LITERATURE MATRIX

No.

REFERENCE INFORMATION/DATA/FACTS/STATISTICS

1 Flat-Bottomed Paper Bag (n.d.). The first version of paper bag was
invented in 1852 by an American inventor
https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/margaret-e-knight-and-charles-b-stilwell-
Francis Wolle. It was an envelope-shaped
flat-bottomed-paper-bag-1870s-1880s/#:~:text=The%20first%20version
bag, which was limited in terms of the
%20of%20the,and%20amount%20of%20interior%20 space. durability and amount of interior space. In the
1870’s Margaret Knight invented a machine
that produces flat bags that could be unfolded
to the square-bottomed paper bags we know
today. It had a larger capacity and could stand
upright. In 1883, Charles Stilwell developed
Knight’s design by improving the machine
used to make them.
2 Muthu, S.S., Yi, L., Hu, J., Mok, T.P.Y.. (2009). An Exploratory Comparative Study on
Eco-Impact of Paper and Plastic Bags. Paper bags are made out of pulpwood from trees,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234028400_An_Exploratory which is a renewable source. However, we get
_Comparative_Study_on_Eco-Impact_of_Paper_and_Plastic_Bags paper bags by cutting of trees which on the other
way blemishes both plants and animals. It is also
produced by energy created by coal or natural gas.
Thus, created pulp will be converted into paper
bag by different processes and machines after
consuming tremendous amounts of energy from
fossil fuels, electricity, various chemicals. And
also, they are biodegradable and can be recycled
to create corrugated cardboards majorly.

3 olAhamad, S., Azmin, S.N.H.M., Nor, M.S.M., Zamzuri, M.D.D., Babar, M. (2023). Watermelon rind:
Recent trends in preprocessing and extraction of watermelon rind extract: A
comprehensive review. Institute of Food Science and Technology. -contains carbohydrates, fiber, and wax

https://ifst.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfpp.16711#:~:text
 =Watermelon%20rind%20contains%20carbohydrates%2C
%20fiber,(w%2Fw)%20cellulose
4 Piasecka, L., (2022). The composition of paper explained. Totem perfect Digital Printing.
https://www.totem.com.pl/en/blog-en/composition-of-paper
5 Ahamad, S., Azmin, S.N.H.M., Nor, M.S.M., Zamzuri, M.D.D., Babar, M. (2023).
Recent trends in preprocessing and extraction of watermelon rind extract: A
comprehensive review. Institute of Food Science and Technology.
https://ifst.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfpp.16711#:~:
text=Watermelon%20rind%20c ontains%20carbohydrates%2C%
20fiber,(w%2Fw)%20cellulose.
6 Sari, K. (2021). Understanding Paper Bag and Its Function. Kapa Sari.
https://kapasari.com/understanding-paper-bag-and-its-function/
-13% pectin
-10% lignin
-23% hemicellulose
-20% cellulose
Paper bags:
-cellulose fibers
-water
-fillers
-chemical additives
Watermelon is composed of carbohydrates, fiber,
and wax. Watermelon rind can be used as high
fiber flour, dietary supplement, food additive, and
bio-absorbent material.
The Paper Bag is a modern and versatile bag
replacement for plastic bags. It is simple and
practical to use, and comes in various models and
colors that demonstrate the creativity of
producers. The Paper Bag is made from thick
paper, such as hard cover paper, manila paper, and
paperboard, which makes it strong and durable. It
can be used to carry small items such as
cosmetics, accessories, and snacks, or larger items
like books, cloth, and food.
One of the main functions of the Paper Bag is to
reduce plastic bag waste, which has become a
major environmental issue. Plastic bags are easily

7 Britannica. (n.d.). Watermelon. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 11, 2023,
from https://www.britannica.com/plant/watermelon.-
torn and can only be used once before they are
discarded, leading to an accumulation of plastic
waste that pollutes the environment. Paper Bag is
an alternative that is more sustainable and eco-
friendly, as it can be easily decomposed in a short
period of time.
In addition to its practical function, the Paper Bag
also has aesthetic value as a contemporary bag
that reflects modern trends. Its appearance
provides a simple yet stylish look that is suitable
for various occasions. By using Paper Bags
instead of plastic bags, we can not only reduce
waste, but also contribute to a more sustainable
and responsible way of life.
Watermelon is a large, roundish or elongated fruit
of a trailing vine, Citrullus lanata, that belongs to
the gourd family. It is native to tropical Africa and
is now cultivated all over the world. The fruit is
succulent and contains vitamin A and some
vitamin C, and it is typically eaten raw. The rind
can also be preserved as a pickle. The watermelon
has a long history, with a Sanskrit word for it and
depictions of the fruit in early Egyptian art,
indicating that it has been cultivated for over
4,000 years.
The watermelon plant is an annual that grows well
in hot climates. Its vines grow on the ground and
have deeply cut leaves and flowers borne singly in
the axil of a leaf. Each light yellow flower is
either male or female, producing only pollen or
fruit, respectively. The fruit is a type of berry
known botanically as a pepo. The sweet juicy
flesh may be reddish, white, or yellow, and the
flesh colour, shape of the fruit, and thickness of

8 Coracero, E. E., Gallego, R. J., Frago, K. J. M., & Gonzales, R. J. R. (2021). A Long-
Standing Problem: A Review on the Solid Waste Management in the Philippines.
Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues
https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijsei/article/view/144#:~:text
=The%20Philippines%20has%20 a%20continuously,sanitary%20landfills%2C%20and
%20improper%20disposal.
9 Mewada, P. (2022) 13 Health Benefits Of Watermelon: History, Recipes, And FAQs.
Pharmeasy https://pharmeasy.in/blog/11-health-benefits-of-watermelon-history-recipes-
and-faqs/
the rind depend on the variety. Watermelon
weight varies from 1 to 2 kg to 20 kg or more, and
the number of fruits per vine varies from 2 to 15.
Domestication and selective breeding have
resulted in intensely sweet large fruits with tender
flesh and fewer seeds. Some modern “seedless”
cultivars have almost no viable seeds.
Watermelons are an important crop in many
countries, and they are often eaten during the hot
summer months due to their high water content. In
addition to being a refreshing snack, watermelon
is also used in salads, smoothies, and desserts.
Overall, the watermelon is a delicious and
nutritious fruit that has a rich history and
continues to be an important part of many
cultures.
The Philippines currently has an increasing
amount of trash, and it is anticipated that this
trend will continue in the years to come. As
previously mentioned, there are a number of
issues with the country's solid waste management
system, including an increase in the volume of
solid waste, poor law enforcement, a lack of
hygienic landfills, and improper disposal.
Watermelon may help you stay cool on a hot day,
but this fruit can also help you control your
diabetes and combat the free radicals that can
make your body more susceptible to chronic
illnesses. Additionally, it can aid in weight loss
and reduce your chance of getting heart disease
and asthma attacks. This fruit is good for you
because it has 45 calories, vitamin C, and vitamin
A. The best thing about watermelon is that it will
keep you hydrated because it has 92% water,

10 Sudarsanan Mani/ CNBCTV18 (2022) World Paper Bag Day: History, significance and
how to make a difference. CNBCTV18
https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/world-paper-bag-day-history-significance-and-how-to-
make-a-difference-14081082.htm
11 Reference: Rainbow Packaging (2017) Importance of Using Paper Bags. Rainbow
packaging
https://medium.com/@rainbowpackaging/importance-of-using-paper-bags-d25e13f214c4
12 Plaza, A (2017). Solid-waste management practices of households in Manila, Philippines.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18991942/#:~:text=The%20types%20of%20wast
es%20commonly,%2C%20and%20yard%2Fgarden%20wastes.
which will help you control your hunger and make
you feel full.
Paper bags have a long history that dates back to
the 19th century. The first paper bag machine was
created and patented by American inventor
Francis Wolle in 1852. In 1971, over 20 years
later, Margaret E. Knight created a machine that
could create boxy paper bags with a flat bottom.
Knight earned the moniker "the mother of the
grocery bag" over time.
Charles Stillwell modified the paper bag with
pleated sides in 1883. In 1912, Walter and Lydia
Deubener added strings in a continuous loop to
the typical paper sack to produce the first handled
paper shopping bag. The Deubeners became a
full-time manufacturer of shopping bags and
received a patent for their creation.
Paper bags are becoming more common since
they are completely reusable, recyclable, and
biodegradable while also being environmentally
beneficial and less threatening to wildlife. Paper
bags may be recycled with less energy than plastic
ones.
According to the research a staggering 2.7 million
tons of plastic waste are generated in the
Philippines each year, and estimated 20% of that
waste ends up in bodies of water. It has been
estimated that the consumption of sachets are a
staggering 163 million pieces every day. It has
been said that the common solid waste in the
Philippines are food wastes, papers, cans,

13 Wempen, K (2021) The wonders of watermelon
https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/the-
wonders-of-
watermelon#:~:text=12%20milligrams%20of%20vitamin%20C,Zero%20fat%2C%20
cholesterol%20or%20sodium
14 Wempen, K(2021) The wonders of watermelon
https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/the-
wonders-of-watermelon#:~:text=12%
20milligrams%20of%20vitamin%20C,Zero%20fat%2C%20cholesterol%20or
%20sodium
Britt, K(2022)Paper properties and uses of paper
https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking/Paper-properties-and-uses
15 Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.).(2021), Watermelon. In Encyclopedia Britannica.from
https://www.britannica.com/plant/watermelon
boxes/cartons, glass bottles, plastics waste, and
debris from construction and demolition. The
country is working to increase its plastic recycling
rate, which is currently at 22 percent.
12 milligrams of vitamin C. 170 milligrams of
potassium. 0.1 milligrams of vitamin B6. Zero fat,
cholesterol or sodium are the properties of a
watermelon, a watermelon mostly consist of 91%
water and 7.5% carbs. The properties of
watermelon seeds differ from the flesh,
watermelon seeds are rich in nutrients like folate,
iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, potassium, amino
acids and Vitamin B complex and the rind of the
water melon has a low-calorie levels, but high
amounts of vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B6,
potassium and zinc.
The properties of one cup of a watermelon
contains 46 calories, 12 grams of carbohydrates,
12 milligrams of vitamin C, 170 milligrams of
potassium, 0.1 milligrams of vitamin B6, Zero fat,
cholesterol or sodium. The properties of a paper is
its weight, thickness, density, two-sidedness,
smoothness, permeability, handle, rigidity, and
roughness.
Watermelon is a large, roundish, or elongated fruit
of a trailing vine, Citrullus lanata, that belongs to
the gourd family. It is native to tropical Africa and
is now cultivated all over the world. The fruit is
succulent and contains vitamin A and some
vitamin C, and it is typically eaten raw. The rind
can also be preserved as a pickle. The watermelon
has a long history, with a Sanskrit word for it and
depictions of the fruit in early Egyptian art,
indicating that it has been cultivated for over
4,000 years.

The watermelon plant is an annual that grows well

in hot climates. Its vines grow on the ground and
have deeply cut leaves and flowers borne singly in
the axil of a leaf. Each light-yellow flower is
either male or female, producing only pollen or
fruit, respectively. The fruit is a type of berry
known botanically as a pepo. The sweet juicy
flesh may be reddish, white, or yellow, and the
flesh color, shape of the fruit, and thickness of the
rind depend on the variety. Watermelon weight
varies from 1 to 2 kg to 20 kg or more, and the
number of fruits per vine varies from 2 to 15.

Domestication and selective breeding have

resulted in intensely sweet large fruits with tender
flesh and fewer seeds. Some modern “seedless”
cultivars have almost no viable seeds.
Watermelons are an important crop in many
countries, and they are often eaten during the hot
summer months due to their high-water content.
In addition to being a refreshing snack,
watermelon is also used in salads, smoothies, and
desserts. Overall, the watermelon is a delicious
and nutritious fruit that has a rich history and
continues to be an important part of many
cultures.

16 Cooking Guide. (2021). Watermelon benefits women. Retrieved from https://cooking-
guide.com/watermelon-benefits-for-women/
Medical News Today. (2021, January 25). Watermelon: Health benefits, risks, and
nutrition. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266886
Watermelon is a fruit and plant native to tropical
Africa and cultivated worldwide. It is a type of
berry with succulent, sweet, and juicy flesh that
may be reddish, white, or yellow, depending on
the variety. The annual plant grows well in hot
climates and has deeply cut leaves, vines that
grow on the ground with branched tendrils, and
light-yellow male or female flowers.
Domestication and selective breeding have
resulted in modern "seedless" cultivars with large,
intensely sweet fruits and fewer seeds.
Watermelon has a long history, with evidence of
its cultivation and depiction in early Egyptian art
dating back more than 4,000 years.
Watermelon is a delicious and refreshing fruit that
is a great summer snack. It is rich in water,
making it ideal for hydration during hot weather.
Watermelon also contains essential nutrients such
as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it
a healthy addition to any diet.
One of the main components of watermelon is
water. It contains about 92% water, making it a
great source of hydration. Watermelon also
provides carbohydrates, which supply energy to
the body. These carbohydrates are mostly in the
form of sugars like fructose and glucose.
In addition to water and carbohydrates,
watermelon contains fiber, which can help with
digestion and prevent constipation. It is also a
 good source of vitamins A and C, which are
essential for maintaining healthy skin, eyes, and a
strong immune system. Watermelon also contains
important minerals such as potassium, which
helps regulate blood pressure, and magnesium,
which is important for bone health.

Finally, watermelon is a rich source of

antioxidants. These compounds, including
lycopene and beta-carotene, can help protect cells
from damage caused by free radicals. Free
radicals are produced during normal metabolic
processes and can also result from exposure to
environmental toxins. Antioxidants can help
prevent oxidative stress, which is linked to many
chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease.

Overall, watermelon is a nutritious and delicious

fruit that provides essential vitamins, minerals,
and antioxidants. It is low in calories and fat,
making it a great choice for those looking to
maintain a healthy diet. Incorporating watermelon
into your diet can help keep you hydrated and
provide you with the essential nutrients your body
needs.

17 Sari, K. (2021). Understanding Paper Bag and Its Function. Kapa Sari. The Paper Bag is a modern and versatile bag
https://kapasari.com/understanding-paper-bag-and-its-function/ replacement for plastic bags. It is simple and
practical to use and comes in various models and
colors that demonstrate the creativity of
producers. The Paper Bag is made from thick
paper, such as hardcover paper, manila paper, and

18 Loveridge, R. (n.d.). Ingredients of Paper - What is paper made from? History of Paper.
Retrieved April 10, 2023, from http://www.historyofpaper.net/making-paper/ingredients-
of-paper/
Dave, S. (2016). What Are the Necessary Components Of A Paper Bag-Making
Machine? EzineArticles. Retrieved from https://ezinearticles.com/?What-Are-The-
paperboard, which makes it strong and durable. It
can be used to carry small items such as
cosmetics, accessories, and snacks, or larger items
like books, cloth, and food.
One of the main functions of Paper bags is to
reduce plastic bag waste, which has become a
major environmental issue. Plastic bags are easily
torn and can only be used once before they are
discarded, leading to an accumulation of plastic
waste that pollutes the environment. Paper Bag is
an alternative that is more sustainable and eco-
friendlier, as they can be easily decomposed in a
short period.
In addition to its practical function, the Paper Bag
also has aesthetic value as a contemporary bag
that reflects modern trends. Its appearance
provides a simple yet stylish look that is suitable
for various occasions. By using Paper Bags
instead of plastic bags, we can not only reduce
waste but also contribute to a more sustainable
and responsible way of life.
The components involved in the creation of paper
products, including paper bags, must be carefully
taken into account. Fibers from sources like wood
pulp, recycled paper, cotton, or hemp are typically
used to make paper. To increase the brightness
and opacity of the paper, these fibers are
frequently mixed with fillers like clay or calcium
carbonate. Sizing agents and other additives are
 Necessary-Components-Of-A-Paper-Bag-Making-Machine?&id=9595983
19 Amy R (2023), The top 9 health benefits of watermelon,
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/watermelon-health-benefits
also used to improve the strength, water
resistance, and printability of paper.
Many components are required for creating paper
bags with a specialized machine. Among them are
a paper roll stand, which holds the paper roll used
to make the bags, a printing device for including
text or graphics, a shaping device for cutting the
bags, and a folding device for making the bottom
and sides of the bags. It is also possible to add
more features like a tool for creating handles and
a glue applicator.
Overall, for manufacturers trying to satisfy the
demands of customers and businesses,
understanding the components necessary to
generate high-quality paper goods is essential.
Each component is essential to the production of a
product that is sturdy, long-lasting, and suited for
its intended use, whether it be paper or paper
bags.
A good source of nutrients and antioxidants are
watermelon. It helps you stay hydrated because of
its high water content that can also support your
overall health. It is packed by beneficial plant
compound and nutrients, it includes vitamin A and
C. And also offers antioxidants like lycopene. It
also has anticancer effects which can decrease
certain forms of cancer. Lycopene is believed to
work by lowering blood levels insulin-like growth
factor. This can also help improve heart health.
 Lycopene can also help lower your cholesterol
and blood pressure. Also the citrulline in
watermelon. It also reduces muscle soreness by
the work of citrulline in it. It can improve your
exercise performance. The vitamins A and C are
important on our skin. Several of these nutrients
promote skin health. The watermelon that
contains fiber and water content may aid our
digestive health

20 Raja B (2019) How are paper bags made Paperbags are made out of paper pulp or usually
Kraft paper. They are natural and biodegradable.
https://www.rajapack.co.uk/blog-uk/how-are-paper-bags- It is also sourced from sustainably managed
forests. It also includes the raw materials in
made#:~:text=Paper%20bags%20are%20manufactured%20from, parallel%20open papermaking like cellulose fibre extracted from
%20sides%20glued%20together. wood. It is pressed into flat thin sheets and then
cut into 2 parallel open sides and then glued up. It
can also be from different kinds of paper, it
depends on what kind of bag is being produced
and used for. Standard brown bags are generally
made from kraft paper, it has a plastic coating
inside to protect it from moisture from the goods
or products inside it. Either of these papers, it can
also be produced by recycled paper and recycled
kraft paper. Paper bags are cheap but they are
strong. This offers good environmental way to
package many materials needed.

21 Wempen, K. (2021) The Wonders of Watermelon, Mayo Clinic Health System, Retrieved Properties of Watermelon are Carbohydrates,
from https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/the- Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Potassium, Vitamin B6,
wonders-of-watermelon and Sodium.

Ware, M. (2019) “What are the health benefits of watermelon?” Medical News Today,
22 Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266886 Components of Watermelon

This includes Fiber, Calcium, Phosphorus,

Magnesium, Folate, Choline, Lycopene, and
Phytosterols.

23 Sorokina, M., McCaffrey, K. S., Deaton, E. E., Ma, G., Ordovás, J. M., Perkins-Veazie, Common Properties of Watermelon and Paper
P. M., Steinbeck, C., Levi, A., & Parnell, L. D. (2021). A Catalog of Natural Products
Occurring in Watermelon-Citrullus lanatus. Frontiers in nutrition, 8, 729822. Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Glycosides,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.729822 Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids, and Essential Oils.

24 Parameters for Efficient Paper Production Małachowska E., Dubowik M., Lipkiewicz A., Making eco paper bags out of watermelon rind
Przybysz K., Przybysz P. (2020). Analysis of Cellulose Pulp Characteristics and mostly is for all intents and purposes a great way
Processing Parameters for Efficient Paper Production to actually reduce environmental waste, which
literally is fairly significant. Watermelon rind
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/17/7219 literally is a sustainable and renewable pretty
material that can basically be used to definitely
create eco-friendly paper bags, for all intents and
purposes contrary to popular belief. These paper
bags can then essentially be reused or recycled,
reducing the amount of plastic bags that end up in
landfills and oceans, demonstrating how making
eco paper bags out of watermelon rind actually is
a particularly great way to really reduce
environmental waste, which basically is quite
significant. Additionally, using watermelon rind
to literally create paper bags basically helps to
generally reduce the amount of trees that need to
basically be cut down to kind of make paper
products in a generally big way. This mostly helps
actually preserve the environment and the habitats
of animals that actually depend on the trees for
their livelihood, so these paper bags can then
specifically be reused or recycled, reducing the
 amount of plastic bags that end up in landfills and
oceans, demonstrating how making eco paper
bags out of watermelon rind basically is a very
great way to really reduce environmental waste,
which basically is quite significant. Furthermore,
watermelon rind paper bags particularly are
biodegradable, making them an excellent way to
specifically reduce waste, which generally shows
that using watermelon rind to for all intents and
purposes create paper bags basically helps to
literally reduce the amount of trees that need to
for all intents and purposes be definitely cut down
to actually make paper products, which generally
is quite significant.

AZoM. (2020, October 30). Watermelon Waste Used to Develop Sustainable Bioplastic. "The use of watermelon rind waste as a source of
AZoM. Retrieved from biodegradable packaging material has several
advantages over conventional plastic packaging.
https://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=59795 Plastic packaging is made from non-renewable
resources and often ends up in landfills, where it
can take hundreds of years to decompose. By
using a waste product like watermelon rind to
create biodegradable packaging, this study offers
a more sustainable and environmentally friendly
alternative to plastic packaging. Additionally, the
25. use of watermelon rind waste can help to reduce
food waste by extending the shelf life of fresh
produce, as the biodegradable film has
antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of
microorganisms."

This paragraph discusses the advantages of using

watermelon rind waste as a material source for
biodegradable packaging. It highlights the
environmental problems associated with
conventional plastic packaging, such as the use of
non-renewable resources and the slow

House of Commons Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee. (2018). Plastic
food and drink packaging: Unwrapping the environmental impact. Retrieved from
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmenvfru/2080/208007.htm
26.
decomposition rate in landfills. The study's use of
a waste product like watermelon rind offers a
more sustainable and eco-friendly solution.
Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of the
biodegradable film can help to prevent food
spoilage and waste, making it a practical option
for fresh produce packaging.
Plastic trash is a serious environmental issue that
has wide-ranging effects on both the ecosystem
and human society. A recent study emphasized the
negative effects of plastic trash, such as ocean
pollution, harm to wildlife, and the possibility that
plastic might enter the food chain and endanger
people's health. The report also emphasized the
difficulties in recycling plastic and called for
improved infrastructure for recycling as well as
additional funding for the study and development
of sustainable packaging alternatives. It is obvious
that in order to address the plastic waste
catastrophe and secure a more sustainable future,
a fundamental change toward sustainable
packaging alternatives is required.
The research urges the use of biodegradable and
compostable materials as well as the creation of
cutting-edge technology to lessen trash and boost
recycling rates in order to accomplish this goal.
The paper also highlights the significance of using
sustainable and renewable materials as well as the
possibility for lowering greenhouse gas emissions
by using eco-friendly packaging options.
Governments, corporations, and individuals must
all work together to promote sustainable
packaging methods and lessen the harmful effects

Kaya, M., & Kahraman, S. (2020). Utilization of watermelon rind for paper production.
Industrial Crops and Products, 143, 111915. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167701219305743
27.
Momentum for Change. (n.d.). Ecobags: Innovative, eco-friendly paper bags by Pahal.
UNFCCC. https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/activity-database/
momentum-for-change-ecobags-innovative--eco-friendly-paper-bags-by-pahal.
28.
of plastic waste on the environment and public
health. We can work toward a more sustainable
future and protect our world for future generations
by putting these suggestions into practice.
The article talks about the possibility of using
watermelon rind as a source of raw materials for
making paper. In the study, the advantages of
using agricultural waste products in papermaking
are discussed along with an overview of the
current paper production process. In order to
assess whether watermelon rind is suitable for
making paper, it also looks at the properties of the
rind and the chemical makeup of its fibers.
The paper made from watermelon rind fibers was
compared to conventional paper in studies to
determine its physical and mechanical
characteristics. Results indicated that the paper
created from watermelon rind fibers might be
used as an alternative raw material for paper
manufacture because it has characteristics similar
to those of conventional paper. According to the
study, using watermelon rind as a raw material for
paper production could offer advantages for the
economy and ecology, such as lowering waste and
preserving natural resources.
Ecobags provide a clean, safe, and eco-friendly
alternative. Made of 100 per cent biodegradable
material – old newspaper bags, jute twine, and
flour-based adhesive – Ecobags can bear a
stronger load than conventional bags. Two layers
of used newspaper are pasted together with a thin
piece of rope in an innovative design, resulting in
 a bag that can carry 2.5 kilograms.

The durable and reusable bags can be mass-

produced by self-help groups in common facility
centers, and then sold to the public. Since being
introduced into the local markets of the Nainital
District, Ecobags has filled the demand for an
alternative to plastic bags, and they are gaining in
popularity.

Helping the planet: Ecobags not only recycle

material that would be going to waste, they also
eliminate the need for single-use plastic bags that
have proven to harm the environment. Made from
petroleum, plastic bags fuel extraction of fossil
resources. They also present a serious disposal
problem. It takes centuries for plastics bags to
break down in nature, burning them releases
poisonous chemicals, and in oceans, plastic trash
harms a number of marine species. Non-toxic
Ecobags, on the other hand, conserve the
environment by harmlessly biodegrading after
numerous uses.

Helping people: Production of Ecobags provides a

sustainable source of income that producers,
mostly poor women, can use to support
themselves and their families. Reducing plastic
waste and conserving natural resources through
recycling helps the community as a whole. As a
result, these communities have become more
aware of environmental issues.