R1116010 Toss 09 001

Thai Oil
Standard Specification
R1116010-TOSS-09-001
ENTP-6
Equipment Spacing
Amendment Record
Issue/revision Date Remarks Signature
0 01/06/16 First issue CFPA/ADSC (Narongsak)
Note: This CFP Project Specific Standard/Specification has been developed from original
Corporate Standard TOSS-09-001 Revision 2/A, Dated 24/04/96
This document is confidential. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the
prior written consent of Thai Oil Company Limited Thailand.
The copyright of this document is vested in Thai Oil Company Limited
All rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of the copyright owner.
Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

Page No: 1 of 33. Originator : CFPA/ADSC (Narongsak) Approved by:
Equipment Spacing.
INDEX
1. GENERAL 4
1.1 SCOPE 4
1.2 OBJECTIVE 4
1.3 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 4
1.4 DEFINITIONS 4
1.4.1 FLASH POINT 4
1.4.2 AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE (A.I.T.) 5
1.4.3 SOURCES OF IGNITION 5
1.5 APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND GUIDES 5
2. SPACING OF UNITS AND AREAS 6
2.1 PROCESS UNIT 6

2.2 PROCESS AREA 6
2.3 PROCESS BLOCK 6
3. ON-SITE SPACING 10
3.1 ON-SITE SPACING GUIDE 10

3.1.1 TOWERS; REF. (A) 10
3.1.2 REACTORS, EXTERNALLY INSULATED; REF. (B) 10
3.1.3 REACTORS, INTERNALLY INSULATED; REF. (C) 10
3.1.4 DRUMS; REF. (D) 11
3.1.5 ON-SITE PRESSURE STORAGE VESSELS; REF. (E) 11
3.1.6 BLOWDOWN AND DISENGAGING DRUMS; REF. (F) 11
3.1.7 EXCHANGERS; REF. (G) 11
3.1.8 EXCHANGERS; REF. (H) 12
3.1.9 AIR FIN COOLERS; REF. (I) 12
3.1.10 FIRED HEATERS; REF. (J) 12
3.1.11 COOLING TOWERS; REF. (K) 13
3.1.12 PUMPS; REF. (L) 13
3.1.13 PUMPS HANDLING FLAMMABLE MATERIALS; REF. (M) 14
3.1.14 GAS COMPRESSOR AND EXPANDERS; REF. (N) 14
3.1.15 COMPRESSOR DRIVE OTHER THAN STEAM OR MOTOR; REF. (O) 14
3.1.16 EQUIPMENT HANDLING NON-FLAMMABLES; REF. (P) 14
3.1.17 BLAST-PROOF MAIN CONTROL BUILDING; REF. (Q) 14
3.1.18 UNIT CONTROL HOUSE; REF. (R) 15
3.1.19 ELECTRICAL SUB-STATION; REF. (S) 15
3.1.20 MAIN EQUIPMENT STRUCTURES; REF. (T) 15
3.1.21 ON-SITE PIPE RACKS; REF. (U) 15
3.1.22 EMERGENCY VALVES FOR SHUT-OFF, ISOLATION, SNUFFING, ETC.; REF. (W) 15

Equipment Spacing.
4. OFFSITE SPACING 17
4.1 OFF-SITE SPACING GUIDE 17

4.1.1 BOILER HOUSES AND POWER STATIONS; REF. (A) 17
4.1.2 BUILDINGS, MAIN OFFICE BLACK, W ORKSHOPS, LABORATORIES, ETC.; REF. (B) 17
4.1.3 COOLING TOWERS; REF. (C) 18
4.1.4 JETTIES (LOADING ARM MANIFOLD; REF. (D) 18
4.1.5 MAIN ELECTRICAL SUB-STATIONS; REF. (E) 18
4.1.6 FIRE STATION; REF. (F) 19
4.1.7 MAIN FIRE PUMPS; REF. (G) 19
4.1.8 FIRE TRAINING AREA; REF. (H) 19
4.1.9 LOADING RACKS; REF. (J) 19
4.1.10 MAJOR OFF-SITE PIPE TRACKS; REF. (K) 19
4.1.11 PROCESS AREAS; REF. (L) 19
4.1.12 BOUNDARY FENCE; REF. (M) 20
4.1.13 MAJOR PUMP AREAS; REF. (N) 20
4.1.14 RAILWAY MAIN LINES; REF. (O) 20
4.1.15 RAIL SIDINGS; REF. (P) 20
4.1.16 MAIN EFFLUENT TREATMENT; REF. (Q) 20
4.1.17 FACILITIES FOR HEAT SENSITIVE MATERIALS; REF. (R) 20
5. TANKAGE 21
5.1 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS 21

5.2 TYPES OF TANKAGE 21
5.2.1 FIXED OR CONE ROOF TANKS (C.R.) 21
5.2.2 FLOATING ROOF TANKS (F.R.) 21
5.2.3 SPHERES AND CYLINDERS (SP AND CYL) 21
5.2.4 TABLE 1 22
5.3 DEFINITIONS 22
5.3.1 BUND OR FIREWALL 22
5.3.2 BUNDED AREA 22
5.3.3 EXPOSED BUNDED AREA 22
5.3.4 SECONDARY OR INTERMEDIATE BUNDS 22
5.3.5 BUND CAPACITY 22
5.3.6 TANK GROUP 22
5.3.7 SMALL TANKS 23
5.4 GROUPING AND LOCATION OF TANKS 23
6. ATTACHMENTS 31

Equipment Spacing.
GENERAL
SCOPE
This standard is intended as a guide to minimum safe spacing of plant and equipment for Oil
Refineries, Petro-chemical Complexes and similar installations.
The spacing recommended will apply in the absence of Client’s standards or supplement such
standards where necessary. The recommendations are based on current practice in the industry and
are intended, as a minimum, to satisfy the requirements of all relevant Government recommendations.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the spacing recommendations is to ensure that maximum economical use is made of
available plot areas, compatible with the safety of personnel and vulnerability of plant.
In achieving this end consideration must be given to:-
(a) accessibility for normal operation and maintenance

(b) accessibility for fire fighting
(c) accessibility for emergency shut-down
(d) accessibility for evacuation of personnel
(e) segregation of high risk facilities and sources of ignition
(f) protection of critical emergency facilities
(g) protection of adjacent facilities in event of fire
(h) security of installations from outside hazards
(I) minimising danger and inconvenience to personnel and property beyond the
boundary fence.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Circumstances will arise where it will be difficult to adhere to the minimum spacing requirements, e.g.
where there are severe limitations on plot availability. In such cases relaxation of minimum spacing
may be permitted by providing additional safety features such as sprinklers, supplementary fire fighting
equipment, emergency shut-down facilities, additional fireproofing, inert gas blanketing, etc. Such
relaxations will generally require the sanction of Statutory Authorities, Plant Insurers and CLIENT.
Other factors may require spacing greater than the minimum recommendation of this Standard. In this
category consideration should be given to:-
(a) proximity of adjacent property and the consequential environmental and public relations
effects.
(b) special process hazards which may justify increased spacing.
(c) special plant maintenance/installation considerations,that may necessitate increased spacing.
(d) future development plans, both inside and outside the boundary fence.
(e) topographical features of site and direction of prevailing winds.
(f) political security factors.
DEFINITIONS
The following definitions are used throughout the standard.
Flash Point
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a product gives off sufficient vapour to form a
mixture with air that can be ignited by a flame or spark.

Equipment Spacing.
Auto Ignition Temperature (A.I.T.)

The auto-ignition temperature is the temperature at which a product will burn without application of any
other form of ignition.
The A.I.T. of most petroleum products are between 250C and 500C. In general the A.I.T. of
petroleum hydrocarbons decrease with higher boiling fractions whereas flash points increase.
Sources of Ignition
Possible sources of ignition include the following:-
Electrical
Sparks/arcs may occur when current-carrying contacts are separated or by static electricity discharge.
Naked Lights
E.g. fired heaters, fires, smoking, hot work, gas welding, etc.
Engines
Spark ignition systems, exhaust hot spots.
Spontaneous Combustion
Prophoric materials, vapour leakages at temperatures above A.I.T.
Frictional Ignition
Grit blasting, power tool grinding, mechanical failure of rotating machinery.
High Temperature Surfaces

Transfer lines, H.P. steam lines, other hot surfaces.
APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND GUIDES

Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe Practice Part 3.

Equipment Spacing.
SPACING OF UNITS AND AREAS
Process Unit
A process complex consists of a combination of plants, each carrying out a specific processing duty.
these plants are defined as PROCESS UNITS.
Equipment items within the process unit limits are referred to as “on-site equipment”. On site Spacing
Chart, Attachment 1 gives the recommended spacing between these items of equipment.
Equipment limits are determined by an imaginary line drawn around the outer edge of equipment
within the Process Unit.
Process Area
Several process units may be combined to form a PROCESS AREA. These units may be intregrated,
i.e. no spacing between units other than basic equipment spacing, or may be laid out as separate units
with spacing between equipment limits (as defined above) based on fire fighting access, process
hazard or separate shut-down requirements; depending on overall plant philosophy.
Process block
A number of process areas may be combined to form a PROCESS BLOCK.
Fig. 2 indicates an example of a Process Block showing the arrangement of a Process Unit (integrated
and separate) and Process Areas within the block. The basic minimum spacing between Units and
Areas are given on Fig. 2. For process blocks which may be independently shutdown the minimum
spacing requirement is 30m to the adjoining process block.

Equipment Spacing.
Figure 1, Typical Overall Refinery Plot Plan

Equipment Spacing.
Figure 2, Example of a Process Block

Equipment Spacing.
Figure 3, Typical Tankage Block

Note: Dimensions are from inside Top of Tank Bund to Inside Top of next Tank Bund

Equipment Spacing.
ON-SITE SPACING
For the commended spacing of on-site equipment refer to the “On-site Spacing Chart”, Attachment 1
The information on this chart is supplemented by explanatory notes which are contained in Section 7.1
“On-Site Spacing Guide”, it is essential that reference is made to this section.
Against each type a basic spacing dimension is quoted. This basic spacing is the recommended
distance between the item and other general process equipment. The recommended spacing
between different items is given at the intersection of the horizontal line for one item and the vertical
line from another. In general, this shall be the greater of the basic spacing dimensions for the two
items, Explanatory notes can be found in section 7.1.
On-site Spacing Guide

Use with on-site spacing chart Attachment 1
Towers; Ref. (A)

(B.S.=1.5 metres)
The basic spacing of 1.5 metres provides access for operation and maintenance. The distance
between two towers is twice the basic dimension. This provides some additional access for fire
fighting and clearance for non-coincidental platforms.
Reactors, externally insulated; Ref. (B)

(> A.I.T; B.S.=4.5 metres)
The basic spacing of 4.5 metres provides access for fire fighting and minimises damage to other
equipment. The external insulation protects the reactor shell fires on other equipment.
Reactors may be grouped together, in which case operational and maintenance access of 1.5 metres
between shells is satisfactory.
Reactors operating below A.I.T. may be regarded as drums, i.e. drum spacing recommendations will
apply, see Ref. (D)
Spacing from Ref. (F) is an excess of the greater basic dimension as the Reactor is regarded as high
risk equipment.
Since the Reactor is operating above A.I.T., other sources of ignition are not a spacing consideration
and basic reactor spacing of 4.5 metres will apply, e.g. items Refs. (J) and (O).
Reactors, internally insulated; Ref. (C)

The basic spacing of 7.5 metres provides access for fire fighting minimises damage to other
equipment is event of reactor fire, and protects exposed shell.
N.B. Internally lined reactor shells are more susceptible to fire damage than unlined vessels.
Reactors may be grouped together, in which case operational and maintenance access of 1.5 metres
between shells is satisfactory.
Reactors operating below A.I.T. may be regarded as drums, i.e. drum spacing recommendations will
apply, see Ref. (D).

Page No: 10 of Originator : CFPA/ADSC (Narongsak) Approved by:
33.
Equipment Spacing.
Spacing from (F) is in excess of the reactor after basic dimension as the reactor is regarded a high
risk equipment.
Since the reactor is operating above A.I.T. , other sources of ignition are not a spacing consideration,
basic reactor spacing of 7.5 metres will apply, e.g. items (J) / (O).
Spacing from Refs. (P), (T), (U) - These items are not regarded as fire-hazardous - the spacing of 4.5
metres will give these items protection in the event of reactor fires.
Drums; Ref. (D)

(B.S.=1.5 metres)
The basic spacing of 1.5 metres access for operation and maintenance. Spacing from (U) is the basic
drum spacing as the piperack is not considered fire hazardous. Drums should not be located under
pipe racks.
On-site Pressure Storage Vessels; Ref. (E)

(B.S.=22.5 metres)
The basic spacing of 22.5 metres minimises exposure of unit equipment to potential source of severe
fire, and blast damage in the event of an explosion.
Pressure storage in on-site locations should be avoided wherever possible. It in sometimes

necessary, e.g. in solvent propane dewaxing and deasphalting units, to provide pressure storage
facilities on-site; in such instances the inventory should be held to a minimum and the storage vessel
located at the unit battery and as far as possible form fired heaters and other source of ignition.
For pressure storage vessels, in the same service provide a minimum of one diametre between shells
for operational and maintenance access.
Spacing form (U) pipe racks is not considered as fire hazardous - spacing of 4.5 metres affords
protection to these items in the event of storage vessel fire.
Blowdown and Disengaging Drums; Ref. (F)

(B.S. 7.5 metres)
The basic spacing of 7.5 metres provides protection the Drum in the event of fire within the unit.
For high risk equipment the spacing should be increased to 15 metres. High risk equipment includes
reactors, exchangers and pumps operating above A.I.T., fired heaters, gas compressors, and
expanders, and their drivers, e.g. items Refs. (B), (C), (G), (L), (N), (O).
Spacing from Ref. (U) - Pipe racks are not regarded as fire hazardous - spacing of 4.5 metres affords
protection to the pipe rack in the event of blowdown drum fire.
Exchangers; Ref. (G)

The basic spacing of 4.5 metres minimises damage to other equipment in event of fire. Exchangers
operating above A.I.T. are high risk items with greater probability of fire for exchanger operating below
A.I.T.
Exchanger above A.I.T. in the same service, i.e. connected by a common process stream, may be
spaced 1.0 metre apart; for other exchangers basic spacing of 4.5 metres should apply.
Spacing from Ref. (J) - Since the fluid in the exchanger is already above its A.I.T., the fired heater, in
this case, does not represent a source of ignition. However, a heater fire is considered likely to be
more severe than other plant fires, so spacing greater than basic is applied to minimise damage to the
exchanger in the event of a heater fire.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Spacing form Ref. (O) - Since the fluid in the exchangers is above its A.I.T., the Compressor driver
does not represent a source of ignition. Therefore, exchanger basic spacing of 4.5 metres applies.
Spacing from ref. (F) is in excess of the greater basic dimension as the exchanger (above A.I.T.) is
regarded as a high risk item.
Spacing form ref. (P) protects equipment from a high fire risk item.
Exchangers; Ref. (H)

(< A.I.T; B.S.=1.5 metres)
The basic spacing of 1.5 metres provides access for maintenance and operation. There are no
limitations on spacing exchangers from pipe racks-exchanger spacing applies.
Air Fin Coolers; Ref. (I)

(B.S.= 2 metres)
Air fin coolers by virtue of their design and operations are particularly vulnerable to fire hazard.
For this reason grade mounted units isolated from other equipment are preferred. However, because
of restrictions on area availability, it is common practice to mount air fin coolers on top of the pipe rack.
In such cases consideration must be given to the following:-
(a) Air fin coolers must not be mounted over pumps, compressors, drums or heat exchangers,
containing flammable materials.
(b) There must be no flanges or valves in any hydrocarbon lines on the rack beneath an air fin
cooler.
(c) Horizontal spacing requirements of “on-site” spacing Chart, Attachment 1, must be met.
(d) Support legs for the air fin cooler must be fireproofed.
(e) Access must be provided for tube bundle removal by mobile equipment.
The basic spacing of 3.0 metres (horizontal) minimises exposure to fire hazard-air fins are more
vulnerable to fire damage than shell and tube exchangers.
Ref. (U) - The basic spacing of 3.0 metres is applicable to grade mounted air fin coolers only.
Fired Heaters; Ref. (J)

(B.S.=15 metres)
A fired heater by its nature is a permanent source of ignition while operating. A heater fire is likely to
be of maximum severity. The basic spacing of 15 metres separates equipment handling flammable
vapours from a permanent source of ignition and affords protection in the event of a major heater fire.
Heater location will sometimes be predetermined by the requirement of grouping to a common stack
with heaters from other process units.
Where such restrictions are not applied, the heater location should be selected on the windward side
of the unit with reference to the prevailing wind, close to the battery limit and as far as practicable from
other equipment. Consideration must also be given to the proximity of plant and equipment outside
the unit battery limit.
When the heater has an individual stack, the top of the stack should be at least 3 metres higher than
equipment within a horizontal distance of 15 metres and at least 3 metres higher than any operating
platform within a horizontal distance of 65 metres.
Ref. (J)
If all heaters in a group shut-down together at plant turnaround spacing between shells can be for
normal maintenance only. If heaters are required to shut-down individually, spacing of 7.5 metres

33.
Equipment Spacing.
between shells is required for L.P. operation (less than 7 kg/cm 2g) and 15 metres between shells for
H.P. operation (7 kg./cm2g and above).
Ref. (B), (C), (G), (L) are items operating above their A.I.T. and in these cases the fired heater is not
considered to be primary source of ignition, spacing is based on affording protection in the event of
heater fire.
For reformer heater/reactor installations, where vapour only is present in heater tubes and reactors,
spacing may be further reduced to 3 metres and in the case of Ref. (B) and 3 metres in the case of
Ref. (C).
Ref. (N) - The compressor area is regarded as a special risk area in view of the potential release of
large vapour quantities. Spacing greater than the basic dimensions is required.
Ref. (O) - The compressor driver is not considered a source of ignition in this case. The spacing of 7.5
metres minimises damage to the compressor driver in the event of heater fire.
Ref. (P) - A spacing of 4.5 metres minimises damage in the event of the heater fire. For equipment
higher than 3 metres, spacing should be increased to 7.5 metres from heaters with liquid in their
tubes. Reduced spacing is permitted because there is no flammable material release in the event of
damage.
Ref. (U) - Because of severity of heater fire, spacing to pipe racks is greater than basic.
N. B This does not apply to heaters own pipe rack.
Cooling Towers; Ref. (K)

(B.S.=15 & 30 metres)
Basic spacing of 15 metres applies to equipment lower than the cooling tower: basic spacing of 30
metres to equipment higher than the cooling tower.
The cooling tower becomes a source of hazard in the event of tube failure in a water cooler. Basic
spacing provides for dispersion of hazardous vapours, minimises corrosive effects of spray
impingement and visibility problems from exhaust plume.
The cooling towers should be located on the leeward side of a process unit with reference to the
prevailing wind.
Ref. (U) - The factors above are not considerations in the case of a pipe rack. Pipe rack basic spacing
will apply.
Pumps; Ref. (L)

(> A.I.T.; B.S.=4.5 metres)
Pumps operating above A.I.T. are a high fire risk. Basic spacing of 4.5 metres provides fire fighting
access and minimises damage to other equipment.
Ref. (F) - Because of the high fire risk, spacing greater than basic should be provided from this item.
Ref. (J) - The fired heater is not considered a source of ignition in this case. Spacing of 7.5 metres is
provided between two high risk items.
Ref. (L) - Pumps in the same service may be spaced at 1.5 metres. For pumps in different services
basic spacing of 4.5 metres applies.
Ref. (O) - The compressor driver is not considered a source of ignition in this case. Basic spacing for
pump applies.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Ref. (P) - A spacing of 4.5 metres minimises damage in the event of a pump fire.
Ref. (U) - Spacing is horizontal from edge of rack to pump stuffing box.
Pumps handling Flammable Materials; Ref. (M)

(B.S.=3.0 metres)
The Basic spacing provides for fire fighting and minimises damage in the case of fire. Pumps in the
same service may be spaced at 1 metre which provides access for operation and maintenance.
Ref. (U) - Spacing is horizontal from edge of rack to pump stuffing box.
Gas Compressor and Expanders; Ref. (N)

(B.S.=7.5 metres)
When there is more than one compressor on a process unit, it is usual to locate these, together with
their auxiliaries in a designated area. Basic spacing is not applied between the compressors or their
auxiliaries, access for operation and maintenance is provided.
Compressors are costly items so basic spacing is greater to allow additional protection in the event of
a fire.
Small compressors (200.P and less) may be treated as pumps for spacing purposes.
Ref. (F) and (J) - Spacing greater than basic is provided because of the high risk nature of these
items.
Ref. (U) is not a hazard producing items. The basic spacing of 4.5 metres provides protection in the
event of compressor fire.
Compressor Drive other than steam or motor; Ref. (O)

( B.S.=10.5 metres)
Basic spacing is not applicable between Compressor and driver. Gas turbine gas engine of internal
combustion engine drivers are sources of ignition. Basic spacing of 10.5 metres affords safe spacing
from a source of ignition.
For items (B), (C), (G), (L), which are operating above A>I.T. the driver is not considered to be the
primary source of ignition. The basic spacing for these items therefore applies.
Ref. (J) - Spacing of 7.5 metres protects driver in event of heater fire.
Ref. (F) - Spacing greater than basic provides additional protection to critical item.
Ref. (U) - The pipe rack is not at hazard-rack basic spacing applies.
Equipment handling Non-Flammables; Ref. (P)

(Spacing provided for operational and maintenance access)
Refs. (B), (c), (G), (L) - Spacing of 4.5 metres provides protection to equipment in the
event of fire at likely sources of ignition.
Blast-proof Main Control Building; Ref. (Q)

(B.S.=30 metres)
Basic spacing of 30 metres affords protection to personnel and critical control equipment from plant
fire or explosion hazard.
Non blast-proof building should be considered as Ref. (B) Buildings on the off-site spacing chart.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Ref. (U) - On-site pipe racks should not generally be nearer than 30 metres to the Control Building.
Provided lines are all welded with no valves or flanges, a pipe rack may be brought to 7.5 metres from
one side only of a Main Control Building.
Unit Control House; Ref. (R)

(B.S.=15 metres)
The location of a unit control house is obviously less critical than a central control house. It should be
located at the battery limit adjacent to a roadway. Basic spacing minimises risk to personnel and
equipment in the vent of unit fire.
Ref. (U) - Pipe rack basic spacing applies provided all welded pipe racks without valves or flanges.
Electrical Sub-station; Ref. (S)

(B.S.=15 metres)
Electrical sub-stations are located close to the battery limit and near to a roadway. The basic spacing
is fixed by Area Classification considerations and also provides protection to the electrical equipment
in the event of unit fire.
Ref. (U) - Pipe racks do no present a major hazard . Basic rack spacing applies.
Main Equipment Structures; Ref. (T)

(B.S. is Not Applicable)
Sufficient spacing should be allowed from ignition sources of high risk (C) items to prevent damage to
structure in event of fire or explosion. Items (B), (C), (E), (G), (J), (L), (N), are in this category. In
most other cases the equipment in the structure will govern its location with respect to other
equipment.
On-site Pipe Racks; Ref. (U)

(B.S.=4.5 metres)
Pipe rack basic spacing gives protection to the pipe rack in the event of equipment fires within a
process unit. Items Refs. (B), (C), (E), (G), (K), (N) and (O) are located on this basis.
Item Ref. (J) - Fired Heater is a possible source of a major fire. Spacing greater than basic is required
in this case.
NB. This limitation does not apply to the pipe rack serving the heater area.
The pipe rack in itself is not considered highly hazardous. In general equipment which is not
hazardous may be located on access and operability considerations relative to the pipe rack. Items
Ref. (A), (D), (H), (I),(grade mounted) are in this category.
In special cases where the hazard from the pipe rack must be minimised, fittings and flanges, which
could be sources of leakage, should be eliminated from the pipe rack in the vicinity, e.g. from pipe
racks under air fin exchangers and from pipe racks in the vicinity of control houses. i.e. items (I), (Q)
and (R).
Pumps are also considered as a special case as, for layout purposes, access and operability, it is
usual to have pumps in close proximity to the pipe rack e.g. Items Refs. (L) and (M) - spacing in
horizontal distance from pump stuffing box to edge of pipe rack.
Emergency Valves for Shut-off, Isolation, Snuffing, etc.; Ref. (W)

(B.S.=7.5 metres)
The basic spacing is the distance between the emergency valve and the equipment it controls. It can
be located adjacent to other equipment.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Refs. (E) and (J) are exceptionally hazardous items. The basic spacing for these items therefore
applies.
Where it is necessary for reasons of plant layout to locate emergency shut-off valve manifolds closer
to a heater than 15 metres, a fire wall shall be provide between the manifold and the heater at a
minimum distance of 7.5 metres from the heater.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
OFFSITE SPACING
Facilities outside the confines of a Process Block, e.g. boiler house and power stations, administration
offices, workshops, effluent treatment, flare stacks, jetty & rail loading, blending facilities etc. are
referred to as “off-site facilities”.
It is customary to combine the utility type facilities, e.g. steam generation, water treatment, plant air,
etc. within a utility area or block.
Effluent treatment, flare and similar high hazard off-site facilities are generally located remote from
process facilities, utility areas and administration areas.
Spacing of flare stacks requires special consideration based on relief loads and thermal radiation
levels. Reference must be made to the Process Engineer.
The recommended spacing off-site equipment is indicated in “Off-site Spacing Chart”, Attachment 2.
The information on this chart is supplemented by explanatory notes contained in Section 8.1 “Off-site
Spacing Guide”.
It is essential that reference is made to Section 8.1 when using “Off-site Spacing Chart”. Attachment 2.
Against each item a basic spacing dimension is quoted. This basic spacing is the recommended
distance between the item and other equipment/facilities. The recommended spacing between different
items is given at the intersection of the horizontal line from one item and the vertical line from another.
In general, this shall be the greater of the basic spacing dimensions for the two items, otherwise
explanatory notes can be found in Section 8.1.
The spacing between similar equipment/facilities is given in the first box adjacent to the item.
OFF-SITE SPACING GUIDE

( Use with off-site Spacing Chart. Attachment 2. )
Boiler houses and Power Stations; Ref. (A)

(B.S.=30 metres)
The basic spacing protects critical equipment from fire or explosion in process equipment.
Ref. (B) - Buildings are not considered hazardous to boilers and generating plant and vice versa.
Therefore, spacing less than basic for buildings is acceptable. Ref. (K) - Spacing protects pipe track
from possible fire in boiler house.
Ref. (O) - Railway main lines are not at risk from facilities and do not present a risk to facilities. Boiler
basic spacing applies.
Ref. (P) - Rail sidings present a minimum risk to facilities. Siding basic spacing applies.
Note that steam generators forming an integral part of a process unit are considered as fired heaters.
In such cases, on-site basic spacing will apply.
Buildings, Main Office Black, Workshops, Laboratories, etc.; Ref. (B)

(B.S.=45 metres).
The basic spacing protects personnel from fires and explosions in process equipment.
33.
Equipment Spacing.
For high hazard process equipment, spacing in excess of basic is applied.

Items Refs. (D), (J), (L) fall into this category.
Items Refs. (A), (K), (O), (P), are not considered high risk items.
Spacing less than basic building spacing is applied.
Cooling Towers; Ref. (C)

(B.S. 15 & 30 metres)
Two basic spacings are given for Cooling towers.
The lower basic spacing is for equipment that is lower than the cooling tower.
The higher basic spacing is for equipment that is taller than the cooling tower and where it is
necessary to minimise the corrosion, visibility and ice formation problems, resulting form the
impingement of the cooling tower exhaust plume.
A cooling tower can become a source of hazard due to release at atmosphere of flammable vapours,
caused by tube failure in water cooled exchangers. The higher basic spacing distance is considered
adequate for dispersal of these vapours.
Spacing greater than cooling tower basic is applied form highly hazardous sources, e.g. items Refs.
(D) and (H).
Items Refs. (F), (G) and (O) do not present a hazard to these cooling tower. Cooling tower basic
spacing is therefore applied.
Items Refs. (J) and (L) are possible sources of fire. Higher cooling tower basic spacing is applied to
these items.
Items Refs. (M) and (O) do not present a hazard to the cooling tower.
Cooling tower higher basic spacing is applied for environmental considerations.
Item Ref. (K) - The cooling tower is considered to be at risk from the pipe track. Pipe track basic
spacing is applied.
Jetties (Loading arm manifold; Ref. (D)

(B.S.=60 metres)
The basic spacing protects facilities form first at loading manifolds or on tankers and vice versa.
Items Ref. (N), (P), (Q) are not considered as sources of hazard. Basic spacing for these items will
apply.
Main Electrical Sub-stations; Ref. (E)

(B.S.=45 metres)
The basic spacing protects critical electrical equipment form explosion or fire in process areas. By
using blast resistant construction, this basic spacing may be reduced.
Items Refs. (K), (O), (P) are not considered major sources of hazard.
Spacing less than basic is allowed.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Fire Station; Ref. (F)

(B.S.=45 metres)
The basic spacing provides protection to the fire station and equipment in the event of fire in the
process areas.
Items Refs. (A), (C), (K), (O) and (P) are not considered as major sources of hazard. Spacing less
than basic is allowed.
Items Refs. (B), (E), (G) and (M) are not hazardous to the fire station.
Location is determined by access and maintenance considerations.
Main Fire Pumps; Ref. (G)

(B.S.=45 metres)
The basic spacing provides protection to prevent loss of pumps from fire exposure.
Items Refs. (A), (C), (K), (O) and (M) are not considered sources of major hazard. Spacing less than
basic is allowed.
Items Refs. (B), (E), (F) and (M) are not hazardous to fire pumps.
Location is determined by access and maintenance considerations.
Fire Training Area; Ref. (H)

(B.S.=45 metres)
The basic spacing protects vulnerable process equipment form a source of ignition. Spacing also
allows smoke dispersal.
Loading Racks; Ref. (J)

(B.S.=45 metres)
The basic spacing is considered adequate for the dispersal of spillage or vapour releases. During
unloading it also protects the equipment in the event of fires at process areas and vice versa.
In location main loading racks, consideration must be given to access from outside and to minimising
the flow of traffic through process areas.
Spacing must be sufficient to allow the safe maneuvering of road tankers and for rail siding where
applicable.
Items Refs. (C), (K) and (N) are not considered hazardous with respect to the loading area. Spacing
less than loading rack basic is acceptable in these instances.
For items Ref. (B) spacing greater than basic is applied to reduce hazard to personnel.
Major Off-site Pipe tracks; Ref. (K)

(B.S.=4.5 metres)
The basic spacing of 4.5 metres minimises hazard to off-site piping in the event of fires at major plant
areas.
For items Refs. (C), (F), (L), (M), (N), (P), (Q) and (R) this criterion applies.
For items Refs. (A), (B), (E), (H), (J) and (O) greater spacing is applied for commodity criticality or
personnel hazard requirement.
Process Areas; Ref. (L)

(B.S.=45 metres)
The basic spacing minimises damage to other areas or equipment in the event of fire or explosion in
the process area and vice versa.
For item Ref. (B) spacing greater than basic is applied to reduce hazard to personnel.
Items Refs. (C), (K) and (N) are not considered at high hazard from process areas. The basic spacing
for these items is therefore applied.
A process to process area spacing of 15 metres is considered sufficient to permit independent shut
down at turnaround.
In the case of light ends units this should be increased to 25 metres. Where several process units are
integrated, the spacing be based on maintenance, operational and fire fighting access.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Boundary Fence; Ref. (M)

(B.S.=45 metres)
The basic spacing provides protection to personnel and property outside the boundary fence in the
event or fire. It also protects the facilities inside the fence from external hazard.
Items Refs. (C) and (K) are reduced hazard items. Spacing less than the basic boundary spacing is
acceptable in these instances.
Items Refs. (B), (E), (F) and (G) are not hazardous. Spacing form boundary fence is based on access
or environmental consideration.
Major Pump Areas; Ref. (N)

(B.S.=15 metres)
The basic spacing affords protection to pump areas in the event of fire or explosion in process
facilities and allows access fire fighting.
Pump areas, because of their low inventory, do not present a major hazard to other equipment.
Spacing less than basic item spacing is therefore permitted from these items, e.g. items Refs., (D),
(G), (J), (L), (O) and (Q).
Railway Main Lines; Ref. (O)

(B.S.= 60 metres)
The basic spacing protects personnel and railway property from fire or explosion inside plant.
Items Refs. (A), (C), (J) and (N)present a reduced to railway property. Spacing less than basic is
permitted in these cases.
Rail Sidings; Ref. (P)

B.S.=15 metres)
A rail siding can be considered as a source of ignition form a locomotive engine. The basic spacing
protects flammable equipment or sources of vapour emission from this hazard.
Items Refs., (C), (D), (N) and (R) fall in this category.
Non-hazardous items may be located at less than the basic spacing. Items Refs. (B), (E), (F), (G) and
(K) fall in this category.
For item Ref. (Q) additional spacing is required to permit dispersal of vapours.
Main Effluent treatment; Ref. (Q)

(B.S.=45 metres)
a basic spacing of 45 metres from process areas or other sources of ignition allows for dispersal of
vapours which are likely to be emitted at a separator.
Items Refs. (A) to (J), (L), (M) and (R) fall in this category.
Lower risk facilities, not representing a source of ignition, may be located not loss than 30 metres from
a separator. Items Refs. (N) and (P) fall in this category.
Item Ref. (K), off-site pipe tracks, is a minimum risk item. Its basic spacing applies.
facilities for Heat sensitive Materials; Ref. (R)

(B.S.= 30 metres)
Heat sensitive materials are liable to de-composition explosions on prolonged exposure to heat. The
basic spacing of 30 metres protects the facilities form such exposure.
Items Refs. (K) and (P) are not sources of fire. Spacing less than basic 30 metres is acceptable in
these instances.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
TANKAGE
This section gives guidance for the spacing and bund capacities of storage tanks, storage spheres
and cylinders.
Other types of bulk storage, e.g. underground caverns, are not covered by this standard.
Flammable Liquids
Petroleum products by their nature are potentially hazardous, the degree of hazard being directly
related to their volatility and flash point.
They are classified :
Class 0 - Liquified petroleum gas

Class I - Liquids having flash points below 21C
Class II (1) - Liquids with flash points from 21C to 55C stored below flash point
Class II (2) - Liquids with flash points from 21C to 55C stored at or above flash
point
Class III (1) - Liquids with flash points from 56C to 100C stored below flash point
Class III (2) - Liquids with flash points form 56C to 100C stored at or flash point
Unclassified - Liquids which have flash points 100C
Types of Tankage
The type of tank used to store a particular produce is generally specified by Client’s requirements. In
the absence of such requirements, type selection should be referred to the Process Design
Coordinator.
The following types are generally used :
Fixed or Cone Roof Tanks (C.R.)

For the storage of Class III (1) and Class III (2) and Unclassified products.
Other classes of product may be stored in this type of tank, provided that the vapour pressure at
storage temperature is less than atmospheric pressure (e.g. refrig. atmosphere storage of LPG/LNG).
Floating Roof Tanks (F.R.)

For the storage of Class II (1) and Class II (2) flammable products in the middle flash point range.
Spheres and Cylinders (SP and CYL)

For the storage of Class O and Class highly flammable products which have flash points below 21 C,
e.g. pressure storage of LPG products.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Table 1
This table gives typical examples.
Product Type of Tank or Vessel Class Comments
C2 ........................................... CYL .............................. O ............................. Pressure Storage

C4 ............................................ SP ............................... O ............................. Pressure Storage
C3 ........................................... C.R. .............................. O ......................... Refrig. Atmos. Storage
C4 ........................................... C.R. .............................. O ......................... Refrig. Atmos. Storage
LPG/LNG ................................ C.R. .............................. O ......................... Refrig. Atmos. Storage
Benzene ................................. F.R. ............................... I
Xylene..................................... F.R. ............................... I
Reformate .............................. F.R. ............................... I
Gasoline ................................. F.R. ............................... I
Naphtha .................................. F.R. ............................... I
Kerosene ................................ F.R. ............................ II (1)
Jet Fuel................................... F.R. ........................... II (1)
Crude Oil ................................ F.R. ............................ II (2) ........................ Boil Over Tendencies
Gas Oil/Diesel ........................ F.R. ........................... III (1)
L.F.O. ..................................... C.R. ........................... III (2)
M.F.O. .................................... C.R. ........................... III (2)
H.F.O. ..................................... C.R. ........................... III (2)
Heavy Oil/Residue .................. C.R. ........................... III (2)
Asphalt/Bitumen ..................... C.R. ...................... Unclassified
Note : Certain produce classifications may change if operational temperatures are

increased.
Definitions
Bund or Firewall
A wall of appropriate height constructed of concrete, earth or any other suitable material and design to
confine spillage of tank contents.
Bunded Area
An area bounded by bund walls to confine spillage.
Exposed Bunded Area

The nett effective area bounded by a bund wall after the deduction of tank areas contained within the
bunded area.
Secondary or Intermediate Bunds

As for “bund” above, but usually no higher than 600 mm. in order to contain local spillage within a sub-
area of the main bunded area.
Bund Capacity
The volume in cubic metres that can be contained within the exposed.
Tank Group
A number of tanks contained within a common bund.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Small Tanks
A tank of 10 metres diametre or less and capacity of 8,000 cubic metres of water or less is deemed to
be a small tank.
Grouping and Location of Tanks

During the design the following aspects have to be considered:
 It is desirable to group tanks for the storage of the same products in one group within a bund area,
subject to the limitations of the bunded capacity.
 It is desirable that LPG or other liquefied flammable gases should be stored remote from other
products.
 Intermediate and component tankage should be located in areas local to their respective units
where possible so that lines can be kept to a minimum length.
 Account should be taken of the possibility of storing more than one class of material in certain
tanks or of changing the tank service at some future date. Where future changes of service of the
storage tanks are anticipated, the layout and spacing should be for the most stringent case.
 Wherever possible storage tanks should not be located on high ground overlooking the facilities.
This prevents spillage of flammable liquid flowing downhill and endangering operating plant.
 For fire fighting reasons there should be no more than two rows of tanks between adjacent access
roads.
 Intermediate walls of less height than their main fire walls may be provided to divide the tankage
into groups of a convenient size so as to contain small spillage and act as firebreaks.
For Class III (1) and Unclassified petroleum stocks spacing of tanks is governed only by
construction and operational convenience.
Note that the spacing of Class III (1) tankage from Class, II or III (2) tankage is governed by the
atter.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Example 1, Cone Roof Tanks (CR) Tanks > 10metres. Class II & III Storage
Maximum Total Tankage Capacity of Group :

60,000m3 but can be exceeded provided not more than 3 tanks of 10 metres diametre or more are
located in same compound, and provision is made for retaining any spillage within the property limits,
e.g. in impounding basins.
Minimum Bund Capacity

100% Capacity of largest tank, after deducting volume up to bund height of all other tanks in the same
bunded area.
Spacing
‘A’ To suit construction and operating conditions but not less than half tank height.
‘B’ 1/2 dia of largest tank but not less than 10 metres and need not be greater than 15 metres.
‘C’ & ‘D’ See Table ‘2’.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Example 2, Floating Roof (FR) Class I, II & III Storage
Maximum Total Tankage Capacity of Group

120,000m3 but can be exceeded provided not more than 3 tanks of 10 metres dia or more are located
in same bunded area and provision is made for retaining any spillage within the property limit, e.g. in
impounding basins.

100% capacity of largest tank, after deducting volume up to bund height of all other tanks in the same
bunded area. For tanks larger than 60,000m 3 not more than 2 tanks in same compound.
Spacing
‘A’ to suit construction and operating conditions but not less than half of tank height.
‘B’ 0.3 dia of largest tank but not less than 10 metres and need not be greater than 15 metres.
‘C’ & ‘D’ See Table ‘2’

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Example 3, Cone Roof (CR) & Floating Roof (FR) in a Common Bund
Class I & II
Maximum Bund Capacity of Group
(No of FR Tank) x 60,000 + 60,000 m3

(No of Tanks in group)

Not less than 100% capacity of largest tank in bund, after deducting volume up to bund height of all
other tanks in the same compound.
Spacing
‘A’ Distance equal to not less than 1/2 height of tank.
‘B’ The least of 9I) 10 metres (iii) 1/2 dia of largest tank.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Example 4, Cone & Floating Roof Tanks, Not exceeding 10 metres dia,
Class I & II
Fixed or floating roof tanks not exceeding 10 metres diametre may be grouped together up to a total of
8000m3 and treated as one tank if grouped with other tanks, total overall tank capacity including other
tanks in common bund not to exceed 60000m 3 if other tanks are fixed roof type, or 120000m 3 if other
tanks are floating roof type..
Spacing
‘A’ to suit construction or operating requirements
‘B’ 1/2 dia of larger tank but not less than 10 metres and need not be more than 15 metres.

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Example 5, Refrigerated Storage (LPG at Low Temp.) Fixed Roof Tanks

(CR) Mot more than 3 Tanks in One compound
Maximum Total Capacity in Bund

Not greater than 60000m3 or one tank whichever is the larger.

Not less than 100% or largest tank after deducting volume up to bund height of all tanks in the same
compound
Spacing
‘A’ Minimum 30 metres
‘B’ (Dia of large tank + dia of small tank) divided by two

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Example 6, Group of Pressure Storage Vessels, (Class "0" Products)

Spheres & Bullets
Maximum capacity of all vessels within one group = 3 items capacity of largest vessel in group.
maximum number of vessels in any one group 6. Any tank in one group to be at least 8 metres from
any tank in another group.
Spacing
‘A’ = 1/4 sum of dia. of 3 adjacent tanks but not less than 2 metres.
‘D’ See Table ‘2’

33.
Equipment Spacing.
TABLE 2 MINIMUM TANKAGE SPACING (Dimensions in Metres)

(see tankage spacing examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6)
Dimension ‘C’ is dimension from facility/equipment reference line to inside top of tank bund.
Dimension ‘D’ is dimensions from facility/equipment reference line to tank shell
Example Example Example

1,2,3,4 5 6
FACILITY/EQUIPMENT ‘C’ ‘D’ ‘C’ ‘D’ ‘C’ ‘D’

BOUNDARY FENCE 15 30 15 45 NA 30
EQUIPMENT LINE-PROCESS AREA 15 30 15 45 NA 30
BUILDINGS 15 30 15 45 NA 30
FIXED SOURCE OF IGNITION 15 30 15 45 NA 30
HAZARDOUS FACILITIES 15 30 30 60 NA 60
(e.g. Jetty, Loading)
PUMP AREAS ‘a’ 15 15 45 NA 30
TANK SHELL (adjacent group) 15 30 15 ‘b’ NA ‘c’
REFRIG. FIXED ROOF TANKS 15 ‘b’ NA NA NA ‘b’
PRESSURE STORAGE LPG 15 NA 15 ‘b’ NA NA
EDGE OF ROADS 15 X 15 45 NA 30
Note ‘a’ to suit maintenance and operation requirements

‘b’ 30 m or diametre of refrig. storage tank whichever is greatest
‘c’ 15 m to bund of adjacent tanks

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Attachments
Attachment 1 “On Site” Equipment Spacing Chart
Attachment 2 “Off Site” Equipment Spacing Chart

33.
Equipment Spacing.
Attachment 1 “On Site” Equipment Spacing Chart
Please refer to the file SPACING1.XLS in the same directory

33.
Attachment 1: "On Site" Equipment Spacing Chart
Basic
ITEM REF.
Spacing
Distance in meters
1.5 TOWERS A 3 4.5 7.5 1.5 22.5 7.5 4.5 1.5 3 15 15 4.5 3 7.5 10.5 X 30 15 15 X 3 7.5
REACTORS, Above Auto Ignition,

4.5 B 4.5 1.5 7.5 4.5 22.5 15 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 15 4.5 4.5 7.5 4.5 4.5 30 15 15 4.5 4.5 7.5
Externally Insulated
REACTORS, Above Auto Ignition,

7.5 C 7.5 7.5 1.5 7.5 22.5 15 7.5 7.5 7.5 1.5 15 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 4.5 30 15 15 4.5 4.5 7.5
Internally Insulated
1.5 DRUMS D 1.5 4.5 7.5 1.5 22.5 7.5 4.5 1.5 3 15 15 4.5 3 7.5 10.5 X 30 15 15 X 1.5 7.5
ON SITE Pressure Storage

22.5 E 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 10 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 X 30 22.5 22.5 22.5 4.5 22.5
VESSELS
7.5 Blowdown and Disengaging DRUMS F 7.5 15 15 7.5 22.5 X 15 7.5 7.5 15 15 15 7.5 15 15 X 30 15 15 X 4.5 7.5
EXCHANGERS, Operating Above

4.5 G 4.5 4.5 7.5 4.5 22.5 15 1 4.5 4.5 7.5 15 4.5 4.5 7.5 4.5 4.5 30 15 15 4.5 4.5 7.5
Auto Ignition
EXCHANGERS, Operating Below

1.5 H 1.5 4.5 7.5 1.5 22.5 7.5 4.5 1 3 15 15 4.5 3 7.5 10.5 X 30 15 15 X 1.5 7.5
Auto Ignition
3 AIRFIN COOLERS I 3 4.5 7.5 3 22.5 7.5 4.5 3 X 15 15 4.5 3 7.5 10.5 X 30 15 15 X 3 N.A.
15 FIRED HEATERS J 15 4.5 1.5 15 22.5 15 7.5 15 15 1 30 7.5 15 22.5 7.5 4.5 30 15 15 15 6 15
15/30 COOLING TOWERS K 15 15 15 15 22.5 15 15 15 15 30 X 15 15 15 15 X 30 15 15 15 4.5 N.A.
PUMPS, Operating Above Auto

4.5 L 4.5 4.5 7.5 4.5 22.5 15 4.5 4.5 4.5 7.5 15 1.5 4.5 7.5 4.5 4.5 30 15 15 4.5 3 7.5
Ignition
PUMPS, Handling Flammable

3 M 3 4.5 7.5 3 22.5 7.5 4.5 3 3 15 15 4.5 1 7.5 10.5 X 30 15 15 3 1.5 7.5
Materials
COMPRESSORS & Expanders, For

7.5 N 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 22.5 15 7.5 7.5 7.5 22.5 15 7.5 7.5 X X X 30 15 15 7.5 4.5 7.5
Flammable Gasses
Compressor DRIVERS, Other than

10.5 O 10.5 4.5 7.5 10.5 22.5 15.0 4.5 10.5 10.5 7.5 15.0 4.5 10.5 X X X 30 15 X X 4.5 7.5
Steam or Electric
X Equipment for NON-FLAMMABLES P X 4.5 4.5 X X X 4.5 X X 4.5 X 4.5 X X X X X X X X X X
30 MAIN CONTROL BUILDING Q 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 X X X X 30 7.5 X
15 FAR (Fielld Auxilliary Room) R 15 15 15 15 22.5 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 X X X X 15 4.5 X
15 SUBSTATIONS (Electrical) S 15 15 15 15 22.5 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 X X X X X 15 4.5 N.A.
N.A. MAIN EQUIPMENT STRUCTURES T X 4.5 4.5 X 22.5 X 4.5 X X 15 15 4.5 3 7.5 X X 30 15 15 X X 7.5
4.5 ON SITE PIPE RACKS U 3 4.5 4.5 1.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 1.5 3 6 4.5 3 1.5 4.5 4.5 X 7.5 4.5 4.5 X X X
EMERGENCY VALVES (Shut-Off,

7.5 V 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 22.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 N.A. 15 N.A. 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 X X X N.A. 7.5 X X
Isolating, etc.)
REF. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
COMPRESSORS & Expanders, For Flammable Gasses
REACTORS, Above Auto Ignition, Externally Insulated
Notes :
REACTORS, Above Auto Ignition, Internally Insulated
Compressor DRIVERS, Other than Steam or Electric
1) X = provide spacing based on

EMERGENCY VALVES (Shut-Off, Isolating, etc.)
access.
EXCHANGERS, Operating Above Auto Ignition
EXCHANGERS, Operating Below Auto Ignition
2) Basic spacing = the

recommended
distance to other general
PUMPS, Handling Flammable Materials
PUMPS, Operating Above Auto Ignition
ON SITE Pressure Storage VESSELS
process-
Blowdown and Disengaging DRUMS
MAIN EQUIPMENT STRUCTURES

Equipment for NON-FLAMMABLES
ing equipment.
3) See notes in section 7.
ITEM
MAIN CONTROL BUILDING
FAR (Fielld Auxilliary Room)
SUBSTATIONS (Electrical)
ON SITE PIPE RACKS

COOLING TOWERS
AIRFIN COOLERS
FIRED HEATERS
TOWERS
DRUMS
Equipment Spacing.
Attachment 2 “Off Site” Equipment Spacing Chart
Please refer to the file SPACING2.XLS in the same directory

33.
Attachment 2: "Off Site" Equipment Spacing Chart
Basic Spacing ITEM REF. Distance in meters
30 Boiler Houses and Power Stations A X 30 30 60 X 30 30 45 45 6 45 45 30 30 15 45 30
45 Buildings main offices workshops, Laboratories etc. B 30 X 45 60 X X X 45 60 15 60 X 45 7.5 7.5 45 45
15/30 Cooling Towers C 30 45 X 60 45 15 15 45 30 4.5 30 30 15 30 15 45 30
60 Jetties (Loading Arm Mainfold) D 60 60 60 X 60 60 60 60 60 X 60 60 15 60 15 45 60
45 Main electrical substations E X X 45 60 X X X 45 45 7.5 45 X 45 7.5 7.5 45 45
45 Fire Station F 30 X 15 60 X N.A. X 45 45 4.5 45 X 45 7.5 7.5 45 45
45 Main fire water pumps G 30 X 15 60 X X X 45 45 4.5 45 X 30 7.5 7.5 45 45
45 Fire training area H 45 45 45 60 45 45 45 N.A. 45 45 45 45 45 60 45 45 45
45 Loading racks for low flash products J 45 60 30 60 45 45 45 45 N.A. 15 45 45 15 45 N.A. 45 45
45 Major offsites pipe tracks K 6 15 4.5 X 7.5 4.5 4.5 45 15 N.A. 4.5 4.5 4.5 7.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
45 Process area L 45 60 30 60 45 45 45 45 45 4.5 15 45 15 60 45 45 45
45 Boundary Fence M 45 X 30 60 X X X 45 45 4.5 45 N.A. 45 N.A. N.A. 45 45
15 Major Pump areas N 30 45 15 15 45 45 30 45 15 4.5 15 45 X 45 15 30 30
60 Railway main lines O 30 7.5 30 60 7.5 7.5 7.5 60 45 7.5 60 N.A. 45 N.A. N.A. 60 60
15 Plant Rail Facilities P 15 7.5 15 15 7.5 7.5 7.5 45 N.A. 4.5 45 N.A. 15 N.A. N.A. 30 15
45 Main Effluent Treatment Q 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 4.5 45 45 30 60 30 X 30
30 Facilities for Heat Sensitive Materials E.G. TEL. and TML R 30 45 30 60 45 45 45 45 45 4.5 45 45 30 60 15 30 N.A.
REF. A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R
Notes :
1) X = provide spacing based on
access.
Facilities for Heat Sensitive

Loading racks for low flash
Main electrical substations
2) Basic spacing = the recommended

Boiler Houses and Power
Major offsites pipe tracks

workshops, Laboratories
Main Effluent Treatment
Materials E.G. TEL. and

distance to other general process-
Main fire water pumps
Buildings main offices
Jetties (Loading Arm
ing equipment.
Plant Rail Facilities

3) See notes in section 7.
Railway main lines

Major Pump areas
Fire training area
ITEM
Boundary Fence
Cooling Towers
Process area
Fire Station
Mainfold)
products
Stations
TML
etc.

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Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

2. SPACING OF UNITS AND AREAS 6

2.1 PROCESS UNIT 6

3.1 ON-SITE SPACING GUIDE 10

Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

4.1 OFF-SITE SPACING GUIDE 17

5.1 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS 21

Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

In achieving this end consideration must be given to:-

(a) accessibility for normal operation and maintenance

Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

Auto Ignition Temperature (A.I.T.)

High Temperature Surfaces

APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND GUIDES

Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

SPACING OF UNITS AND AREAS

Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

Figure 1, Typical Overall Refinery Plot Plan

Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

Figure 2, Example of a Process Block

Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

Figure 3, Typical Tankage Block

Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

On-site Spacing Guide

Towers; Ref. (A)

Reactors, externally insulated; Ref. (B)

Reactors, internally insulated; Ref. (C)

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Drums; Ref. (D)

On-site Pressure Storage Vessels; Ref. (E)

Pressure storage in on-site locations should be avoided wherever possible. It in sometimes

Blowdown and Disengaging Drums; Ref. (F)

Exchangers; Ref. (G)

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Exchangers; Ref. (H)

Air Fin Coolers; Ref. (I)

Fired Heaters; Ref. (J)

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N. B This does not apply to heaters own pipe rack.

Cooling Towers; Ref. (K)

Pumps; Ref. (L)

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Pumps handling Flammable Materials; Ref. (M)

Gas Compressor and Expanders; Ref. (N)

Compressor Drive other than steam or motor; Ref. (O)

Equipment handling Non-Flammables; Ref. (P)

Blast-proof Main Control Building; Ref. (Q)

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Unit Control House; Ref. (R)

Electrical Sub-station; Ref. (S)

Main Equipment Structures; Ref. (T)

On-site Pipe Racks; Ref. (U)

Emergency Valves for Shut-off, Isolation, Snuffing, etc.; Ref. (W)

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Revision No: 0 Issued on:01/06/16 Code No: R1116010-TOSS-09-001

OFF-SITE SPACING GUIDE

Boiler houses and Power Stations; Ref. (A)

Buildings, Main Office Black, Workshops, Laboratories, etc.; Ref. (B)

For high hazard process equipment, spacing in excess of basic is applied.

Cooling Towers; Ref. (C)

Cooling tower higher basic spacing is applied for environmental considerations.

Jetties (Loading arm manifold; Ref. (D)