The real is rational
definition. The Science refers as an umbrella term to the
 The real is concrete; something we can perceive.
 Hegel does not use the word Spirit or Geist and
phenomenology like the Husserl’s phenomenology.
o Husserl means the emergence, or showing, of
essence
o Heidegger means disclosure of being
o Hegel means of a dialectical process of self-
disclosure; the disclosure of the Spirit (Geist)
o Geist has something to do with humanity.
 The real, for Hegel, is everything and it exists. The real
seems to have an internal logic, or fundamental order, is
necessary but how does it appear to us? Does it appear
as real or cloudy?
o If we are to perceive it first, hindi agad yung
knowledge mismo pumapasok but rather a
fraction of it. In lieu of reason, there is a process
before achieving to it.
 The correspondence theory of truth or theory of
adequation expresses the very natural idea that truth is
a content-to-world or word-to-world relation: what we
say, or think, is true or false in virtue of the way the
world turns out to be.
o This is the traditional idea of truth
 For Hegel, truth is more dialectical than direct. There
are ways for us to arrive from truth apart from using our
eyes or perception. He is not referring to simple
apprehension but more complex, implied in his quote:
“The rational is real, and the real is rational.”
 In Hegel’s era, the term Science had a more universal
way we understand and perceive in nature.
o Humanities = Geisteswissenschaften;
o Natural Science = Naturwissenschaft;
o Science = Wissenschaft
 Science is used in a more universal
sense.
 Absolute causes a lot of confusion and
misunderstanding. Once heard, it is misunderstood as
something exact, ultimate causes of things, or a
principle of a Supreme Being. In the most literal sense,
Absolute is perceived as something hovering. Absolute,
for Hegel, is not a hovering entity, nor an entity.
o The Spirit can arrive at the Absolute. It is not a
place, but an achievement. And it is achieved
thru the phenomenology of Spirit. The Spirit is
also not an entity, but rather the self-
consciousness of humanity
(Geisteswissenschaften).
o Thus, the Absolute being talked by Hegel is the
state of mind of the people; an absolute
collective consciousness of humanity.
o Hegel = process of overcoming alienation
(alienation – freedom); Marx does not think that
we began in alienation but on freedom. Freedom
is oppressed by societal structures; by
capitalism. Marx = freedom – alienation –
freedom
  In short, we can only understand reality if we have
come to the point that we can finally be freed from our
own alienation. Pilosopiya lang ang makakaintindi na
ang proseso ang rasyonal.
 The real has an internal logic
 The real is able to dialectically elevate itself towards
self-realization or self-understanding (Absolute
Knowledge)
The Dialectical Process
The notion of “critique”
 The Phenomenology of the Spirit reveals seminal
elements that inform Critical Theory
 What is Critique for Hegel?
o Takes the form of immanent/internal
examination of consciousness, as opposed to
transcendental examination
o Process of critique is “negative”
o Emancipation from historical illusions