only force acting on itis the gravity. All the objects in free fall accelerate downwards at the same rate. = -g=-9,8 ms? vau-gd eional new (2M 2. g: gravitational field 10 ms — Z r strength 20 m/s +@ 25) - 2" v: velocity 30 m/s +@ 3 yay, tut 2 urinal veocty “ x: position 40 m/s +@ 45 2 2 Xo! initial position y=Hu -2.2.y t: time 50m/s +@ 58Uniform circular motionis the motion of an object in a circle with a constant or uniform speed. An object moving in uniform circular motion would cover the same linear distance in each second of time. The distance of one complete cycle around the perimeter of a circle is known as the circumferenceDESCRIBING CIRCULAR MOTION TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY TIME PERIOD (T) It is the time (s) for a complete rotation FREQUENCY It is the number of rotations per second (Hz) T= 1/fMEASURING ANGLES Radian The word radian describes a certain size of an angle. For an angle of one radian the arc length along the edge of the circle is equal in length to the radius. If you want to know the exact size of the radian in terms of degrees, take 360 and divide it by 2 times pi. That number is how many degrees there are in a radian. Angle (rad) = length of arc/radius For a full circle: How many radians are there ina angle= 2ar/r= 2nrad circle? 1 circle= 360°= 2zradDESCRIBING CIRCULAR MOTION LINEAR SPEED We can calculate the linear speed at any mean § i’ oy LINKING v AND o > ea Speed=distance/time taken x a \ A rs v= 2nr/t= @.rDESCRIBING CIRCULAR MOTION ANGULAR SPEED For an object rotating about an axis, every point on the object has the same angular speed. Angular speed has the units rad/s. Angular speed is the rate of change of angular displacement and can be described by the relationship @=olt We can also calculate the angular speed if we know the time period or the frequency of the motion. @=Olt = 2n/T= 2nf