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CHEMISTRY
GRADE 9

PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

TOPIC: 1

NAME:……………………………………………………………..
CLASS:…………………………………………………………….
INDEX:…………………………………………………………….

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BRIGHTWAY
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
1. MATTER

 Matter is anything that occupies space and has a mass.

 Matter exists in three different states – solids, liquids and gases.

3.1 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

SOLIDS
LIQUIDS
Shape: has a fixed shape (used to build structures)
Shape: Not fixed, they flow and take up the shape of the
Volume: has a fixed volume container(flows along pipes- particles can move past one
another).
Density: high
Volume: has a fixed volume
Compressibility: cannot be compressed (little spac e
between particles Density: moderate

Compressibility: cannot be compressed (Particles are

close together and have very little space between them).
GASES

Shape: not fixed, takes up the shape of the container (particles can
can move past one another

Volume: not fixed, same as the volume of the container

Density: low

Compressibility: highly compressible (the particles are far apart

and have lots of space between them).

 When the particles of a substance gain or lose, the substance may change state.

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3.2 KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

The kinetic particle theory is a model used to explain the properties of matter.The main points
of this theory are:

(a) All matter is made up of tiny discrete particles

Different substances have different types of particles with different sizes.

(b) The particles are always in constant motion

Solid- vibration at fixed point.
Liquid- loosely packed.
Gas- random movement

(c) The kinetic energy of the particles changes with temperature

The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move.
At a fixed temperature, lighter particles move faster than heavier particles

(d) The average kinetic energy of all particles is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature.
At a fixed temperature, all particles of a substance do not have the same kinetic
energy. Some particles have very high kinetic energies, while some have moderate
energies and others have low energies.

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The arrangement and movement of these particles in the three states are summarized in the
table.

Properties Solids Liquids Gases

Arrangement of
particles

Loosely packed in a Random and very far

Closely packed in an disorderly apart in a disorderly
orderly arrangement arrangement manner
Forces of attraction
between the Very strong strong Very weak
particles

Vibrates about a fixed

point; vibrations
increases with
Move about at great
Movement of increase in Roll and slide past each
speeds in random
particles temperature. other
motion

More energy than

Less energy than More energy than
Energy of particles solids but less than
liquids solids or liquids
gases

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3.3 INTERCONVERSION BETWEEN STATES OF MATTER

3.3.1 MELTING

 When a solid is heated its particles gain more kinetic energy and begin to vibrate more.
 At the melting point the particles have gained enough energy to overcome the attractive forces
between the particles and break away from their fixed positions forming a liquid.

 The process where solid changes to a liquid is known as melting.

 The temperature at which the solid changes to a liquid is known as melting point

3.3.2 BOILING

 When a liquid is heated the particles gain more kinetic energy and they move faster.
 At the boiling point the particles have gained enough energy to overcome the attractive forces
between particles and break free from one another. This process is known as boiling
 The temperature at which liquid changes to gas is known as boiling point.

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3.3.3 CONDENSATION

 When the gas is cooled the particles lose their heat energy and move slowly.
 The attractive forces of the particles are now able to draw the particles closer together.
 Eventually the force of attraction condenses the particles forming a liquid
The process where a gas changes to a liquid is known as condensation

3.3.4 FREEZING

 When the liquid is further cooled, more energy is lost and the particles slow down further.
 The attractive forces of the particles are now able to stop the particles from moving freely.
 Thus a solid is formed. This process is known as freezing and the temperature at which this
process takes place is called freezing point.
 The freezing point is same as the melting point for a pure substance.

3.3.5 SUBLIMATION

 It is a process by which there is a direct change from solid to a gas or a gas to a solid without
passing through the liquid state.

3.3.6 DIFFERENCES BETW EEN BOILING AND EVAPORATION

BOILING EVAPORATION

Occurs at a fixed and constant

Occurs at any temperature
temperature

Fast process Slow process

Occurs throughout the liquid that is Occurs first from the surface of the
being boiled liquid

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3.4 DETERMINING THE PHYSICAL STATE OF

MATTER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

The physical state of matter can be

worked out from the melting point
and the boilingpoint using simple
set of rules.

 If a substance is a solid, its melting point and boiling point will be higher than
room temperature (25°C).
 If a substance is a liquid, its melting point is lower than room temperature but
the boiling point is higher than room temperature.
 If a substance is a gas, its melting point and boiling point will be lower than room
temperature.

Boiling point

Melting point
8

Time

3.5 CRITERIA FOR PURITY CHECKING

 Purity is checked by examining the physical properties of a substance like melting point,
boiling point, freezing point, condensation point and chromatography.
 Pure substances have sharp melting and boiling point.
 Impure substance will lower the melting point and increases the boiling point.
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DIFFUSION

1.2 DIFFUSION

Diffusion DOES NOT

occur in solids. The
solid particles can only
vibrate; they cannot Diffusion is an indirect
move past each other or way to prove that matter
Diffusion is the spread apart. is made up of particles.

random movement The kinetic theory,

of particles from a based on the idea of
particles moving, is the
region of higher
only way of explaining
concentration to a Diffusion takes place the process of diffusion
region of lower in liquids and gases

concentration until
they spread evenly.

Diffusion in liquids is much slower than in gases,

because the particles move much more slowly in
liquids while gas particles are very energetic and
move with great speeds.

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4.2 MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES IN LIQUIDS

 Movement of particles in liquids can be observed by dropping a small crystal of
purple potassium manganate (VII) into a beaker of distilled water.
 After two hours, the purple colour spreads throughout the water to give a uniform
purple solution.

Explanation based on kinetic particle theory

 Potassium manganate (VII) is a purple crystal which is made up of ions (potassium

ions & manganate ions)
 When crystals dissolve in water, ions are separated.
 The ions collide with water molecules and move out randomly in all directions.
 The ions move in between water molecules to produce a uniform purple solution

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4.3 MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES IN GASES

 If perfume is sprayed in one corner of a room, after sometime we can smell the
same scent in the other corners of the room too, where the perfume vapours
have diffused to.

 Movement of particles in gases can be observed by adding 1-2 drops of bromine into a
gas jar.
 This is done by placing a gas jar full of air onto the gas jar of bromine separated by a
cover.
 When the lid is removed the brown colour starts to spread into the upper jar.
 After few hours, both the gas jars are filled with reddish brown vapour.

100% air 50% bromine + 50% air

cover
50% bromine + 50% air
100% bromine

Explanation based on kinetic particle theory

 Liquid bromine is made up of reddish brown bromine particles.

 The bromine particles escape from the liquid bromine as gaseous molecules.
 The molecules move out randomly in all directions.
 The molecules move in between the air particles to produce a uniform reddish
brown vapour.

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4.4 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DIFFUSION

The rate of diffusion is affected by

 Temperature
The higher the temperature, the faster they move and the faster rate of diffusion.
At higher temperatures the particles have more kinetic energy and hence move
with greater speeds.
 Mass of particle (Relative molecular mass)
Lighter molecules move faster and will diffuse faster than heavier molecules at
a given temperature.
Experimental Evidence: formation of white fumes of ammonium chloride.

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4.5 EXPERIMENT TO SHOW HOW MASS AFFECTS RATE OF DIFFUSION

A piece of cotton wool soaked in concentrated hydrochloric acid is put at one end of a
dry long glass tube. The acid gives off hydrogen chloride gas.

Another piece of cotton wool soaked in concentrated ammonia solution is placed at the
other end of the dry glass tube. The solution gives off ammonia gas.

A white ring is formed after about five minutes. The white ring is located closer to the
hydrochloric acid.

Explanation

 Ammonia particles(Mr= 17)are lighter than hydrogen chloride particles (Mr= 36.5)

 Ammonia particles can diffuse faster than hydrogen chloride particles.

 White ring is solid ammonium chloride

Ammonia + hydrogen chloride→ ammonium chloride

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PRACTICAL SHEET 1 – MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES IN LIQUIDS

Aim:To investigate the movement of particles in liquid.

Apparatus and chemicals

 Beaker
 Water
 Potassium manganate (Vll)
Method
 Place a small crystals of potassium (VII) in a large beaker of water
 Let it stand for time.

Observation

Potassium manganate (VII) is …………………..When the solid is dissolved in ...................... , the

…………………..slowly…………………. out into the…………………...

Conclusion

The particles in a liquid are ………………. closely packed together there are
…………..between them to allow the potassium manganate (VII) particles to…………………
through.

Explanation:

Both the crystals and water are made up of ……………...The colour spreads because
…………………………...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ......................
............................................................................................................................. ......................
............................................................................................................................. ......................
...................................................................................................................................................

NOTE:The diffusion in liquids takes a longer time compared to the diffusion in gases

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PRACTICAL SHEET 2 – MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES IN GAS

Aim: To investigate the movement of particles in gas

Apparatus and chemicals

2 gas jars
Glass plate
Liquid bromine

Method
 Place a few drop of bromine in a gas jar and cover it with a lid
Then place an inverted gas jar on top of it.
 Remove the lid and leave it for some time.

Observation
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……….………………………………………………………………………………………
……..……………………………………………………………………………………………
Explanation:
Both air and bromine are made up of …………….. ………………. particles. These particles
…………… with each other and move ………………..in all directions , so that they become
evenly mixed.
Conclusion:Diffusion takes place in gases

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PRACTICAL SHEET 3 – EFFECT OF MOLECULAR MASS ON RATE OF

DIFFUSION

Aim: To see how mass affects the rate of diffusion

Materials needed:
 Cotton wool
 Concentrated ammonia
 Concentrated hydrochloric acid
 Glass tube
Method :
 Soak the cotton wool in concentrated ammonia and hydrochloric acid
 Place the two cotton wools at the end of the glass tube and set up the apparatus
as shown below.

Observation:
After about ten minutes a white ring of smoke forms closer to the cotton wool soaked in
………………….…………………..

Explanation :
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….……………………………………………………

Conclusion :
The lighter the particles of gas, the ...........................the gas will diffuse.

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