ARCHI

TECTURALDESIGN1-I
NTRODUCTI
ONTO
DESI
GN

I
ntr
oducti
ontoElement
sofDesignFocusingFor
m
(Vari
ousShapesasAppl
iedinDesign)

Submi
tt
edBy
:

JANI
CEE.MADELA

BSARC-
1A

Submi
tt
edTo:

ARCH.EDWARDARELLANOOCHOCO,
UAP

I
nst
ruct
or
Whati
sDesi
gn?

-Adesi
gni saplanorspeci
fi
cati
onfort
heconstr
uct
ionofanobjectorsystem orf
orthe
i
mplement
ationofanacti
vit
yorprocessort
heresul
toft
hatplanorspecif
icat
ioninthefor
m of
apr
otot
ype,product
,orpr
ocess.

Whati
sFor
m?

-For
mrefer
stotheshapeorconfi
gurat
ionofabui
l
ding.For
m andi
tsopposi
te,
space,
consti
tut
epr
imaryel
ementsofarchi
tect
ure.

Someoft
hechar
act
eri
sti
csoff
ormi
ncl
ude:

Shape–t
heout
li
neoft
hef
orm

Si
ze–t
hedi
mensi
onsoft
hef
orm,
propor
ti
onsandscal
e

Col
our–t
hecol
ouroft
hef
orm wi
l
laf
fecti
tsv
isual
wei
ght

Text
ure–t
het
ext
ureofaf
orm wi
l
laf
fecthowl
i
ghti
sref
lect
edorabsor
bed

Posi
ti
on–wher
ethef
ormi
slocat
edi
nrel
ati
ont
oit
senv
ironment

Ori
entat
ion–theposi
ti
onoft
hef
ormi
nrel
ati
ont
othegr
ound,
compasspoi
ntsort
he
per
sonviewi
ngthefor
m

Whati
sShape?

-Ashapei
sat wo-ort
hree-
dimensi
onal
obj
ectt
hatst
andsoutf
rom t
hespacenextt
oit
becauseofadefi
nedorimpli
edboundary
.

El
ement
sofDesi
gn

Theelementsarethebasiccomponentsofthedesi gnwhil
ethepr i
nci
plesofdesignhelpus
tomonitortheelementsandtheirpr
operusage.Justli
ketherearebasicel
ement softhe
envir
onmentwhi charemandatoryfort
hehumansur v
ival,
simil
arl
y,ther
earesomei nescapabl
e
elementsrequi
redtocreat
eapr operandcreat
ivearchit
ectur
aldesign.

Foll
owingaret
heel
ement
srequi
redt
ocr
eat
eabal
anceddesi
gnwi
thpr
opermanagementof
everydet
ail
.

1.Col
or

Themosti mpor t
antaspectofanydesignistheselecti
onandusageoft hecolourschemes
i
napar t
iculardesign.Theselect
ionofthepropercolourschemescancreat
esomest unning
archit
ecturaldesignsandinteri
ors.Thi
selementofdesigningcanbeusedtoshowt he
diff
erencebet weenday&ni ght,l
ight&dark,i
ntensi
tyandst r
engt
hofthestructur
e.Hueand
saturat
ion,colourwheelsandcol ourschemesallcomeundert hi
selementofdesign.
2.Li
ght

Besi descol ourelement s,l

ightisal sooneoft hemostbasi candmaj orelement sincreating
i
nterioraswel l asexteriorarchitectures.Light
scanbecr eatedarti
fi
cial
l
yorenv i
ronment all
y
createdf ordesigns.Thechoi ceofl ightsandill
umi nat
ionappliedtothecer t
aincomposi tions
canswi t
chal otofaspect softheov erall
design.Placi
ngwi ndowsordoor scancr eateday l
ight
effects.Applyingnat urall
ightstot hecomposi t
ionswillonlygivestunni
ngout putstot he
vi
ewer s.

3.Tone

Whil
edesi
gni
ngext
eri
orar
chitectur
estonepl
aysanimport
antroleindif
ferent
iat
ing
betweenthehi
ghsandl
owsofthest r
uctur
esandthei
rpoi
ntofcreat
ion.Playi
ngandmaki ngt
he
bestuseofcol
ourt
heor
yandcolourschemesdetermi
nesthetoneofthedesign.

4.Shape/
For
m

Shapeisanequallyimportantelementincreati
nganarchitecturaldesi
gnwi t
hcr eati
vi
tyand
vi
sion.Shapescanbegeomet ri
cal,
abstractororganici
nnature.Thef orminwhi chthese
shapesar eusedorcreateddeterminestheproperti
esoftheelement .Shapescanbecr eatedi
n
2Dand3Df orms.Theuserscanuseshapesi nformingandgiv
ingdept htothedesignbyusi ng
dif
ferentshapesforv
ar i
edstructur
esorusingthesameshapesf orsimil
arobjects.

5.Di
rect
ion

Ar
chit
ecturaldesignsar ebuil
t-
inei
thervert
icaldi
recti
onorhor i
zontaldir
ecti
on.This
el
ementofdesi gningi srelat
edtocreat
ingexter
nal i
nfr
astructur
essuchasbui l
dings,
rai
lwaysor
br
idges.Creati
ngst ructuralcomponent
slikewalls,
stair
sorr ooft
ops,requir
estheuseofpr oper
Di
recti
onalelement s.

6.Pr
opor
ti
on

Thepr oport
ionalbalancebetweent hefurnit
ureandt heenti
respaceisnecessar i
lyr
equi
red
whil
edesi gninganinteri
orarchi
tectur
e.Aconv entional
placementoftable,chai
r,andbedwit
h
thewhol esetupiswhatcomesunderpr oport
ion.Iftheusermissesthiselement,thedesi
gncan
becomet ooconfusingortooplainforthev i
ewer s.Adefinedspacebetweenobject scanmake
asignif
icantchangei nthemodel l
ingoft heartwork.

7.Val
ue

Again,
valueistheamountinwhicht
hedesi
gnercr
eat
esdi
ff
erencesbet
weendi
ff
erent
st
ructuresplacedinanint
eri
ordesi
gn.

Forexampl e,t
hev al
ueofcol
oursatur
ationisli
ght
erforonewal
lwhil
etheotherhasahigher
saturat
ionv al
ue.Theel
ementofvalueisusedtocreateanil
l
usi
onintheeyesofthevi
ewerto
dist
inguishbetweencomponentsandobj ect
s.
8.Text
ure/
Pat
ter
n

Thi
sel ementofar chitectur
al designisusedt orepr esentt
heappearanceofthe
composi t
ion.Textur
esandpat t
ernsar eresponsibl
et ocr eateasenseofpercepti
onintheey es
oftheviewer s.Combiningdi f
ferenttexturesandpatter nscangi v
eadetailedover
viewtothe
i
nteri
ordesi gnsandfurniture.Text ur
ealsor ef
erstot hepr operarr
angementofeveryobjectina
sequence.Ev erymateriali
nanext eri
orori nt
eri
ordesi gnusespat ter
nortextur
etodist
inguish
betweendesi gnsandobj ects.

9.Li
ne

Li
neisthemostpr actical
elementi
ndesi gningar chitectur
e.Wecancr eatehor i
zont
al as
wellasvert
ical
li
nestogi vedepthandmeani ngt oapar t
icularobj
ectorsurface.Lineshelpin
connecti
ngobjectswit
houtmaki ngthem tooobv iousf orthev i
ewers.Linesarecreatedinsuch
awayt hatt
heyseem tobl endwi t
htheoveral
l composi ti
on.Wecanusehor i
zontalli
nesont he
wall
stomaket hewal l
wi deranddeeperorusev ert
ical l
i
nesoncupboar dsordoor stomake
them l
ookhigher.Somelinescanbeusedaspat ter
nssuchast hediagonalorspir
al.

Howi
sfor
m usedt
oaf
fectandi
nfl
uencear
chi
tect
uredesi
gn?

Pr
imar
yel
ement
s

Thepr
imaryel
ement
sar ethecoreshapesandfor
msthatcanbef
oundwhenmor e
complexshapesar
esi
mplif
ied.Thesearethebasi
cgeometr
icel
ement
sthatshapet
hewor
ld
aroundus.

Pr
imar
yshapesandsol
ids

Thesimplestoff
ormsar eknownasprimaryshapes.Thepr i
mar yshapesincl
udecir
cles,
tri
angl
es,andsquar
es.Ev er
yshapecanbecreatedbyacombi nati
onoft hepr
imaryshapes.
Whenr ot
atedorextended,t
hepri
maryshapescancr eatethr
ee-dimensionalv
olumesknownas
thepri
marysoli
ds.Thesebasicsol
idsaredi
sti
nctduet othei
rsimpleform.

Ci
rcl
e

Cir
clesarecentr
ali
zedandi ntr
oducestabil
it
ytoacomposit
ion.Theyar
enat ur
all
yself-
centeri
ng,andhelpcentrali
zeaplaneorspace.Whenpositi
onedalongsi
destr
aightli
nesand
angledinter
sect
ions,ci
rclescangivethei
mpr essi
onofrot
ati
onandmov ement.Bei
ngr oundin
nature,
circl
esaddcur v
esandsmoot hedgestoaf or
m,andcanbeusedt osoft
ent herigi
dit
yof
str
aightli
nesandpointedangles.

Tr
iangl
e

Thetri
anglei
sknownasoneoft hemoststabl
eshapesintermsofstruct
ural
form.When
r
esti
ngononeofitssi
des,theshapeisst
able,
butwhenitisr
otatedontooneofit
sv er
ti
ces,t
he
t
ri
angle’
sstat
eofequi
li
bri
um becomesmor edynamic.Whenbalancedononeofitsangled
point
s,atr
iangl
ehasaphy si
calt
endencyoffal
l
ingtoonesi
de.Evenift
hetr
iangl
eisfi
xedor
anchoredt
oasur f
ace,
itcangiv
et heappear
anceoffal
l
ingoverevenwheni
nplace.

Squar
e.

Asquareisaquadr i
lat
eralwi
thfourequalsi
des.Squaresoft
enrepresentbalance,pur
ity,
and
mentalf
orti
tude.Theyareneutr
albynatur
e,withnodisti
nctdir
ect
ion.Simil
art othetr
iangle,
the
squar
eisstablewhenr est
ingononeofitsfoursi
des,butismademor edynami cwhenplaced
ononeofitscorners.

Regul
arandi
rr
egul
arf
orms

Regul arvsirregul arforms–Whensol idsar edescr ibedwi thdefi

nedandconsi st ent
geomet ri
cpr operties, thesesol i
dsar ecall
edr egul
arf orms.Regul arformsar egener all
y
symmet r
ical,withrightangl esandsi mil
arsi desall around.Theyappearmor est able,wi t
h
consist
entshapesandangl es.Ifsimilarl
yshapedsi desar enotcongr uent,ortheaxi sof
ext
rusioni snotv ertical orhor i
zontal
, t
hef orm canbedescr i
bedasi r
regular.Ir
regularf ormsare
composedofv aryingpar t
st hatrelat
et ooneanot heri nconsistentl
y.Thesei rr
egularat tri
butes
donotchanget hesol idf r
om i t
st y
peoff or m, buttheycausei ttodev i
atef r
om thev ari
ables
embodi edi naregul arsol id.Inarchit
ecture, spaceisdesi gnedinconsi derati
onofbot hsol i
d
massandt hespat i
al v oi
dswi thinthem.Bui ldingscancont ai
nbot hregularandi rr
egul arforms,
andeachcanbeencl osedori ntertwinedwi tht heother .

Spher
e

Aspher
eisatypeofsolidcreatedbyrotatingacircle180degrees,orbyasemi ci
rcl
e
rotati
ng360degrees.Aregularspherehasasur facet
hatisequaldist
ancefrom thecenter
pointallt
hewayaround,maki ngitaperf
ectl
yr oundsol i
d.Spher
esshar emanyat t
ri
buteswith
theirbaseshape,
thecir
cle.Theyareself
-centeringandappearstableonal evel
surface.

Cy
li
nder

Cyli
ndersaregener
atedbyext rudi
ngacircl
ealongacentralaxi
s,orbyrotat
ingarect
angl
e
al
ongasi ngl
edir
ecti
on.Acy l
inderhasaroundsurfacewrappingaroundit
ssides,wit
htwo
ci
rcularfacesateachend.I
tisstablewhenresti
ngononeofi tsfl
at,ci
rcul
arends,buti
tcan
becomel essstabl
ewhenposi ti
onedatanangl eoralongi
tsroundsides.

Cone

Aconeisasoli
dcreatedbyt herevol
uti
onofar ightt
ri
anglewithit
sverti
cal
sidei
npl ace.
Theverti
cal
sidebecomest hecenterpointconnect
ingthecircul
arbasetotheendpointofits
taper
ingsur
face.
Whent hecir
cularfaceisusedasthebase, aconeisstabl
eandbalanced, but
whent i
l
tedtothesi
deitcanbecomemor edynamicandpr onetomotion.
Py
rami
d

Apyrami dconsistsofapol y
gonal basewhosev ert
icesleadtoedgesthatconv er
geata
si
nglepointont heoppositeend.I t
staperingform creat
est ri
angul
arsidesthatencl
osethe
spacebetweent hebasepol ygonandt heendv er
tex.Allsidesofapyramidareflat,
makingi
t
general
l
yst ableregardl
essofwhi chf aceiti
spositionedon.Apy ramidonlybecomesunstabl
e
whenmadet ost andonav er
t ex,edge,orcorner.

Cube

Cubesaremadef r
om theext
rusionofasquar einaperpendiculardi
rectionf
rom t
he
square’
sface.I
tiscomposedofsi xequal sides,
eachsideasquar e.Acubehasnopar t
icul
ar
di
recti
on,makingitstati
cinfor
m andst ableonanyside.Wit
hequal di
mensi onst
hroughout,i
t
l
acksdy namicmov ement,andmaintainsasi mil
arappear
ancefrom allangles.

Tr
ansf
ormat
ionoff
orm

From thepr i
maryel
ements,al
lotherf
ormscanbeunderst
oodasat ransf
ormat
ionofsol
i
ds
f
rom t
heirpr i
maryformtoot
hershapesandv ol
umes.Thi
str
ansformati
oncanoccurthr
ough
t
hemanipul ati
onofit
sdimensionsorbytheaddi
ti
onorsubt
ract
ionofelements.

Subt
ract
ivef
orms

Subtracti
vet r
ansformati
oni nvolvesremovingoneormor epartsofaf orm’sv olumet o
achieveanewf orm.Thisnewf orm cantransf
ormt hesol i
dint
oanot herfamily,oritmayr emain
apar tofit
soriginalsoli
dfami l
ydependi ngontheext entofthettr
ansformat i
onI f
,forexampl e,a
regularpyramidwer ecuthorizontal
lynearitsbase,itwouldstil
lbear egularpyrami d.Howev er
,
i
ft hepointedti
pi ssubtract
edf rom thepyramid’sf
or m,itwouldbecomeat runcatedpy ramid.

Subt
racti
veformsarecommoni narchi
tect
ure.Theycanbeusedt ocreat
efenestr
ations,
or
recessesforthingsli
keentr
ances,wi
ndows,andcourtyards.Theycanalsobeusedt ocreate
dy namicvolumesthatint
roducesunl
i
ghtandwindt ointernal
spaces,ortoprovi
deprotecti
on
from thenaturalel
ements.

Addi
ti
vef
orms

Additi
vef or
msr efertoat r
ansformati
ont hroughtheaddi t
ionofelement s.Theextentof
addi t
ivetransformati
ondependsont henumberofaddedpar ts,aswellastheirplacementand
size.Theseaddi tiveformscanal tert
heorigi
nal sol
id,orcauset heformt ochangei t
sprofi
le
ccompl et
elyUnlikesubt r
acti
veforms,wherepar tsareremov ed,addit
iveformsi nt
roducenew
piecest othev olumet hatmaybesmal l
erorlargerthantheor i
ginalsol
id.Therearemany
differentway sinwhicht heseformscanbegr ouped.Herearesomeoft hemostwel l-
known
relati
onshipsofaddi ti
v eforms:
Spat
ialt
ensi
on

I
nspati
al t
ension,
formsandpartsareint
err
elat
edbycloseproxi
mity,f
ormingal arger
groupt hatr
epresentsthewhol
ef or
m.Thistypeofrel
ati
onshi
pdoesnotr equi
redirect
attachment.AsAr i
stot
leoncesaid,
“Thewholeisgreat
erthanthesum ofit
sparts.”Spatial
tensionembr acesthegroupi
nitsenti
ret
y,wit
heachadditi
vepiecepl
ayinganintegralpart.

Edget
oedge

Edge-
to-
edgerelat
ionshi
psarefor
msthatshar
eacommonedgeasthei
rpoi
ntofl
inear
at
tachment.Thevolumesat t
achedmaybesimpleorcompl
ex,
asl
ongasoneormoreedges
meetoraresharedbetweent hem.

Facet
oface

Aface-
to-
facer el
ati
onshipinvol
vestwoormorefor
msthatmakecont
actwit
honeanother
al
ongpl
anarsurfaces.Thesesur f
acescomeincont
actpar
all
elt
ooneanot
her,
withorwi
thout
al
i
gnmentoftheiradjacentedges.

I
nter
locki
ng

Ani
nterl
ocki
ngrel
ati
onshipi
nvol
vestheclashi
ngorconvergi
ngoff
orms.Interl
ocking
f
ormsar
ev ol
umesthatoverl
aporpenet
rateoneanother
,creat
ingamassofintersect
ingsol
i
ds.

Cent
ral
ized

Acentr
alizedform consistsofmulti
plesecondaryfor
msar r
angedar
oundacent
ralpar
ent
for
m.Thecent r
alform becomest hecenterpi
ece,andisusual
l
ytheemphasi
softhe
compositi
on.Spher es,
cones, andothercir
cularsol
idsworkwellast
hecent
ral
for
m duetothei
r
natur
alsel
f-center
ingpr oper
ties.

Li
near

Li
nearr
elat
ionshi
psar
eachiev
edbyar rangi
ngv olumesinr
owsorcol
umns,creati
ngli
near
sequencest
hroughthesol
i
dmass, voidspace,ort
hepat t
ernst
hatemer
ge.Sequenti
alchanges
i
ndimensionorsizecanal
socreat
elinearrel
ati
onships.

Radi
al

Radial
formreferstoaser
iesofobj
ect
sarr
angedaroundacent
ral
izedcor
eelementi
na
r
adi
almanner.Thef or
msextendoutwar
dsinarev
olv
ingpatt
ernt
ocreatealar
gercomposi
ti
on
t
hatty
pical
lyconv
ergesatthecenter
.

Cl
ust
er

Aclust
erisagroupoffor
mst hatcr
eateacomposi
ti
onthr
oughproxi
mity
, si
ze,shape,or
f
unct
ion.Unl
ikeot
herrel
ati
onshi
psthatinv
olv
eanorgani
zedst
ruct
ure,acl
ustercanbegr ouped
andor
gani
zedwi
thoutgeomet
ri
cal
i
gnmentorpat
ter
n

Gr
id

Agr
idlayoutisawayoforgani
zi
ngf or
msi nt
oli
nearrowsandcolumns.Agridcanbet hr
ee-
di
mensional,
andi sof
tenbasedonaseriesofsquar
es.Thisr
elat
ionshipal
lowsfor
mst obe
ar
rangedwithconsist
entspaceanddi
stance.Gri
dscanalsobeusedt oanaly
zeorbreakdown
agrouporsurface.

Col
li
sionsofgeomet
ry

I
tiscommonf ort
woormor egeometr
iest
ocolli
de,
resul
ti
nginanewcomposi tefor
m.
Thesecoll
idi
ngshapesorsoli
dscanbeofequal si
zeandshape,orhavedif
fer
entat
tri
but
es
al
together
.Ther
earemanyr easonsfort
hecoll
i
sionofgeometry
, i
ncl
uding:

-Tocr
eat
eani
nter
nal
spacewi
thi
nanexi
sti
ngf
orm

-Forsy
mbol
i
corconcept
ual
signi
fi
cance

-Tosat
isf
ythef
unct
ional
requi
rement
soft
hef
orm

-Asameanst
odi
rectspacet
odesi
redl
ocat
ionsoft
hesi
te

-Tomai
ntai
nordi
sruptsy
mmet
ryi
nthest
ruct
ure

-Asar
esponset
osi
tecondi
ti
onsandcont
ext