Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MALU
MALU
MALU
Kattankulathur, 603203.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
Assistant Professor
Department of Corporate Secretaryship & Accounting and Finance,
College of Science and Humanities
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Date:
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Secretaryship and Accounting and Finance in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
potentially associated with SDG Goal No.7-Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
The study has clearly shown the extent to which its goals and objectives have been met in
terms of filling the research gaps, identifying needs, resolving problems, and developing
innovative solutions locally for achieving the above-mentioned SDG on a national and
international level.
I INTRODUCTION 7-31
II 32-42
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
III 43-61
IV 62-64
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
A supermarket is a self-service store that has many categories of food, drinks, and
household goods. Compared to earlier grocery stores, this type of store is bigger and offers a
wider variety of products, but it is smaller and offers a smaller assortment of goods than a
hypermarket or big-box market.
Supermarkets buy more products; their sales volume increases and things can be found
there for comparatively inexpensive prices. Less money is needed for operations. Less money
is taken in profit from customers. Due to its unique qualities, the supermarket is able to draw
in more customers. Fresh meat, produce, dairy, deli foods, baked goods, etc. may usually be
found in the store. Also, shelf space is set aside for canned and packaged goods as well as a
variety of non-food items like pet supplies, cleaning supplies, cookware, and household
cleansers. Some supermarkets also include other commonly used household goods including
clothing, alcohol (where legal), and medications. Others carry a considerably greater
selection of non-food items like DVDs, toys, sporting goods, and holiday decorations (e.g.,
Christmas wrapping paper in December).
A hypermarket is a larger full-service supermarket with a department shop attached.
Banks, coffee shops, daycare facilities, insurance (and other financial services), mobile
phone services, photo processing, video rentals, pharmacies, and petrol stations are just a few
examples of additional services. If a supermarket's restaurant is large enough, it may be
referred to as a "grocerant," a combination of "grocery" and "restaurant." The typical
supermarket takes up a sizable amount of space on one level of the building. To be handy for
customers, it is typically located close to a residential neighborhood. The availability of a
wide range of products under one roof, all at reasonable rates, is the main draw. Additional
benefits include the simplicity of parking and, frequently, the comfort of extended store
hours— sometimes 24 hours a day. Supermarkets frequently spend a lot of money on
advertising, generally in newspapers. Also, they offer sophisticated product displays within
the stores. Supermarkets are frequently chain stores that receive their supplies from
the parent firms' distribution centres, boosting the potential for economies of scale. Because
of their size and purchasing power, supermarkets are able to negotiate lower pricing from
producers, allowing them to provide products at comparatively inexpensive costs. By paying
for items at least 30 days after receiving them and some negotiating credit terms of 90 days
or longer with vendors, they also reduce the cost of financing. In an effort to draw customers
into their store, some
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products (usually everyday foods like bread, milk and sugar) are occasionally sold at a loss.
Supermarkets compensate for their poor margins with high sales volumes and
merchandise with higher margins that draw in customers.
There was once a time, when grocery shopping, that customers asked shopkeepers for each
item to be fetched from the shelves. Many products were measured and weighed for the
customer’s wishes, as goods were not individually wrapped or packaged. This made
shopping a slower process, and, as more staff were involved, more expensive.
As consumer-culture and car ownership grew through the 1950s and 1960s, so too did the
model of supermarkets - increasingly to larger self-service all-purpose super-stores that
shoppers drive to on the edges of towns and cities.
Today, supermarkets are arguably the main way we do our grocery shopping.
Supermarkets gave us more freedom, allowing us customers to choose our products, and, by
or large, keep these private without the whole store hearing our choices.
Increasingly stores offer services beyond groceries: for example, banking, post offices,
alcohol sales, clothing. Supermarket brands have become multinational brands operating in
many countries. This has led to criticism of supermarkets as a business model. Their
interactions with suppliers, the necessity to have additional packaging as well as their food
waste from their product distribution models can be questioned from environmental and
ethical standpoints.
In supermarkets, we find lots of regional variety and differences. Many of us know the
feeling of 'exploring' a supermarket in a foreign country - finding new products and brands
we’ve never seen before. And also discovering familiar similarities.
IDENTIFICATION OF CUSTOMERS
The terms customer and consumer are not synonymous. A customer is a purchaser of a
product or a service; a consumer is a user of a product or a service. Bed-ridden invalids in
hospitals are food consumers but hardly food store customers. Purchasers of rat poison are
not the consumers of the product. Identification of customers seeks to ascertain who the
customers are. It is not sufficient to study buying behavior patterns without knowing whose
buying behavior is involved. Hence it is necessary to identify the competition and origin of
customers.
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ORIGIN OF CUSTOMERS
Where do a store's customers come from? What is the geographic distribution of their
homes and how far do they travel to the store? The answers to these questions supply useful
data on customer origin, which in the sense used here is a composition characteristic. Origin
tells us whether the customer is a large-city apartment dweller, a suburbanite, a ruralite, a
transient, and so on. The food buying behavior pattern of a customer who lives in a congested
apartment area of a large city is markedly different from the rural customer who has a large
vegetable garden and a home freezer.
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Consumer behavior is the scientific approach of the process consumers apply to select,
secure, employ and dispose of products and services that satisfy their requirement &
Knowledge of customer behavior directly influences marketing strategy (Anderson, 2005).
This is because of the marketing concept, i.e., the idea that firms exist to satisfy customer
needs (Winter, 2000). Firms can satisfy those needs only to the extent that they understand
their customer & for this reason, marketing strategies must incorporate knowledge of
consumer behaviour into every facet of a strategic marketing plan (Solomon,2002). In the past
25 years, consumers worldwide have become more knowledgeable, discriminating, and gained
more purchasing ability. Simultaneously, retail forms have proliferated rather than diminished,
and a complex set of consumption options are available (Berry, 1995 and Jones, 2003)
concluded that consumers have changed and that the most notable change is in their patronage
of food retail outlets other than supermarkets. Popkowski (2004) found that there are different
segments of shoppers and different retail formats serve these different segments of shoppers.
CONSUMER
The consumer production Act 1986 defines ‘Any person who buys any goods or avail
services for personal use, for a consideration.”
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DEFINITION
According to “WALTLER AND PAUL” consumer behavior is the process whereby
individual decide whether, what how and from when to purchase goods and services. The
while consumer behavior consists of physical and mental activities or exercises. It is important
to note that consumer behavior never remains fixed but it is ever changing. Various such as
psychological, economical and sociological factors.
CONSUMER PREFERENCE
Consumer preference refers to actions a person takes in buying and using goods and
services, including the mental and social processes that come before and after these actions.
Normally, Consumer Buying Decision Process is a very complex phenomenon involving six
stages namely, “Problem Recognition”, “Information Search”, “Evaluation of Alternatives”,
“Purchase Decision”, “Purchase” and “Post-Purchase Evaluation”. Various marketing-mixes,
dependent on what is obtainable in the market, and partly on what consumers consider to be
ideal products or services (Van Raaij, 1986). Consumer preference refers to the consumers‟
hierarchical prioritization of the stores as a result of their support of such stores. In essence, it
is the liking of consumers for certain stores over others (Thang & Tan 2003).
HISTORY OF SUPERMARKET
In the early days of retailing, all products had to be fetched by an assistant from shelves
on one side of a counter while the customers stood on the other side and pointed to what they
wanted. Also, many foods did not come in the individually wrapped consumer-size packages
taken for granted today, so an assistant had to measure out the precise amount desired by the
consumer. These practices were obviously labor-intensive and therefore quite expensive. The
shopping process was slow, as the number of clerks employed in the store limited the number
of customers who could be attended at one time.
FIRST SUPERMARKET
The opening of Piggly Wiggly, the first contemporary American supermarket, 100 years
ago brought about a lot more changes than just that. On September 11, 1916, in Memphis,
Tennessee, Clarence Saunders inaugurated the first Piggly Wiggly. Before that customers
had to give their shopping lists to the clerks, who would then pick out the goods. Thus, food
was more expensive due to higher staff costs. As you can see from these archive photos, this
retail model became hugely popular and many supermarkets followed suit to self-service in
the ensuing years. Piggly Wiggly is now a chain of over 600 stores across the Midwest and
Southern US, but a somewhat smaller operation than at its early 1930s peak, when it had over
2500. The store at 79 Jefferson Avenue no longer exists sadly, but a replica can be found in
the Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium in Memphis, which was also built by Piggly
Wiggly founder Clarence Saunders.
The general trend in retail since then has been to stack shelves at night and let the
customers get their own goods and bring them to the front of the store to pay for them.
Although there is a higher risk of shoplifting, the costs of appropriate security measures will
be ideally outweighed by the economies of scale and reduced labor costs.
According to the Smithsonian Institution, the first true supermarket in the United States, and
the world, was opened by ex-Kroger employee Michael J. Cullen, on August 4, 1930, in a
6,000 square foot (560 m²) former garage in Jamaica, Queens, New York. The store, King
Kullen, named for King Kong, operated under the slogan "Pile it high. Sell it low." The main
difference between this store and the Piggly Wiggly stores was that Cullen's store was much
larger, and they stocked national brands of food that were not easily found at neighborhood
markets. The rise of the refrigerator also gave Cullen the idea to install a parking lot near the
supermarket so people could buy large quantities of food for storage. When Cullen died in
1936, there were 17 stores in operation.
Existing grocery chains like Kroger and Safeway at first resisted Cullen's idea, but eventually
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were forced to build their own supermarkets as the North American economy sank further
into the Great Depression and consumers became price-sensitive to a degree never seen
before. Kroger took the idea one step farther and pioneered the first supermarket surrounded
on all four sides by a parking lot. Soon, other supermarkets popped up, using the ideas that
Cullen had originated to attract many consumers.
Supermarkets proliferated in Canada and the United States after World War II.
Throughout the 1950s, supermarkets spread into Europe. The rest of the world accepted
supermarkets throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, with some parts of Asia accusing the
major supermarket chains of promoting westernization. Supermarkets rose to prominence in
Africa in the 1990s, spreading rapidly through eastern and southern Africa.[5]
North American supermarkets are often co-located with smaller retailers in strip malls and
are generally regional rather than national. Kroger is probably the closest thing to a national
chain in the United States but has preserved most of its regional brands like Ralphs, City
Market, and King Soopers. In Canada, the largest food retailer is Loblaw Companies. Loblaw
Companies operates grocery stores across Canada under a variety of regional names such as
Fortinos, Zehrs, and the largest Loblaws (named after the company itself). Sobeys is
Canada's second largest supermarket with locations across the country, operating under many
banners (Sobeys, IGA in Quebec locations). In the United Kingdom, Tesco is the largest
chain of supermarkets followed by ASDA and Sainsbury's.
In many parts of the world, the proliferation of out-of-town supermarkets has been blamed
for the disappearance of smaller, local grocery stores and for increased dependency on the
automobile (and the consequent traffic). In particular, some critics consider the practice of
selling loss leaders to be anti-competitive, and are also wary of the negotiating power large
retailers have with suppliers. Supermarkets own much of the food retail in many countries. In
the United States, 70 percent of the food retail is controlled by supermarkets. The figure is
similar in Europe. The rise of supermarkets in Asia, South America, and Africa places
supermarkets in control of about 55 percent of all food retail in the regions.
It was formerly common for supermarkets to give trading stamps. Today, most supermarkets
issue store-specific "members cards," "club cards," or "loyalty cards" which are scanned at
the register when the customer goes to checkout. Typically, several items are given special
discounts if the credit card-like devices are used. Today supermarkets face price competition
from discount retailers such as Wal-Mart and Zellers (non-union labor and greater buying
power) and warehouse stores such as Costco (savings in bulk quantities).
RETAILING: AN OVERVIEW
Retailing encompasses business activities involved in selling goods and services to
consumers for their personal, family, or household use. It includes every sale to the consumer.
Retailing is an important field to study because of its impact on the economy. Retailing is a
major part of world commerce. Retail sales and employment are vital economic contributors,
and retail trends often mirror trends of a nation’s overall economy (Berman and Evans 2008).
Retailing is not only an important aspect of the economic structure but very much a part of our
lives. Although trading of goods has been in existence since ancient days, it is only in the
recent past that the buying and selling of goods has become more official and a brand
dominated movement. Today retailing is evolving into a global, high-tech business (Nair,
2006).
Some of the important causes for the developments in the consumer demand for retail outlets
could be the growing middle class of consumers with high disposable incomes, rise in
consumer ambition levels and global lifestyles due to media exposure (Nair, 2006). Retailing
has become a very popular method of conducting business because there is an easy access to
a variety of products, freedom of choice and higher levels of consumer service. The ease of
entry into retail business results in violent competition and better value for consumers. To
enter retailing business is easy and to fail even easier. Therefore, to survive in retailing, a
company must do an excellent job in its primary role, i.e., catering to the needs and wants of
consumers. Over the last decade there have been comprehensive changes in the general
retailing business. For instance, a strictly made-to-order market for clothing has now changed
into a ready-towear market. Flipping from side to side in a catalogue, picking the right colour,
size, and type of clothing a person wants to purchase and then waiting to have it sewn and
shipped was the typical practice in earlier days. By the turn of the century, some retailers set
up a store from where people could browse, while new pieces were being sewn or
customized in the back rooms. Almost all retail businesses have undergone similar changes
over the years. A major development in recent times has been the emergence of varied retail
formats that have started operating in most product categories. For instance, there are large
department stores that recommend a huge assortment of goods and services.
Self-service with shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets reduces labor costs, and many
supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self-service check-out.
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Instagram ads, billboards, ‘sponsored posts’, whatever. But I don’t think any of us actually
think we’re BEING swindled. Supermarkets use this strategy to get us buy things from them.
It is no secret that supermarkets have long been pouring large quantities of money into
marketing their businesses in the hopes of increasing their customer expenditure. By taking
into account customer and social behaviors, you can build a successful supermarket
marketing plan that will increase your sales and boost your profits. Not only that, but there
are new methods and technologies to create these promotions that are not widely known.
Using high productivity marketing applications, promotional campaigns that wouldn’t have
been realistic now make sense as a sustainable way of building a retail business.
Using in-store supermarket advertisements and announcements, you can inform your
customers of any promotional offers in the specific areas of the store that they need to find
things. You should always advertise with your branding; it should match your general store’s
color palette and typography so that your customers can begin to create strong and positive
associations with your brand. High-impact marketing showing the current offers at a large
size – either digitally or in printed form – can have a big impact on consumers. Multi pack
offers, discounts and 3 for the price of 2 offers entice users to spend more. The question is
how do you achieve this impact in a sustainable way? It starts with strong brand design using
the elements of design that create impact – typography, color and images. By having your
agency or graphic designer create templates for these elements, you can easily populate those
templates with your promoted items. Here are some ideas for point of sale items; Large
hanging signs over aisles and for end of aisle campaigns Digital signs which are displayed on
screens ‘Shelf Talkers’ which catch the shopper’s attention as they pass by Pricing cards
which emphasize the product and the offer.
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Have you been spending a considerable amount of money on designers and agencies for
your business to get your key marketing messages across? Are your emails full of over and
back conversations with your designer, with every price update? Of-course high impact
design is a specialized creative skill that requires experience and specific skills. However,
once your designer or agency has designed templates once in Adobe InDesign, it’s possible
to use that design continuously for your campaigns without being a designer or having the
skills to use complex Adobe applications. Using Tweak, you can create hundreds of point of
sale elements in minutes by connecting your Adobe brand templates with your image library
and offer promotion (in excel format). You can continue to create point of sale material using
admin and checkout team members very quickly at a much-reduced cost.
SEASONAL CAMPAIGNS
Supermarket owners might be under the impression that seasonal campaigns can only
happen when moving from fall into winter. Well – you no longer have to wait between
seasons for Halloween, Christmas, and Thanksgiving to come around for your supermarket to
cash in.
Unfortunately, people tend to see larger supermarket chains with often negative connotations.
While this is not always true, you might still need to work hard to change your clients’
opinions. Focusing on your country and county’s national holidays can help you gain a
positive reputation with your customer as less of large corporations' standoff personality.
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to create certain versions which are optimized for various shapes of products – for example
you may need to have a version of a template which features wine and spirits – those image
boxes need to be vertical in shape. Also consider some templates for odd shapes like
toothpaste, aluminium foil etc. It's a smart strategy to create templates in single pages with
the appropriate amount of content boxes.
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through the digital pages and click on a product which brings them to the buy button on the
product page.
Often supermarkets will make the majority of their revenue from existing customers, who
already know the shop's quality and the brands they offer. Because of this, the majority of
new sales and increase in sales will come from convincing existing customers to spend more
– rather than attracting new customers. If you advertise a product as having more than one
purpose, you will give people an extra incentive to buy. This can be as simple as advertising
carrots as a great dinner side and as a snack when sliced to have with hummus.
PROMOTIONAL PRICES:
There’s no denying that everyone loves a good discount. Even though it’s far from subtle.
One of the best marketing techniques for supermarkets is to offer promotional discounts
when you can. If your supermarket offers discounts for a limited time only, people will likely
buy in bulk.
FREE SAMPLES:
How often have you walked into a supermarket and found that there was a small stall
offering free samples around a particular aisle? If you sacrifice a small amount of produce in
the name of free samples, you will inspire people to invest in that product.
After all, there is very little that shoppers love more than free food – especially during their
weekly shopping. Improve the experience of those you are wandering your store, and you can
make it easier for your brand to win over regular shoppers. Loyalty is the bread and butter of
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CHARITY WORK:
Suppose you work hard to affiliate your business with prominent charities. In that case,
this will help you to gain a positive reputation as a supermarket that cares not only about
sales – but also about your local community. Offering charity events such as coffee mornings
helps the charity and your business as you draw in existing and prospective customers with
events and the kindness your supermarket has shown.
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or full liberalization of the retail trade has encouraged the establishment of supermarkets.
Supermarkets are rapidly increasing due to wide variety of environmental, individual, social
and economic dimensions of consumers. The Supermarket Revolution – the replacement of
small Grocery stores by large, multi-department grocery stores – came to an end in the 1970.
The expansion of the supermarket sector in India is still in its early stages.
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live in cities, nearly twice the population of the United States today. Thus, with tremendous
potential and huge population, India is set for high growth in consumer expenditure. With
India's large „young‟ population and high domestic consumption, macro trends for the sector
look favorable.
FLOWERS
Location: Just inside the entrance
Why they're here: "Flowers can enhance the image of a store," explains Wendy Liebmann,
founder and president of WSL Strategic Retail. Consumers walk in to something that is pretty,
smells great, and builds the notion of 'fresh’.
Shopping tip: Buy supermarket flowers for convenience, not value. The prices may be low,
but the flowers are seldom as fresh as those from local florists.
PRODUCE
Location: Immediately past the flowers
Why it's here: To create a tempting sensory experience. "Stores need to communicate to
shoppers that produce is fresh or else people won't buy anything," says Liebmann.
Shopping
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tip: Reach to the back and dig for the freshest items. "The smart retailers always have the
oldest merchandise in front or on top, since they need to get rid of it quicker," says Michael
Tesler, founder of Retail Concepts. Buy produce during the week. "Most deliveries come in
Monday through Friday," Underhill adds.
BAKERY
Location: In the corner beyond the entrance
Why it's here: "The bakery gets your salivary glands going," Underhill says. This makes you
feel hungry, and "the hungrier you are when you shop, the more food you will buy."
Shopping tip: Shop after a meal, or have a snack first.
GRAB-AND-GO ITEMS (Milk, Bottled Water, Snacks)
Location: Near the entrance
Why they're here: "To get back business lost to convenience stores, supermarkets started
adding sections up front for grab-and-go items," Tesler says.
Shopping tip: If all you need is a quart of milk, grab it here to avoid the temptations lurking
along the way to the dairy case at the back of the store.
BANK
Location: Close to the entry
Why it's here: "To get more money in the hands of the shopper, so [they] will spend it,"
Tesler says.
Shopping tip: Set a budget before you shop and bring a calculator to keep a running tally.
ENDCAP DISPLAYS
Location: Ends of the aisles
Why they're here: Product manufacturers pay for prominent "endcap" placement—on the
ends of the aisles—to advertise new or popular products.
Shopping tip: Being on display doesn't necessarily mean a discount. "A lot of times, [the
items in] endcaps are just something new or in season," says Schober. "If it's on sale, believe
me, it will be prominently marked. And watch endcaps for a recurring pattern. Leading
brands often compete this way. If Coke is on sale in an endcap display one week, it will
probably be Pepsi the following week." If you don't see the brand you like, just wait for it to
come around.
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"RETAILMENT" (Cooking Demonstrations, Displays, Free Samples)
Location: Free-floating displays lining one of the outside walls
Why they're here: Sampling stations slow you down while also exposing you to new products.
Shopping tip: To avoid unnecessary hunger-driven purchases, head right for the free samples
if you arrive at the supermarket on an empty stomach.
PHARMACY
Location: On the perimeter near the exit
Why it's here: "If you are filling a prescription, " Liebmann says, "you need to wait, spend
more time, and put another item in your basket."
Shopping tip: Drop off prescriptions before you start grocery shopping to minimize idle
waiting. You may find better deals on health and beauty products in a supermarket than in a
drugstore. There is a large profit margin on these products, which supermarkets are
sometimes willing to cut into to gain more regular pharmacy business.
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Why they're here: To turn waiting time into buying time. This is the most profitable area of
the store, Underhill says.
Shopping tip: "Express" doesn't always mean faster. Studies have shown that the wait in the
"express" lane is almost identical to the regular checkout wait, says Craig Childress, COO of
Envirosell-three minutes and 11 seconds, on average. So go with what seems to be the
shortest line, express or not-it will likely save you from impulse buying things you don't need.
SHELF LAYOUT
The placement of items on store shelves is not haphazard. Here, the experts explain what's up, what's
down, and what's in the "bull's-eye"—and why.
Top Shelf:
What's there: Smaller brands, regional brands, gourmet brands
Why: The items here give "tone and texture" to the shelf layout, Liebmann says, helping the
supermarket stand out from its competitors. These smaller brands usually don't have the
budget to pay for more favorable placement.
Shopping tip: The specialty items found on the top shelf are generally chosen by local store
managers, not determined by the supermarket's central headquarters. If you'd like your store
to stock a particular item on this shelf, talk to the manager.
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Job Description:
Supermarket customer service assistants both directly help customers inside the store and
via telephone, as well as help with maintaining the store. A supermarket customer service
assistant's duties and responsibilities can include guiding customers to the items they need,
replenishing the grocery shelves when items go out of stock, assisting with the checkout
process, helping customers load their groceries into their vehicles, cleaning the store and
gathering shopping carts in the parking lot. They may also help out with customer returns and
interact with management and other floor workers as necessary to handle complaints and
requests.
Much of the work is physical and can require bending, lifting, walking and using
equipment like ladders and carts. A friendly personality and a willingness to meet customers'
needs are necessary to be a successful supermarket customer service assistant.
Education Requirements
Supermarket customer service assistants can often find work without qualifications
beyond basic math and customer service skills, though having a high school diploma can be a
benefit in the job market. They learn their job duties through a training program in the
supermarket that often includes shadowing other customer service workers, completing
common tasks under close supervision and receiving feedback on performance.
Industry
Supermarket customer service assistants find work in large chain stores that sell other general
merchandise or at smaller grocery stores with a more limited product selection. While some
may work with others to handle tasks like stocking the shelves, many work independently to
help customers face-to-face in the store or handle issues over the telephone. The majority of
supermarket customer service assistants work full-time, but many supermarkets offer
parttime positions. Working hours are often irregular, especially at 24-hour supermarkets that
schedule workers on holidays and weekends and at night.
Years of Experience
Supermarket customer service assistants can get raises to earn a higher hourly wage as
they
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gain seniority and experience. They can also get a promotion to work as a leader for a
particular department or as a store manager with significant experience and additional
training.
ADVANTAGES OF SUPERMARKET
Convenience: For all of your grocery needs, supermarkets provide a one-stop shop. You
may conveniently buy whatever you need in a single trip because a large range of products
are available under one roof.
Cheaper pricing: Due to their ability to buy in bulk and negotiate lower supplier prices,
supermarkets frequently offer lower prices compared to other retail establishments. This may
enable you to reduce your grocery spending.
Produce: Supermarkets frequently provide a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables that are
frequently purchased directly from nearby farms. You will receive the freshest produce
possible as a result. Products are accessible in a wide range of supermarkets, including
speciality items and foods from around the world that may not be found at smaller stores.
Effective shopping: Supermarkets are frequently structured neatly, making it simple to
locate what you need quickly. Your shopping experience will be more efficient because they
frequently include large aisles, plenty of parking, and simple-to-use shopping carts or baskets.
Other services: Getting all your shopping done in one location is made even more
convenient by the abundance of supermarkets that provide extra services like in-store
pharmacies, bakeries, and delis. Generally, grocery stores provide a practical and affordable
option to buy household goods and other groceries.
DISADVANTAGES OF SUPERMARKET
1. Huge expenses
A significant amount of money is needed to start a supermarket. Large amounts of rent must
be paid in order to run it in the massive structure.
2. Demand for a focal point
The establishment of supermarkets requires both appropriate and central locations. It is
impossible to operate supermarkets everywhere. Finding the ideal place to build
supermarkets becomes challenging, and even when they are, they are expensive.
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3. Insufficient individual attention
Lack of human attention is another drawback of supermarkets. Employees and other staff
members don't provide enough attention. Customers should carry their own purchases up to
the counter to pay their bills. Customers are not cared about by the staff. The majority of
clients, particularly female shoppers, dislike this.
4. Not appropriate for all goods
Only a limited number of items that are well-known to consumers can be sold at
supermarkets. In order for buyers to understand some products, merchants must explain them
to them.
Therefore, supermarkets cannot sell out of the things that buyers are unaware of.
5. Demand for an effective management
In contrast to other retailing establishments, supermarket operations require an effective
management. It cannot be effectively operated in any other case.
OBJECTIVES
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1. The study elicited opinions of consumers’ shopping behaviour in grocery retail. The
elicited opinion of consumers may not suit all times.
2. The data collected from the consumers’ may vary, when their saving mindset is
changed.
3. The findings pertain to a specific period of time.
4. Though, the sample size is adequate for a study, for generalisation of the findings we
need to conduct the study in a particular area.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Descriptive research was adopted for analyzing the customers behaviour towards supermarket.
This study is based on both Primary and Secondary data.
Primary data were collected using questionnaire through google forms. The first part of the
questionnaire consist of demographic profile of the consumer and the second part consists of
scaling questions relates to consumers behaviour towards supermarket.
Secondary data information effectively gathered or existing in the association as past records,
sites and related logs. The information was gathered from the published sources like
magazine, books, the organization’s site, Google and other related records. about consumer
behaviour for clear understanding of the concept.
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CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It highlights the study of previous literature regarding the consumer satisfaction and Life
insurance Corporation the previous study helps to get an idea about different approaches
made by the earlier research in the field and to identify the research-gap. The following are
the few reviews taken from the renowned author’s work.
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• Rajender, Rajshree (2008) “A study of changing practices employed in retailing
with special reference to supermarkets” Retailing the consumer has emerged as every
industry's top priority in today's climate of heightened competition. In India,
supermarkets are a significant part of the retail industry. Supermarkets are businesses
that deal with the sale of products or services to customers for their own, personal, or
family use.
in Tamil Nadu's supermarkets. Nilgiris, Reliance Fresh, and Aditya Birla More, three
major supermarket brands with new line spread chain locations in Chennai, Trichy,
Coimbatore, and Madurai, were chosen. The question of sustainability and the
longterm viability of supermarkets immediately comes to mind. The ability to
increase repeat consumption, buyer commitment, and favourable understanding of
newline are important characteristics of newline that need to be studied right now.
The purpose of the research was to identify the key components of the service-retail
mix that have an impact on customers' satisfaction with supermarkets.
31
firm-farm linkages (Barette et al., 2012). It also looked at the dynamic dynamics
influencing partnerships between farms and businesses.
• Karnani, Nupur (2019) “All parties, both direct and indirect, who are ultimately
responsible for satisfying the requests or needs of customers make up the supply
chain.
Since they are the final customers of the created goods, consumers ultimately serve as
the foundation of the entire supply chain. Each consumer's purchasing habits are
distinctive. In this regard, Kaur (2013) found that both men and women exhibit
distinct purchasing traits, including distinct shopping behaviours, preferences,
attitudes, motivations, and amounts of time spent shopping. Men have been found to
shop more intently than women.
32
sample physical proof, people, and procedure, and advertising system of using these
showcasing blend components to strategize marketing plans to offer better Products
and additional services while reducing the gap between apparent administration and
anticipated administration.
33
MA producers who sell anything the pigmies want to sell. They care the least about
quality and price in this WOW has quicker focus on the Prise. Furthermore, traders
frequently undervalue their customers. Malpractices in the form of stockpiling,
adulteration, and restrictive press have also infiltrated the corporate system. Singe the
eternal hag to end his existence, he accepts whatever is spoken by the ivory-cheeked
businessman. The consumer movement is also sluggish in ladle. Seeing this problem
and eager to put an end to these deceptive practices by businessmen, the Government
of India enacted numerous laws.
FDI in retail will aid farmers in obtaining fair pricing by getting rid of greedy
intermediaries. Supply chain efficiency will be ensured by foreign retail giants. The
minimum investment required under the policy is $100 million, of which at least $50
34
• Rama Krishna Prasad, Y (2011) “A study of consumers retail format choice and
patronage behaviour in food and grocery retailing with special reference to
neighbourhood Kirana stores and supermarkets in the Twin cities of Hyderabad and
Secunderabad” The current research advances knowledge of consumer shop
preference behaviour in Indian food and grocery retailing, a topic that has gotten little
attention in
35
the academic literature. The general conclusions of This study demonstrates the cross
hopping habits of Indian consumers of food and groceries. No one retail structure
appears to be the best at satisfying customer demands or wants. Customers pick a
store type first, and then they go to a specific store within that kind where they can
save time, money, and effort. Hence, maintaining client loyalty to a specific retail
format is presented as a challenging undertaking.
• Hasija Soni Raju (2022) “A Study of Retail Management in Organized Retail Outlet
in Thane District” The goal of the current study was to better understand retail
management in organised retail establishments in Maharashtra's Thane District. This
empirical study uses a primary questionnaire to learn about the business's promotional
aspects. Personal interviews and field trips were used to supplement a survey that was
done in the study region. To draw in the most customers, a quick examination of
promotional offers made by retailers was done. Retailers must adopt new strategies in
order to compete in the market due to changes in technology and consumer
purchasing patterns. According to the study's findings, organised merchants are
currently equally impacted by demographic criteria like gender, age groupings, and
annual income levels.
36
product quality and pricing, their knowledge of the products' expiration dates, and
their degree of happiness with their supermarket purchases have all been examined in
this study. On the basis of the findings, recommendations are made, and the potential
for more research in this area is also mentioned. By doing this study, a research gap in
this area is filled, and the recommendations will be beneficial to both grocery
manufacturers and store owners. Also, it will be beneficial to the government's goals
to increase consumer access to high-quality goods.
38
CHAPTER-III
DATA ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
39
TABLE 01:
S.NO GENDER NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE
01 MALE 46 50.5%
02 FEMALE 45 49.5%
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 50.5% are male respondents and 49.5% are
female respondents.
40
AGES OF THE RESPONDENTS
01 18-25 86 94.5%
02 26-35 2 2.2%
03 36-45 3 3.3%
04 45 and above 0 0%
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 94.5% respondents are between age 18-25,
2.2% are between 26-35, 3.3% are between 36-45 age group.
41
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
The educational qualification of the respondents is
classified into high school, bachelor’s degree, Master’s
degree TABLE 03:
04 Others 8 8.8%
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 3.3% respondents completed High school,
79.1% respondents completed Bachelor’s degree, 8.8% respondents completed Master’s
degree, and 8.8% respondents falls under other educational qualification.
OCCUPATION:
TABLE 04:
S.NO OCCUPATION NO. OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
01 Student 73 80.2%
04 Unemployed 06 6.6%
05 Other 03 3.3%
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 80.2% are students, 6.6% are private sector
employee, 3.3% are Government sector employee, 6.6% are employed, 3.3% falls under
other occupations.
MARITAL STATUS:
TABLE 05:
S.NO MARITAL NO. OF PERCENTAGE
STATUS RESPONDENTS
01 Unmarried 83 91.2%
02 Married 07 7.7%
03 Other 01 1.1%
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 91.2% respondents are unmarried, 7.7%
respondents are married, and 1.1% respondents falls under other.
THE HOUSE
01 2-4 59 64.8%
02 4-6 25 27.5%
03 6-10 05 5.5%
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 64.8% respondents’ family consists 2-4
members, 27.5% respondents’ family consists 4-6 members, 5.5% respondents’ family
consists 6-10 members, 2.2% respondents’ family consists more than 10 members.
SUPERMARKET
01 Weekly once 35 38.5%
month
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 38.5% respondents weekly once visit a
supermarket, 35.2% respondents monthly once visit a supermarket, 18.7% respondents
monthly twice visit supermarket, 1.10% respondents monthly 3 times visit a supermarket,
6.60% respondents visit supermarket more than 5 times a month.
HOW IS THE CUSTOMER SERVICE:
TABLE 08:
S.NO CUSTOMER NO. OF PERCENTAGE
SERVICE RESPONDENTS
01 Good 51 56%
03 Neutral 19 20.9%
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following it is interpretated that 56% respondents felt that the customer service is
good, 23.1% respondents felt that the customer service is very good, and 20.9% respondents
felt that the customer.
02 2000-5000 39 42.9%
03 5000-10000 16 17.6%
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 38.5% respondents spend below 2000 on the
household commodities, 42.9% respondents spend 2000-5000 on household commodities,
17.6% respondents spend 5000-10000 on household commodities, 1.1% respondents spend
above 10000 on household commodities on an average every month.
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 53.8% respondents utilizing the services of
supermarket for 1-2 years, 22% respondents utilizing the services of supermarket for 2-5
years,
24.2% respondents utilizing the services of supermarket for above 5 years.
TYPE OF PRODUCTS OR COMMODITIES THAT YOU GENERALLY BUY
IN A SUPERMARKET:
TABLE 11:
S.NO PRODUCTS NO. OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
01 Groceries 62 68.1%
02 Eatables 42 46.2%
03 Cosmetics 27 29.7%
04 Medicines 09 9.9%
07 Household 43 47.3%
Appliances
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 68.1% respondents buy groceries, 46.2%
respondents buy eatables, 29.7% respondents buy cosmetics, 9.9% respondents buy
medicines,
44% respondents buy fruits and vegetables, 8.8% respondents buy baby products,
47.3% respondents buy household appliances from the supermarket.
HOW DO YOU SAVE FROM BUYING IN SUPERMARKETS:
TABLE 12:
S.NO SAVING PATTERN NO. OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated 67% respondents save from supermarket by
buying in bulk, 35.2% respondents save from supermarket by getting discounts, 16.5%
respondents save from supermarket by buying at sales offer or promotional offer, 29.7%
respondents save from supermarket by buying at market retail price.
WHICH TIME OF A MONTH DO YOU PREFER BUYING IN A
SUPERMARKET:
TABLE 13:
S.NO TIME OF BUYING NO. OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
01 Beginning of 43 47.3%
a month
TOTAL 91 100%
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 47.3% respondents prefer buying in a
supermarket at beginning of a month, 20.9% respondents prefer buying in a supermarket at
the middle of the month, 4.4% respondents prefer buying in a supermarket at the end of the
month, and 27.5% respondents prefer when the need arises.
REASONS FOR BUYING IN SUPERMARKET:
TABLE 14:
REASONS AGREE STRONGLY NEUTRAL STRONGLY DISAGREE
AGREE DISAGREE
Fixed Price 49 12 26 2 2
Freshness of 37 27 25 2 0
the product
Commodities 43 24 21 3 0
arranged
Availability of 43 27 18 2 1
brand
Self-service 43 27 19 2 0
facility
Door delivery 34 23 30 0 4
FIXED PRICE
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 54% respondents agree, 13% respondents
strongly agree, 29% respondents are neutral, 2% respondents strongly agree, 2% respondents
strongly disagree that fixed price is the reason for buying in supermarket.
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 40.65% respondents agree, 29.68%
respondents strongly agree, 27.48% respondents are neutral, and 2.19% respondents strongly
disagree that freshness of the product is the reason for buying in supermarket.
AVAILABILITY OF BRAND
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 47.26% respondents agree, 29.67%
respondents strongly agree, 19.79% respondents are neutral, 2.19% respondents strongly
disagree, and 1.09% respondent disagree that availability of the brand is the reason for
buying in the supermarket.
SELF-SERVICE FACILITY
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 47% respondents agree, 30% respondents
strongly agree, 21% respondents are neutral, and 2% respondents strongly disagree that
selfservice facility is the reason for buying in the supermarket.
DOOR DELIVERY
INTERPRETATION:
From the following data it is interpretated that 37% respondents agree, 25% respondents
strongly agree, 33% respondents are neutral, 4% respondents disagree that door delivery is
the reason for buying in the supermarket.
CHAPTER – IV
CONCLUSIONS
FINDINGS
• 50.5% respondents are male compared to female respondents.
• 94.5% of the respondents lie between the age of 18-25. This shows that male
and young aged people take part in surveys actively without any hesitation.
• 79.1% of the respondents pursued Bachelor's degree.
• 64.8% respondents are from a family that contains 2-4 members.
• 91.2% respondents are Unmarried.
• 38.5% respondents visit supermarket weekly once. This shows that people
buy from supermarkets frequently.
• 56% respondents liked the customer service provided by the supermarket.
This shows that customer services provided by the supermarket is Good.
• 42.9% respondents spend Rs.2000-4000 on household commodities on an
average every month. This shows that people prefer buying in supermarkets
as it reduces the cost of buying than at retail store.
• The results show that most of the respondents have been utilizing the services
of supermarkets between 1 to 2 years.
• 68.1% respondents buy Groceries followed by household appliances at 47.3%.
This shows that people buy more groceries in the supermarket than at the
small store.
• The respondents save money by buying in bulk and buying at retail price from
the supermarkets.
• 47.3% respondents prefer buying in the supermarkets at the beginning of the
month.
• Majority of the respondents have agreed that the reasons for buying in
supermarket are fixed price, freshness of the product, commodities arranged
neatly, availability of branded item, self-service facility and door delivery.
SUGGESTIONS
1. The lack of awareness on supermarket features to villagers and illiterate people, that
should be rectified.
2. If Basic needs of the customers can be fulfilled, they will visit supermarket regularly
than buying at a retail store.
3. If supermarket facilitates fast moving goods that will regulate the customers to buy
on daily basis.
4. Majority of the respondents visit the supermarket once in a week. To increase
consumer visit to supermarket retailers can announce attractive offers and price discounts
frequently.
CONCLUSION
The retail sector is one of the most dynamic growing sectors in recent years as it also helps to
boost the economy of our country. Consumers are the backbone of success in any retail
industry. In such a scenario, it is important for retail industries to understand clearly about
the changing demands and preferences of consumers. The researcher has collected data such
as, number of times consumers visit supermarkets in a month, purpose of their visit, types of
products they buy, time and amount spent in supermarkets etc. These data will be helpful for
the retailers to understand the consumer behavior towards supermarkets. The analysis
revealed at the initial stage, the consumer behavior is well inclined towards analyzing the
service quality of service provider and it is followed by satisfaction level of their services,
creating loyalty in their mind and are taking all strategies for the further the purchase
intention. The consumer psychology is always expecting full transparency, perfect services,
quick services and customer convenience. In the perception of buyers all the service
dimensions of supermarkets are good; but their expectations are higher than the actual
service qualities of supermarket, actually exists, that is the expectations of buyers are not
fulfilled to some extent.
REFERENCES:
1. https://www.wikipedia.org/
2. https://scholar.google.com/
3. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/
4. Alemu, MH, Olsen, SB, Vedel, SE, Pambo, KO & Owino, VO 2017, „Combining product attributes
with recommendation and shopping location attributes to assess consumer preferences for
insect-based food products‟, Food Quality and Preference.
5. Alnahhal, M & Noche, B 2015, „A genetic algorithm for supermarket location problem‟,
Assembly Automation.
6. Baltas, G & Papastathopoulou, P 2003, „Shopper characteristics, product and store choice
criteria: a survey in the Greek grocery sector‟, International Journal of Retail & Distribution
Management.
7. Carpenter, JM & Moore, M 2006, „Consumer demographics, store attributes and retail format
choice in the US grocery market‟, International Journal of Retail & Distribution
Management.
QUESTIONS INCLUDED IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE
1) Name
2) Gender
a) Male
b) Female
c) Others
3) Email
4) Age group
a) 18-25
b) 26-35
c) 36-45
d) 45 and above
5) Educational Qualification
a) High school
b) Bachelor’s degree
c) Master’s degree
d) Ph. D or Higher
e) Other
6) Occupation
a) Student
b) Private sector employee
c) Government sector employee
d) Unemployed
e) Other
7) Marital Status
a) Single
b) Married
c) Other
11) How much do you spend on household commodities on an average every month?
a) Below 2000
b) 2000-5000
c) 5000-10000
d) 10000 and above
12) How long you have been utilizing the services of supermarket?
a) Between 1-2 years
b) Between 2-5 years
c) Above 5 years