GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

LECTURE / FIRST SEMESTER

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CHAPTER 1: THE CELL

OUTLINE Matthias 1838 Instituted that the small

Jacob compartments in his
I. Cell Theory Schleiden plant specimens are
II. Cell Structure and Functions cells in his work,
III. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Contribution in
IV. Cell Types Phytogenesis.
V. Cell Specialization Theodore 1839 Instituted that all
VI. Cell Modifications Schwann animals are composed
of cells.
VII. Cell Cycle
Albert von 1840 Discovered that sperms
a. Mitosis
Roelliker and egg cells are cells.
b. Meiosis
Louis Pasteur 1849 Developed
VIII. Transport Mechanism fermentation.
a. Simple Diffusion Rudolf 1858 Introduced: “Omnis
b. Facilitated Diffusion Virchow cellula e cellula.”
c. Active Transport (Cells come from
d. Bulk or Vesicular Transport preexisting cells.)

CELL THEORY CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

The Cell Theory is defined as a theory that explains Plasma membrane

the phenomenon of life in three postulates:
 An outer covering that separates the cell’s
o All biological organisms are made of interior from its surrounding environment.
cells;  Encloses organelles from possible harm.
o Cells are the basic unit of life;  Controls exchange of essential components
o And all life come from preexisting life. (selective permeation).
 Receives electrochemical messages from
Table 1. Contributing Scientists to the Cell
other cells.
Theory
Name of Year Contribution  Is composed of:
scientist o Phospholipids - is a type of lipid
Zacharias 1590 Invented Janssen molecule with a hydrophilic head and
Janssen microscope. hydrophobic tail, forming the basic
Robert Hooke 1665 Created the term for structure of cell membranes; consists
cells through a phospholipid bilayer.
examination of dead o Cholesterol - is a type of lipid that
plant cells on cork helps regulate membrane fluidity and
under Janssen provides structural stability to the cell.
microscope. o Proteins - are essential
Marcello 1665- Discovered organelles.
macromolecules in cells that perform a
Malpighi and 1676
Nehemiah Gew wide range of functions, including
Anton van 1670- Improved the Janssen enzymatic reactions, cell signaling,
Leeuwenhoek 1683 microscope; structural support, and transport of
molecules.
Found moving protest-  Peripheral proteins – on
and sperm-like surface (inner or outer).
organelles under  Integral Proteins –
microscope which he completely through
termed animalcules. membrane.
Robert Brown 1831 Discovered the cell
nucleus.

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CHAPTER 1: THE CELL

Cytoplasm the cell or inserted into the cell

membrane.
 Consists of a jelly-like cytosol (70% of the  Vacuoles – fluid-filled vesicles enclosed by a
cytoplasm) within the cell in which other membrane. Selective permeation: allows water
cellular components (propteins and passage but retains smaller molecules. Stores
organelles) are found. chemicals within the cell. It breaks down large
 Entire region between plasma membrane and molecules.
nuclear envelope.  Golgi apparatus – stacks of flattened sacs. It
 Contains enzymes that break down waste and has a shipping side (cis face) and a receiving
enable metabolic reactions. side (trans face). It receives proteins from ER
 Determine the cell shape and accommodates to transport them out of cell or to store them.
cell movement.  Lysosomes – it is the cell’s reprocessing
 Composed of: area, dubbed as the cell’s suicide bags.
o Water These organelles are capable for self-
o Proteins destruction through autophagy; digest food
o Salt through phagocytosis and get rid of wastes.
 Peroxisomes – a small round organelle
Nucleus
enclosed by a single membrane; responsible
 Serves as the brain of the cell, the holder of for self-damage and mostly disintegrate
genetic material (chromosomes), and directs proteins. It shields the cell from serious
all of the cell’s activities. damage caused by reactive oxygen species
 A double layer of nuclear membrane encloses (ROS) molecules.
the nucleus to keep it distinct.  Centrosomes – composed of two (2)
 Contains the nucleolus – the site of centrioles (cylindrical structures with a central
ribosomes synthesis. activity). Takes part in the assembly of spindle
fibers at cell division. Contributes to the
Endomembrane system successful outcome of mitosis.

 A group of membranes and organelles in Figure 1. Endomembrane system

eukaryotic cells that works to modify, package,
and transport lipids and proteins. Composed
of:
 Endoplasmic reticulum – The endoplasmic
reticulum is a complex organelle within
eukaryotic cells responsible for protein
synthesis, lipid metabolism, calcium storage,
and detoxification.
o Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lacks ribosomes on its surface, giving
it a smooth appearance when viewed
under an electron microscope. SER
plays a crucial role in the synthesis of
lipids, including phospholipids and
steroids, which are essential
components of cell membranes and
various signaling molecules. PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
o Rough endoplasmic reticulum -  There are three (3) basic types of cells:
RER is mainly involved in the archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
synthesis, folding, and modification of  Both archaea and bacteria are considered
proteins that are either secreted from prokaryotes.
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CHAPTER 1: THE CELL

 Cells of animals, fungi, and protists are

eukaryotes.
Figure 3. Eukaryote
Table 2. Archaea vs. Bacteria
Aspect Archaea Bacteria
Cell walls Doesn’t have Have
peptidoglycan. peptidoglycan.
DNA Have introns; Don’t have
similar to introns; different
eukaryotes. from eukaryotes.
Groups Methanogens, Bacilli, cocci,
halophiles, spirilla, gram-pos
thermoacidophile. and gram-neg.

 A prokaryote is a simple, single-celled

(unicellular) organism that doesn’t have a
nucleus.
 A prokaryote lacks membrane-bound
organelles.
 DNA in the prokaryote is found in a central
part of the cell – the nucleoid.

Figure 2. Prokaryote

CELL TYPES

 There are two (2) main types of eukaryotic

cells: animal and plant cells.

 Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes are

multicellular.
 Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles
(endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
chloroplasts, mitochondria).
 Eukaryotes have rod-shaped chromosomes.
 Eukaryotes have a true nucleus.
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Table 3. Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells materials. - Chemical

Aspect Animal Cells Plant Cells change in
Centrosome / membran
Lysosome / e prevents
Cell wall / fertilizatio
n of more
Chloroplast /
than one
s
sperm.
Central /
Neuron Carry nerve - Long, thin
Vacuole
(Nerve cell) impulses axon
through the - Branching
body to the dendrites
CELL SPECIALIZATION brain. - Myelinate
d
 Also known as cell difjferentiation. Muscle cell Facilitates - Elongated
bodily and
 Process by which the generic cells undergo
movement elastic
changes to perform special or specific - Numerous
functions. mitochond
 Generic cells start out as stem cells. ria
 Stem cells eventually specialize into either: Table 4. Specialized Cells in Plants
sex cells, muscle cells, fat cells, immune Name Function Adaptation
cells, bone cells, epithelial cells, nervous Guard cell Regulates - Has
cells, and blood cells. rate of varying
transpiration. thickness
Table 4. Specialized Cells in Animals in cell
Name Function Adaptation walls.
Red blood Carry oxygen - No Root hair cell Absorbs - Long and
cell throughout nucleus water and thin with
the body. - Biconcave minerals from large
shape the soil. surface
- Contains area.
hemoglobi Photosynthet Produces - Contains
n ic cells food through numerous
White blood Fends off - Irregular the process chloroplas
cell pathogens; shape of ts.
integral part - Can photosynthesi
of immune produce s.
system. antibodies Xylem vessel Transports - Has lignin
and water and - No
antitoxins. minerals from protoplas
Sperm cell Fertilizes egg - Long tail the roots to m
to produce to swim other parts of - Cells from
offspring. - Has the plant. a
numerous continuou
mitochond s tube
ria
- With
chemicals
on the
head for
entry
Egg cell Carries - Large and
genetic bulky

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CELL MODIFICATION  Is used for just one purpose in the human

body: the production of gametes—sex cells,
or sperm and eggs.
 Adaptations or changes.  Its goal is to make daughter cells with exactly
 Acquired by the cell after cell division. half as many chromosomes as the starting
 Includes: cell.
o Cilia – hair-like organelles.
 Non-motile/ primary cilia
(sensory)
 Motile cilia (movement)
o Flagella – long, whip-like, tail
structures; made of protein. Can be
seen in sperm cells. Aids in
movement.
o Villi or microvilli – small, slender,
vascular, finger-like projections.
o Pseudopods – aka false feet.
Temporary extension of the
cytoplasm. Vital in movement and
phagocytosis.

CELL CYCLE
Mitosis TRANSPORT MECHANISM

 Used for all of your body’s cell division needs.

 It adds new cells during development and Simple Diffusion
replaces old and worn-out cells throughout  It is a passive process where molecules or
your life.  ions move from an area of higher
 The goal of mitosis is to produce daughter concentration to an area of lower
cells that are genetically identical to their concentration, down their concentration
mothers, with not a single chromosome more gradient, without the need for any energy
or less. input. It occurs across a permeable membrane
and continues until an equilibrium is reached.

Facilitated Diffusion

 Also a passive process, it involves the

movement of specific molecules or ions across
a cell membrane with the help of transport
proteins.

Active Transport

 This is an energy-dependent process that

moves molecules or ions against their
concentration gradient, from an area of lower
concentration to an area of higher
concentration. This transport requires the use
Meiosis of specialized protein pumps in the cell
membrane and consumes ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) as a source of energy.

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CHAPTER 1: THE CELL

Bulk Transport

 Bulk transport involves the movement of large

molecules, clumps of materials, or even whole
cells across the cell membrane. This process
includes endocytosis and exocytosis.

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