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Effective Tricycle Maintenance Strategy in a Growing Economy: Case

Study of Selected Brands
Onyeka M. Abasili1, Ugochukwu C. Okonkwo2*, Sunday Iweriolor3
1
Postgraduate Student, 2Associate Professor, 3Lecturer
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delta, Agbor, Nigeria
*
Corresponding Author: cu.okonkwo@unizik.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
The adoption of an effective tricycle
maintenance strategy had been seen as an
anchor that would go a long way in halting
economic recession. The incessant breakdown
of tricycles and associated economic
consequences motivated the study.
Performances of different brands of tricycles
that include: Bajaj 2s (two-stroke), Bajaj 4s
(four strokes), Tvs King, Piago and Innoson
were evaluated. Primary data was obtained
from both maintenance workshops and
tricycle operators in Ekwulobia, Anambra
State of Nigeria. Secondary data were equally
considered. Evaluations made within 3 weeks
of continuous engagements revealed a
decrease in failure rate from 0.05 to 0.01, a
decrease in probability density function from
0.05 to 0.01, and increase in reliability from
0.87 to 0.89. After 24 weeks, the failure rate
increased from 0.01 to 0.13, the probability
density function increased from 0.01 to 0.119
and reliability decreased from 0.89 to 0.1.
Meantime between failures of 8.4309 weeks
was hence computed. Procurement of tools
worth N13,930 along with the acquisition of
requisite maintenance training was proffered
to save maintenance deficit of N91,000,
N345,500, N121,500, N471,700, N318,600 and
down time cost of N63,000, N432,000,
N89,000, N592,000 and N273,000 for Bajaj 2s,
Bajaj 4s, Tvs King, Piago and Innoson
tricycles, respectively. Achievements of the
study would enable tricycle manufacturers to
upgrade their rendered services.
Keywords- Down time cost, Failure rate,
Maintenance schedule, Meantime between
failures, Reliability, Troubleshooting
INTRODUCTION
Mechanical Engineering Maintenance
involved all activities that are intended to restore
or maintain the acceptable working conditions of
any facility [1-3]. Sivaranjith [4] defined
maintenance as efforts taken to keep the
condition and performance of a machine always
like the condition and performance of the
machine when it is still new. Warranty assurance
on any facility; depend on the working
conditions and evenness in maintaining the
various parts.
Effective maintenance strategy makes
one stay ahead of any imminent problem [5]. Wu
[6] opined that maintenance reduces equipment
down time, improves asset lifespan and
efficiency. Different companies apply different
maintenance techniques. Sometimes
maintenance strategies to be adopted depend on
the facility and working conditions of the
facility. Whichever be the case, durability still
depends on maintainability [7,8].
Maintenance strategy for engineering
equipment could be subdivided into several
types as enumerated by different authors while
the message still converges at a central point of
view. Maintenance activities could be basically
divided into planned and unplanned maintenance
[4,9,10]. While planned maintenance is
scheduled as expected, unplanned maintenance
is totally unexpected. Planned maintenance is of
two types that included preventive maintenance
and unscheduled maintenance [11]. Preventive
maintenance is a systematic approach to building
operations that aims to predict and prevent
catastrophic equipment failures before they
occur [12,13]. Upkeep Maintenance
Management [14] classified preventive
maintenance into calendar-based maintenance
and usage-based maintenance. Calendar based
could in other words be time-based while usage-

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based could be condition monitored based or
condition based. Conversely, in line with
Maintain X [15], breakdown maintenance could
be an unpleasant maintenance that resulted from
continuous use of a part, machine, unit or device
until it breaks down and needs to be repaired or
replaced. It is sometimes referred to as reactive
or corrective maintenance [15].
Tricycle transport had a continuous job
opening for the teeming youth. Premium Times
[16] stated that Nigeria has 8 million registered
Okada (commercial motorcycle) riders. Then the
ban on Okada in major commercial cities of
Nigeria was not well felt due to the fact that
most of the riders were converted into tricycle
riders. Jubrilla and Fashola [17] confirmed that
by stating that tricycle means of transport in
Adamawa state has increased the income of
youth through generation of employment
opportunities and it has also reduced the rate of
accidents compared to Okada. Furthermore,
Bamidele [18] has it that “Keke Napep
(commercial tricycle) Union” are becoming
second arms of political parties, forming strong
pressure influences and “stated group”, which
can be motivated by politicians to attain political
gains. Irrespective of all efforts to mitigate the
situation, the unemployment rate for ages
between 15–64 years in Nigeria in 2021 is
32.5% and in 2022 is 33% [19]. The national
Bureau of Statistics [20] broke it down by
stating that 42.5% of the unemployed
percentages are youth and that attracted national
interest. In a quest to determine a viable
employment option for the teeming youth,
Onyeachonam [21] observed that an investment
of 300,000 naira on tricycle could yield 120,000
naira monthly and even more. The observation
was supported by the report presented by Shaibu
and Ibrahim [22], that over 921 billion naira
revenue is being generated annually from keke
riding in Kano while it employs over 100,000
persons. Attributes of tricycle business towards
economic growth could not be over emphasized,
although still being weakened by the associated
challenges. Olawuyi [23] had reported that
tricycle riders bemoaned that the high cost of
spare parts and maintenance cost is driving
tricycle riders out of the business. Muhammad
[24] had earlier revealed some challenges that
associated with tricycle usage such as lack of
terminal parking facilities, high cost of spare
parts and tricycles, conflict with other public
transport modes, bad road conditions, high
vulnerability of the mode on the part of the
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operator that are not trained on the job before
embarking on the business and so on. His
approach was based on condition monitored
maintenance. In order to arrest the situation,
Hettinga [25] analyzed the interaction between
the steps the tricycle users need to take in
tricycle operations. The tasks that included
parking, loading, off-loading and working hours,
He presented the evaluation to Van Raam
servicing firm to ensure satisfaction of the
intended users. His approach was based on
design and maintenance. Sun News [26]
gathered that the National Automotive Design
and Development Council (NADDC) had trained
12000 youths on the repair and maintenance of
tricycles as part of measures to enhance their
livelihoods. According to Sun News, the
Council’s Director General Mr Jelani Aliyu said
that the training would assist to produce more
competent craftsmen that would not only
become self-reliant, but also become
entrepreneurs and employers of labour. The
training was organized by the council in
collaboration with Stallion Bajaj Auto-Keke
Group Mechatronics. In addition, the council did
not relent in training 86 motorcycle and tricycle
technicians in Gombe state [27].
There are different tricycle
manufacturers whose products are predominant
in Nigeria that include; TVS, Bajaj, Piaggo and
Innoson. Some of their products are four-strokes
while others are two-stroke-engines. The interest
of this report is captured on the effective
maintenance of four-Stroke TVS King tricycles
although most tricycles share similar
maintenance strategies in common.
Maintenance Criteria
● In order to embark on proper maintenance,
the interest of the user has to take
preference. Essence of tricycle
transportation in Nigeria is centered on
profit generation. Therefore, the cost of
preventive maintenance is not expected to
exceed the cost of repair or replacement for
a whole fiscal year.
● It should be of great interest to identify the
reliable source of standard spare parts
within the proximity.
● Damages should be avoided through
extreme carefulness in the course of
maintenance.
● Negligence on issues could cause serious
problems later.
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● Retraining of professionals would enable Bill of Quantities of Materials Required in

them to follow new trends or upgrades as
doubt is often better than over confidence.
● Plan for the tricycle to last beyond the
guarantee period.
● Tricycle usage in Nigeria is subject to
conditions beyond the manufacturer’s
product description. It is often over ladened,
extended hours of service with bad road
conditions.
Tricycle Maintenance
List of tools, frequently replaceable
spare parts and consumables that would be used
for the maintenance of the tricycles for a
contract period along with the budgets were
shown on Table 1.

Table 1: List of tools, spare parts and consumables.

Quantity Unit Price Total
S.No. Description of Tools
Proposed (Naira) (Naira)
Double-end-flat spanner
1 2 sets 200 400
10mm-12mm
2 Socket spanner 10mm 1 set 150 150
3 Socket spanner 8mm 1 set 130 130
4 Double-end-flat spanner 8mm 1 set 100 100
5 Box spanner 16mm 1 set 250 250
6 Ring spanner 17mm 1 set 250 250
7 Flat screw driver 1 set 150 150
8 Star screwdriver 1 set 150 150
9 Flat-nose plier 1 set 400 400
10 Ball pien hammer 1 set 800 800
11 Anvil 50kg 1 set 5000 5000
12 Flat spanner 13mm 1 set 150 150
13 Flat spanner 14mm 1 set 150 150
14 Socket 21mm 1 set 450 450
15 Socket 22mm 1 set 450 450
16 Chisel 1 set 400 400
17 Jack 1 set 3500 3500
18 Razor 1 packet 100 100
19 Pin plier 1 set 450 450
20 Oil pan 1 set 150 150
21 Wire brush 1 set 150 150
22 Hand groove 1 set 200 200
Total 13930
Consumables
1 Fuel 10 liters/day 170
2 Lubrication oil 2 liters/ 2wk 2000
3 Grease 1 cup/month 950
4 Hydraulic 1 tin/3mth 900
5 Blue gum 1 tube 350
6 Acid 4 liters 1000
Spare Parts
1 Shaft hose rubber bellow 4 sets 600
2 Slider blocker 4 sets 300
3 Flange 4 sets 2500
4 Tube 3 sets 1000
5 Tyre 3 sets 11000
6 Oil filter 12 sets 300

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7 Air filter 2 sets 1500

8 36-bearing 1 set 1800
9 Complete gasket 1 set 2500
10 Complete oil seal 1 set 2800
11 Bulb 1 50
12 Fuse 3 sets 50
13 Gear cable 2 sets 2200
14 Brake shoe 2 pairs 2100
15 Brake pot 3 3500
16 Valve 1 2000
17 Shock absorber 1 9000
18 Odometer cable 1 1500
19 Clutch cable 2 sets 2200
20 Throttle cable 1 set 2500

Maintenance Methodology The success of maintenance starts with coupling

Methodology goes with a collection of
different methods along with the procedures and
steps taken or applied to meet up with the
product’s guarantee or ensure prolonged life of
the product. Different maintenance methods
applicable were treated in sections that followed.
Tricycle maintenance could be divided into three
stages, viz: pre usage stage, usage stage and post
usage stage.
accuracy. Part of the problem associated with
tricycle usage at an early stage of which some
laymen termed factory faults were inherited
from the errors made during the assembly of the
tricycle. An assembler is expected to be
fastidious in avoiding leakages both in fluid
channels and in flow of electrical charge. A
typical tricycle assembly site could be seen in
Fig. 1.

Pre Usage Stage

This is a stage when the tricycle is in

new condition; it has not been fully assembled.

Figure 1: Typical tricycle assembly site at Ekwulobia.

Usage Stage operator is expected to understand the tricycle

more than anybody. The operator is educated or
Following a total productive instructed on pre operation checks and safe
maintenance strategy, the operator has to be riding tips. Some of the pre-operation checks are
integrated in the maintenance process as the shown on Table 2.

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Table 2: Pre-operation checks and location.

S.No. Pre-Operation Check Location
Transmission and
1 Check the availability of oil up to the required level
Differential parts of engine
Check the petrol level and ensure compliance of fuel gauge
2 Fuel tank and Tell-tale lamp
with the corresponding quantity of fuel in the tank
Test the horn, brake lamp, head lamp (high beam and low Buttons, switches and
3
beam) and acid leakages battery
4 Check the indicators for warning signs Tell-tale lamp
Check on the tyre pressure, puncture or cracks and tightness
5 Tyre
of nuts
6 Check the plug cap contact Plug
Brake pedal, hydraulic
7 Check the effectiveness of brake and hydraulic leakages
channel and parts
Clutch, brake and throttle
8 Test the effectiveness of the cables to detect any cut
cable
9 Check grease sufficiency Flange and slider block

10 Check for smoothness of play and looseness Steering and suspension

Head lamp, rear light and
11 Check the bulb’s functionality
flickers
12 Trace any looseness Bolt and nut

Engaging in pre operation checks helps Service Record Sheet

the operator to enjoy or use the tricycle with ease
at an early stage of usage. Then after some
periods of continuous usage it is expected that
other issues may arise that would attract the
attention of professionals. The first stage of
professional maintenance starts with assigning a
job card to each maintenance operation and
drafting service record sheet for each tricycle.
Proper records were needed to trace the
maintenance history of the tricycles. Sample of
service record sheet format that was issued to a
tricycle by a maintenance workshop is shown on
Table 3.

Table 3: Service record sheet format.

S. Odometer Reading Job Card No /
Description Remark / Comment
No. (km) Date
1 Every 2500 First service A01/11-4-2019 Engine oil replacement
Second
2 Every 5000 B05/25-4-2019 Tyre rotation
service
3 Every 5000 Third service A02/26-4-2019 Replacement of oil filter
Fourth
4 Every 10000 A04/24-5-2019 Replace spark plug
service
Decarbonisation of piston and
5 15000 Fifth service A10/22-6-2019
cylinder.
“ “ “ “ “

“ “ Nth service “ “

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Figure 2: Maintenance schedule of a particular tricycle in a day.

Consider the maintenance schedule was assigned, scheduled and organized in a

sample of a maintenance workshop that was
shown on Fig. 2 that displayed the daily
maintenance schedules. Strictness in observing
the maintenance plan will go a long way to
improving the engine performances.
Maintenance Project Plan and Execution
Consider the case of a piston
replacement plan that involved investment of
time, material and human resource. Each time
Gantt chart as presented in Fig. 3. Various
activities involved in piston replacement were
listed and scheduled. Expected time intervals
were planned while the actual intervals were
documented. The Date was equally planned
although some unforeseen circumstances
brought alterations that were recorded. The
Gantt chart went a long way to describe the
series of activities that are involved in piston
replacement along with the expected time
schedules.

Figure 3: Piston replacement plan.

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Troubleshooting Method process were well delineated for easier

Troubleshooting is carried out to detect
any fault that hinders the proper functioning of
the engine or component. The basic
troubleshooting tips that are utilized in a studied
maintenance workshop were presented in the
form of flow charts as represented in Fig. 4, 5, 6
and 7. The various stages involved in each
understanding. Functionality of any internal
combustion engine is based on indicated power
produced in the combustion of air/fuel mixture.
Any abnormality in the combustion process is
detrimental to the proper functioning of a normal
aspirated engine. The troubleshooting
procedures described formed the basic guide for
the tricycle maintenance process.

Start

Did Engine Refuel the tank

Start? Clean the Filter
Yes
No
No Yes

Is there fuel Is the fuel

Did fuel flow from No Yes N
in the tank? filter clogged?
tank to carburettor? o

Clean the jet Set properly Lock it

Yes
Yes No Yes
Is inlet
Did fuel flow from No Are jets No Yes Are there No
valve
carburetor to engine? blocked leakages?
open?
?

Yes
Yes
Maintain at
Did current Neutral
Is the ignition Yes flow to the No position and
faulty? spark ensure
plug? continuity

No

End

Figure 4: Troubleshoot flow chart for normal aspirated engine that refuse to start.

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Start

Inflate tyre Replace bearing

Did Engine pick up
after Starting?
Yes
Make Lubricate with
No adjustments Grease Yes
Yes
Yes

Is tyre Are there Are the

Are there free No Are the Yes No frictions at No No
pressure bearings
movements of brakes propeller?
low? seizing?
wheels? free?

Yes Adjust the free play Replace the clutch plate

N Yes
o
Yes Is the free Yes Are clutch plates
Did clutch No
play, burnt or worn
slip?
correct? out?

No

Is power
No Are the slider Yes Make
transfer to
blocks worn replacements
the wheels
out?
proper?

Yes No

Clean
carbon at
Are there
Is ignition No Yes Plug, adjust
partial
system contact gap
contacts?
proper? and
suppress
Yes No cap

End

Figure 5: Troubleshooting flow chart for engine that does not pick up well after starting.

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Start

Did Engine
Fix the leakages
Consume excess fuel?
No

Yes
Yes

Yes Is the leakage

Is there fuel leakage? from tank, host
and joints?

No

No
Release the choke Clean the filter

Yes Yes
Did engine
Yes run while No Is the air filter
Did carburettor choke?
clogged?
on choke?

No No

Is the plug Clean and

Is the spark Yes contact dirty or Yes reset the
plug faulty? wrong gapped? contact
No No

Is the tyre pressure No Inflate tyre

appropriate?

Yes
Repair and
Is Combustion Yes Is compression Yes replace
abnormal? inadequate? where
necessary
No No

End

Figure 6: Troubleshooting flow chart for correction of excessive fuel consumption.

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START

Is Electrical system Recharge the battery Service the wiper

No defective?

Yes No Yes

Is the wiper
motor functioning No Is battery Yes Is motor gear
properly? fully misaligned?
charged?
No

Yes
Replace the fuse Recharge the Repair or replace
Battery
Yes Yes
Yes

Did horn Is the Is the

No No No Is the horn
function fuse battery
properly? discharged? defective?
blown?
No

Yes
Replace the fuse Repair or replace

Yes Yes

Did light Is the

No No
function bulb fuse Is coil
well? blown? defective?
No

End

Figure 7: Troubleshooting flow chart for fixing electrical defects.

Failure Rate and Reliability Evaluation
Method
Based on the user’s point of view, ten
TVS King tricycles were tested in an accelerated
reliability evaluation. Each tricycle was operated
for 14 hours with respites per day. Based on the
failure to perform effectively criterion, failure
data obtained for the first six months of test of
the components / consumables engaged in the
operation of each tricycle per day includes; fuel,
oil, hydraulic, 10 bulbs, grease, horn, odometer
cord, odometer clock, tarpaulin, 4 shaft hoses, 4
slider blocks, 2 propeller shafts, 4 flanges, 3
tubes, 3 tyres, 4 indicators, 5 fuses, 3 pairs of
brake shoes, 3 brake pots, 14 bearings, an air
filter, fuel filter, 4 cables, 2 puppet valves, 9 oil
seals, Bendix, piston, plug and battery. The
failure data was recorded on a weekly basis for
an average of 900 replaceable components and
hence tabulated.

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( )

(1)

(2)

( ) (3)

( ) (4)

Tricycle Performance Evaluation Method
Ekwulobia transportation area of Aguata
Local Government of Anambra state of Nigeria
was taken as a study area. The types of tricycles
that operate between 2016 and 2017 are Bajaj 2s,
Bajaj 4s, Tvs King, Piago And innoson. Bajaj 2s
has two-stroke single cylinder engines whereas
the rest have four stroke engines. Performance
evaluations were made by comparing their
respective average monthly earnings along with
the associated maintenance expenses. The
primary data randomly obtained from various
operators were analysed although the human
factor was not kept constant but assumed to be
similar in the course of the study. The tricycles
considered were each studied from brand new
conditions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Failure data for tricycle components
were shown on the graph of Fig. 8, while the
graph of probability density function is shown
on Fig. 9 and the reliability plot is shown on Fig.
10.

0.14

0.12

0.1
Failure Rate

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (Week)

Figure 8: Graph of failure rate versus week.

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30

25
Time (Week)

20

15

10

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Probability Density Function

Figure 9: Graph of time versus probability function.

Figure 10: Graph of reliability versus failure rate.

Considering the graph of failure rate decrease from 0.05 to 0.01. This was observed
versus time as shown in Fig. 8, the failure rate due to manufacturing error, assembly
was generally high at week 1 which later irregularities, defective parts, omissions or

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operating the tricycle out of manufacturing
tolerance in line with [28]. Between week 2 and
week 6, the failure rate was at its lowest value of
between 0.01 and 0.02, and then remained nearly
constant based on the fact that good operating
and maintenance procedures had been applied.
This stage assists in modelling mathematical
repair frequency, spare parts inventory and
maintenance schedules. It was equally observed
that the failure rate increased progressively in
between 0.03 and 0.13 from week 7 to week 24.
This is because of ageing, material fatigue,
corrosion, contact wears and cracks. This then
called for regular inspection and maintenance.
Graph of probability function against time
interval involved as shown in Fig. 9, was used in
evaluating a situation in which the failure does
not follow a predictive pattern. Component’s
wear like fuse blown off occurs at will. Also,
when material’s failure occurred after some
operating conditions at an age. Reliability-failure
rate curve indicates the probability that a
particular component will perform without
failure under a specified condition for a specified
period of time. That followed a similar trend as
could be obtained in Fig. 8. Relationship
between failure rate and reliability was shown in
Fig. 10. It was observed that an increase in
Figure 11: Graph of income generated by different tricycle within a year.
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failure rate from 0.01 to 0.13 brought about a
decrease in reliability from 0.89 to 0.05. Higher
reliable parts last longer than lower reliable
spare parts.
Mean time between failures was used in
calculating the average length of time between
failures. Thus, 8.4309 weeks is the mean or
average time between two successive failures of
the system.
Performance evaluations made on the
studied tricycles by considering the rate of
generation of income and maintenance
expenditure involved are presented graphically
in Fig. 11 and 12. Fig. 11 presented the graph of
income generated from the enumerated tricycles
in monthly intervals. Within the first month of
engagement, Bajaj 2s was found to yield an
income of N512,000, Bajaj 4s yielded N820,000,
Tvs King yielded N812,000, Piago yielded
N982,000 and Innoson yielded N589,000. But as
engagement continued between sixth and twelfth
month, Bajaj 2s produced an income value of
N458,000, Bajaj 4s yielded N388,000, Tvs King
yielded N723,000, Piago Produced N390,000
while Innoson generated N316,000. Variations
observed in the income generation were directed
to the technical specifications of the tricycles.
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Figure 12: Graph of maintenance expenses involved in tricycle maintenance within a year.
The four stroke engines generated more
brake power than two stroke engines due to
higher combustion/thermal efficiency, therefore
running faster and engaging in more duty than
two stroke engines. Piago products have more
power advantage due to higher volumetric
efficiency and higher compression stroke. Bajaj
4s has larger thermal efficiency than Tvs King
due to possession of a double plug in a cylinder.
All the advantages reflected in their income
generation rate. Fig. 12, Presented the expenses
involved in their maintenance. Within the first
six months of continuous usage, Bajaj 2s
incurred maintenance expenses of N 62,000,
Bajaj 4s incurred N42,500, Tvs King incurred
N45,500, Piago incurred N45,300 and Innoson
incurred N35,400. As the usage continued for
next six months, Bajaj 2s accumulated
maintenance expenses of N153,000, that of Bajaj
4s was N388,000, Tvs King was N167,000,
Piago was N517,000 and Innoson incurred
N354,000. It was gathered that two stroke
engines required regular but less expensive
maintenance than four stroke engines. Piago,
Bajaj 4s and Innoson suffered the disadvantage
of inadequate availability of spare parts and
professionally trained personnel that could
effectively handle the associated problems. That
made their maintenance to be at high side and
equally geared towards higher depreciation rate.
Most of the mechanics and spare parts dealers
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within the region specialised in Tvs King and
Bajaj 2s and that made their maintenance to be
low compared with the rest.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, achievement of the
guaranteed period of any tricycle is subject to its
maintainability. Maintenance considered was
both preventive maintenance and breakdown
maintenance. The best approach to good
maintenance management is to list all
components and make a perfect schedule for
their respective maintenance. Maintenance
schedules were made based on Odometer
readings. Preventive maintenance would
increase machine utilisation and prolong the life
of the engine. Proper maintenance records
enabled meaningful forecasts on impending
faults and eased troubleshooting processes.
Evaluations made on the considered
maintenance contract revealed a MBTF of
8.4309 weeks and failure rate decreasing from
0.05 to 0.01 between 1 to 3 weeks and then
increased from 0.01 to 0.13 between 3 to 24
weeks, similar with probability density function.
Higher reliability items do not break down very
often, unless when they approach their wear-out
period. Effective implementation of maintenance
strategy would amount to higher initial
investment in the range of N62,000 for Bajaj 2s,
N42,500 for Bajaj 4s, N45,500 for Tvs King,
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N45,300 for Piago and N35,400 for Innoson but
save cost and generate bigger profit values of
N512,000, N820,000, N812,000, N982,000 and
N589,000 for Bajaj 2s, Bajaj 4s, Tvs King, Piago
and Innoson respectively after some usage
periods since the consequences of incessant
break down are too numerous to be mentioned.
Proper inventory control was considered to be
highly crucial in maintenance. In all situations,
safety is considered paramount.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to embark on effective
maintenance strategy, it is highly recommended
to:
● Consider maintainability before purchase of
any product.
● Ensure the availability of a reliable source
of spare parts of the product before
purchase.
● Be cautious of the availability of
experienced engineers that could handle
faults without causing damages to the
machine.
● Manufacturers should bring out time to
retrain engineers, technicians and
technologists before launching new
products.
The overall benefit of preventive maintenance
should be inculcated to the minds of any product
user.
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