Cpe222 Eca II Lab Manual

EEE222 ECA II
Electrical Circuit Analysis II

CPE222
Lab Manual
Name
Registration Number
Class
Instructor’s Name
COMSATS University Islamabad Page 1

EEE222 ECA II
Introduction
This is the Lab Manual for CPE – 222 Electric Circuit Analysis II. The labs constitute 25 % of
the total marks for this course.
During the labs you will work in groups (no more than three students per group). You are
required to complete the ‘Pre-Lab’ section of the lab before coming to the lab. You will be
graded for this and the ‘In-Lab’ tasks during the in-lab viva. You will complete the ‘Post-Lab’
section of each lab before coming to the next week’s lab.
You are not allowed to wander in the lab or consult other groups when performing
experiments. Similarly the lab reports must contain original efforts. CIIT has a zero tolerance
anti-plagiarism policy.
Apart from these weekly labs you will complete two projects. One mini-project that will count
towards your Lab Sessional II score and a Final Project which will be graded as Lab Final
Exam. The grading policy is already discussed in the Course Description File.

EEE222 ECA II
Acknowledgement
The labs for EEE-222 Electric Circuit Analysis II were designed by Dr. Aurangzeb and Mr.
Bilal Qasim. The first version was completed in Session Spring 2016, The second version was
completed during the summer break of 2016. Typesetting and formatting of this version was
supervised by Dr. Omar Ahmad and was carried out by Mr. Abdul Rehman, Mr Suleman & Mr
Baqir Hussain.
History of Revision
Date of Issue Team Comments
July. 01, Shafia Hussain This is the first editable draft of EEE222
2016 Anam Kalyar lab manual.
Rabia Naseem
Sharjeel Riaz
Ayesha Ameen
September Syed Bilal Javed In-lab of Lab 05 has been modified.

22, 2017 Rizwan Azam
September Syed Bilal Javed In-lab tasks of Lab 11 & 12 have been
12, 2018 designed as an open-ended lab.

EEE222 ECA II
Safety Precautions
 Be calm and relaxed, while working in lab.
 First check your measuring equipment.
 When working with voltages over 40 V or current over 10 A , there must be at least two
people in the lab at all time.
 Keep the work area neat and clean.
 Be sure about the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kit.
 No loose wires or metals pieces should be lying on the table or neat the circuit.
 Avoid using long wires, that may get in your way while making adjustments or
changing leads.
 Be aware of bracelets, rings, and metal watch bands (if you are wearing any of them).
Do not wear them near an energized circuit.
 When working with energize circuit use only one hand while keeping rest of your body
away from conducting surfaces.
 Always check your circuit connections before power it ON.
 Always connect connection from load to power supply.
 Never use any faulty or damage equipment and tools.
 If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor.
o Do not touch the equipment, the cord, the person.
o Disconnect the power source from the circuit breaker and pull out the plug using
insulated material.

EEE222 ECA II
Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................3
History of Revision.....................................................................................................................3
Safety Precautions........................................................................................................................4
Lab # 01 Introduction to Instruments...........................................................................................9
Pre Lab:....................................................................................................................................9
In Lab:....................................................................................................................................16
Post Lab:.................................................................................................................................17
Critical Analysis / Conclusion................................................................................................22
Lab # 02 Introduction to LTSpice..............................................................................................23
Pre Lab:..................................................................................................................................23
Pre-Lab Assignment...............................................................................................................26
In Lab:....................................................................................................................................27
Post Lab:.................................................................................................................................34
Lab # 03 Phasor Analysis...........................................................................................................40
Pre Lab:..................................................................................................................................40
In Lab:....................................................................................................................................44
LAB TASKS..........................................................................................................................44
Post Lab:.................................................................................................................................47
Lab # 04: Verification of Network Theorems (KCL, KVL and Thevenin Theorem) in Phasor
Domain.......................................................................................................................................53
Objectives...............................................................................................................................53
Pre-Lab:..................................................................................................................................53
In-Lab:....................................................................................................................................55
Lab # 05 Sinusoidal Steady State Power Measurements (Real, Reactive and Apparent Power)
and Power Factor Correction......................................................................................................63
Objectives...............................................................................................................................63
1. To study the A.C power calculations..............................................................................63

EEE222 ECA II
2. To Calculate Active, Reactive Power and apparent power.............................................63

3. To study the power factor correction. Equipment and Materials....................................63
Pre-Lab:..................................................................................................................................63
In-Lab:....................................................................................................................................66
Lab # 06 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in AC Circuits..........................71
Objectives...............................................................................................................................71
Pre-Lab:..................................................................................................................................71
Pre-Lab Task:.........................................................................................................................72
In-Lab Tasks:..........................................................................................................................73
Post Lab Task.........................................................................................................................74
Critical Analysis / Conclusion..................................................................................................80
Lab # 07: Study the Relationship between Voltage and Current in Three-Phase Circuits........82
Objectives...............................................................................................................................82
Pre-Lab:..................................................................................................................................82
In-Lab Tasks...........................................................................................................................83
POST LAB:............................................................................................................................86
Critical Analysis / Conclusion..................................................................................................87
Lab # 08 Band Pass & Band Stop Filters...................................................................................90
PRE-LAB:..............................................................................................................................90
In Lab:....................................................................................................................................92
Post Lab:.................................................................................................................................97
Critical Analysis / Conclusion..............................................................................................100
Lab # 9: Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits........................................................................101
Objectives.............................................................................................................................101
Pre-Lab:................................................................................................................................101
Pre Lab Task 1:......................................................................................................................102
In-Lab:..................................................................................................................................103
Solution:...............................................................................................................................103
Part 2 - Implementation of Series Resonant circuit...........................................................106
Lab Tasks-Part-2...................................................................................................................106

EEE222 ECA II
Solution:...............................................................................................................................106
Post-Lab:..............................................................................................................................108
Lab # 10: Two Port Network Characteristics...........................................................................113
Objectives.............................................................................................................................113
Pre-Lab:................................................................................................................................113
In-Lab:..................................................................................................................................115
Lab Tasks 1............................................................................................................................116
Measurement of Z parameters:...........................................................................................116
Solution:...............................................................................................................................117
Lab Task 2:............................................................................................................................117
Measurement of Y parameters:...........................................................................................117
Solution:...............................................................................................................................118
Lab Task 3:............................................................................................................................118
Measurement of h parameters:...........................................................................................118
Solution:...............................................................................................................................119
Post-Lab:...............................................................................................................................119
Lab # 11 Passive First Order Low Pass & High Pass Filter.....................................................121
Introduction:.........................................................................................................................121
PRE-LAB:............................................................................................................................121
In-Lab Tasks.........................................................................................................................125
Post Lab:...............................................................................................................................138
Lab # 12 Multistage Passive Low Pass Filter..........................................................................139
PRE-LAB:............................................................................................................................139
In Lab:..................................................................................................................................143
Post Lab:...............................................................................................................................147

EEE222 ECA II

Lab # 01 Introduction to Instruments

Object: Introduction to Instruments. (Digital Oscilloscope and Digital
Function Generator)
Pre Lab:
Introduction:
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is a graph displaying device. It is used to visualize time-varying electronic
signals on a screen. The signals are graphed using an analog circuitry or a digital apparatus.
Analog Oscilloscope:
It works on the functionality of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). A beam of electrons is made to fall
on a screen where it becomes visible as a bright blue dot. The beam is then moved along a
horizontal line using a saw-tooth voltage applied along the horizontal axis. The fast moving dot
gives the appearance of a blue line. Then the signal to be graphed on the screen is applied
vertically so that the beam of electrons moves in a vertical access accordingly. The result is a
plot of the time varying applied signal on the oscilloscope screen.
Digital Oscilloscope:
It works on the functionality of Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter. The applied input analog
signal is sampled at a high rate; the received samples are then plotted on the screen.
Digital Oscilloscopes have some obvious benefits over analog counterparts. The advent in
digital circuitry has made the oscilloscopes cheaper. Moreover the sampled signal in a digital
oscilloscope can be stored in memory, can be easily modified or transferred to a computer for
further analysis. In this lab we shall conduct all experiments using digital oscilloscopes.
However it is advised that engineering students should get hands-on experience on both types
of oscilloscopes.
In our lab (i.e. Electronics Lab: CIIT Islamabad) we shall work with Agilent 3000 Series
oscilloscopes.

Fig No.1: Agilent 3000 Series Oscilloscope (Panel Controls)
Fig No.2: Oscilloscope Display
Using the Oscilloscope:

Auto –Scale Feature:

The oscilloscope has a very useful auto-scale feature that sets the various display scales
automatically according to the input waveform. It is a handy tool to start with until the students
get a better grasp at the control knobs. The students are advised not to rely on this feature
completely but try to learn to set the scale parameters themselves.
Fig No.3: Auto Scale Button
This feature requires an input frequency at least 50Hz and a duty cycle at least 1%.
Input a Signal:
Use one of the supplied passive probes to input the signal into one of the channels of the
oscilloscope.
Using the Run Control Buttons:
There are two buttons for starting and stopping the oscilloscope’s acquisition system:
Run/Stop and Single.
Fig No.4: Run Control Buttons
 When the Run/Stop button is green, the oscilloscope is acquiring data.

 To stop acquiring data, press Run/Stop. When stopped, the last acquired waveform is
displayed.
 When the Run/Stop button is red, data acquisition is stopped. To start acquiring data,
press Run/Stop.
 To capture and display a single acquisition (whether the oscilloscope is running or
stopped), press Single. After capturing and displaying a single acquisition, the
Run/Stop button is red.
Horizontal Scale:

The horizontal controls consist of:
 The horizontal scale knob — changes the oscilloscope’s time per division setting using
the center of the screen as a reference.
 The horizontal position knob — changes the position of the trigger point (trigger is
explained in the subsequent section) relative to the center of the screen.
 The Main/Delayed button ( We shall not use this button in this lab: For details of this
feature refer to the user manual of the device)
Fig No.5: Horizontal Controls
 Turn the horizontal scale knob to change the horizontal time per division (time/div)
setting. The time/div setting changes in a 1- 2- 5 step sequence. The time/div setting is
also known as the sweep speed.
 Push the horizontal scale knob to toggle between vernier (fine scale) adjustment and
normal adjustment. With vernier adjustment, the time/div setting changes in small steps
between the normal (coarse scale) settings.
 The time/div setting is displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the screen.
Triggering:
The trigger determines when captured data should be stored and displayed. When a trigger is
set up properly, it can convert unstable displays or blank screens into meaningful waveforms.
When the oscilloscope starts to acquire a waveform, it collects enough data so that it can
draw the waveform to the left of the trigger point. The oscilloscope continues to acquire data
while waiting for the trigger condition to occur. After it detects a trigger, the oscilloscope
continues to acquire enough data so that it can draw the waveform to the right of the trigger
point.
The oscilloscope provides these trigger modes:
 Edge — can be used with analog and digital circuits. An edge trigger occurs when the
trigger input passes through a specified voltage level with the specified slope.
 Pulse — is used to find pulses with certain widths.
 Video — is used to trigger on fields or lines for standard video waveforms.

Fig No.6: Trigger Controls
 To adjust the trigger level, turn the trigger Level knob. Two things happen: The
trigger level value is displayed at the lower left- hand corner of the screen and a
line is displayed showing the location of the trigger level with respect to the
waveform (except when using AC coupling or LF reject coupling modes).
 Push 50% to set the level at 50% of the signal’s vertical amplitude.
 To make an acquisition even if no valid trigger has been found: Press Force.
 Forcing a trigger is useful, for example, when you want to display the DC voltage
of a level signal.
Vertical Controls
The vertical controls consist of:
 The channel (1, 2), Math, and Ref buttons — turn waveforms on or off (and
display or hide their menus).
 The vertical scale knobs — change the amplitude per division setting for a waveform,
using ground as a reference.
 The vertical position knobs — change the vertical position of the waveform on the
screen.

Fig No. 7: Vertical Controls
 Pressing the channel (1, 2), Math, or Ref buttons have the following effect: If the
waveform is off, the waveform is turned on and its menu is displayed. If the
waveform is on and its menu is not displayed, its menu will be displayed. If the
waveform is on and its menu is displayed, the waveform is turned off and its menu
goes away.
 Turn its vertical scale knob to change the amplitude per division setting. The
amplitude/div setting changes in a 1- 2- 5 step sequence from 2 mV/div to 10 V/div
(with “1X” probe attenuation). Ground is used as a reference.
 Push its vertical scale knob to toggle between Vernier (fine scale) adjustment and
normal adjustment. With Vernier adjustment, the amplitude/div setting changes in
small steps between the normal (coarse scale) settings.
 The amplitude/div setting is displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the screen.
 Adjusting their vertical position lets you compare waveforms by aligning them above
one another or on top of each other. When an input channel waveform is on: Turn the
vertical position knob to change the vertical position of the waveform on the screen.
Notice that the ground reference symbol on the left side of the display moves with the
waveform.
 Notice that, as you adjust the vertical position, a message showing the position of
the ground reference relative to the center of the screen is temporarily displayed in
the lower left- hand corner of the screen.
 To specify channel coupling, if the channel’s menu is not currently displayed, press the
channel button (1, 2). In the Channel menu, press Coupling to select between:
 DC — passes both DC and AC components of the input waveform to the oscilloscope.
 AC — blocks the DC component of the input waveform and passes the AC component.
 GND — the waveform is disconnected from the oscilloscope input.
Function Generator

A function generator is a device to generate arbitrary time varying waveforms. It is used for
testing and designing circuits in a lab environment. The function generator used in this lab is
Agilent 3320A.
Using the Function Generator: -
Fig No.8 Snapshot of Agilent 3320A Function Generator
Generating a Signal:-
 Turn the power on and press the output key.

 Press the sine key, if not already active.
 Enter a value of 2 using numeric keypad and then choose units to be kHz. We can also
specify time period instead of frequency if we press the “Freq” soft key and then
specify the time period.
 Similarly press the Amplitude soft key to enter amplitude and offset soft key to enter
DC offset.
 The units can be changed by pressing first the +/- key and then entering new units.
 Similarly by pressing the square, ramp, pulse etc keys we can generate arbitrary
waveforms of different characteristics.
REFERENCE
1. User`s and Services Guide Agilent 3000 Series Oscilloscopes.
2. Users Guide Agilent 33220 A 20MHZ Function / Arbitrary Waveform Generator.
Pre-Lab Assignment
This Lab has no Pre-Lab Assignment.
In Lab:
OBJECTIVES
 Basic understanding of creating arbitrary waveforms using function generator.
 Basic understanding of viewing a time varying voltage waveform on digital
oscilloscope and understanding various control knobs of digital oscilloscope.
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

 Digital Function Generator
 Digital Oscilloscope with Probes.
SECTION I – Lab Tasks

Task 1:-
 Turn on Oscilloscope and Function generator.
 Note down the values of Channel 1 status and Time base status on the oscilloscope
screen. Write them down in the table.
 Generate a sinusoidal wave of 2 KHZ and 5Vp-p. Connect the signal using probes to the
oscilloscope. Press Auto Scale.
 Press channel (1) button, make sure from the menu that coupling is DC, bandwidth
limit is off and probe is set at (1X).
 Play with the horizontal and vertical position and scale knobs and try to understand
their effect. Finally auto-scale again.
 Note down the new values of Channel 1 Status and Time base Status. Interpret the
graph displayed using these values.
 Change the offset to -1V then 1.5V then 2V then. Observe the change in waveform.
Change the vertical scale i.e. the whole waveform is again at the centre of screen. Note
down the new values of Channel 1 Status and Time base Status.
 Press “measure” button, press “Volatge” and then press soft keys to determine values of
Vpp, Vrms, Vmin and Vmax. Similarly press “Time” and determine the values of
frequency, period etc. Fill the table.
 Change the coupling to AC. What do you observe?
Task-2:-
 Generate a square wave pulse between 0-5V. Let the frequency be 4KHZ. What is the
time period ?
 Change the duty cycle to 25%.
 What is the value of time base status? For how much time the waveform is +5Volts (0n
time). For how much time the waveform is 0Volts (Off-time). Find the ratio of On-time
and the time period of the square wave.

 To measure the time (off or on) note down the time base status. It represents how much
time one division (box) on the horizontal axis represents. Using this information
calculate the time i.e. divisions for which the wave is +5V and for which it is 0volts.
 Another method is to press “measure” button of oscilloscope. Press “Time” (press soft
key again to view next set of measurements) and note down the value of “+width” (on-
time) and “-width” (off-time).
 Change the duty cycle to 70% and repeat the experiment.
Task-3:-
 Generate a Sine wave of 1 KHz (note down its value in radians/sec using w = 2πf),
10Vp-p.
 Press “Ref” and press “save” to save this waveform as reference.
 Now change the horizontal position knob, the reference wave remains static but the live
voltage waveform will change position. On lower left corner of the screen the time
delay will be displayed.
 Delay the wave using horizontal position knob until the live waveform is at 180 degrees
out of phase with the reference (π radians). 180 degrees means the wave becomes
exactly the inverted version of the reference waveform. Note the numerical value of the
time delay.
 Change the frequency to 3 KHz and 3.5 KHz and repeat the experiment. Fill the table
Section – 2 (Design Problem)

Set the oscilloscope and function generator to display on the oscilloscope screen the exact
voltage waveform as shown below i.e. the on time is only 50% of the off time and only five
complete cycles are visible on the screen. The voltage should vary from 0 to 1V. (Choose
frequency of your own choice, show the output to the instructor)
Post Lab:
Post Lab Discussion
Answer the following

 What is meant by offset?

 What is meant by duty cycle?

 What is the relationship of phase shift, frequency and time?
 What is meant by DC and AC coupling?
Section 3 – Measurement Tables
Name(s): _____________________ Reg. No __________________________
Task 1:
CH-1 status Time Base CH-1 Time Base
Status status(after Status(after
offset) offset)
1Voltage
Measurements
Time
Measurements
Task 2:
Time Period Duty Cycle Time Base On-Time Off-Time Ratio

Status

Task 3:
Frequency f(kHz) Frequency w(rad/sec) Time delay t(msec) w*t

Critical Analysis / Conclusion




(By Student about Learning from the Lab)
Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5
Critical Analysis /5
Instructor Signature and Comments

Lab # 02 Introduction to LTSpice

Object: Introduction to LTSpice using Simulation of Natural and Step
Response of Parallel RLC circuits.
Pre Lab:
Introduction:
LTSpice: -
SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a general purpose electronic
circuit simulator used to predict circuit behavior. LTSPICE is a SPICE simulator with
graphical interface (schematic capture) and waveform viewer.
Downloading and Installing LTSPICE:
LTspice can be downloaded from http://www.linear.com/designtools/software/ltspice.jsp .The

downloaded file is an .exe file which directly installs LTspice.
Creating a simple circuit:
 Open the LTspice software.

 Choose File - > New Schematic.
 From Tools menu the color preferences can be changed, the grid can be turned on or off
from the view menu.
 The toolbar is explained below
Fig No.1: LTSpice Toolbar
 The component button can be used to put any circuit component on the schematic
diagram. The wire button can be used to connect different components.
 The label button can be used to give labels to different nodes. Otherwise a default name
is given to each node.
 To delete a component from the diagram either use F5 or click the scissors button and
click on the component to be deleted.
 To make a simple circuit as shown below click on the component button.

Fig No.2: A simple resistive circuit.
 The following window appears.
Fig No.3: Component select window
 This window contains a collection of basic component; to make the circuit as shown
above choose the voltage source and place it on the schematic diagram.
 Place resistors on the schematic diagram and join those using wires to make the
complete circuit. To rotate a resistor so that it can be placed as in the given circuit,
select the resistor and press ctrl+r. Similarly ctrl+e are used to mirror a resistor. Place
the ground at the lower node.

 The circuit is complete. To set the values of observe that each component has two
labels attached to it. One represents the name and other represents the value of the
component. To change the name or the value of any component left click on the
corresponding label e.g. each resistor comes with a label R1, R2 etc that represents its
name. Each resistor is also accompanied by a label R that represents its value. To
change the value of the resistor use left click on the label. The following window
appears.
Fig No.4: Component value window
 Enter the value in the text field and click ok.

 Another way setting different properties of a component is by using left click on the
component itself e.g. if we use left click on the voltage source the following window
appears.
Fig No.5: Source value window
 Now the DC value and the source internal resistance can be set from this window. The
advanced button can be used to change the voltage source from DC to other types
which shall be explored in other tasks.
Natural Response of a Parallel RLC circuits:

Fig No.6: Parallel RLC circuit
The parallel RLC circuit shown is described by the following differential equation
2
d v 1 dv v
+ + =0.
dt RC dt LC
2
The characteristic equation thus obtained by using s = d/dt is
2 s 1
s+ + =0.
RC LC
The roots of the characteristics equations and the initial conditions describe the complete
response of the circuit. The roots are given as
s1=−α + √ α 2−w 02∧s2=−α −√ α 2−w02
1 1
α= ∧w0 = ∧wd =√ w o2−α 2
2 RC √ LC
Condition Response General Formula
If w 02< α 2 Over damped s1 t

A1 e + A 2 e
s2 t
If w 02> α 2 Under damped B1 e

−αt
cos w d t + B2 e
−αt
sin w d t
If w 02=α 2 Critically damped D1 t e

−αt
+ D2 e
−αt
REFERENCE
Electric Circuits 9th Edition, Nilsson and Riedel. (Chapter 8)
Pre-Lab Assignment
Solve the parallel RLC circuit for the following conditions. Bring the solution and final result
with you in the lab.
1. R = 2K, L = 250mH and C = 10nF. The initial current in the inductor at t=0 is -4A. The
initial voltage across the capacitor is zero. Find the expression of v (t) for t>0.

2. R = 62.5 ohm, L = 10mH and C=1uF. The initial current in the inductor at t=0 is 80mA.
The initial voltage across the capacitor is 10V. Find the expression of v (t) for t>0.
3. R = 4K, C = 0.125uF, L = 8H. The initial current in the inductor at t=0 is -12.25mA.
The initial voltage across the capacitor is 0V. Find the expression of v(t) for t>0.
In Lab:
OBJECTIVES
1. Introduction to the DC bias point and Transient Analysis of LTSpice.

2. Understanding the Natural and Step response of RLC circuits using simulations.
3. Understanding the concepts of overshoot, settling time and rise time using simulations.

Section -1 Lab Tasks

Task – 1 (Simulating Bias Point)Create the simple circuit as described in the
introduction section.
2. Set the DC voltage source equal to 5V and both resistors are set equal to 1K. (The
symbol for prefixes such as kilo and “milli” and mega are case insensitive can be
confusing e.g. the symbol for kilo is K or k, for “milli” it is M or m and for mega it is
“MEG” or “meg”.
3. Now click Simulate->run from the top menu or click the run button on the toolbar. The
following window appears
Fig No.7: Simulation command window
4. It shows the possible type of analyses LTspice can perform. At the moment we are only
interested in the DC bias point so click the DC op pnt button on the top menu of this
window and click ok.
5. The operating point is calculated and the following results appear.
Fig No.8: Bias point result window
6. Since we placed no label on the nodes so they are given names n001 and n002. The
node with ground connected is named 0.

7. Now we place our own labels on the nodes by using the label net button on the toolbar
and run the simulation again
Fig No.9: Simple circuit with nodes labeled
8. So the node voltages and current through each component are listed. Note that the
current through the resistor R1 is negative. The reason is that R1 was rotated before
being placed in the circuit. LTspice defines a predetermined direction of current
through each resistor. A negative value shows that the actual direction of current is
opposite to the predetermined assumed direction. To check what direction LTspice has
assumed click View-> Spice Net-list from the top menu. A net-list is a text version of
the schematic diagram. The following window appears
Fig No.10: Net-list window
9. It shows that R1 is connected between nodes N2 and N1 and hence the assumed
direction of current is from N2 to N1. Whereas the actual current flows from N1 to N2
and hence the output generated a negative sign.

10. To connect R1 i.e. the assumed direction is from N1 to N2 select the resistor by using
the move or drag button (the buttons with the symbol of open or closed hand) from the
toolbar and press ctrl+e to mirror the resistor. Now run the simulation and view the
Spice Net-list.
11. The current through Voltage source is negative as it should be by passive sign
convention. Fill the table with values; show your instructor your results.
Task-2 (Transient Analysis)

1. Create the parallel RLC circuit as shown in the introduction section.
2. Assign the values of R=200, L = 50mH and C=0.2uF. Label the non-ground Node as
V1.
Fig No.11: Parallel RLC circuit with node labeled
3. To assign initial values of currents and voltages in capacitor and inductor, press the .op
button on the toll bar (circled in the figure below). The following window appears.

Fig No.12: Spice directive window
4. Write the following statement “.IC I(L1) = 30m V(V1) = 12”. This sets the initial
current of inductor as 30mA and initial capacitor voltage as 12 volts.
5. Check net-list to see if you have connected the resistor, capacitor and inductor in the
correct direction. Now click Simulate->Edit Simulation cmd. The simulation command
window will appear.
6. Choose Transient and set Stop Time equal to 300usec.
7. Run the simulation. A graphical black window would appear. Maximize this window.
Graphical Analysis (TRACE):-
1. Since the results of the DC Sweep are best viewed using a graphical utility so shall use
the graphical analysis of LTSPICE also called TRACE. Take the mouse cursor over the
horizontal axis, the mouse cursor changes into a scale icon. Use the ‘right-click’ button
and a window would appear.
Fig No.13: Horizontal axis control window
2. This window tells us that the quantity plotted on the horizontal-axis is time. It also tells
what the maximum and minimum value on the axis is and where the ticks are placed.
3. Now move the mouse cursor somewhere on the graphical screen and use ‘left-click’,
from the drop-down menu that appears click ‘Add Trace’. The following window
appears

Fig. No.14: Add trace window
4. It lists all the voltages and current which have been calculated and can be plotted.
Choose V(V1)
5. A number of mathematical operations can be performed on the graphs. A constant may
be added, subtracted, multiplied or dived from the graph. Two or more graphs may be
added, subtracted, multiplied or divided. Similarly the logarithm or some trigonometric
function of the graph may be plotted as well. To apply a mathematical operation on the
graph use left click on the title of the graph (V (V1) in this case). The following
window appears
Fig No.15: Waveform expression editor

6. In this window any algebraic expression may be written.

7. By using right click on the graph, the numerical values at different points can be
observed.
8. Observe the waveform. What type of response is it? The time after which the waveform
becomes in between +1% and -1% of the final value (zero volts in case of natural
response). This time is called settling time of the response. Increase the simulation time
and note down the settling time.
9. Change the value of resistor to 312.5. Again run the simulation. Observe the response
and note down the settling time
10. Change the value of resistor to 200 and repeat the experiment. Save the waveforms for
lab report. To save a graph click Tools->Copy bitmap to clipboard and paste the graph
in paint or in word file.
Task -3 (Step Response)

1. Create the following circuit on LTSpice. Do not set any initial conditions.
Fig No.16: Parallel RLC circuit with step source
2. To set the current source as a step source of 24mA, take the cursor on the current
source and left click. Click “Advanced”, the following window appears.
Fig No.17: Advanced controls of a source

3. Click PWL radio button. This button is used to generate an arbitrary waveform by
specifying different points of the waveform. The remaining waveform is calculated by
linear interpolation. Specify the following points to generate a step source of 24mA.
Time1 0
Value1 0
Time2 1nsec
Value2 24mA
Time3 1msec
Value3 24mA
Table No.1: Values for a step current source

4. Simulate the circuit for 200usec; plot the inductor current. Determine the type of
response and the values of overshoot, rise time and settling time. The definitions are
given below.
5. Over-Shoot: The maximum value of waveform greater than the steady state value
(steady state value is 24mA in this case).
6. Rise Time: The time in which the waveform reaches 90% of the steady state value.
7. Settling Time: The time after which the waveform becomes in between +1% and -1%
of the steady state value. (Note: Some definitions might define it as in between 5% or
some similar value).
8. Change the value of resistor to 625 and 500. Repeat the experiment.
9. Fill the tables. Show the instructor graphs. Save graphs for lab report.
Section II - (Design Problem)

Create the following circuit.
Fig No.18: A series RLC circuit with step voltage source
Make sure that components are connected in right direction using Net-list. Voltage source V1
is a step source of 48V.
1. Design the value of R i.e. the rise time of the voltage vc(t) is less than 400usec. What is
the type of response? What is the value of R? What is the value of overshoot?
2. Now re-design the value of R i.e. there is no over-shoot this time. What is the type of
response? What is the value of R? And what is the value of rise time?
3. Report your findings and graph in the lab report.

Post Lab:
Post Lab Discussion

Write a short note on the relative advantages and disadvantages of the over damped, under
damped and critically damped responses. Which response is suitable for what type of
application?
Name(s) : _____________________ Reg. No __________________________
Task 1:
Operating Point (Fill the table with all voltages and currents)
Task 2:
w o2 α2 Type of response Settling Time
Task 3:
w o2 α2 Type of Overshoot Rise Time Settling Time

response






Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

Lab # 03 Phasor Analysis

Objective: Analyzing Sinusoidal Steady State Response of Capacitors and
Inductors.
Pre Lab:
Introduction:
Phasor analysis is a useful tool to analyze the sinusoidal steady state behavior of circuits
containing capacitors and inductors. In phasor analysis the information about the frequency of
the applied signal is suppressed and only magnitude and phase are analyzed. This makes sense
since linear circuits (i.e. circuits containing resistors(R), capacitors(C) and inductors (L)) can
only affect the magnitude and phase of the input signal and the frequency of the sinusoid
remains the same throughout the circuit. Using phasor technique we transform the time domain
V-I relations into phasor domain relations in the complex domain. This converts all the
differential equations that describe the circuit in time domain to phasor equivalent linear
equations in complex frequency domain. In phasor domain all passive elements (R, L and C)
are converted into respective impedances Z. All impedances in phasor domain follow the
simple relation
~ ~
V =I Z
~ ~
Where V and I are complex values of phasor voltage and current. The impedance Z is a
complex number defined as the ratio between the voltage and current in phasor domain. Since
all elements obey this form of Ohm `s law in phasor domain hence all the techniques of
resistive circuit analysis are valid for R,L and C circuits in phasor domain. The impedance of
resistor is purely real whereas that of capacitors and inductors is purely imaginary. The
equivalent impedance of a network of RLC components is a complex number, the real part of
such impedance is called “Resistance” and imaginary part is called “Reactance”.
Z=R+ jX
Component Impedance (Z) Resistance (R) Reactance (X)
R R R 0
C -j/wC 0 -1/wC
L jwL 0 wL
Where ‘w’ is the frequency of the sinusoidal signal in rad/sec.

Capacitor:
As shown in the above table the impedance of capacitor is given as
~
V
Z c = ~ =− j/wC
I
Fig No.1 Capacitor and its Impedance
There are two important inferences that can be drawn from the impedance relationship.
1. The impedance is inversely proportional to the applied frequency. Hence capacitor

behaves as short circuit for high frequencies and it behaves as open for low frequencies
(i.e. DC signal which has zero frequency).
2. The ‘-j’ in the relationship describes that phasor voltage and current of a Capacitor are
at a phase angle of -90 degrees from each other.
Inductor:
As shown in the above table the impedance of inductor is given as
~
V
Z L = ~ = jwL
I
Fig No.2 Inductor and its Impedance
There are two important inferences that can be drawn from the impedance relationship.

1. The impedance is directly proportional to the applied frequency. Hence inductor
behaves as open circuit for high frequencies and it behaves as short for low frequencies
(i.e. DC signal which has zero frequency).
2. The ‘j’ in the relationship describes that phasor voltage and current of an Inductor are
at a phase angle of 90 degrees from each other.
REFERENCE
Electric Circuits 9th edition. Nilsson/Riedel. (Chapter 9)
Pre-Lab Assignment
In this assignment student will simulate the sinusoidal steady state response of simple RL and
RC circuits on LTSpice.
1. To generate a sinusoidal source make the following circuit on LTSpice.
Fig No.3: A simple RC circuit.
2. Left-Click the voltage source, go to advance menu and select ‘SINE’ radio button.
3. Specify the value of offset as zero, Amplitude as 5 and Frequency as 1KHZ. Leave the
rest blank.
4. Now run transient analysis for 5 msec. Plot input source voltage and voltage across
capacitor on the same screen.
5. To determine the phase difference between the two waveforms. Note down the time
difference between the peaks of the two waves. For example let’s say any one peak on
the green wave (the input signal) is at 2.25msec (t1). For the same cycle the peak on the

blue wave (voltage across capacitor) is at 2.4msec (t2). Now the phase difference is
given as
Δθ=θ 2−θ1=w ( t 1−t 2 )=wΔt
Where w is the frequency is rad/sec and θ is in radians. The same relation may be
written as
Δ θ o=θ 20 −θ10=360 f ( t 1−t 2 ) =360 fΔt
Where phase is now in degrees and the frequency f in hertz.
Pre-Lab Task 1:
A phasor quantity (Voltage or Current) is a complex value which consists of two parts;
Magnitude and Phase. The magnitude is equal to the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave and
phase is equal to the phase shift of the sinusoidal wave from the origin. In the above section it
is discussed how to calculate the phase difference between two waveforms. Since we had set
the phase shift of the input voltage source equal to zero in the previous section (we left the
value blank which by default means a zero value) hence the phase difference is in fact equal to
phase shift of the capacitor voltage waveform. Hence we can calculate the phasor magnitude
and phase from the waveform generated.
1. Make the circuit shown in figure 3, using LTSPICE.

2. Simulate the circuit for 10 different frequencies of your own choice in the range 0-
10KHZ.
3. For each simulation determine the phasor magnitude and phase of the capacitor voltage
and current (i.e. |Vc|, |Ic|, θvc, θic).
4. Fill the table for 10 different frequency values; plot all the values of the table as a
function on frequency. Bring the table and the plots with you in lab session and get
them signed from the instructor.
Frequency |Vc| |Ic| θvc θic θvc - θic
Pre-Lab Task 2:

Fig No.4: A simple RL circuit.
Make the following circuit in LTSpice and repeat task 1 for this circuit. Bring the table and
plots with you.
Frequency |VL| |IL| θvL θiL θvL - θiL
In Lab:
OBJECTIVES
1. Understanding the behavior of capacitors and inductors under varying frequency
values.
2. Experimental verification of the expressions of impedance of capacitors and inductors.
3. Understanding the physical meaning of the mathematical expressions of impedance of
capacitors and inductors.

1. Digital Oscilloscopes with Probes
2. Digital Multi-meter.
3. Digital Function Generator with Probes.
4. 2.2 uF Capacitor, 2.2mH inductor, Resistors
5. DC power Supply.
LAB TASKS
Task 1: (Response of C and L for DC and High Frequency)

1. Create the simple RC circuit as shown in Fig No.3 on a breadboard. (Your actual values
of R and C might be slightly different. Make sure to find the actual values using RLC
meter).
2. Apply 5V dc as V1 using a DC power Supply.
3. Determine the voltage and current through the capacitor using either oscilloscope or a
multi-meter.
4. Now apply a sinusoidal signal of very high frequency e.g. 10Khz or more as V1 using
the function generator.
5. Now determine the voltage and current through the capacitor using oscilloscope. To
determine current determine the voltage through the resistor. Now find the current
through the resistor using ohm `s law. Since the elements are in series so the same
current flows through the capacitor and the resistor.
6. Now create the simple RL circuit as shown in Fig No.4 on bread board. Repeat the
above experiment for this circuit as well.
Task 2: (Phasor Impedance of a Capacitor)

1. Create the simple RC circuit as shown in Fig No.3 on a breadboard.
2. Apply a sinusoidal signal of 5V peak (10 Vpp) with a frequency of 1kHZ as V1.
Voltage Measurements (Magnitude):
3. Determine the magnitude (i.e. peak) of the output voltage across the capacitor using the
oscilloscope.
4. Compare it with the theoretical value. Theoretically the phasor of the output voltage
will be given as
−j
~ wC ~
V c= V1
j
( R− )
wC
And Phasor current as
~
~ Vc
I C=
− j/ wC
5. We assume the input voltage V1 as reference hence its magnitude will be 5 ans phase
will be zero.
6. From the above equation the theoretical values of the magnitude and phase of the
output voltage can be calculated.
7. Repeat the experiment for 200Hz, 500Hz, 1.5 KHz, 2 kHz, and 5 kHz.
Voltage Measurements (Phase):

8. To determine the phase value of the output voltage. Connect channel 1 of the
oscilloscope to the input and channel 2 with the output.
9. Press auto-scale and then set the vertical position knob such that both the input and the
output are in the centre of the screen.
10. Note that both waves are shifted in time w.r.t each other. We consider the input wave as
reference and hence its phase is zero. To calculate the phase difference we need to
calculate the time difference between the two waves. Then phase is calculated using
the formula
o 0 0
Δ θ =θ 2 −θ1 =360 f ( t 1−t 2 ) =360 fΔt
11. To calculate the time difference press ‘ref’ button on the oscilloscope and save
channel1 input wave form as reference. Now turn off channel 1 by pressing the ‘1’
button twice.
12. If the channel2 output wave is ahead in time than the reference we call it leading. In
such a case Δt is negative and so is the phase. If the channel2 output wave is a behind
in time than the reference we call it lagging. In such a case Δt is positive and so is the
phase.
13. Now move the horizontal position knob i.e. the channel2 output wave and the reference
wave are aligned in time i.e. the zero crossings and the peaks are at the same time. The
time difference will be written on the screen. Use this value and the fact if the output
was leading or lagging to calculate the value of phase.
14. Find the phase for 200Hz, 500Hz, 1.5 KHz, 2 kHz, and 5 kHz.
Current Measurements (magnitude and Phase):
15. To measure the phasor of capacitor current, re-connect the circuit as follows
Fig No. 5: A simple RC circuit with resistor connected to ground
16. The circuit has been reconnected because to measure current we need resistor voltage.
To measure the phase of the voltage we need both channel1 and channel2. However the
grounds of channel1 and channel2 are connected internally in the oscilloscope hence if
we try to measure the voltage of resistor using channel2 in the previous configuration,
the capacitor will get shorted.
17. Now connect the input wit channel1 and output voltage across resistor with channel2.
Capacitor current is equal to the voltage across resistor divided by R1.
18. Determine the magnitude and phase of the current for 200Hz, 500Hz, 1.5 KHz, 2 kHz,
and 5 kHz.
Task 3: (Phasor Impedance of an Inductor)

1. Create the simple RL circuit as shown in Fig No.4 on a breadboard. (Your actual values
of R and L might be slightly different. Make sure to find the actual values using RLC
meter).
2. Determine the phasor voltage and current values across the inductor using the same
procedure as that in task1 for frequencies 100Hz, 200HZ, 500Hz, 1 KHz and 2 KHz.
3. Compare it with the theoretical value. Theoretically the phasor of the output voltage
will be given as
~ jwL ~
V L= V1
( R+ jwL)
And Phasor current as
~
~ V
I L= L
jwL
Post Lab:
Post Lab Discussion

1. What is the behavior of Capacitor for DC, what is its behavior for very high
frequencies?
2. What is the behavior of Inductor for DC, what is its behavior for very high frequencies?
3. What is meant by impedance? What is meant by admittance? What is meant by
Reactance?
4. Why does when a circuit is transformed into phasor domain all the techniques of
resistive circuit analysis become valid.
5. What are the impedance and admittance and reactance of R, L and C.?
6. What is the phase difference of a voltage and current across a resistor? Which one is
leading?
7. What is the phase difference of a voltage and current across a capacitor? Which one is
leading?
8. What is the phase difference of a voltage and current across an inductor? Which one is
leading?
9. What is the physical interpretation of phase in time domain?
10. Let the phase difference between two cosine waves of frequency 50Hz is 30 degrees.
What would be the corresponding time delay?


Measurement Tables
Name(s) : _____________________ Reg. No __________________________
_____________________
___________________________
Task 1:
Frequency Capacitor Capacitor Inductor Inductor
Voltage Current Voltage Current
DC (0 Hz)
Task 2:
~ ~
¿ I ctheory ¿ I cexp
Freq ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
¿ V c ∨¿ theory ¿¿ V c ∨¿ exp ¿¿ V ctheory ¿ V cexp ¿ I c ∨¿theory ¿¿ I c ∨¿exp ¿
(f)
1K
200
500

1.5K
2K
5K
Task 3:
~ ~
¿ I ctheory ¿ I cexp
Freq ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
¿ V c ∨¿ theory ¿¿ V c ∨¿ exp ¿¿ V ctheory ¿ V cexp ¿ I c ∨¿theory ¿¿ I c ∨¿exp ¿
(f)
1K
100

200
500
2K



Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

Lab # 04 Verification of Network Theorems
Lab # 04: Verification of Network Theorems (KCL,

KVL and Thevenin Theorem) in Phasor Domain.
Objectives
Part 1
To verify Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).
Part 2
To verify Thevenin Equivalent.
Equipment and Materials:

 Digital oscilloscope with probes.
 Digital Multi-meter.
 Digital function generator with probes.
 2.2 uF Capacitor, 1uF capacitors, 100 ohm Resistors
Pre-Lab:
Revise Networks Theorem (KCL, KVL, Thevenin) and phasor domain analysis. Read the
manual completely before coming to lab.
Background theory:
These theorems are called Network Theorems. KCL and KVL are for quantitative verification,
whereas Thevenin and Norton are useful for equivalent circuit modelling.
KCL is also called Kirchhoff's point rule, Kirchhoff's junction rule (or nodal rule), and
Kirchhoff's first rule. Kirchoff'’s first law states that:
The algebraic sum of current at any node of a circuit is zero.
The direction of incoming currents to a node being positive the outgoing current should be
taken negative and it can thus be stated mathematically:

101\* MERGEFORMAT (.)
This law is particularly useful when applied at a position where the current is split into pieces
by several wires. The point in the circuit where the current splits is known as a node. In 1.1, n
indicates number of nodes.
Kirchoff'’s second law states that:
The algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed path is equal to zero.
Mathematically it can be stated as:
Thevenin’s Theorem states that any linear two port network can be replaced by a single voltage
source with series impedance. It was discovered in 1883 by French telegraph engineer Léon
Charles Thévenin (1857–1926). The Thevenin voltage is the open circuit output voltage. This
may be determined experimentally by isolating the portion to be Thevenized and simply
placing an oscilloscope at its output terminals. The Thevenin impedance is found by replacing
all sources with their internal impedance and then applying appropriate series-parallel
impedance simplification rules [1].
Fig. 1 A black box circuit and its Thevenin equivalent
Any combination of R, L and C can be represented by this black box circuit (hence the name).
And by replacing independent sources with their internal impedances, one can calculate the
Thevenin impedance[2].

In-Lab:
SECTION-I: (LAB TASKS)
Part 1 – Verify KCL and KVL

1. Simulate the circuit given below in LTSpice.
Fig.2 Schematic in LTSpice
2. Determine the magnitude and phase (i.e. Phasor Value) of all the node voltages from V1 to
V6.
3. Fill in the table and blanks in the measurement section. Verify KCL and KVL using your
results for each node and each loop.
Part 2 – Verify Thevenin Equivalent
1. For the circuit in Fig 3. assume C3 to be the load capacitor.

2. Disconnect the capacitor C3 form the circuit and determine the magnitude and phase (i.e.
Phasor Value) of the open circuit voltage (i.e. V4).
3. Now replace C3 with a short circuit and determine the Phasor value of the short circuit
current i.e. the current through resistor R5. To determine this current determine the Voltage
Phasor for R5 and divide it by the value of R5 to get the current through R5.
4. Calculate the Thevenin equivalent impedance using the formula

Fig. 3 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

5. Determine the output voltage across the output capacitor C3 using the Thevenin
equivalent.
6. Compare it with the actual voltage across C3 measured in the previous task (i.e. V6).
7. If the results are the same Thevenin theorem is verified.
SECTION-II: (MEASUREMNT TABLES)
Task 1:
(Fill the table with Phasor values (magnitude and phase) of the node voltages)


Verification of KCL:
Node V2
The currents entering the node are: _______________________________________________
The currents leaving the node are: ________________________________________________
Sum of all currents entering: ________________________________________________
Sum of all currents leaving ____________________________________
Node V4
Node V6
Verification of KVL:
Loop 1: V1->V2->V3->V1
The voltage rise in the loop: _______________________________________________
The voltage drops in the loop: _________________________________________________
Sum of all voltage rise: _________________________________________________
Sum of all voltage drops: ________________________________________________
Loop 2: V2->V4->V5->V3->V2
Loop 3: V4->V6->V5->V4
Loop 4: V1->V2->V4->V5->V1
Loop 5: V2->V4->V6->V3->V2

Loop 6: V1->V2->V4->V6->V1
Task 2:

References:
[1] AC Electrical Circuits Laboratory Manual, James M. Fiore, Version 1.3.1, 01 March 2016
[2]Electrical and Electronic Lab Manual, Government Girls Polytechnic Bilaspur
Question Answers:
Q.1.
Would the Thevenin equivalent circuits be altered if the source frequency was changed? If so,
why?
Q.2.
Is KCL a form of Law of Conservation of Energy?
Q.3.
Is the output same after replacing the circuit by its Thevenin Equivalent?



Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

411Equation Chapter 1 Section 1Lab # 05 Sinusoidal

Steady State Power Measurements (Real, Reactive and
Apparent Power) and Power Factor Correction.
Objectives
1. To study the A.C power calculations.
2. To Calculate Active, Reactive Power and apparent power.
3. To study the power factor correction. Equipment and Materials.
Pre-Lab:
Revise Networks Theorem (KCL, KVL, Thevenin) and phasor domain analysis. Read the
manual completely before coming to lab.
Background theory:
Power: Electrical Power is the rate of doing electrical work by transferring the electrical charge
from one point to the other within the circuit.
Real Power: The power dissipated in the Resistor is the Active Power. It is also called Real
Power. This power is unidirectional (Source to Load). It does not flow back to the Circuit. In AC
the time averaging of instantaneous power is done over a complete cycle. It is usually denoted by
P.
It is calculated as:
Its units are Watts denoted by W.
Reactive Power: The Power dissipated in the Inductance or Capacitance is known as the
Reactive Power. This power is bidirectional (Source to Load to Source).It moves back and forth.
It is usually denoted by Q.
It is calculated as:
Its units are Volt Amperes Reactive denoted by VARs.
Complex Power:
The Phasor sum of the Active and Reactive Power is the Complex Power. Its magnitude is known
as the apparent power. It is usually denoted by S.

Its magnitude is given by:
Its units are Volt Amperes (VA).
The Phasor Diagram for the relation between the active and reactive power is shown below
Fig.1 Power Triangle

Mathematically Complex power is given by:
As can be seen by the Phasor Relationship, P and Q are at 90 or at quadrature in reference to

each other.
Practically the nature of load is inductive, which causes lagging power factor. As the power factor
lags, larger currents must be delivered to the load at constant voltage to consume the same amount of
real power. The larger current increases losses with a square of current. In addition, a generator must
be built with high current-carrying capacity to provide the larger currents (caused by lagging power
factor) at constant power and voltage. The rating of the generator is given in terms of

Lab # 05 Sinusoidal Steady State Power Measurements
apparent power (VA). For instance, a 1000 VA rating at 200 V indicates that the generator can
deliver a maximum current of 5 A at rated voltage. The power delivered by generator depends
on the load, and in extreme case (purely reactive load) might be zero.
The power factor is commonly corrected through the installation of compensation capacitors placed
in parallel with the load. The capacitor's current is 180° out of phase from the load's inductive
contribution to current draw, the capacitor's reactive power will directly subtract from the load's
reactive power, resulting in:
Inductive VAR−Capacitive VAR=VAR new
This correction, of course, will not change the amount of true power consumed by the load, but
it will result in a substantial reduction of apparent power, and of the total current drawn from
the source.
Pre-Lab Task:
Perform In lab task simulations in LTspice and record measurements in table 1.

In-Lab:
SECTION-I: (LAB TASKS)
Fig. 2 Circuit to be connected on bread board
1. Implement the above circuit on breadboard excluding capacitor.

2. Measure voltage (rms) at the node V using CH1 of oscilloscope.
3. Measure voltage (rms) across 𝑅𝐿2 using CH2 of oscilloscope.
4. Measure phase (𝜃) between the node V and the voltage across 𝑅𝐿2.
5. Measure current (rms) through 𝑅𝐿2 using Ohm’s law.
6. Measure apparent power ‘S’ by multiplying voltage and current.
7. Calculate real power ‘P’ by 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
8. Calculate Power Factor by formula:
P
pf =
S
9. Record the measurements in Table 1.
10. If power factor is not equal to 1, rectify the power factor by connecting a capacitor in
parallel after doing necessary calculations as follows.

11. Draw the power triangle using P, S and pf angle.
12. Now, calculate the reactive power Q from the diagram using Pythagorean Theorem or
measure length of the adjacent side if the diagram has been drawn to scale.
Reactive Power =√ ( Apparent power)2−(True power)2

Q= √ S −P
2 2
13. After calculating reactive power, we can find the required capacitor size by using;
2
V
Q=
Xc
Solve for Xc:
V2
X c=
Q
Where,
1
X c=
2 πfc
Calculate C.
14. Choose the capacitor nearest to the calculated capacitor value. Insert the capacitor
across the load as shown in figure 2, In simulation we might have to fine tune the
capacitor to achieve a perfect power factor i.e. 1.
15. Repeat steps 2 to 8 and record the measurements in Table 1.
16. Measure new power factor and verify improvement.
17. Observe the difference in magnitude of current with capacitor and without capacitor.
18. Explain with reason, why the magnitude of current differs in above step.

Table. 1
Parameter Unit Without Capacitor With Capacitor

Volts
Amperes
θ v −θ I
Degrees( )
Dimensionless
Watts (W)
VAR
VA
EXAMPLE:
Fig. 3 Power Triangle of an uncorrected system with a large KVAR Requirement

Fig.4 Substantially reduced KVAR requirement in a power factor corrected system
The new apparent power can be found from the true and new reactive power values, using the
standard form of the Pythagorean Theorem:
The new current flowing will be:
This lower total current will translate to less heat losses in the circuit wiring, meaning greater
system efficiency (less power).


Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

Lab # 06 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in AC Circuits
Lab # 06 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem in AC Circuits
Objectives
This lab experiment has been designed to verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in AC
Circuits.
Part 1
The goal of this part is to determine the impact of resistive impedance of load on average
power transfer.
Part 2
The goal of this part is to determine the impact of reactive impedance of load on average power
transfer.
Pre-Lab:
Background theory:
Electric circuits are designed to provide power to a load. There are various practical
applications where it is desirable to maximize the power delivered to load. In order to transfer
maximum average power to the load impedance, ZLoad must be equal to the complex conjugate
of the Thevenin impedance ZTH. This result is known as the maximum average power transfer
theorem for the sinusoidal steady state.
Z L =Z TH ¿ −−−−−−−−−−(i)
Equation (1) implies that if the Thevenin impedance is inductive the load impedance must be
capacitive and vice versa.
ZTH =RTH + j X TH
In the above equation positive reactance indicates that the Thevenin impedance is inductive,
therefore load impedance should be capacitive as shown by negative reactance in the equation
below:
Z Load =R Load − j X Load
Writing Thevenin and load impedances in terms of resistive and reactive components as:

RTH + j X TH =R Load − j X Load
The average power delivered to the load is:
v sp2 Rload
2
P= 2 2
−−−−−(ii)
( RTH + R Load ) + ( X TH + X Load )
For maximum power R Load =R TH , X Load =−X TH
Maximum average power is calculated as:
v sp2
Pmax = −−−−−−−−(iii)
8 R TH
Where v sp is the peak value of applied signal voltage .
Pre-Lab Task:
1) Simulate the circuit shown in Figure 1 for task 1 and task 2 using LTSPICE and record
the simulation results in Table 2. Take five different values of CL and RL and repeat
the simulation.
Figure 1
2) Plot the power against load capacitor values.

3) Plot the power against load resistor values.
In-Lab Tasks:

Task 1:
Determine average power of load by varying load capacitor and keeping

load resistance constant
1) Connect the circuit shown in figure 1 on breadboard. Set frequency of ac source as 1

KHz and amplitude as 10Vp-p. The resistance and inductance labeled R Th and LTh
constitute the Thevenin equivalent circuit, while CL and RL constitute load. Average
power associated with the load (combination of CL and RL) is to be determined.
2) Connect channel 1 of oscilloscope across the voltage source and channel 2 across the
combination of capacitor CL and resistor RL. This voltage is the voltage across load.
Note the value of amplitude and phase of voltage across load.
3) To measure current through load, connect channel 2 of the oscilloscope across load
resistor RL and note the value of voltage phase. Since current and voltage are in phase
in case of resistive impedance. The value of phase is also the phase angle of current
through load.
4) To measure the amplitude of current through load, divide voltage across resistor by
impedance of resistor as ILoad = VR Load / RL..
5) Calculate the average power by using the following formula

1
Pavg = v m i m cos (θ v −θi)
2
6) Vary the capacitor values and repeat the above procedure. Take five different values of
load capacitor (two values greater and tow values less than the load capacitor) and
repeat the experiment.
7) Plot the load power curve against the capacitor values.
8) Compare the theoretical and experimental values of the maximum power transferred to
the load.
Task 2:
Determine average power of load by varying load resistance and keeping

load capacitor constant
1) Connect the circuit shown in figure 1 on breadboard. Set frequency of ac source as 1

KHz and amplitude as 10Vp-p. The resistance and inductance labeled R Th and LTh
constitute the Thevenin equivalent circuit, while CL and RL constitute load. Average
power associated with the load (combination of CL and RL) is to be determined.
2) Connect channel 1 of oscilloscope across the voltage source and channel 2 across the
combination of capacitor CL and resistor RL. This voltage is the voltage across load.
Note the value of amplitude and phase of voltage across load.
3) To measure current through load, connect channel 2 of the oscilloscope across load
resistor RL and note the value of voltage phase. Since current and voltage are in phase
in case of resistive impedance. The value of phase is also the phase angle of current
through load.
4) To measure the amplitude of current through load, divide voltage across resistor by
impedance of resistor as ILoad = VR Load / RL..
5) Calculate the average power by using the following formula

1
Pavg = v m i m cos (θ v −θi)
2
6) Vary the resistance values and repeat the above procedure. Take five different values of
load capacitor (two values greater and tow values less than the load capacitor) and
repeat the experiment.
7) Plot the load power curve against the capacitor values.
8) Compare the theoretical and experimental values of the maximum power transferred to
the load.
Post Lab Task

1) Comment on the sharpness of the maximum of the power curves. Is it necessary to match
with great care to achieve maximum power transfer?
2) What is the phase difference between the current and the voltage source when maximum
power transfer is achieved?
3) If the frequency of the source is doubled, what change should be done to maintain
maximum power transfer to the load? How does this change affect the value of the
maximum power? Explain.
4) The term available power is used to describe a source in many communication applications.
It is the maximum possible power which the source can deliver to an external load. What is
the available power of a source of voltage V and internal resistance R?
Calculated Results
f =50 Hz
ω=2 πf =314.1 rad /sec
RTH =4.42 KΩ
L=7.3 H

X TH =ωL=314.1∗7.3 H=2.292 KΩ
ZTH =RTH + j X TH
ZTH =4.42+ j2.292 KΩ−−−−−−−−(1)
The value of load impedance for maximum power transfer theorem
R Load=R TH =4.42 K Ω
The available value of R Load closest to 4.42 KΩ is 4.35 KΩ (Trainer 1 R3C)
X C = X L =2.292 K Ω
load TH
1
XC = load
ωC
1
C Load = =1.388 µF
ω XC load
The available value of capacitor closest to 1.388 µF is 1.48 µF (Trainer 1 C2c =

1.48 µF)
Therefore
1
XC = −−−−−−−−−−−(2)
load
ωC
1
XC = =2.151 KΩ
load
314.1∗1.48 µF
Z Load =R Load − j X C −−−−−−−(3) load
Z Load =4.35− j 2.151 KΩ
Z Load =4.85 ∠−26.3o
Z net=Z TH +Z Load
Z net=4.42+ j 5.182+ 4.35− j 2.151

o
Z net=8.71+ j 0.142 KΩ=8.71 ∠0.934 KΩ
vs 5 V peak
i load = peak
= =0.574 ∠−0.934 o m A peak
Z net 8.71∠ 0.934 o
o
i load =0.405 ∠−0.934 m A rms

v sp2 Rload
2
P= 2 2
( RTH + R Load ) + ( X TH + X Load )
52∗4.35
2
P=
( 4.35+ 4.36 ) + ( 2.292+2.15 )2
2
10.875
P= =0.113 mWatt
75.86+19.73

Calculation Results for Task 1

ω = 2πf =2*3.141*50 = 314.1 rad/sec
From Equation (1)
ZTH =4.42+ j2.292 KΩ
Rload =4.35 KΩ
C load X C =¿ Zload =R load− j X cZ net=Z load + Z TH vs ¿ v load ∨¿ i load∗¿ z load ∨¿ )

P(mWatt
load load
i load = peak
z net
(µF) E.q (2) (K𝝮) (K𝝮) (V peak ) From E.q. (ii)
(K𝝮) (mA peak )

Table 2 (Calculated)
Sketch P against load capacitor values.

Calculation Results for Task 2

ω = 2πf =2*3.141*50 = 314.1 rad/sec
From Equation (1)
ZTH =4.42+ j2.292 KΩ
C load=1.48 µF
X C =2.151 KΩ
load
Rload Zload =R load− j X c Z net=Z load + Z TH vs ¿ v load ∨¿ i load∗¿ z loadP(mWatt

∨¿ )
load
i load = peak
z net
(K𝝮) (K𝝮) (V peak ) From E.q. (ii)
(K𝝮) (mA peak )

Table 3 (Calculated)
Sketch P against load resistor values.



Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

Lab # 07 Study the Relationship between Voltage and Current in Three Phase Circuits
Lab # 07: Study the Relationship between Voltage

and Current in Three-Phase Circuits
Objectives
This lab experiment has been designed to verify the relationship between voltages and currents
in three phase ac circuits. The goal of experiment is to
 Verify the relationship between magnitudes and phases of line voltage and phase
voltage in balanced wye-wye connection.
 Verify the relationship between magnitudes and phases of line currents and phase
currents in balanced delta-delta connection.
Pre-Lab:
Background theory:
A three-phase system consists of three voltage sources connected to loads by transmission

lines. The magnitude of voltage sources is same, while they are out of phase with each other by
120o. The value of impedance is same in all the three phases. Each of the branches can be
treated as a single-phase circuit, and thus the analysis of a three-phase circuit is not necessarily
any more difficult than the corresponding single-phase network.
Three-phase systems are normally configured as either a WYE or DELTA. The names result
from the physical similarity of the wye connection to the letter Y and the delta connection to
the Greek letter of the same name (a triangular symbol). Each of these configurations has
unique electrical characteristics. The objective of analyzing three phase circuit is to determine
the relationship between currents flowing through transmission lines and loads as well as line
voltage and phase voltages.
Wye-wye connection
In Wye-wye connection, both source and load are connected in wye configuration. Balanced
load implies that the value of resistive, inductive and capacitive impedance is same in all the
three phases. The magnitude of phase voltages or line to neutral voltages is same in all the
three phases. However, they differ with each other by 120o.

Similarly, line-to-line voltages in all three phases are equal in magnitude and differ with each
other by 120o. The line voltages and phase voltages are related to each other as mentioned
below:
V L=√ 3 V p
Where ‘VL’ represents the magnitude of line voltage and ‘VP’ represents magnitude of phase
voltage.
Delta-Delta connection
In delta-delta connection, both voltage sources and load are delta connected. The magnitude of
phase currents is same in all the three phases. However, they differ with each other by 120o.
Similarly, all line currents are equal in magnitude and differ with each other by 120 o. The line
currents and phase currents are related to each other as mentioned below:
I L=√ 3 I p
Where ‘IL’ represents the magnitude of line current and ‘IP’ represents magnitude of phase
current. The magnitude of line current is √ 3 times that of phase current.
In-Lab Tasks
Task 1
Determine the relationship between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Balanced
Wye-Wye Connection
1) Connect the Wye-wye circuit as shown in figure 1.

2) Set amplitude of ac voltage sources as 20 V, frequency as 1Khz and phase of three
sources should be taken as 0o, -120o and -120o.
3) Set value of load as R=1KΩ and L = 25mH. The value of load in all three phases
should be same.
4) Set type of simulation as ‘Transient’.
5) Plot phase voltages, that is, the node voltages VA, VB and VC.
6) Plot line voltages, VAB, VBC and VCA. The line voltages VAB is the difference
between node voltages VA and VB. Similarly, plot other line voltages.
7) Note the values of line voltages and phases voltages in the measurement section.

Figure 1: Y-Y Connection
Task 2
Determine Relation between Line Current and Phase Currents in delta-delta

connection
1) Connect the delta-delta circuit as shown in figure 2.

2) Set amplitude of ac voltage sources as 20 V, frequency as 1Khz and phase of three
sources should be taken as 0o, -120o and -120o.
3) Set value of load as R=1KΩ and L = 25mH. The value of load in all three phases
should be same.
4) The resistors R4, R5 and R6 have been included in the circuit in order to plot currents
through the transmission lines.
5) Set type of simulation as ‘Transient’.
6) Plot phase currents, that is, the currents through either resistors R1, R2 and R3 or
currents through inductors L1, L2 and L3. Note the magnitudes of the phase currents in
measurement section.
7) Plot line currents. They are the currents through resistors R4, R5 and R6. Note the
magnitudes of the phase currents.

8) Plot line current R6 and its corresponding phase current R3. Note the value of phase
difference between them. Moreover, determine the lead/ lag relationship between both
currents.
Figure 2 Delta-Delta connection
OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS:
R1=1000 Ω, L=1mH, f=1Khz
Z1 = R1+jωL1 =1000+j6.28 Ω Z2 = R2+jωL2 =1000+j6.28 Ω Z3 = R3+jωL3

=1000+j6.28 Ω
Task 1
Phase Voltages:
|VA|= __________________________________ <VA= _______________________
|VB|= __________________________________ <VB = _______________________
|VC|= __________________________________ <VC = _______________________
Line Voltages:
|VAB|= __________________________________ <VAB = _______________________

|VBC|= __________________________________ <VBC = _______________________
|VCA|= __________________________________ <VCA = _______________________
Relation between Phase Voltage and Line Voltage:
Phase difference between VA and VAB = ________________
Phase difference between VB and VBC = ________________
Phase difference between VC and VCA = ________________
|VAB|= X|VA|, where X= _________
Task 2
Line Currents:
|IR4|= __________________________________ <IR4= _______________________
|IR5|= __________________________________ <IR5= _______________________
|IR6|= __________________________________ <IR6= _______________________
Phase Currents
|IR1|= __________________________________ <IR1 = _______________________
|IR2|= __________________________________ <IR2 = _______________________
|IR3|= __________________________________ <IR3 = _______________________
Relation between Line currents and Phase Currents:
Phase difference between IR3 and IR6 = ________________
|IR1|= X|IR4|, where X= _________
POST LAB:

1) Design a balanced wye-delta circuit using LTSPICE. Determine the relationship

between line currents and phase currents.
2) Design a balanced delta-wye circuit using LTSPICE. Determine the relationship
between line currents and phase currents.
3) In a WYE connected circuit, if the line-to-line voltage is 346 Volts, rms, what is the
line-to-neutral voltage?
4) In a DELTA connected circuit, the current is 20 amperes in each phase. What is the
line current?
5) In a WYE connected circuit the current is 10 Amperes per phase. What is the line
current?



Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

LAB # 08 Band Pass & Band Stop Filters
Lab # 08 Band Pass & Band Stop Filters

 To design a passive band pass and band stop filter using Resistor,
Inductor and capacitor, and also draw the Bode Plot.
 To design RLC band pass and band stop filter with center frequency
of 5KHZ, also draw the Bode Plot.
Introduction:
The objective of this lab is to show that:
 A series resonant circuit can be used as a band pass filter when the output is taken at the
resistor and a band stop filter when the output is taken at the LC series combination.
 When plotted on a Bode plot, the gain approaches two asymptotes: the pass band
frequency gain approaches a constant gain of 1dB while the stop band frequency gain
drops to 0 dB/decade.
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:
(1) Design passive RLC band pass and band stop filters.
(2) Understand the difference in response of the filter circuits.
EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES:
(1) Calculate and measure center frequency for band-pass and band-stop filters.
(2) Design of RLC band-pass and notch filters.
(3) Bode plots for filters.
PRE-LAB:
Reading:
(1) Study the Background section of this Laboratory.
(2) Study textbook Chapter 14 (14.1 -14.4).
Written:(ONE PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT PER GROUP — WORK TOGETHER)

Design this bandpass filter to meet the following specifications (exact values will be given
in class):
· Center frequency of __
· Quality factor of _
· Gain at center frequency __
These equations will be useful during your work:
The pre-lab must include the following (see note below):

1. Bode plots (magnitude and phase) for the response using your ideal component values (i.e.
without regard to available values). Show that these results meet all of the specifications
EXACTLY!

2. Bode plots (magnitude and phase) for the circuit response using available component values.
Demonstrate that these values provide an acceptable level of performance. It is YOUR job to
MEET the specifications as closely as possible. This may require several iterations of
choosing component values. You MUST use available resistor and capacitor values in your
final design.
You are allowed to “build” one of the listed values if that part is not available in the lab. Do not
use electrolytic capacitors.
NOTE: Use LTspice or MATLAB® to produce the Bode plots. Use a frequency range from
0.1ƒo to 10_ƒo .
Place a copy of your Bode plots for the final design in your lab notebook.
In Lab:
Note: Before the starts of simulation make sure that the calculated
values of R, L and C are available in Lab. Otherwise Design your
circuits according to the available values.

 Bread Board
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Resistors
Background:
Band Pass Filters:

A band-pass filter is designed to pass all frequencies within a band of frequencies ω1≤ω≤ω2
1
Center frequency (ωo)=
√ LC
Frequency response for band pass filters:
Vo R
=
H( ω)= V i R+ j(ωL−
1
)
ωC

Figure:1 Band pass filter and its magnitude response
Band Stop Filters:

A filter that prevents a band of frequencies between two designated values (w1 and w2) from
passing is known as band stop, band reject or notch filter.
1
j(ωL− )
ωC
H( ω)= where H(0)=1 and H(∞)=1
1
R + j(ωL− )
ωC
1
where ωo=
√ LC
Figure 2: Band stop(notch) filter and its magnitude response
Task 1: RLC Band Pass Filter

1) Set up the circuit shown in Fig (1). Use the function generator FGEN for the supply
voltage vin 10 VP-P.
2) Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure Vs and Vout simultaneously.
3) Vary the frequency from 500 Hz to 10 kHz in steps indicated in Table 1, and record the
indicated value. With each frequency change, make sure that Vin is still 10Vpp.
Note: Remember input voltage remains constant.
4) Using the data of Table 1, sketch a Bode plots of the of the filter’s output voltage.
Task 2: RLC Band Stop Filter
Repeat the Task 1 for the circuit shown in Fig (2), and record your result in Table 2
Note: Sketch all Bode Plots of measured results on one graph paper given on page
#10

Section 3 – Calculated values
Name: __________________________ Reg. No

_______________________
Task 1: Band Pass Filter Vin (p-p) = 10 VP-P
Frequency R
ω (rad /s ) H ( ω) =
(KHz) 1
R+ j (ωL− )
ωC
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 1 (Band Pass Filter)
Task 2: Band stop Filter Vin (p-p) = 10 VP-P

Frequency 1
ω (rad /s ) j(ωL− )
(KHz) ωC
H ( ω) =
1
R+ j (ωL− )
0.01fc= ωC
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 2 (Second Order RC Low Pass Filter)
Name: __________________________ Reg. No
_______________________
Bode Plot for BandPass Filter:
[Type a quote from the document

or the summary of an interesting
point. You can position the text
box anywhere in the document.
Use the Drawing Tools tab to
change the formatting of the pull
quote text box.]
Name: __________________ Reg. No

_______________________

Bode Plot for BandStop Filter:
Frequency
(rad/Sec)
Post Lab:
1) Design second order and third order RC high pass filter?
2) Create Bode plots of the magnitude transfer functions of high-pass filters.
3) Create Bode plots of the magnitude transfer functions of low-pass filter. The
theoretical plots (using measured values of resistors and capacitors) should be drawn as
lines. Include your data (taken at 1/10, 1/2, 1, 2, and 10 times the cutoff frequency) as
points.
4) Compare the response of first order, second order and third order filters.




Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

Lab # 09 Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits
Lab # 9: Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits
Objectives
Part 1: This lab experiment is designed to study the phenomena of resonance in parallel RLC
circuit. Observe the behavior of the current, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance in
the vicinity of resonance.
Part 2: The goal of this part is to design and implement RLC series resonant circuit. Find the
resonant frequency of an RLC circuit experimentally, and compare it with the values predicted
using the inductance and capacitance in the circuit and observe its frequency response using
bode plot.
Pre-Lab:
Part 1: Background theory

A resonant circuit, also called a tuned circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor together
with a voltage or current source. It is one of the most important circuits used in electronics.
For example, a resonant circuit, in one of its many forms, allows us to select a desired radio or
television signal from the vast number of signals that are around us at any time.
A network is in resonance when the voltage and current at the network input terminals are in
phase and the input impedance of the network is purely resistive.
Figure 1. Parallel resonance circuit
Consider the Parallel RLC circuit of figure 1. The steady-state admittance offered by the circuit
is:
Y = 1/R + j( ωC – 1/ωL)
Resonance occurs when the voltage and current at the input terminals are in phase. This
corresponds to a purely real admittance, so that the necessary condition is given by
ωC – 1/ωL = 0

The resonant condition may be achieved by adjusting L, C, or ω. Keeping L and C constant,
1 1
the resonant frequency ωo is given by: ω o= (rad/s) or ƒo = 2 π LC
√ ¿ (Hertz)
√ LC ¿
Frequency Response:
It is a plot of the magnitude of output Voltage of a resonance circuit as function of frequency.
The response of course starts at zero, reaches a maximum value in the vicinity of the natural
resonant frequency, and then drops again to zero as ω becomes infinite. The frequency
response is shown in figure 2.
Figure 2. Frequency response of parallel resonant circuit
The two additional frequencies ω1 and ω2 are also indicated which are called half-power
frequencies. These frequencies locate those points on the curve at which the voltage response is
1/√2 or 0.707 times the maximum value. They are used to measure the band-width of the
response curve. This is called the half-power bandwidth of the resonant circuit and is defined
as:
β = ω2 - ω1
√ √
2 ω ωo ωo
( ) ( )
2
1 o 1
ω
where, 1=ω 1+ ω 2=ω 1+
o
2 Q - 2Q , o
2Q +
2Q , Q= β
Pre Lab Task 1:
Simulate the circuit shown in figure 3 and figure 4 in LTspice and Record the simulation result
in Table 1, Table 2.
Note: Before the starts of simulation make sure that the calculated values of R, L and C are available in Lab.
Otherwise Design your circuits according to the available values.

In-Lab:
Part 1 – Implementation of parallel Resonant circuit
Lab Tasks 1.1: Parallel resonant circuit
Set up the circuit shown in Figure 3, with the component values R = 1 KΩ, C = 1 μF and L =
33 mH, Vin = 4 Vpp .Find the output voltage (Vo) by varying different frequencies (500Hz-
2kHz) and record the measurements in table 1.
Figure 3. Parallel resonant circuit
Solution:
Simulated Observed
Frequency (KHz)
VIN(pp) Vo(pp) VIN(pp) Vo(pp)
Lab Task 1.2:

Find the resonant frequency (ωo), half-power bandwidth (β) of the resonant circuit theoretically
and compare it to the experimental value.

Lab Task 1.3:
Sketch Bode Plot of magnitude transfer function of output voltage, using data in table 1.


Part 2 - Implementation of Series Resonant circuit
Lab Tasks-Part-2
Lab Task 2.1: Series resonant circuit
Set up the circuit shown in Figure 4, with the component values L = 33mH and C = 0.01uF and
R = 1 KΩ and Vin = 4 Vpp .Find the output voltage (Vo) by varying different frequencies
(500Hz-2kHz) and record the measurements in table 2.
Figure 4. Series resonant circuit
Solution:
Simulated Observed
Frequency (KHz)
VIN(pp) Vo(pp) VIN(pp) Vo(pp)
Lab Task 2.2:
Find the resonant frequency (ωo), half-power bandwidth (β) of the resonant circuit theoretically
and compare it to the experimental value.

Lab Task 2.3:
Sketch Bode Plot of magnitude transfer function of output voltage, using data in table 2

Post-Lab:
1- Design a series resonant circuit selecting values of your own choice.
2- Create Bode plots of the magnitude transfer functions of current.

3- A 12 resistor, a 40 F capacitor, and an 8 mH coil are in series across an ac source.
What is the resonant frequency?




Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

Lab # 10 Two Port Network Characteristics
Lab # 10: Two Port Network Characteristics
Objectives
The objectives of this laboratory exercise are to gain familiarity with three alternative two-port
network parameters. This experiment establishes to calculate and verify impedance
(Z) ,admittance (Y) , Hybrid (H) parameters of a two port network
 Learn to measure the two-port network parameter sets i.e the impedance, admittance,
and hybrid parameter sets for an unknown two-port network.
 To demonstrate the operational definition of these parameters
Pre-Lab:
Background theory
A port consists of a pair of terminals; current enters through one of the terminals and the same
current leaves through the other terminal. A resistor is a one-port network. In this lab we will
study two-port networks with one input port and one output port. Such networks are often
treated as “black boxes” or modules that may be plugged into a circuit to accomplish some
task, such as filtering the signal or providing a controlled voltage. Engineers need a way to
characterize the behavior of such a network and have developed several sets of parameters to
do that. Each of these parameter sets relates the input (side 1) and output (side 2) voltages and
currents.
In this lab ,we use impedance, admittance, and hybrid parameter sets to characterize a simple
circuit. Impedance and admittance parameters are commonly used to characterize filters, and
are often useful in designing and characterizing impedance matching and power distribution
networks.
The term immittance is often applied to the use of either impedance or admittance parameters.
Be aware that because the voltages and currents are phasors with magnitude and phase angle,
the parameters also have magnitude and phase angle. A simple RMS measurement will not
suffice.
In Z parameters of a two port network, the input and output voltages V1 and V2 can be
expressed in terms of input and output currents I1 and I2. Out of four variables i.e (V1, V2, I1,
I2) V1 and V2 are dependent variables whereas I1 and I2 are independent variables. The
impedance parameters (z parameters) relate the input and output voltages to the input and
output currents by the following two equations:
V 1= z 11 I 1+ z 12 I 2
V 2= z 21 I 1+ z 22 I 2
or in matrix notation:

[ ] [
V1
V2
= ][ ]
z11 z 12 I 1
z21 z 22 I 2
The z parameters have units of ohms and are most easily found by applying a set of open-
circuit tests on the circuit. When we apply a voltage to the input with the output open-circuited,
we can measure the input current and output voltage and find the first two z parameters as
follows:
z 11=
V1
I1 ] I 2=0
z 21=
V2
I1 ]
I 2=0
We can determine the other two z parameters by applying a similar test to the output with the
input open-circuited:
z 12=
V1
I2 ] I 1=0
z 22=
V2
I2 ]
I 1=0
Sometimes the impedance parameters do not exist because the voltages cannot be described by
these equations. Therefore, we need alternatives, such as the admittance parameters.
The admittance parameters (y parameters) relate the input and output currents to the input and
output voltages by the following two equations:
I 1= y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2
I 2= y 21 V 1 + y 22 V 2
[] [
I1
I2
=
y 11
y 21 ][ ]
y 12 V 1
y 22 V 2
The y parameters have units of siemens (or mhos) and are most easily found by applying a set
of short-circuit tests on the circuit. When we apply a voltage to the inputs with the output short
circuited, we can measure the input current and output current to find the first two y
parameters:
y 11=
I1
V1 ]
V 2=0
y 21=
I2
V1 ] V 2=0
We can determine the other two y parameters by applying a similar test to the output with the
input short-circuited:
y 12=
I1
V 2 V 1=0 ]
y 22=
I2
V 2 V 1=0 ]
There are occasions where neither the impedance nor the admittance parameters exist, so there
is need for still another set of parameters.

The hybrid parameters (h parameters) are based on making V1 and I2 the dependent variables,
and relating them to cross-variables V2 and I1. The h parameters satisfy the equations
V 1=h11 I 1 +h12 V 2
I 2=h21 I 1 +h22 V 2
[ ] [
V1
I2
=
h11 h12 I 1
h21 h22 V 2 ][ ]
The h parameters are found using a mix of short- and open-circuit tests as follows: Short-
circuit tests
h11=
V1
I1 ]
V 2=0
h 21=
I2
I1 ]
V 2=0
Open-circuit tests
h12=
V1
V2 ] I 1=0
h22=
I2
V2 ] I 1=0
In-Lab:
This lab is to determine the impedance, admittance, and hybrid parameter sets for an unknown
two-port network. The following procedure is carried out to perform these tasks.
 Apply input signal of 1 kHz sine wave of about 10 VPP to the input terminal of the
circuit given.
 Make the current and voltage measurements necessary to calculate the input parameters
X11 and X21 for the z-parameter set. Also measure not only the magnitude but phase of
the voltages and currents involved. where X is parameter type.
 Now apply the 10 VPP, 1 kHz sine wave to the output terminals.
 Make the current and voltage measurements necessary to calculate the parameters X 12
and X22.
 Record the data and calculate the values for these parameters, including magnitude and
phase.

Lab Tasks 1
Measurement of Z parameters:
This lab task is to determine the two-port parameter values for the Z-parameter sets. Build the
circuit on bread board with given component values as given in Figure 1. Record the data
including magnitude and phase values in table 1 and calculate the values for Z parameters.
Figure 5: Network to acquire impedance and admittance parameters

Solution:
Table 1: Z Parameters
When I/p is open circuited When O/p is open circuited
S.NO V2 V1 I2 V2 V1 V1
z 11=¿ ¿
z 11=¿ ¿¿
z 12=¿ ¿¿
Lab Task 2:
Measurement of Y parameters:
This lab task is to determine the two-port parameter values for the Y-parameter sets. Build the
including magnitude and phase values in table 2 and calculate the values for Y parameters.

Solution:
Table 2: Y Parameters
S.NO V2 I1 I2 V1 I1 I2
y 11 =¿ ¿¿
y 21=¿ ¿¿
Lab Task 3:
Measurement of h parameters:
This lab task is to determine the two-port parameter values for the h-parameter sets. Build the
including magnitude and phase values in table 3 and calculate the values for h parameters.
Figure 6. Network to acquire hybrid parameters

Solution:
Table 3: h Parameters
S.NO V1 I1 I2 V2 V1 I2
h11 =¿ ¿ h12 =¿ ¿h11 =¿ ¿
h21 =¿ ¿ h22 =¿ ¿
Post-Lab:
1. Are the parameter values, which you have calculated for the various two-port network
representations in this exercise valid for, say, 10 kHz? Why or why not?
2. The z and y parameters should be related by a matrix inversion. Invert the 2x2 z parameter
matrix and see if it matches with the y parameters you calculated in lab.


Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

Lab # 11 Passive First Order Low Pass & High Pass Filter
Lab # 11 Passive First Order Low Pass & High Pass

Filter
 To design RC low pass & high pass filter circuit with cutoff frequency
of 5KHZ, also draw a frequency response: (a) magnitude response (b)
phase response.
 To design RL low pass & high pass filter circuit with cutoff frequency
of 5KHZ, also draw a frequency response: (a) magnitude response (b)
phase response.
Introduction:
This laboratory studies the use of passive components to create filters to separate portions of
time-dependent waveforms. Filters are an essential tool in our complex world of mixed signals
—both electronic and otherwise. Passive components (resistors, capacitors, and inductors) have
long served as filter components for everything from selecting radio stations to filtering out
electrical noise.
(1) Learn the general filter types: High-pass, Low-pass.
(2) Learn to alter filter type by changing contacts for output voltage.
(3) Learn phase angle at cutoff for simple RC and RL filters.
(4) Design simple filter.
(5) Frequency response (amplitude and phase).
(1) Calculate and measure cutoff frequency for series RC and RL filters.
(2) Design simple RC low-pass & high pass filter.
(3) Design simple RL low-pass & high pass filter.
(4) Bode plots for series filters.
PRE-LAB:
Reading:
Written:

Note: Make sure that designed values are available in Lab; otherwise choose different
value of cutoff frequency.
(1) Simulate the circuit shown in Fig (5), Fig (6), Fig (7) and Fig (8) in LTspice and Record
the simulation result in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.
(2) Sketch the Bode Plots of the simulation results recorded in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and
Table 4.

 Bread Board
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Resistors
Background:
Frequency Response
The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior with change in signal
frequency.
Transfer Function
The transfer function H ( ω ) of a circuit is the frequency dependent ratio of a phasor output y (ω
) (an element voltage or current) to a phasor input X (ω) (source voltage or current).
Y (ω)
H ( ω) =
X (ω)
Bode Plots
Bode plots are semi-log plots of the magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in degrees) of a
transfer function versus frequency.
Cutoff Frequency
The frequency at which gain becomes 0.707 times of the maximum gain is called cutoff
frequency. It is also called the half power frequency because at this frequency the average
power delivered by the circuit is one half the maximum average power.
|H ( ω C )|=0.707 ¿ H ( ω )∨¿ MAX ¿

Pmax
P(ω c )=
2
Filter: A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired frequencies and reject or
attenuate others.
Passive Filters: Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors and inductors. The
gain of passive filters is unity.
Low Pass Filter: A low pass filter passes low frequencies and rejects high frequencies.
Magnitude Bode
Plot for First- Order
Low Pass Filter
Phase Bode Plot for First-Order Low Pass Filter

High Pass Filter
A high pass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies.

Magnitude Bode Plot for First-Order High Pass Filter

......................................................................................................................
Phase Bode Plot for First-Order High Pass Filter

In-Lab Tasks
Task 1: Design of RC Low Pass & High Pass Filters:
1) Design RC low pass & high pass filter circuit with cutoff frequency of 5KHZ. (Make
sure that designed values are available in Lab; otherwise choose different value of
cutoff frequency)
2) Built the designed filter and test it.
3) Plot the frequency response: (a) magnitude response (b) phase response
4) Analyze your designed filter against the required specifications and write a report.
Task 2: Design of RL Low Pass & High Pass Filters:

1) Design RL low pass & high pass filter circuit with cutoff frequency of 5KHZ.
2) Repeat steps 2 to 4 of Task 1.

Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________

Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Task 1: Passive RC Low Pass Filter
vin = 10 VP-P
Measured Calculated
Vo (p-p) Vo 1
H ( ω ) =20 log ( dB ) |H ( ω )|=
( ωω )
√
Frequency −1
ω (rad /s ) ω ϕ2=−tan
( )
V¿
(KHz) ϕ ( degrees ) 2
( 1) + c
ωc
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 1 (RC Low Pass Filter)

Task 1: Passive RC High Pass Filter
vin = 10 VP-P
Measured Calculated
Vo (p-p) Vo 1
Frequency H ( ω ) =20 log ( dB ) |H ( ω )|=
( ωω )
√
−1 c
ω (rad /s ) −ωϕc =tan
( )
V¿ 2
( 1) +
ω
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 2 (RC High Pass Filter)
Task 2: Passive RL Low Pass Filter
vin = 10 VP-P
Measured Calculated
Vo (p-p) Vo 1
H ( ω ) =20 log ( dB ) |H ( ω )|=
( ωω )
√
Frequency −1
( )
V¿
( 1) + c
ωc
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 3 (RL Low Pass Filter)

Task 2: Passive RL High Pass Filter
vin = 10 VP-P
Measured Calculated
Vo (p-p) Vo 1
Frequency H ( ω ) =20 log ( dB ) |H ( ω )|=
( ωω )
√
−1 c
ω (rad /s ) −ωϕc =tan
( )
V¿ 2
( 1) +
ω
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 4 (RL High Pass Filter)

Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________

Bode Plot for RC Low Pass Filter:
Bode Plot for RC High Pass Filter:
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________

Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________

Bode Plot for RL Low Pass Filter:

Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________

Bode Plot for RL High Pass Filter:

Appendix A (RC Low Pass Filter)

1
jωC
From the circuit diagram, V o is given by V o= V¿
1
R+
jωC
Vo 1
=
V ¿ 1+ jωRC
Vo
As we know that =H (ω)
V¿
1
H ( ω) = −−−−−−−−−−−−(1)
1+ jωRC
1
|H ( ω )|=
√1+ ( ωRC )
1
At ω=¿ ω c |H ( ω )| = 0.707 ↔ 0.707=
√1+( ωc RC )
1
0.707 2= 2
1+ ( ωc RC )
1
0.5=
1+ ( ωc RC )2
0.5+0.5 ( ωc RC )2=1
2
0.5 ( ω c RC ) =1−0.5
2 0.5
( ω c RC ) = 0.5
2
( ω c RC ) =1
2 1
ωc = 2
( RC )
1
ωc= −−−−−−−−−−−−−(2)
RC
1
f c=
2 πRC

Appendix B (RC High Pass Filter)

From the circuit diagram, V o is given by
R
V o= V¿
1
R+
jωC
Vo 1
=
V¿ 1
1+
jωRC
Vo
As we know that =H (ω)
V¿
1
H ( ω) = −−−−−−−−−−(5)
1
1+
jωRC
1
|H ( ω )|=
√ 1+
1
( ωRC)
At ω=¿ ω c |H ( ω )| = 0.707
1
0.707=
√ 1+
1
(ω ¿¿ c RC )
¿
1
0.707 2=
Squaring both sides 1
1+ ¿
( ω¿¿ c RC )
1
0.5=
1
1+ ¿
(ω¿¿ c RC )
0.5 ¿
0.5
0.5+ 2
( ω¿¿ c RC ) =1¿
0.5
2
(ω ¿¿ c RC ) =1−0.5 ¿
2 0.5
( ω c RC ) = 0.5
2
( ω c RC ) =1
1
ω c2 = 2
( RC )
1
ωc=
RC
1
f c=
2 πRC
Appendix C (RL Low Pass Filter)

From the circuit diagram, Vo is given by
R
V o= V
R+ jωL ¿
Vo R
=
V¿ jωL
R (1+ )
R
As we know that
Vo
=H (ω)
V¿
1
H ( ω) =
jωL
1+
R
1
|H ( ω )|=
√ 1+ ( ωLR )
At ω=¿ ω c |H ( ω )| = 0.707
1
0.707=
√ 1+ ( ωRL )
c

1
0.707 2=
( )
2
ωc L
1+
R
1
0.5=
( )
2
ω L
1+ c
R
( )
2
ωc L
0.5+0.5 =1
R
( )
2
ω L
0.5 c =1−0.5
R
( )
2
ωc L 0.5
=
R 0.5
( )
2
ωc L
=1
R
2 R2
ωc =
L2
R
ωc=
L
R
f=
2 πL
Appendix D (RL High Pass Filter)

From the circuit diagram, Vo is given by
jωL
V o= V
R+ jωL ¿
Vo jωL
=
V¿ R
jωL( +1)
jωL
As we know that
Vo
=H (ω)
V¿

1
H ( ω) =
R
1+
jωL
1
|H ( ω )|=
√ 1+ ( ωLR )
At ω=¿ ω c |H ( ω )| = 0.707
1
0.707=
√ 1+
( ωRL )
c
2 1
0.707 =
( )
2
R
1+
ωc L
1
0.5=
( )
2
R
1+
ωc L
( )
2
R
0.5+0.5 =1
ωc L
( )
2
R
0.5 =1−0.5
ωc L
( )
R 2 0.5
ωc L
=
0.5
( )
2
R
=1
ωc L
2 R2
ωc =
L2
R
ωc=
L
R
f=
2 πL

Post Lab:
1) Why are capacitors preferred over inductors in filter design?
2) Create Bode plots of the magnitude transfer functions of your low-pass and high-pass
filters. The theoretical plots (using measured values of resistors and capacitors) should
be drawn as lines. Include your data (taken at 1/10, ½, 1, 2, and 10 times the cutoff
frequency) as points.
3) Compare the measured results and simulation results.

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

Lab # 12 Multistage Passive Low Pass Filter

 To design a first order, second order and third order RC low pass
filter circuit by using three single stage RC filter circuits with cutoff
frequency of 4.8KHZ, also draw the Bode Plot.
 To design RL low pass & high pass filter circuit with cutoff frequency
of 5KHZ, also draw the Bode Plot.
Introduction:
The objective of this lab is to show that:
 As more stages are added, the filter becomes able to better reject high frequency noise.
 When plotted on a Bode plot, the gain approaches two asymptotes: the low frequency
gain approaches a constant gain of 0dB while the high-frequency gain drops as 20N
dB/decade where N is the number of stages.
(1) Design higher order passive RC low pass filter.
(2) Understand the difference in response of first order and higher order filter circuits
(1) Calculate and measure cutoff frequency for higher order RC filters.
(2) Design of higher order RC low-pass filter.
(3) Bode plots for higher order filters.
PRE-LAB:
Reading:
Written:
(3) Perform the calculations on Page #10 and page #11.
Note: Before the starts of simulation make sure that the calculated
values of R, L and C are available in Lab. Otherwise Design your
circuits according to the available values.
(4) Simulate the circuit shown in Fig (5), Fig (6), Fig (7) and Fig (8) in LTspice and Record
the simulation result in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.
(5) Sketch the Bode Plots (Page #14-17) of the simulation results recorded in Table 1, Table 2,
Table 3 and Table 4.

 Bread Board
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Resistors
Background:
The single stage RC filter is a low pass filter: low frequencies are passed (have a gain of one),
while high frequencies are rejected (the gain goes to zero). This is a useful filter to remove
noise from a signal. Many types of signals are predominantly low-frequency in nature -
meaning they change slowly. This includes measurements of temperature, pressure, volume,
position, speed, etc. Noise, however, tends to be at all frequencies, and is seen as the “fuzzy”
line on you oscilloscope when you amplify the signal.
The trick when designing a low-pass filter is to select the RC time constant so that the gain is
one over the frequency range of your signal (so it is passed unchanged) but zero outside this
range (to reject the noise).
First Order Low Pass Filter:

A first order low- pass filter (LPF) is shown in Fig (1). It is called “1st order" because it
contains one resistor and one capacitor. You have already done the first order filter circuit in
previous lab i.e. Lab # 8.
At the end of this lab you will compare the responses of first order, second order and third
order filter circuits, and therefore, you have to repeat the first order filter circuit with new
cutoff frequency.
Fig (1): First Order RC Low Pass Filter

Second Order Low Pass Filter:
A 2nd order low- pass filter (LPF) is shown in Fig (1). It is called “2nd order" because it
contains two resistors, and two capacitors. A 2 nd order LPF consists of a chain of two 1st order
LPFs.
One problem with adding stages to an RC filter is that each following stage 'loads' the previous
stage. This loading bleeds some current from the previous capacitor, changing the circuit. If
you make the impedance of each stage 10 times the previous stage, this loading is less than
10%, meaning that the transfer function will be close to that from lab 8. The value of R2 has
purposely been chosen to be 10larger than R1; and the value of C2 has purposely been chosen
to be 10 smaller than R1.
It also means that every RiCi is the same, which makes the situation computationally easy.
Every time you add on an RC into chain, you should continue the pattern of increasing R by a
factor of 10 and decreasing C by a factor of 10. This 10rule of thumb is a very good one to
keep in mind.
R1=330 Ω R2=3.3 K Ω
C 1=0.1 µF C 2=0.01 µF
Fig (2): Second Order RC Low Pass Filter
Third Order Low Pass Filter:

A third order low- pass filter (LPF) is shown in Fig (2). It is called “third order" because it
contains three resistors, and three capacitors. A 3 rd order LPF consists of a chain of three 1st
order LPFs.
One problem with adding stages to an RC filter is that each following stage 'loads' the previous
stage. This loading bleeds some current from the previous capacitor, changing the circuit. If
you make the impedance of each stage 10 times the previous stage, this loading is less than
10%, meaning that the transfer function will be close to that from lab 8.
R1=330 Ω R2=3.3 K Ω R3=33 K Ω
C1 C2 C3
0.1 µF 0.01 µF 0.001 µF
Fig (3): Third Order RC Low Pass Filter.

The gain of this filter is approximately the gain of each stage analyzed separately (i.e. the
loading effects are ignored).

In Lab:
Task 1: Design of first order RC Low Pass Filter:
1) Design first order RC low pass filter circuit with cutoff frequency of 4.8 KHZ. (Make
sure that designed values are available in Lab; otherwise choose different value of
cutoff frequency)
2) Built the designed filter and test it.
3) Plot the frequency response: (a) magnitude response (b) phase response
4) Analyze your designed filter against the required specifications and write a report.
Task 2: Design of second order RC Low Pass Filter:

1) Design second order RC low pass filter circuit with cutoff frequency of 4.8KHZ.
Task 3: Design of third order RC Low Pass Filter:

1) Design third order RC low pass filter circuit with cutoff frequency of 4.8KHZ.
Note: Sketch all Bode Plots of measured results on one graph paper.

Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________

Measured Calculated
Vo (p-p) Vo 1
H ( ω ) =20 log ( dB ) |H ( ω )|=
( ωω )
√
Frequency −1
ω (rad /s ) ω ϕ =−tan
( )
V¿ 2
(1) + c
ωc
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Task 1: First Order RC Low Pass Filter fc=4.82 KHz

Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Task 2: Second Order RC Low Pass Filter fc=4.82 KHz

Measured Calculated
Vo (p-p) Vo 1
H ( ω ) =20 log ( dB ) |H ( ω )|=
( ωω )
√
Frequency −1
( )
V¿
(1) + c
ωc
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Task 3: Third Order RC Low Pass Filter fc=4.82 KHz
Measured Calculated
Vo (p-p) Vo 1
H ( ω ) =20 log ( dB ) |H ( ω )|=
( ωω )
√
Frequency −1
( )
V¿
(1) + c
ωc
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________
Name: __________________________Reg. No _______________________

Bode Plot for First Order, Second Order and Third Order RC Low Pass Filter:

nitude Post Lab:

1) Design second order and third order RC high pass filter?
2) Create Bode plots of the magnitude transfer functions of high-pass filters.
3) Create Bode plots of the magnitude transfer functions of low-pass filter. The
theoretical plots (using measured values of resistors and capacitors) should be drawn as
lines. Include your data (taken at 1/10, 1/2, 1, 2, and 10 times the cutoff frequency) as
points.
4) Compare the response of first order, second order and third order filters.


Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5

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EEE222 ECA II

Electrical Circuit Analysis II

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 1

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 2

September Syed Bilal Javed In-lab of Lab 05 has been modified.

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 3

 First check your measuring equipment.

people in the lab at all time.

 Keep the work area neat and clean.

Do not wear them near an energized circuit.

away from conducting surfaces.

 Always check your circuit connections before power it ON.

 Always connect connection from load to power supply.

 Never use any faulty or damage equipment and tools.

 If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor.

o Do not touch the equipment, the cord, the person.

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 4

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 5

2. To Calculate Active, Reactive Power and apparent power.............................................63

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COMSATS University Islamabad Page 7

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 8

Lab # 01 Introduction to Instruments

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 9

Fig No.1: Agilent 3000 Series Oscilloscope (Panel Controls)

Fig No.2: Oscilloscope Display

Using the Oscilloscope:

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 10

Fig No.3: Auto Scale Button

Using the Run Control Buttons:

Fig No.4: Run Control Buttons

 When the Run/Stop button is green, the oscilloscope is acquiring data.

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 11

The horizontal controls consist of:

Fig No.5: Horizontal Controls

The oscilloscope provides these trigger modes:

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 12

Fig No.6: Trigger Controls

The vertical controls consist of:

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 13

Fig No. 7: Vertical Controls

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 14

Using the Function Generator: -

Fig No.8 Snapshot of Agilent 3320A Function Generator

 Turn the power on and press the output key.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

SECTION I – Lab Tasks

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 16

Section – 2 (Design Problem)

Answer the following

COMSATS University Islamabad Page 17

 What is meant by duty cycle?

Section 3 – Measurement Tables

Name(s): _____________________ Reg. No __________________________

Time Period Duty Cycle Time Base On-Time Off-Time Ratio

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Critical Analysis / Conclusion

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Critical Analysis / Conclusion

Instructor Signature and Comments

Name(s): _ Reg. No ______

Name(s) : _ Reg. No ______