New Era University

No. 9 Central Avenue, New Era

Quezon City 1107, Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

GROUP NO.1 3-CE2

ALAGAO, JAMES GASPADO, JUSTIN GAMBOA, ANDREA ANGELA

DE LEON, CARL JAZSON BRAZIL, EVANGELINE

CE 314–18
HIGHWAY & RAILROAD
ENGINEERING

Introduction to Highway and Railroad

Engineering
TOPIC 1

ENGR. MARCO T. NELMIDA

 MODULE 1:
Introduction to Highway and Railroad Engineering

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completing the module, the student should be able to,

1. Develop an understanding about the general knowledge of transportation and its importance.

2. To acquire knowledge of history of transportation.

3. To know the different modes of transportation.

4. Identify the characteristics of road and railway transport.

5. State the scope of highway, railway and traffic engineering.

OBJECTIVES

To give knowledge to all engineering students that we can use this for our future studies or majors it
is for our learning continuity. As we know, We have a lot of pending projects in our country that we
can continue to build that’s why it is important for us engineering student that we have knowledge
about this.

HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PHILIPPINES

The history of transportation in the Philippines is a rich and diverse one, shaped by the country's
geography, culture, and historical influences. It reflects the country's complex journey from pre
colonial times to the present day, with each era leaving its mark on the modes and infrastructure of
transportation. The ongoing development of transportation systems is essential to meet the demands
of a growing population and promote economic progress. Overall, pre-colonial transportation in the
Philippines was primarily based on the use of water and land, with a reliance on human and animal
power. These modes of transportation were essential to the daily lives of the indigenous population,
allowing them to travel for trade, commerce, and other activities.
Precolonial Transportation (Before 1521):

Prior to Spanish colonization, the indigenous peoples of the Philippines used various modes of
transportation, including wooden boats (balangay or barangay) for maritime travel between islands
and carabao-drawn carts (kariton) on land.

Spanish Colonial Era (1521-1898):

The Spanish colonial period introduced significant changes to transportation. The Spanish built roads,
bridges, and churches, often using forced labor (polos y servicios) to construct infrastructure.

American Colonial Era (1898-1946):

The introduction of American colonial rule brought modernization and improved transportation
infrastructure to the Philippines. They built roads, bridges, and ports to facilitate trade and military
access.Tram systems, like the Manila Electric Railway and Light Company (Meralco) tramline, were
established in major cities like Manila.

Japanese Occupation and World War II (1941-1945):

During World War II, transportation infrastructure suffered significant damage due to bombings and
military conflicts. The war disrupted transportation networks and led to a scarcity of vehicles and fuel.

Post-War and Independence (1946 onwards):

After gaining independence from the United States in 1946, the Philippines continued to invest in
transportation infrastructure. Roads and highways were expanded, and the road network was
improved.
• IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION

Transportation plays a major role in the daily life of human beings. It is necessary for things to be
moved around and as transportation systems have developed over time, the speed and efficiency of
these systems have improved drastically. The importance of transportation is showcased in how
individuals, businesses, and governments rely on it to access resources.

A society cannot function optimally if it does not have measures in place to facilitate transport. From
movement to work to travel around the world, being able to arrive at various places or deliver different
items on time is vital for overall productivity and sustainable development. People, resources, jobs,
and economies all need seamless movement to keep the entire world moving forward.

The importance of transportation cannot be overstated, as it is essential for economic growth and
social development. Efficient transportation systems facilitate trade and commerce, as well as provide
access to education, healthcare, and other essential services

Economic development - transportation enables the

movement of goods, services, and people, which is
essential for economic growth and development

Job creation - the transportation industry creates

employment opportunities in areas such as logistics,
manufacturing, and infrastructure development.

Accessibility- transportation provides people with

access to goods, services, and job opportunities,
thereby promoting social and economic inclusion
 Environmental sustainability efficient transportation
systems can reduce environmental pollution and greenhouse
gas emissions, promoting sustainability

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN PHILIPPINES

The Philippines' archipelago setting and the increasing urbanization of its population make
accessibility between, and mobility within, the islands the primary goals of the transport system.
Efficient transport is critical for strengthening the country's investment climate and enhancing
economic growth.

A transportation system, also known as a transport system or transportation network, is a complex

infrastructure designed to move people, goods, and vehicles from one location to another efficiently
and safely. Transportation systems are vital for the functioning of modern societies and economies,
as they enable mobility, trade, and access to various services. Transport systems have the function to
connect places and allow travel and exchange between those places. Economic benefits of transport
policies and schemes are today mainly evaluated based on econometric assessments of the
performance of travel itself
Highways (Roadways)

Highways are large, multilane roads designed to

carry high volumes of traffic over long
distances. They are typically constructed and
maintained by governments and are an
essential component of modern transportation
infrastructure. Here is a closer look at
highways, including their definition, uses, and
importance.

A highway is a public road designed for high-

speed vehicular traffic, usually consisting of
multiple lanes divided by a median or barrier. Highways are designed to facilitate fast and efficient
travel over long distances, with limited stops and no traffic lights or intersections.

Types of Highways

The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) in the Philippines classifies highways based
on their function, location, and design standards. Here are the five main types of highways based on
DPWH standards:

National Highways - These are major highways that

connect major cities and towns across the country. They
are usually constructed with multiple lanes and designed
to handle high volumes of traffic. National highways are
maintained and upgraded by the national government
through the DPWH

Regional Highways - These are highways that connect

various regions within a province or a group of
provinces. They are usually constructed with two or
more lanes and designed to handle moderate to high
volumes of traffic. Regional highways are maintained by
the DPWH regional offices.
 Provincial Roads - These are roads that connect
different towns and municipalities within a province.
They are usually constructed with one or two lanes

Railroads

Railroads, also known as railways, are a type

of transportation infrastructure that uses
tracks to guide trains or other vehicles. Here
is a closer look at railroads, including their
definition, types based on DPWH,
components, and importance.

Railroads are a type of transportation

infrastructure that uses tracks to guide trains
or other vehicles. They are typically
constructed and maintained by governments
or private companies and are designed to
carry passengers or cargo over long distances.

Types of Railroads

The DPWH in the Philippines classifies railroads into two main types:

Mainline Railroads- These are railroads that connect major cities or industrial areas and are used
primarily for long-distance transportation of passengers and goods. Mainline railroads are typically
operated by private companies and are subject to government regulation.

Industrial Railroads – These are railroads that are used primarily for transportation within industrial
facilities, such as factories or ports. Industrial railroads are typically owned and operated by private
companies.
Railroad Components

Railroads consist of several key components, including:

Tracks – These are the metal rails that guide trains

or other vehicles.

Rolling stock – This refers to the vehicles that run

on the tracks, such as locomotives, freight cars, or
passenger cars.

Station and terminals – are facilities designed to

serve as points of departure, arrival, transfer, or
interchange for various modes of transportation.

Signals - are devices used to communicate

information to train operators, ensuring the safe
and efficient movement of trains along the tracks.
Signals are an integral part of railroad operations
and help prevent accidents and collisions.
Uses of Transportation

Transportation is a vital part of modern life, and it has many uses. Here are some of the primary uses
of transportation.

Commuting: People use transportation to travel to and from work,

school, or other daily activities. This includes the use of cars,
buses, trains, and other forms of transportation to get from one
place to another.

Shipping and trade: Transportation is essential for shipping

goods from one location to another, both domestically and
internationally This includes the use of trucks, trains, ships, and
airplanes to move goods from manufacturers to retailers and
consumers

Travel and tourism: People use transportation to travel for

leisure or business purposes. This includes the use of planes,
trains, and automobiles to travel to different countries, cities, or
tourist destinations

Emergency response: Transportation is used for emergency

response, such as transporting patients to hospitals or moving
supplies and equipment during disasters and emergencies

Military operations: Military forces use transportation for the

movement of troops. supplies, and equipment This includes the
use of ships, planes, and other vehicles for logistical support and
deployment of troops
 Environmental protection: Transportation is used to reduce
environmental impacts, such as the use of electric cars or public
transportation to reduce emissions and promote sustainability.

• DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is the process of moving people, goods, and information from one location to another
using various modes like roads, vehicles, airplanes, ships, and more. It's crucial for enabling trade,
travel, and communication in modern society. There are numerous modes of transportation that
people use to move from one place to another.

Land transportation

Land transportation involves moving people and goods on the ground using vehicles like cars, buses,
trains, and bicycles. It's the most common way to travel within cities and regions. Land transportation
offers flexibility, accessibility, and various options for different distances and purposes.

Automobiles - Automobiles are vehicles powered by engines

that let them move on roads. They carry people and things,
making travel convenient. Cars come in many types and sizes,
and they've become essential for modern life, affecting how
cities are built and how we get around

Cars - Personal automobiles are a widely used mode of transportation for short and long distances.
They offer convenience and flexibility but contribute to traffic congestion and environmental pollution.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) - Electric cars and other electric vehicles are becoming more popular due to
their lower environmental impact compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles
 Autonomous Vehicles - Self-driving cars and autonomous
vehicles are being developed to navigate without human
intervention, potentially changing the way we travel.

Public transit - Public transit is a system of transportation that's shared by many people. Public
transit helps people move around cities without using personal cars, reducing traffic congestion and
pollution. It's a costn and pollution. It's a cost effective way to travel, especially for commuting and
short trips.

Bus - Buses provide public transportation services within cities

and between different regions. They are often an affordable and
accessible option for many people.

Ridesharing/Taxi - Ridesharing services like Uber and

traditional taxis provide on-demand transportation services using
private vehicles.

Bicycles and pedestrian

Bicycles and pedestrian transportation involve moving around using your own body power. Bicycles
are two-wheeled vehicles that you pedal, while pedestrian transportation simply means walking. They
help reduce traffic and contribute to a healthier environment.

Bicycle: Bicycles are eco-friendly and offer a healthy way to

travel short distances. They are commonly used for
commuting and recreation.
 Motorcycle/Scooter: Motorcycles and scooters are two-
wheeled vehicles that are used for personal transportation.
They are popular in many countries due to their efficiency in
traffic.

Walking: Walking is the most basic form of transportation

and is commonly used for short distances.

Rail transportation

Rail transportation often used for both short-distance commuting within cities and long-distance travel
between different regions. It's known for its efficiency, safety, and capacity to transport large numbers
of passengers and cargo.

Train: Trains are used for both short and long-distance travel.
They can be fast and efficient, particularly high-speed trains, and
are often used for commuting and intercity travel.

Subway/Metro: These are underground or elevated rail systems

found in many cities. They offer fast and efficient transportation
within urban areas, reducing traffic congestion.
 Tram/Light Rail: Trams and light rail systems run on tracks
embedded in city streets. They provide local transportation
within cities and are often used for short trips.

High-speed Rail: High-speed rail systems, like the

Shinkansen in Japan, offer exceptionally fast train travel
between cities. Also known as a bullet train that runs 320 km/h.

Air transportation

Air travel is a mode of transportation where people and cargo travel in airplanes. Air travel is essential
for connecting distant places around the world and is commonly used for business trips, vacations,
and emergencies. It's the fastest way to travel long distances.

Airplane: Air travel is the fastest mode for covering long distances.
Commercial airplanes connect cities and countries around the world.

Helicopter: Helicopters are used for both transportation and

emergency services due to their ability to take off and land vertically.
Water transportation

Water transportation is a method of moving people and goods using bodies of water like rivers, lakes,
seas, and oceans. Water transportation is crucial for international trade and travel, enabling the
movement of goods and people across long distances.

Boat/Ferry: Water transportation includes boats, ferries, and

ships, which are used for crossing rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Cruise Ship: Cruise ships are used for leisure travel and offer
various amenities and activities onboard
• CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD AND RAILWAY TRANSPORT

The qualities of road and railway transport play a big role in how well they work and how suitable they
are for different needs. Knowing about these qualities is important for deciding which mode of
transportation is the best fit for a particular situation.

Important characteristics of Road and Railways Transport

Cost-effective. Road transport is generally more cost-effective than

other modes of transportation, especially for short distances. It does
not require any special infrastructure and can use existing roads,
making it a relatively cheap mode of transportation.

Reliable. Road transport is usually more reliable than other modes of

transportation, especially for shorter distances. It is not affected by
weather conditions like air and sea transport and has more predictable
delivery times.

Accessible. Road transport is easily accessible and can be used by

anyone with a driver's license. It is also accessible to small
businesses and individuals who cannot afford other modes of
transportation.

Limited capacity. Road transport has limited capacity compared to

other modes of transportation. The amount of goods that can
transported in one trip is limited by the size and weight of the
vehicle.
 Environmental impact. Road transport has a significant
environmental impact. It contributes to air pollution, noise
pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions

Safety. Road transport has a higher risk of accidents compared

to other modes of transportation. However, road safety
measures such as speed limits, traffic lights, and road signs help
to mitigate this risk.

Effective for long distance travel

Using trains to move lots of stuff across big distances becomes

really good at getting the job done. The money spent on setting
up and keeping up the train tracks can be shared among more
goods, making each ton of stuff moved cost less for each mile it
travels.

To provide a hard, unyielding surface to carry wheels.

The main job of the rail is to hold the train wheels. These wheels
have a strong steel part that touches the rail. The rail needs to
be made from a tough and sturdy material. This is to make sure
it doesn't get dented or bent when the train's wheels press on it.

To be flexibility for the road transport

Moving things on roads is super adaptable and can get to far-off

places that might not be reachable by other ways of moving stuff.
Roads can be constructed in almost any location, making it
possible to connect directly from one place to another.
SWOT ANALYSIS FOR LAND, AIR AND WATER TRANSPORTATION

 AIR TRANSPORTATION

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Efficiency for travel time The cost of the infrastructure, maintenance,
and aircraft in the air transport sector is
quite fixed.
Can travel almost any country in the world Geopolitical conflict, natural calamities, and
pandemics may all seriously disrupt the
business environment.
The industry's capabilities are continually Since air travel is an important contributor of
improved through advancements in aircraft greenhouse gas emissions, interest is
design, navigational technology, and increasing for it to adopt environmentally
operational effectiveness. friendly practices.
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Sustainable aerospace technology Demand may decline as a result of
development and adoption can expand economic cycles and recessions.
markets and lessen negative environmental
effects.
The rising demand for air travel in Operations and infrastructure can be
developing nations may be tapped into by disrupted by events and the consequences
airlines. of climate change.
Decision-making, operations, and customer Low-cost carriers may cause price
experiences may all be enhanced by digital competition and decreasing business
technology. margins.

 WATER TRANSPORTATION

STRENGTHS
In comparison to other forms of
transportation, ships and boats are often
more fuel-efficient and emit less pollutants
per ton-mile.
The accessibility of water transportation
makes it an essential component of
international trade and global supply
networks.
There are several well-established ports
and harbors with advanced facilities that
can handle a wide range of vessel sizes.
WEAKNESSES
Adverse weather can have an impact on
operations, causing delays and safety
issues.
Security issues and maritime piracy may be
quite dangerous in some areas.
Travel by water is often slower than travel
by air or by road, which may not be
acceptable for freight or persons that must
arrive on time.
 OPPORTUNITIES
A strategic opportunity may exist in
establishing operations to service
developing nations' expanding markets.
Environmental objectives can be achieved
through creating and implementing more
environmentally friendly ship designs,
alternative fuels, and emission reduction
technology.
Efficiency and safety may be improved by
utilizing technology for better route
planning, navigation, and cargo tracking.
 LAND TRANSPORTATION
STRENGTHS
Many areas have developed road and rail
networks that make it easier to move
people and commodities around.
Enables flexible routing and can adjust to
different demands for both freight and
passengers.
The most practical choice for short- to
medium-distance travel offers door-to-door
service.
OPPORTUNITIES
Technology may increase productivity and
safety, including driverless cars and traffic
management systems.
There is an increasing demand for effective
urban transportation solutions as more
people commute to metropolitan areas.
Projects related to infrastructure that
potentially result in network growth and
improvements are attracting more private
sector investors' attention.
THREATS
Natural catastrophes like hurricanes and
tsunamis can harm ports, ships, and
infrastructure.
Political unrest and territorial conflicts in
some areas can obstruct commerce and
shipping routes.
Conflicts over prices and overcapacity
among transportation businesses may
result from intense competition.
WEAKNESSES
Urban traffic congestion can cause delays
and higher operational expenses.
Safety concerns and accidents are a
continual worry, especially on the
roadways.
Pressure to lessen its environmental impact
is growing because to air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions.
THREATS
Operations and expenses may be impacted
by changes in rules relating to safety,
pollution, and other issues.
Rapid technology progress may upset
existing transportation models and need
huge financial investments.
Price wars and decreased profit margins
can result from competition among
transportation companies.
• SCOPE OF HIGHWAY, RAILWAY AND TRAFFiC ENGINEERING

Highway Engineering

Highway engineering primarily deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of road networks,
including highways, expressways, streets, and rural roads.

Road Network Planning and Design: Highway

engineers plan and design road networks, including
local roads, highways, expressways, and bridges.
Their designs consider factors such as traffic flow,
safety, capacity, and sustainability.

Pavement Design: This involves designing durable

road surfaces (pavements) that can withstand traffic
loads and environmental conditions while providing a
safe and comfortable driving experience.

Traffic Engineering: Traffic engineers focus on

optimizing traffic flow, managing congestion, and
improving road safety through measures like traffic signals,
signage, and road markings.
Railway Engineering

Railway engineering focuses on the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of railway
systems, including tracks, stations, bridges, tunnels, and signaling systems

Track Design - Railway engineers design the layout

and alignment of railway tracks, including curves,
grades, and switches, to ensure safe and efficient
train movement. It's essential for creating a safe and
efficient transportation network that can
accommodate the movement of passengers and
freight.

Infrastructure Design - This includes the design of

railway stations, bridges, tunnels, and other
infrastructure components of the rail network.
Requires collaboration between civil engineers,
structural engineers, electrical engineers, and other
specialists.

Operations and Maintenance: Railway engineers

are involved in the planning and execution of railway
operations and maintenance activities to ensure the
safe and reliable operation of the rail network.
Traffic Engineering

Traffic engineering is concerned with the study of traffic flow, control, and management within
transportation networks

Traffic Flow Analysis - Studying traffic patterns and

flow to optimize road network performance. Typically
refers to a type of traffic signal or traffic control device
used to regulate the flow of traffic at intersections,
roadways, or other points where vehicles and
pedestrians interact.

Transportation Planning - Long-term planning to

accommodate future transportation needs and
developments in urban and regional areas. It is a crucial
aspect of urban and regional development that involves
the systematic and strategic assessment, design, and
management of transportation systems to meet the
mobility needs of people and goods efficiently, safely,
and sustainably.

Safety Measures - Safety measures in traffic

engineering are essential to minimize accidents and
ensure the safe and efficient flow of traffic on roads and
highways. Implementing safety measures such as speed
limits, road markings, and pedestrian crossings.

In summary, the scope of highway engineering, railway engineering, and traffic engineering
encompasses the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and management of transportation
infrastructure. These fields play a critical role in ensuring the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of
our transportation systems, which are essential for economic and social development.