13/09/2021

ENERGY
ESci115a Chemistry for Engineers

• Define what is energy;

• Identify the forms and types of energy;
• Illustrate a scenario of energy’
Learning interconversion;
Outcomes • Identify the different renewable and non-
renewable energy resources; and
• Discuss how an energy are being
harnessed from its sources.

BQ1

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Lesson 1.1 Energy

ENERGY  ability to do work

All round us and even inside our body.

It can be:

 Heard  sound
 Seen  light

 Felt  wind

Lesson 1.1 Energy

ENERGY

If an object or organism exerts a

force to move over a distance, it
uses energy.

So,
energy spent = work done

SI unit of E  Joules (J)

BQ2

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Lesson 1.1 Energy

KE  energy in motion
TYPES OF ENERGY
PE  energy that is stored

Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

Mechanical
Chemical
Electrical FORMS OF
Nuclear
Light ENERGY
Elastic
Thermal
Sound Gravitational
BQ3

Lesson 1.1 Energy

INTERCONVERSION OF ENERGY
1st Law of Thermodynamics
 Law of Energy Conservation

 Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

rather it can be transformed.
 The overall energy of a system stays
constant, though energy might
transform into another kind.

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Lesson 1.1 Energy

INTERCONVERSION
OF ENERGY

Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY
 is energy that is generated from natural
processes that are continuously replenished.
 this energy cannot be exhausted and is
constantly renewed.

SOURCE

turbine generator electricity

BQ4

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Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

a. Geothermal Energy

 is the heat that comes from the sub-surface of

the earth.

 wells are dug a mile deep into underground

reservoirs to access the steam and hot water
there, which can then be used to drive turbines
connected to electricity generators.

Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY

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Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

Three Types of Geothermal Power Plant
• Dry Steam  is the oldest form; takes steam out of
the ground and uses it to directly drive
a turbine
• Flash Steam  use high-pressure hot water into
cool, low-pressure water
• Binary Cycle  passes hot water through a
secondary liquid with a lower
boiling point, which turns to vapor
to drive the turbine

Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

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Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

BQ5

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Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

b. Solar Power
 is energy from the sun
that is converted into
thermal or electrical
energy

How Do Solar Panels Work?

 Photovoltaic Effect

Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

c. Wind Power
 convert the kinetic energy of wind
into mechanical or electrical energy
that can be used for power.

Wind Mill  wind power to mechanical

energy

Wind Turbine  wind power to electrical

energy
BQ6

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Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

c. Wind Power

Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

d. Hydroelectric Energy
 is a form of renewable energy that uses the
power of moving water to generate electricity.

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Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy BQ8

e. Tidal Energy

 is created using the

movement of our
tides and oceans,
where the intensity of
the water from the
rise and fall of tides
is a form of kinetic
energy

BQ9
Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

f. Ocean Thermal Energy

Conversion (OTEC)

 is a process or
technology for producing
energy by harnessing the
temperature differences
(thermal gradients)
between ocean surface
waters and deep ocean
waters

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Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy

g. Wave Energy

 is the transport
and capture of
energy by ocean
surface waves

Lesson 1.2 Renewable Energy BQ10

h. Blue Energy

 is the energy available

from the difference in
the salt concentration
between seawater and
river water.

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
 comes from sources that will
run out or will not be replenished
in our lifetimes—or even in many,
many lifetimes.

a) Solid Fuels
b) Liquid Fuels
c) Gaseous Fuels
d) Alternative Fuels

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

a) Solid Fuels
 refers to various types of solid material that are
used as fuel to produce energy and provide
heating, usually released through combustion.

1) Woods
2) Charcoal
3) Coal

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Coal  is a combustible black or brownish-black
sedimentary rock
 made up mostly of carbon and variable
amounts of other elements (hydrogen,
sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen)

Types (based on the C content):

Peat < Lignite < Sub-bituminous < Bituminous < Anthracite

lowest % C highest % C

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

b) Liquid Fuels
 are combustible liquid substances that can be
harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually
producing kinetic energy

1) Crude Oil
2) Diesel
3) Gasoline

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

1) Crude Oil
 is a naturally occurring, unrefined
petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon
deposits and other organic materials

At the end of 2019, the world had

1.73 trillion barrels of oil reserves.

Venezuela is the leading country in terms of oil

reserves, with over 304 billion barrels of oil beneath
its surface.

World Oil Production & Reserves (as of June 2021; eia.gov)

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Crude Oil Processing

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

UPSTREAM: Exploration and Production

 Exploration
 involves the search for rock formations
associated with oil or natural gas deposits
using geological surveys:

a.) onshore exploration  testing subsoil

b.) offshore exploration  seismic imaging

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ONSHORE

OFFSHORE

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

UPSTREAM: Exploration and Production
 Production
 involves breaking through layers of the
earth’s surface to reach deposits of
hydrocarbons by drilling
a.) onshore drilling
is done on land and not over water
b.) offshore drilling
 is done in a remote location off shore over the
water

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ONSHORE OFFSHORE

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

MIDSTREAM: Refining and Distribution
 Refining

 change crude oil into

petroleum products for use
as fuels for transportation,
heating, paving roads, and
generating electricity and as
feedstocks for making
chemicals

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Downstream

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

2 & 3) Diesel vs Gasoline
 both are petroleum products and are fuels that
use internal combustion to produce power
 Diesel
 is the fuel for big machinery that demands
more torque over horsepower
 Gasoline (Petrol)
 is a lighter fuel that is used for vehicles
needing speed over brute strength

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Diesel Gasoline
 less refined thus  more refined thus
thicker in density thinner in density
 evaporates more  evaporates easily
slowly
 are favored in big  used in lightweight
machines vehicles

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Combustion Engine
 fuel is burnt causing an explosion in a closed
space (the combustion chamber)
 as combustion happens
inside the engine, it pushes
down the piston, which then
moves the crankshaft and
then ultimately moving the
wheels

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

a.) Gasoline Engine

1. Suction Stroke: Air-fuel mixture enters

into the cylinder.
2. Compression Stroke: Compression of
air fuel mixture takes place.
3. Expansion Stroke: Combustion of Fuel
and Power Generation.
4. Exhaust Stroke: Escaping of burnt
gases out of the engine.

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

b.) Diesel Engine
fuel 1. Suction Stroke: Only the air enters
injector into the cylinder.
2. Compression Stroke: Compression
air of the air takes place.
3. Expansion Stroke: Fuel is injected
into the hot compressed air causing
combustion to occur.
4. Exhaust Stroke: Escaping of burnt
gases out of the engine.

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Flammability Property

a) Ignition Temperature  the lowest temperature at

which a gas or vapor will spontaneously
ignite without an ignition source.

b) Flash Point  the lowest temperature at which a

gas or vapor will ignite with an ignition
source.

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Flammability Property

c) Fire Point  the lowest temperature at which a

substance continues to burn in air after its
have been ignited.

d) Smoke Point  the temperature at which the

substance begins to produce a continuous
bluish smoke that becomes clearly visible.

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Grading of Gasoline
Octane Rating  measure of fuel stability; it is ability to
resist premature ignition and engine knocking

Two Different Octane Rating Methods:

a) Motor Octane Rating (MOR)
b) Research Octane Number (RON)

Octane Number = average of the two octane ratings

The higher an octane number, the more stable the fuel.

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Normal Spontaneous Combustion

Combustion (Engine Knocking) Preignition

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Grading of Gasoline
In the Philippines, fuels are labeled with the RON rating
only.
 lowest RON requirement in the country is set by
the Philippine National Standards at 93.

Why does premium, higher RON rating gas cost more?

 fuels with higher RON ratings have a higher

cost to manufacturers since it require more
blending and refining.

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

c) Gaseous Fuels
 are highly combustible gaseous mixtures
made up commonly of hydrocarbons, H,
and CO.

1) Natural Gas
2) Hydrogen Gas
3) Helium Gas

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

c) Gaseous Fuels

Explosive limits  the concentration range of a

material in air which will burn or explode in the
presence of an ignition source.

 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL): the lowest

concentration of gas or vapor to ignite
 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL): the highest
concentration of gas or vapor to ignite

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

1) Natural Gas
 is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture
consisting primarily of CH4, but commonly including
varying amounts of other higher alkanes

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

2) Hydrogen Gas
 is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic,
nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with
the molecular formula H2

Methods of Production:

 Natural Gas Reforming

 Electrolysis

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Hydrogen Gas Production

 Natural Gas Reforming

Steam-Methane Reforming
 process in which high-temperature steam
(700°C–1,000°C) is used to produce
hydrogen from a methane source, such as
natural gas.

CH4 + H2O (+ heat) → CO + 3H2

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

Hydrogen Gas Production

 Electrolysis

 is the process of using

electricity to split water
into hydrogen and
oxygen.

Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

3) Helium Gas
 is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert,
monoatomic gas (He)

 a completely nonrenewable
resource and generated deep
underground through the
natural radioactive decay of
elements such as U and Th.

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Lesson 1.3 Non-Renewable Energy

d) Alternative Fuel
 are derived from sources other than petroleum
Includes the following:
• Gaseous Fuels (natural gas
and hydrogen)
• Propane (LPG = Liquified
Petroleum Gas)

• Ethanol

Lesson 1.4 Chemical Energy

 energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
 this energy is released commonly in the form of
heat when a chemical reaction takes place
Once chemical energy has been released from a
substance, that substance is transformed into a
completely new substance.

 is the most widely used type of energy in the world,

as it is crucial to the existence of humans and the
natural world.

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Lesson 1.4 Chemical Energy

Humans consume
chemical energy
contained in food.

When wood burns,

the chemical energy
stored in it is released
as heat.

Lesson 1.4 Chemical Energy

Sunlight creates a
chemical reaction
that gives plants
energy to grow.

When we burn Natural

Gas, the chemical
energy is converted
into light and heat.

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Lesson 1.5 Nuclear Energy

 comes from the nucleus of atoms
 released by nuclear fusion (nuclei are fused
together) or nuclear fission (nuclei are split apart)

Chemical
Reaction vs
Nuclear Reaction

Lesson 1.5 Nuclear Energy

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Lesson 1.5 Nuclear Energy

Lesson 1.5 Nuclear Energy

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Lesson 1.5 Nuclear Energy

URANIUM FISSION

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