EVOLUTION

•is a change of characteristics

of organisms over a long
period of time.
Why do we need to change?
With change, you will be able
to adapt with the changing
environment, you will be able
to survive and reproduce
under a particular
environmental condition.
WHERE DID THE FIRST LIFE COME
FROM?
 SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION THEORY

In 1920, scientists like Alexander Oparin, a

Russian biochemists, and John Haldane, a
Scottish biologist, have devoted their time and
effort by investigating the spontaneous
occurrence of organic molecules.
 Primordial Soap

Life arose from organic molecules

with amino acids, then combining to
make complex polymers
Harold Urey and his student,
Stanley Miller tested Oparin
and Haldane’s formulation in
1953.
In a boiling flask, they
sealed a mixture of
water, methane,
ammonia and
hydrogen, which is
similar to the essential
components found in
the earth’s
atmosphere.
The water vapor from
the flask of boiling
rose into the chamber.
Electric sparks were
moved through the
mixture of water vapor
and gas that results a
simulation of lightning
bolts.
The sparks were fired
between the electrodes
and the water vapor
cooled and condensed
again
After a week, contents
were analyzed and it was
found out that there were
organic compounds being
formed, those were amino
acids and lipids
water, methane, ammonia and
hydrogen

amino acids, carbohydrates

and lipids

provided foundational pieces of

evidence that support the theory
on the origin of life forms that
arose spontaneously through
chemical reactions
 Fossils
• Are one of the strongest pieces of evidence
• It is the remnants or traces of prehistoric
organism that has been preserved
• It may be in a form of bones, shells, leaves and
footprints of an animal
• Formed when living organisms were quickly
buried in sand and gravel at the bottom of the
bodies of water
 Microfossils
• Are the tiny remains of bacteria, protists,
fungi, animals (zooplankton) and plants
(phytoplankton)
• They cannot be seen by the naked eye, but
by the use of a microscope
• They are existed in layered sedimentary
rocks called stromatolites, which formed by
mostly photosynthetic cyanobacteria
 Stromatolites
• Greek for “layered rock”
• Are microbial reefs created by
cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-
green algae)
 Cyanobacteria
• Are the first photosynthetic organism to form
• It is believe that cyanobacteria were the first
oxygen-producing organisms that helped the
Earth’s early atmosphere to evolve that would
support early life forms
• The start where these organisms continued to
make oxygen and increased the level of oxygen
in the atmosphere
Cyanobacteria
1. Fossils
• are the preserved remains of previously
living organisms or their traces, dating
from the distant past.
1. Fossils
• The strongest evidence that organisms in
the early time are not the same as those
found today
2. Anatomy and Embryology
• Anatomical features shared between
organisms (including ones that are visible
only during embryonic development) can
indicate a shared evolutionary ancestry.
• This evidence shows the presence of
structures in organisms that share the
same forms
2. Anatomy and Embryology
2. Anatomy and Embryology
2. Anatomy and Embryology
3. Biography
the study of the geographical
distribution of organisms, provides
information about how and when
species may have evolved
3. Biography The evolution of unique
species on islands is another
example of how evolution
and geography intersect.
For example:
most of the mammal species
in Australia are marsupials
(carry young in a pouch),
while most mammal species
elsewhere in the world are
placental (nourish young
through a placenta).
4. Molecular Biology
At the most basic level, all living organisms
share:
• The same genetic material (DNA)
• The same, or highly similar, genetic codes
• The same basic process of gene expression
(transcription and translation)
Which of them is a prokaryotic or a
eukaryotic organism?
PROKARYOTIC CELL
• The simple cells of
organisms like
bacteria.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
• The simple cells of
organisms like
bacteria.
• Are sometimes
compared to one-
room cabins: they
don’t have internal
membranes.
EUKARYOTIC
Eukaryotes are
enclosed in a cell
membrane and the
cells contain organelles
like mitochondria and
chloroplasts
The Cambrian Period marks an important point in the
history of life on Earth; it is the time when many
kinds of invertebrates and the first vertebrates—
fishes—appeared in the fossil record
The Jurassic Period has also a significant
event in our early Earth’s history
THE HUMAN EVOLUTION
This was explained
in his book On the
Origin of Species in
1859, that it is a
process by which
organisms change
over time as a
result of changes in
heritable physical
or behavioral traits
NATURAL SELECTION
is the process in nature by
which organisms better
adapted to their
environment tend to
survive and reproduce
more than those less
adapted to their
environment
ACTIVITY TIME!!!
Homo habilis Neanderthal
Homo sapiens Australopithecus
Homo erectus
Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens
 Australopithecus
a group of small-bodied and
small-brained early hominin
species (human relatives) that
were capable of upright
walking but not well adapted
for travelling long distances on
the ground
Homo habilis
This species known as
'handy man' because stone
tools were found near its
fossil remains and it is
assumed this species had
developed the ability to
modify stone into tools
 Homo erectus
the first of our relatives to
have human-like body
proportions, with shorter
arms and longer legs
relative to its torso
Homo Neanderthal
are our closest extinct
human relative
Homo sapiens
the first modern humans