MAJOR FEATURES OF GLYCOLYSIS,

KREBS CYCLE, ELECTRON

TRANSPORT SYSTEM, AND
CHEMIOSMOSIS
for General Biology 1- Grade 11
Quarter 2 / Week 4

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit (SLK) in General Biology 1 is

made to help you continue your learning about the
different major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron
transport system, and chemiosmosis.

It is our sincere aim to provide you with relevant

activities, exercises, and assessment that we believe would
be necessary in order for you to acquire the appropriate
information about the different major features of glycolysis,
Krebs cycle, electron transport system, and chemiosmosis.

Furthermore, this is made to help you enhance and

deepen your learning about adenosine triphosphate or ATP
and how it is produced and consumed. This would also
expound the concept of the role of oxygen in respiration
and describe pathways of electron flow in the absence of
oxygen.

The activities in this SLK are easily and carefully

made for you to enjoy while learning. Your eager and
active involvement in all these activities will really make a
difference for you.

2
 Lesson Major Features of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron
1
Transport System, and Chemiosmosis

OBJECTIVES:

K: identify the major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron

transport system, and chemiosmosis
S: explain the concept of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
system, and chemiosmosis
A: value the importance of knowing the major features of
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, and
chemiosmosis through illustration

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron

transport system, and chemiosmosis (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-8)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITY
Directions: Arrange the letters to form the correct word. Write
your answers on your answer sheet.

A. YRUTPEVA - __________________________
B. GYSILCLYOS - __________________________
C. MOSCMIOSIHES - __________________________
D. NDRITOCHOMIA - __________________________
E. AICEBRO RARESIOPITN - __________________________

3
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION

GLYCOLYSIS
 Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract
energy for cellular metabolism.
 Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an
energy-releasing phase.
 Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from
glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called
pyruvates.
 Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it
evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of
organisms alive today.
 Glycolysis is the central pathway for the glucose catabolism in
which glucose (6-carbon compound) is converted into
pyruvate (3-carbon compound).
 Glycolysis takes place in both aerobic and anaerobic
organisms and is the first step towards the metabolism of
glucose.

Source:

Figure 1. Glycolosis. Source: https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=glycolysis&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=

X&ved=2ahUKEwjLzYznq7jrAhXlyosBHQVoD_0Q_AUoAXoECBQQAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=Vi6hoDPp
WAWdYM

4
Highlights of Glycolysis

 The glycolytic sequence of reactions differs from one species to

the other in the mechanism of its regulation and the
subsequent metabolic fate of the pyruvate formed at the end
of the process.
 In aerobic organisms, glycolysis is the prelude to the citric acid
cycle and the electron transport chain, which together release
most of the energy contained in glucose.
 It is also referred to as Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas or EMP
pathway, in honor of the pioneer workers in the field.
 A summary of the process of glycolysis can be written as
follows:

C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ → 2C3H4O3 + 2H2O + 2ATP + 2NADH +

2H+

In words, the equation is written as:

Glucose + Adenosine diphosphate + Phosphate + Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide
↓
Pyruvate + Water + Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide + Hydrogen ions

 The following are the enzymes that catalyze different steps

throughout the process of glycolysis:

1. Hexokinase
2. Phosphoglucoisomerase
3. Phosphofructokinase
4. Aldolase
5. Phosphotriose isomerase
6. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
7. Phosphoglycerate kinase
8. Phosphoglycerate mutase
5
 9. Enolase
10. Pyruvate kinase

KREBS CYCLE
(Source: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/krebs.html)

The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and

generates a pool of chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2) from
the oxidation of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the
tricarboxylic acid cycle, is at the center of cellular metabolism,
playing a starring role in both the process of energy production and
biosynthesis. It finishes the sugar-breaking job started in glycolysis and
fuels the production of ATP in the process. It is also a central hub in
biosynthetic reactions, providing intermediates that are used to build
amino acids and other molecules. The citric acid cycle enzymes are
found in all cells that use oxygen, and even in some cells that don't.

Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbon

dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, a 2-carbon molecule. When acetyl-CoA
is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the Krebs cycle, chemical energy is
released and captured in the form of NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

Figure 2. Krebs cycle. Source: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellr

esp/krebs.html

6
Powerhouse of Energy

The citric acid cycle provides the electrons that fuel the
process of oxidative phosphorylation—our major source of ATP and
energy. As the acetyl group is broken down, electrons are stored in
the carrier NADH, and delivered to Complex I. These electrons then
fuel the production of a proton gradient by two proton
pumps: cytochrome bc1 and cytochrome c oxidase. This proton
gradient then powers the rotation of ATP synthase, building ATP. All
of this action occurs in our mitochondria—the citric acid cycle
enzymes are inside the mitochondria, and the protein pumps are in
the mitochondrial membrane.

Figure 3. Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle). Source: https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=krebs+

cycle+diagram&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7vsWAsLjrAhViL6YKHRmBBJ
oQ_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=576

ELECTRON TRANDSPORT SYSTEM

(Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-electron-transport-chain/)

The electron transport chain is the last component of aerobic

respiration and is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses
atmospheric oxygen. Oxygen continuously diffuses into plants; in

7
animals, it enters the body through the respiratory system. Electron
transport is a series of redox reactions that resemble a relay race or
bucket brigade in that electrons are passed rapidly from one
component to the next, to the endpoint of the chain where the
electrons reduce molecular oxygen, producing water. There are four
complexes composed of proteins, labeled I through IV, and the
aggregation of these four complexes, together with associated
mobile, accessory electron carriers, is called the electron transport
chain. The electron transport chain is present in multiple copies in the
inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma
membrane of prokaryotes. Note, however, that the electron
transport chain of prokaryotes may not require oxygen as some live
in anaerobic conditions. The common feature of all electron
transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a
proton gradient across a membrane.

Figure 4. Electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is a series of electron transporters
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and
FADH2 to molecular oxygen. In the process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix
to the intermembrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water.
Source: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/oxidative.html

8
CHEMIOSMOSIS

(Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-nmbiology1/chapter/atp-in-living-systems/)

In chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of redox

reactions just described is used to pump hydrogen ions (protons)
across the membrane. The uneven distribution of H+ ions across the
membrane establishes both concentration and electrical gradients
(thus, an electrochemical gradient), owing to the hydrogen ions’
positive charge and their aggregation on one side of the
membrane.
If the membrane were open to diffusion by the hydrogen ions,
the ions would tend to diffuse back across into the matrix, driven by
their electrochemical gradient. Recall that many ions cannot diffuse
through the nonpolar regions of phospholipid membranes without
the aid of ion channels. Similarly, hydrogen ions in the matrix space
can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane through
an integral membrane protein called ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis is used to generate 90% of the ATP made during
aerobic glucose catabolism; it is also the method used in the light
reactions of photosynthesis to harness the energy of sunlight in the
process of photophosphorylation. Recall that the production of ATP
using the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria is called oxidative
phosphorylation.
The overall result of these reactions is the production of ATP
from the energy of the electrons removed from hydrogen atoms.
These atoms were originally part of a glucose molecule. At the end
of the pathway, the electrons are used to reduce an oxygen
molecule to oxygen ions. The extra electrons on the oxygen attract
hydrogen ions (protons) from the surrounding medium, and water is
formed.

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency for cellular

processes. ATP provides the energy for both energy-consuming
endergonic reactions and energy-releasing exergonic reactions,
9
which require a small input of activation energy. When the chemical
bonds within ATP are broken, energy is released and can be
harnessed for cellular work. The more bonds in a molecule, the more
potential energy it contains. Because the bond in ATP is so easily
broken and reformed, ATP is like a rechargeable battery that powers
cellular process ranging from DNA replication to protein synthesis.
When ATP is broken down, usually by the removal of its terminal
phosphate group, energy is released. The energy is used to do work
by the cell, usually by the released phosphate binding to another
molecule, activating it. For example, in the mechanical work of
muscle contraction, ATP supplies the energy to move the contractile
muscle proteins. Recall the active transport work of the sodium-
potassium pump in cell membranes. ATP alters the structure of the
integral protein that functions as the pump, changing its affinity for
sodium and potassium. In this way, the cell performs work, pumping
ions against their electrochemical gradients.
ACTIVITY
Directions: Analyze the images and statements below. Then, answer
the questions that follow. (5 points each)

A.

Figure 5. ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H+) gradient to form
ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). (Credit: modification of work by Klaus Hoffmeier)

10
Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an uncoupler that makes the inner
mitochondrial membrane leaky to protons. It was used until 1938 as a
weight-loss drug. What effect would you expect DNP to have on the
change in pH across the inner mitochondrial membrane? Why do
you think this might be an effective weight loss drug?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________

B.

Figure 6. In oxidative phosphorylation, the pH gradient formed by the electron transport chain is
used by ATP synthase to form ATP.

Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the

electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you
expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or
decrease? What effect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis?
11
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________

III. WHAT HAVE I LEARNED

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if

incorrect.

1. ATP provides the energy for both energy-consuming endergonic

reactions and energy-releasing exergonic reactions.
2. Chemiosmosis is used to generate 80% of the ATP made during
aerobic glucose catabolism.
3. The citric acid cycle provides the electrons that fuel the process of
oxidative phosphorylation.
4. The electron transport chain is the first component of aerobic
respiration and is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses
atmospheric oxygen.
5. In aerobic organisms, glycolysis is the prelude to the citric acid
cycle and the electron transport chain, which together release
most of the energy contained in glucose.
6. The electron transport chain is present in multiple copies in the
inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma
membrane of prokaryotes.
7. Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose
by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
8. The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle or the
tricarboxylic acid cycle.
9. The common feature of all electron transport chains is the
presence of a proton pump to create a proton gradient across a
membrane.
12
10. In chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of redox
reactions just described is used to pump hydrogen ions (protons)
across the membrane.

13
REFERENCES
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=glycolysis&source=lnms&tbm=isch
&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLzYznq7jrAhXlyosBHQVoD_0Q_AUoAXoECBQQAw&
biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=Vi6hoDPpWAWdYM

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=diagram+glycolysis&tbm=isch&hl=
en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji1Ojpq7jrAhVGb5QKHbU8BuEQrNwCKAB6BQgBEI
AC&biw=1349&bih=576#imgrc=ZdvbUkJ1t0hKtM

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=krebs+cycle+diagram&hl=en&sou
rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7vsWAsLjrAhViL6YKHRmBBJoQ_
AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=576
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-
fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/kre
bs.html

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/oxi
dative.html
https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/154

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-
electron-transport-chain/

14
SYNOPSIS
This self-learning kit (SLK) targets
on the different major features of
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
system, and chemiosmosis. It will help
learners distinguish the process of each
with the aid of illustrations.

This SLK provides various exercises

that will deepen learners’ understanding
on the lesson.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO, RN, LPT is a Registered Nurse and a

Licensed Professional Teacher. She is currently teaching in
the Senior High School Department at Ong Che Tee
Bacong High School, Sacsac, Bacong, Negros Oriental.
She completed her Comprehensive Academic
Requirements (CAR) in Master of Education major in
General Science at Foundation University.

15
 Lesson
2 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

OBJECTIVES:

K: define adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

S: explain the reactions that produce and consume ATP
A: appreciate the importance of the reactions that produce and
consume ATP by listing the function and molecular composition

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Describe reactions that produce and consume ATP (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-9)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

ATP is an unstable molecule which

hydrolyzes to ADP and inorganic
phosphate when it is in equilibrium
with water. The high energy of this
molecule comes from the two
high-energy phosphate bonds.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/adenosine-triphosphate

16
PRE-ACTIVITY

Directions: Arrange the phrases inside the box to form the exact definition
of ATP. (10 points)

of all living things

and captures chemical energy
energy-carrying molecule
found in the cells
obtain from the breakdown of food
molecules

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE - ______________ ________________

______________ _________________ _______________ .

II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION
Key Points
 Adenosine triphosphate is composed of the nitrogenous base
adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups.
 ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP in the reaction ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + free
energy; the calculated ∆G for the hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP is −57
kJ/mol.
 ADP is combined with a phosphate to form ATP in the reaction
ADP + Pi + free energy → ATP + H2O.

 The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is used to
perform cellular work, usually by coupling the exergonic reaction of
ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions.

17
  Sodium-potassium pumps use the energy derived from exergonic
ATP hydrolysis to pump sodium and potassium ions across the cell
membrane while phosphorylation drives the endergonic reaction.

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency for cellular

processes. ATP provides the energy for both energy-consuming
endergonic reactions and energy-releasing exergonic reactions, which
require a small input of activation energy. When the chemical bonds
within ATP are broken, energy is released and can be harnessed for
cellular work.

Molecular Structure

ATP is comprised of the molecule adenosine bound to three

phosphate groups. Adenosine is a nucleoside consisting of the
nitrogenous base adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose. The three
phosphate groups, in order of closest to furthest from the ribose sugar, are
labeled alpha, beta, and gamma.

Figure 1. An ATP molecule. Source: https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=ATP&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved

=2ahUKEwi1m5P5idTrAhXBIqYKHZFkCUkQ_AUoAnoECBwQBA&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=OphvcRaPfbM_1M

18
Functions of ATP

Energy Source

ATP is the main carrier of energy that is used for all cellular activities.
When ATP is hydrolyzed and converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP),
energy is released. The removal of one phosphate group releases 7.3
kilocalories per mole, or 30.6 kilojoules per mole, under standard
conditions. This energy powers all reactions that take place inside the cell.
ADP can also be converted back into ATP so that the energy is available
for other cellular reactions.

ATP is produced through several different methods.

Photophosphorylation is a method specific to plants and cyanobacteria.
It is the creation of ATP from ADP using energy from sunlight, and occurs
during photosynthesis. ATP is also formed from the process of cellular
respiration in the mitochondria of a cell. This can be through aerobic
respiration, which requires oxygen, or anaerobic respiration, which does
not. Aerobic respiration produces ATP (along with carbon dioxide and
water) from glucose and oxygen. Anaerobic respiration uses chemicals
other than oxygen, and this process is primarily used by archaea
and bacteria that live in anaerobic environments. Fermentation is another
way of producing ATP that does not require oxygen; it is different from
anaerobic respiration because it does not use an electron transport
chain. Yeast and bacteria are examples of organisms that use
fermentation to generate ATP.

Signal Transduction

ATP is a signaling molecule used for cell communication. Kinases,

which are enzymes that phosphorylate molecules, use ATP as a source of
phosphate groups. Kinases are important for signal transduction, which is
how a physical or chemical signal is transmitted from receptors on the
outside of the cell to the inside of the cell. Once the signal is inside the

19
cell, the cell can respond appropriately. Cells may be given signals to
grow, metabolize, differentiate into specific types, or even die.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is sometimes also known as

adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), especially in chemistry, has already
been mentioned in this article. It differs from ATP because it has two
phosphate groups. ATP becomes ADP with the loss of a phosphate group,
and this reaction releases energy. ADP itself is formed from AMP. Cycling
between ADP and ATP during cellular respiration gives cells the energy
needed to carry out cellular activities.

Figure 2. Conversion of ATP to ADP.

Source: https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=atp+in+biology&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=IZNZJM
oauKYLCM%252CUUn3s-SRKuRpjM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRA1vHcEfOHqWhC5L4DHAOacTQekA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPo6H1ktTrAhUIrpQKHUxdAQoQ_h16BAgQE
Ak#imgrc=IZNZJMoauKYLCM

20
Figure 3. Relationship between ATP and ADP.
Source: https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=ATP&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1m5P5idTrAhXBI
qYKHZFkCUkQ_AUoAnoECBwQBA&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=gGBxiJErbe0MLM

ACTIVITY
Directions: List down the importance of ATP in a cell. (2 points each)

ATP

21
III. WHAT HAVE I LEARNED

Directions: Read each item carefully and write your answer on your
answer sheet. (2 points each)

1. In cellular respiration, which process produces the most ATP?

2. True or false: ATP may be used to regulate certain enzymes.

3. From one molecule of glucose, how many molecules of ATP will be

produced?

4. Where is ATP synthase located?

5. True or false: ATP is generated through substrate level

phosphorylation.

22
REFERENCES
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=ATP&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=
X&ved=2ahUKEwi1m5P5idTrAhXBIqYKHZFkCUkQ_AUoAnoECBwQBA&biw=
1366&bih=625#imgrc=OphvcRaPfbM_1M
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=ATP&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=
X&ved=2ahUKEwi1m5P5idTrAhXBIqYKHZFkCUkQ_AUoAnoECBwQBA&biw=
1366&bih=625#imgrc=gGBxiJErbe0MLM
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=atp+in+biology&tbm=isch&source
=iu&ictx=1&fir=IZNZJMoauKYLCM%252CUUn3s-
SRKuRpjM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRA1vHcEfOHqWhC5L4DHAOacTQekA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPo6H1ktTrAh
UIrpQKHUxdAQoQ_h16BAgQEAk#imgrc=IZNZJMoauKYLCM
https://www.britannica.com/science/adenosine-triphosphate

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/atp-
adenosine-triphosphate/

https://biologydictionary.net/atp/

23
SYNOPSIS

This self-learning kit (SLK) targets

on the production and consumption of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It also
discusses on the molecular composition of
ATP as well as how ATP is converted to
adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

This SLK provides various exercises

that can deepen learners’ understanding
on the lesson.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO, RN, LPT is a Registered Nurse and a

Licensed Professional Teacher. She is currently teaching in
the Senior High School Department at Ong Che Tee
Bacong High School, Sacsac, Bacong, Negros Oriental.
She completed her Comprehensive Academic
Requirements (CAR) in Master of Education major in
General Science at Foundation University.

24
 Lesson
3 Role of Oxygen

OBJECTIVES:

K: define oxygen, cellular respiration, and aerobic respiration

S: describe pathways of electron flow in the absence of
oxygen
A: appreciate the value of oxygen in our lives by giving its
importance

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe pathways of

electron flow in the absence of oxygen (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-10)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

We know that we need oxygen to live.

But why? This oxygen is an essential component
for the optimal production of usable energy
which occurs through cellular respiration.

Respiratory System
Source: https://www.google.com.ph/se
arch?q=role+of+oxygen+in+respiration+
and+describe+pathways&source=lnms&
tbm

25
PRE-ACTIVITY
Directions: Follow the breathing exercise for five times and answer the
questions that follow.

Source: https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=role+of+oxygen+in+respiration+and+describe+pathways&so
urce=lnms

Take a deep breath in and gently exhale for five times. Every day, all
day and all night, our lungs inhale and exhale air.

Questions:

A. What gas did you inhale? ______________

B. What gas did you exhale? ______________

C. What system in your body is responsible for breathing?

___________________

D. What do you call the process of breathing in and out?

________________

26
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION

Many people would answer that oxygen is needed to make

carbon dioxide, the gas exhaled or released by each of the respiratory
systems listed above. However, CO2 is a waste product.
There must be more to this story than just gas exchange with the
environment. You know that humans deprived of oxygen for more than
a few minutes will quickly become unconscious and die. Oxygen is the
final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain in the final step
of cellular respiration. Oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen
ions to produce water.
Breathing, also known as respiration, is essential for human life,
because the body cannot store oxygen for later use as it does food.
Respiration rate correlates with energy use, and that correlation reflects
the link between oxygen and energy metabolism.
For this reason, the chemical process inside your cells that
consume oxygen to produce usable energy is known as cellular
respiration. During this process, energy is converted from glucose, in the
presence of oxygen, into numerous ATP molecules. The glucose, of
course, comes from the food you eat. In biological terms, you do not
eat because you are hungry, you eat to get energy.
Cellular Respiration

Source: https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=role+of+oxygen+in+respiration+and+desc
ribe+pathways&source=lnms&tbm

27
 Cellular respiration is the process cells use to make energy. Our
body cells need oxygen to do this process, although other organisms,
like yeast or bacteria, don't always need it. Cellular respiration can
occur both aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without
oxygen).

All body cells engage in cellular respiration. They use oxygen and
glucose, a sugar found in the foods we eat and convert them to ATP
(adenosine triphosphate), or cellular energy, and carbon dioxide.
Although this process can be represented by a single equation, there
are actually many small steps that take place before we actually use
oxygen to get ATP.

The three stages of aerobic cellular respiration are glycolysis (an

anaerobic process), the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration refers to the metabolic pathways by which

organisms break down glucose to produce ATP. Respiration involves
four different pathways, each pathway feeding into the next.
Ultimately, respiration results in the complete oxidation of glucose and
the transfer of energy from the chemical bonds of glucose to the
chemical bonds of ATP.

Aerobic respiration happens in the presence of oxygen. In the

absence of oxygen, some organisms go through a process called
fermentation, which allows them to produce energy under anaerobic
conditions. Fermentation produces relatively less energy than
respiration, because fermentation does not result in the complete
oxidation of glucose.

Source:
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=inhale+and+exhale+exercise&tbm=isch&ved=2ah
UKEwizt7zulNTrAhVI5pQKHfVjDOgQ2-
28
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic

Reactants Glucose and oxygen Glucose

Products ATP, water, CO2 ATP and lactic acid (animals); or

ATP, ethanol, and CO2 (yeast)

Location Cytoplasm (glycolysis) and Cytoplasm

mitochondria

Stages Glycolysis (anaerobic), Krebs Glycolysis, fermentation

cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

ATP Large amount (36 ATP) Small amount (2 ATP)

produced

Metabolic Pathways

Metabolism refers to the sum total of the biochemical reactions

that take place within an organism. Metabolic reactions are useful
primarily for two reasons: 1) they allow energy to be stored, transferred
or released in useable amounts, and 2) they synthesize and break
down important carbon molecules, such as the 12 key intermediates
and macromolecules. Metabolic pathways occur in a series of enzyme-
catalyzed steps, so that small amounts of energy are invested or
released at each step. In addition, having multiple steps makes it
possible to more effectively control a pathway and allows more
flexibility to link to other metabolic pathways.

29
 Source: https://webpages.uidaho.edu/hartzell/biol115/t4_energy/lesson1.htm

Electron Transport Phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to specialized cell membranes,

where they are harvested to create ATP. Once the electrons are used,
they become depleted and must be removed from the body. Oxygen
is essential for this task. Used electrons bind with oxygen; these
molecules eventually bind with hydrogen to form water.

ACTIVITY
Directions: Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic
respiration using a VENN DIAGRAM. (15 points)

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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III. WHAT HAVE I LEARNED

Directions: Read each item carefully and write your answer on your
answer sheet.

________________ 1. What system is responsible for inhaling oxygen and

exhaling carbon dioxide?
________________ 2. What is present in aerobic respiration that cannot
be found in anaerobic respiration?
________________ 3. The three stages of aerobic cellular respiration
are glycolysis (an anaerobic process), the Krebs cycle, and...?
________________ 4. It is the final electron acceptor of the electron
transport chain in the final step of cellular respiration.
_________________5. It refers to the sum total of the biochemical
reactions that take place within an organism.
_________________6. It occurs in a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps, so
that small amounts of energy are invested or released at each step.

7-10. Metabolic reactions are useful primarily for two reasons: (2 points
each)
A. _________________________

B. _________________________

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SYNOPSIS

This self-learning kit (SLK) focuses on

the role of oxygen in respiration and the
pathways of electron flow in
the absence of oxygen. It elaborates on
the presence and absence of oxygen.

This SLK provides various activities

that will deepen learners’ understanding
on the lesson.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO, RN, LPT is a Registered Nurse and a

Licensed Professional Teacher. She is currently teaching in
the Senior High School Department at Ong Che Tee
Bacong High School, Sacsac, Bacong, Negros Oriental.
She completed her Comprehensive Academic
Requirements (CAR) in Master of Education major in
General Science at Foundation University.

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 Division of Negros Oriental

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, PhD, EdD, TM

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY, EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
EPS-Science/Math

ROSELA R. ABIERA
LR Manager

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian

MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO

Writer

KOREN O. BAL BUENA

Lay-out Artist

ALPHA QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM

LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
JOAN Y. BUBULI, EDD.
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
LIEZEL A. AGOR

BETA QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM

JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
PETER PAUL A. PATRON
JOGIE U. TOLEDO
MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM

DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning
modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully
researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were
clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is
subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

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