Mathematics For Olympiads and Talent Search Competitions For Class 7 - Nodrm

Mathematics for Olympiads and
Talent Search Competitions

FOR CLASS 7
R S Aggarwal, MSc, PhD

Vikas Aggarwal
PREFACE
The present world is a competitive one. Over the last decade, competitions
have come to occupy an eminent place in the life of all school students, right
from the primary to the senior school level. This has led to an immense
demand for a proper guidebook to help students prepare for various
competitive examinations held at the school level, especially the Olympiads
and Talent Search Examinations. Keeping this in mind, we have brought
forth this new title.
The salient features of the book are:
1. All important concepts and formulae given in a summarised form at
the beginning of most chapters under the head ‘Important Facts and
Formulae’
2. A large number of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with their
answers, hints and explanatory solutions, giving short-cut tricks to
solve the questions in the least possible time
3. A huge collection of ‘Fill in the blanks’ and ‘True–False’ type
questions to facilitate concept-building
4. Advanced concepts, apart from the usual school curriculum,
included to acquaint students with facts that they should know at
their respective class levels and to impart them the competitive edge
We are thankful to the editorial and production staff of Bharati Bhawan
for working dedicatedly and bringing out the book in an attractive and
compact form.
Suggestions and valuable feedback from the readers for the
improvement of the book are welcome.
Authors
(iii)
CONTENTS
1. Integers 1
2. Fractions 21
3. Decimals 60
4. Rational Numbers 83
5. Factors and Multiples 108
6. Exponents 121
7. Algebraic Expressions 136
8. Linear Equations 153
9. Average 171
10. Ratio, Proportion and Unitary Method 182
11. Percentage 208
12. Profit and loss 237
13. Simple Interest 261
14. Time and Distance 280
15. Lines and Angles 290
16. Triangles 321
17. Symmetry 363
18. Common Sense and Observation Test 378
19. Area and Perimeter 392
20. Volume and surface Area 451
21. Data Handling 459
22. Probability 481
(v)
1 Integers
IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
1. All natural numbers, 0 and negatives of natural numbers are together

called integers.
(i) … 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … are integers.
(ii) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … are positive integers.
(iii) 1, 2, 3, 4, … are negative integers.
(iv) 0 is neither positive nor negative.
(v) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … are non-negative integers.
(vi) – 0, –1, –2, –3, –4, … are non-positive integers.
(vii) Non-negative integers are the same as whole number and positive
integers are the same as natural numbers.
2. (i) The smallest and the largest integers cannot be determined.
(ii) The greatest negative integer is 1.
(iii) The least positive integer is 1.
3. INTEGERS ON NUMBER LINE
(i) The integers are represented on the number line as follows:
(ii) All positive integers lie to the right of 0 and all negative integers lie
to the left of 0 on the number line.
(iii) An integer lying to the right of the other on the number line is
always greater.
So, 2 > 5, as 2 lies to the right of –5 on the number line.
4. SUCCESSOR AND PREDECESSOR
(i) The successor of an integer is obtained by adding 1 to it.

Thus, successor of 4 is (4 + 1), i.e., 5 and the successor of 3 is
(3 + 1), i.e., –2.
(ii) The predecessor of an integer is obtained by subtracting 1 from it.
Thus, predecessor of 3 is (3  1), i.e., 2 and the predecessor of 4 is
(4  1), i.e., 5.
1
2 Mathematics for Olympiads and Talent Search Competitions for Class 7
5. (i) The number of integers between a and a is (2a  1).

So, the number of integers between 8 and 8 = (2  8  1) = 15.
(ii) The sum of all the integers between a and a is 0.
So, sum of all the integers between 5 and 5 = 0.
(iii) The product of all the integers between a negative and a positive
integer is 0, because 0 is one of the multipliers.
So, product of all intergers between 10 and 5 = 0.
6. ABSOLUTE VALUE OF AN INTEGER
(i) The absolute value or modulus of an integer is its numerical value

regardless of its sign.
 a, if a  0 ,
Thus, |a| 
 a, if a  0.
So, the absolute value of both 2 and 2 is 2, written as |2| = 2 and
|2| = 2.
(ii) The absolute value of an integer is greater than or equal to the
integer, i.e.,|a| a, where a is an integer.
7. COMPARISON OF INTEGERS
(i) 0 is greater than every negative integer and smaller than every
positive integer.
(ii) Every positive integer is greater than every negative integer.
(iii) If a and b are integers then a < b  a > b.
8. ADDITION OF INTEGERS
(i) The sum of two positive integers is a positive integer greater than
each of the addends.
Thus, 3 + 4 = 7 and 7 > 3, 7 > 4.
(ii) The sum of two negative integers is a negative integer smaller than
each of the addends.
Thus, (2)  (3)  5 and 5  2, 5  3.
(iii) The sum of a positive and a negative integer may be positive or
negative, depending on the numerical values of the addends.
Thus, 2 + (3) = –1; 6 + (4) = 2.
Integers 3
9. PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF INTEGERS
Property Satisfied or Not

Closure property Satisfied.
The sum of two integers is always an
integer.
Commutative (or Satisfied.
Ordering) property The sum remains same even if the order of
addends is changed.
a + b = b + a, where a and b are integers.
Associative (or Satisfied.
Grouping) property The sum remaining same even if the
grouping of addends is changed.
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c), where a, b and c are
integers.
Additive identity 0 is the additive identity.
a + 0 = 0 + a = a, where a is any integer.
Existence of additive Additive inverse of a is –a.
inverse (or Negative a + (a) = (a) + a = 0.
or Opposite)
Note (i) Additive inverse of 0 is 0.
(ii) −(−a) = a.
10. SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS To subtract one integer from another, we take

the additive inverse of the integer to be subtracted and add it to the
other integer.
a  b = a + (–b), where a and b are integers.
11. PROPERTIES OF SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS

The difference of two integers is
always an integer.
Commutative (or Ordering) Not satisfied.
property a  b  b  a, where a and b are integers.
Associative (or Grouping) Not satisfied.
property ( a  b)  c  a  (b  c), where a, b and c
are integers.
12. MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS:
(i) The product of two positive integers, other than 1, is a positive

integer greater than each of the multipliers.
Thus, 2  3 = 6, 6 > 2, 6 > 3.
If one of the multipliers is 1 then the product is equal to the other
multiplier.
(ii) The product of two negative integers is a positive integer greater
than each of the multipliers.
Thus, (2)  (3)  6 ; 6  (2), 6  (3).
(5)  (1)  5 ; 5  (5), 5  (1).
(iii) The product of a negative integer and a positive integer, other than
1, is a negative integer smaller than each of the multipliers.
Thus, (2)  6  12 ; 12  (2), 12  6.
However, if the positive multipliers is 1, the product is equal to the
other multiplier.
Thus, (5)  1  5.
13. PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS

The product of two integers is always
an integer.
Commutative (or Ordering) Satisfied.
property The product remains the same, even
if the order of multiplier is changed.
a  b  b  a, where a and b are integers.
Associative (or Grouping) Satisfied.
property The product remains the same, even
if the grouping of multipliers is
changed.
( a  b)  c  a  (b  c ), where a, b and c
are integers.
Multiplicative identity 1 is the multiplicative identity
a  1  1  a  a, where a is an integer.
Distributive law of a  (b  c )  a  b  a  c ,
multiplication over a  (b  c )  a  b  a  c ,
addition
where a, b and c are integers.
Integers 5
14. (i) When a negative integer is multiplied an odd number of times

or when an odd number of negative integers are multiplied, the
product obtained is a negative integer.
Thus, ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )   (  an )  ( a1  a2  a3   an ), when n
is odd.
( a)  ( a)  ( a)   n times  an , when n is odd.
(1)  (1)  (1)   n times  1, when n is odd.
Examples (1)  (2)  (3)  (4)  ( 5)  (1  2  3  4  5)  120 ;
(2)  (2)  (2)  (2)  ( 2)  2 5  32 ;
(1)99  1.
(ii) When a negative integer is multiplied an even number of times or
when an even number of negative integers are multiplied together,
the product obtained is a positive integer.
Thus, ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )   (  an )  ( a1  a2  a3   an ), when n is
even.
( a)  ( a)  ( a)   n times  an , when n is even.
(1)  (1)  (1)   n times = 1, when n is even.
Examples (1)  (2)  (3)  (4)  1  2  3  4  24 ;
(3)  (3)  (3)  (3)  3 4  81;
(1)100  1.
(iii) The squares of all negative integers, and all positive integers, are
positive integers.
Thus, (3)2  9, 3 2  9.
(iv) The cubes of all negative integers are negative integers.
Thus, (3)3  27 ; (5)3  125.
15. PROPERTIES OF DIVISION OF INTEGERS

Closure property Not satisfied.
The quotient of two integers is not
always an integer.
Commutative (or Not satisfied.
Ordering) property a  b  b  a, where a and b are integers.
Associative (or Grouping) Not satisfied.
property ( a  b)  c  a  (b  c ), where a, b and c
are integers.
Note (i) 0  a = 0, where a is an integer.

(ii) We cannot divide any integer by 0.
(iii) a  1 = a and a  a = 1, where a is an integer.
EXERCISE 1A
Direction: In each of the following questions, choose the correct alternative.
1. Which of the following operations on integers satisfy commutative
property?
(a) Addition and subtraction
(b) Subtraction and multiplication
(c) Addition and multiplication
(d) Subtraction and division
2. The sum of two integers is 32. If one of the integers is 36 then the other
integer is
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 68 (d) 72
3. Which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to integers?
(a) Integers are closed under both addition and subtraction.
(b) Commutative property holds in addition but not in subtraction.
(c) Associative property holds in both addition and subtraction.
(d) 0 is the additive identity.
4. |28||25||39| ?
(a) 14 (b) 14 (c) 42 (d) 42
5. The following figure shows a number line. The value of X  Y is
(a) 20 (b) 12 (c) 12 (d) 20

6. Look at the number line shown below.
Which of the following statements is not true?

(a) A  E  7 (b) D  C  11
(c) B  F  8 (d) C  (E  1)  B  F
7. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) 3  (4)  (2)  6  0 (b) (8)  (5)  10  4  0
(c) (7 )  (8)  (14)  (4)  0 (d) (12)  (6)  (9)  ( 8)  0
Integers 7
8. Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) The difference of two negative integers is a negative integer.
(b) The sum of a negative and a positive integer is always positive.
(c) The product of a negative and a positive integer is always negative.
(d) All the above are correct.
9. Choose the correct statement.
(a) 78 is less than 97 by 19.
(b) 65 is less than 65 by 130.
(c) 18 is greater than 81 by 99.
(d) 20 is less than 120 by 100.
10. The product of all non-negative integers is
(a) 0 (b) infinite
(c) cannot be determined (d) 1
(a) 5 exceeds 7 by 2.
(b) To get 5, 7 must be subtracted from 12.
(c) On subtracting 20 from 10, we get 10.
(d) On subtracting 4 from 4, we get 0.
12. 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  ?
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 6 (d) 12
13. (1)  (2)  (3)  (4)  ( 5)  ( 6)  ?
(a) 54 (b) 44 (c) 44 (d) 54
14. Which of the following divisions has the greatest quotient?
(a) 40  (8) (b) (20)  4 (c) (40)  (8) (d) (40)  8
15. The product of two integers is 216. If one of the integers is 6 then the
other integer is
(a) 36 (b) 21 (c) 21 (d) 36
16. Which of the following statements is/are true?
I. The sum of two negative integers is a negative integer.
II. The quotient of two negative integers is a positive integer.
III. The difference of two negative integers is a negative integer.
IV. The product of two negative integers is a positive integer.
(a) Only I and II (b) Only II and IV
(c) Only I and III (d) Only I and IV
17. The value of the expression (35)  (15)  8  9  (152)  25  ( 8) is
(a) 78 (b) 55 (c) 32 (d) 98
18. The value of the expression 42  (152)  (9)  (39)  ( 45)  28  85 is

(a) –550 (b) –78 (c) –32 (d) 66
19. The value of the expression
1089  (181)  (28)  17  ( 47 )  ( 2192)  5 is
(a) –3129 (b) –990 (c) 380 (d) 985
20. The temperature of a city at 2 p.m. was 15 °C. Every hour it decreases by
3 °C. The temperature at 7 p.m. will be
(a) –6 °C (b) –3 °C (c) 3 °C (d) 0 °C
21. At a hill station X, the temperature was –6 °C on Friday. It then dipped by
3 °C on Saturday. On Sunday it rose by 6 °C. What was the temperature
on Saturday and Sunday respectively?
(a) –9 °C, –3 °C (b) –3 °C, –9 °C (c) –3 °C, 3 °C (d) –9 °C, –15 °C
22. Select the correct statement.
(a) The product of two positive integers is always greater than each of
them.
(b) The product of two negative integers is always smaller than each of
them.
(c) The product of a positive and a negative integer is smaller than
each of them.
(d) None of these
23. The temperature of a hill station P is 4 °C on a certain day. If on the next
day it rises by 1 °C then on the next day it falls by 2 °C, on the third day
it rises by 3 °C on the fourth day it falls by 4 °C and on the fifth day it
again rises by 5 °C then the temperature on the fifth day was
(a) –6 °C (b) –2 °C (c) 2 °C (d) 7 °C
24. Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) |(12)  (13)||12||13|
(b) |8||9| (8)  (9)
(c) |50||70|  (50)  ( 70)
(d) |4||5||6| (4)  ( 5)  ( 6)
25. The product of three integers is odd. Their sum can be
(a) odd (b) even (c) positive (d) negative
26. Which of the following is not true for an integer a?
(a) a  ( a)  2 a (b) a  ( a)  2 a (c) a  ( a)  0 (d) a  ( a)  1
27. 1763  (2)  (1763)  98  ?
(a) 176300 (b) 169248 (c) 176300 (d) 169248
Integers 9
28. The melting point of mercury is –39 °C. The freezing point of alcohol is
–98 °C. How much more is the melting point of mercury as compared to
the freezing point of alcohol?
(a) –137 °C (b) –59 °C (c) 59 °C (d) 137 °C
29. Which of the following does not follow from the mathematical statement
26 × 19 = 494?
(a) (26)  (19)  494 (b) 494  (26)  19
(c) (494)  (19)  26 (d) All of these follow
30. Which of the following statements is not true?
(a) a  (b)  a  b but a|b| a  b.
(b)  a  (b)  b  a but | a|(b)  a  b.
(c) ( a)  (b)  a  b but | a||b| a  b.
(d) ( a)  (b)  a  b but | a||b|  ( a  b).
31. 30  52  18  (2)  (5) is not the same as
(a) 90 + (–36) – (–12) – 133 (b) 5 – 10 + (–20) – 25 – 17
(c) 153 – 207 – (–13) + 189 + (–218) (d) (–44) + 55 + (–99) + 21
32. Select the correct statement.
(a) The sum of two integers is always greater than both the integers.
(b) The sum of two integers is always less than both the addends.
(c) The sum of two integers can be less than or greater than both the
addends.
(d) The sum of two integers always lies between both the addends.
33. 53245 × 99 – (–53245) = ?
(a) 5324500 (b) 5218010 (c) 5271255 (d) None of these
34. (1)101  (1)53  (1)24  ( 1)48  ?
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
35. If A stands for –1, B for 2, C for –3, D for 4, E for –5, F for 6, G for –7, H for
8 and I for –9 then the sum of numbers in each of the following circles is
a positive integer except

(a) 99 × 101 is the same as (–100 – 1) (–100 + 1).
(b) 52 + 26 is the same as 56 – (–22).
(c) (–1000)  (–10) is the same as (–10) × (–10).
(d) 63 × 36 is the same as (–66) × (–33).
37. If 27 integers are multiplied and the product is negative which of the
following statements can be true about them?
(a) 12 are negative and 15 are positive.
(b) 14 are negative and 13 are positive.
(c) 16 are negative and 11 are positive.
(d) 19 are negative and 8 are positive.
38. Amit multiplied two numbers and got –7 as the product. He then
subtracted the second number from the first and got the answer as 8.
The maximum possible value of the greater number is
(a) –7 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 7
39. If a  (1)  (1)  (1)  … 50 times and b  (1)  (1)  (1)  … 51 times
then b – a is equal to
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1
40. (232)  84  (232)  48  (232)  ( 32)  ?
(a) 23200 (b) –23200 (c) 38048 (d) –38048
41. How many of the following statements is/are correct?
I. (–2) – (–3) – (–4) = –9 II. (4)  (5)  (6)  120
III. –8 – 9 – 10 = –27 IV. (63)  (9)  (7 )  1
V. 1 – (–1) = 0 VI. (25)  5  (5)  1
VII. (–13) – (–6) – (–7) = 0 VIII. (108)  (3)  (1)  5  1620
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
42. The first 9 positive odd integers are placed in the
D E 3
magic square so that the sum of the numbers in each
5 C 13
row, column and diagonal are equal. The value of
A 1 B
A + E is
(a) 24 (b) 26 (c) 28 (d) 32
43. In a shooting game, Rohan has 3 hits more than the number of misses.
If each hit earns him 2 points and each miss earns him (–1) point, how
many times did he shoot in all, if his score is 23?
(a) 17 (b) 20 (c) 37 (d) 40
44. In a multiple-choice question test containing 100 questions, a student is
awarded 2 marks for every correct answer, 0.5 marks are deducted for
every wrong answer and 0 is given for leaving a question unattempted.
If Sachin obtained 88 marks in a test, in which of the following ways
could he have possibly attempted the test?
I. 44 correct answers and 56 unattempted.
II. 50 correct answers, 36 wrong answers and 14 unattempted.
Integers 11
III. 48 correct answers, 16 wrong answers and 16 unattempted.

IV. 46 correct answers, 8 wrong answers and 46 unattempted.
(a) I and III only (b) I, II and IV only
(c) I, III and IV only (d) All of these
45. The product of four integers A, B, C, D is –252. If A = –3 then which of
the following cannot be true?
(a) B and C are negative integers while D is a positive integer.
(b) B, C and D are all positive integers.
(c) C and D are positive integers while B is a negative integer.
(d) All the above can be true.
46. Select the wrongly matched combination.
Integers multiplied Sign of product
(a) 5 positive and 4 negative integers +
(b) 37 positive and 37 negative integers –
(c) 60 positive and 18 negative intergers +
(d) 8 positive and 15 negative integers +
(a) ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )   (  an )
 ( a1  a2  a3   an ), when n is odd.
(b) ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )   (  an )
 ( a1  a2  a3   an ), when n is even.
(c) ( a)  ( a)  ( a)   n times  a n , when n is odd.
(d) ( a)  ( a)  ( a)   n times  an , when n is even.

(a) The sum of two integers with like signs is an integer of the same
sign.
(b) The difference of two integers with like signs is an integer of the
same sign.
(c) The product of two integers with like signs is an integer of the same
sign.
(d) The product of two integers with unlike signs may be positive,
negative or zero.
49. The consecutive rings of the dart board

shown here are labelled from A to D and
the number of points scored are mentioned
therein. If a boy strikes ring A twice, ring
B thrice, ring C four times and ring D five
times, what is his total score?
(a) 15 (b) 25
(c) 35 (d) 45
50. Sushant plays the dart game as shown above. If he strikes ring A thrice
and each of ring C and D twice and still attains an overall negative score,
what is the minimum number of times he strikes ring B?
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
ANSWERS (EXERCISE 1A)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (c)
HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS
2. Other integer = 32 – (–36) = 32 + 36 = 68.
4. –| –28| + | –25|–|39|= –28 + 25 – 39 = –67 + 25 = – 42.
5. X – Y = 4 – (–16) = 4 + 16 = 20.
6.
A  E  3  (4)  3  4  7.
D – C = – 6 – 5 = – 11.
B + F = 6 + (–2) = 6 – 2 = 4.
C – (E + 1) = 5 – (– 4 + 1) = 5 – (–3) = 5 + 3 = 8.
B – F = 6 – (–2) = 6 + 2 = 8.
So, C – (E + 1 ) = B – F.
7. 3  (4)  (2)  6  (12)  (12)  12  12  24  0.
(8)  (5)  10  4  40  40  80  0.
Integers 13
(7 )  (8)  14  (4)  56  (56)  0.

(12)  (6)  (9)  (8)  72  72  144.
8. (a) The difference of two negative integers may be positive, negative or zero.
For example, (5)  (7 )  2; (7 )  (5)  2 ; (7 )  (7 )  0.
(b) The sum of a negative and a positive integer may be positive or negative.
For example, (11)  6  5 and 12  (5)  7.
9. (a) –78 is more than –97 by [–78 – (–97)], i.e., 19.
(b) (–65) is less than 65 by [65 – (– 65)], i.e., 130.
(c) 18 is greater than –81 by [18 – (–81)], i.e., 99.
(d) –20 is less than 120 by [120 – (–20)], i.e., 140.
10. Product of all non-negative integers  0  1  2  3    0.
11. (a) –5 exceeds –7 by [5  (7 )], i.e., 2.
(b) (12)  7  19  5.
(c) 10  (20)  10  20  10.
(d) 4  4  8  0.
12. 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12
 (1  2)  (3  4)  (5  6)  (7  8)  (9  10)  (11  12)
 (1)  (1)  (1)  (1)  (1)  (1)  6.
13. (1)  (2)  (3)  (4)  (5)  (6)  2  12  30  44.
14. (a) 40  (8)  5. (b) (20)  (4)  5.
(c) ( 40)  (8)  40  8  5. (d) ( 40)  8  5.
15. Other integer  (216)  6  36.
16. The quotient of two integers is not always an integer. So, II is false.
The difference of two negative integers may be positive, zero or negative. So, III is
false.
17. Given expression  (35)  15  8  9  152  25  8
 (15  8  152)  (35  9  25  8)
 175  77  98.
18. Given expression  42  152  9  39  45  28  85
 ( 42  152  39)  (9  45  28  85)
 233  167  66.
19. Given expression = –1089 – 181 + 28 – 17 + 47 + 2192 + 5
= (28 + 47 + 2192 + 5) – (1089 + 181 + 17)
= 2272 – 1287 = 985.
20. Temperature at 7 p.m. (5 hours after 2 p.m.)
 [15  (3  5)] C = 0 °C.
21. Temperature on Saturday  (6  3) C  9 C.

Temperature on Sunday  (9  6) C  3 C.
22. (a) The product of two positive integer is not always greater than each of them.
For example, 2 × 1 = 2, which is greater than 1 but equal to 2.
(b) The product of two negative integers is always a positive integer, greater than each
of them.
For example, (3)  ( 4)  12, which is greater than both (–3) and (–4).
(c) The product of a positive and a negative integer is not smaller than each of them.
For example, (5)  1  5 , which is smaller than 1 only but equal to –5.
23. Temperature on the fifth day = (4 + 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5) °C = 7 °C.
24. (a) |(12)  (13) |12  13||1| 1.
|12||13| 12  13  1.
 |(12)  (13)||12||13|.
(b) |8||9| 8  9  72.
(8)  (9)  72.
 |8||9| (8)  (9).
(c) |50||70| 50  70  120.
(50)  (70)  50  70  120.
 |50||70|  (50)  (70).
(d) |4||5||6| 4  5  6  120.
(4)  (5)  (6)  120.
 |4||5||6| (4)  (5)  (6).
25. Since the product of three integers is odd, it implies that each of the three integers is
odd. We know that sum of three odd integers is also odd.
26. a  ( a)   a2 .
27. 1763  (2)  (1763)  98  (1763  2)  (1763  98)
 1763  (2  98)  1763  100  176300.
28. Required difference  [(39)  (98)] C  (39  98) C  59 C.
30. | a||b|  a  b.
31. 30  52  18  (2)  (5)  30  52  18  2  5
 (18  2)  (30  52  5)  20  87  67.
(a) 90  (36)  (12)  133  90  36  12  133
 (90  12)  (36  133)  102  169  67.
(b) 5 – 10 + (–20) – 25 – 17 = 5 – 10 – 20 – 25 – 17
= 5 – (10 + 20 + 25 + 17) = 5 – 72 = – 67.
(c) 153 – 207 – (–13) + 189 + (–218) = 153 – 207 + 13 + 189 – 218
= (153 + 13 + 189) – (207 + 218)
= 355 – 425 = – 70.
(d) (– 44) + 55 + (–99) + 21 = – 44 + 55 – 99 + 21
= 55 + 21 – (44 + 99) = 76 – 143 = – 67.
Integers 15
32. The sum of two positive integers is always greater than both the addends.
The sum of two negative integers is always less than both the addends.
The sum of a positive and a negative integer lies between both the addends.
33. 53245 × 99 – (– 53245) = 53245 × 99 + 53245 × 1 = 53245 × (99 + 1)
= 53245 × 100 = 5324500.
34. (1)101  (1)53  (1)24  (1)48 = –1 + (–1) + 1 + 1 = 0.

35. (a) 2A + B + C + D + F + G + I = 2 × (–1) + 2 + (–3) + 4 + 6 + (–7) + (–9)
= –2 + 2 – 3 + 4 + 6 – 7 – 9
= (2 + 4 + 6 ) – (2 + 3 + 7 + 9) = 12 – 21 = –9.
(b) 2A + D + E + 2F + H + I = 2 × (–1) + 4 + (–5) + 2 × 6 + 8 + (–9)
= –2 + 4 – 5 + 12 + 8 – 9
= (4 + 12 + 8) – (2 + 5 + 9) = 24 – 16 = 8.
(c) A + B + 2D + E + F + G + H = (–1) + 2 + 2 × 4 + (–5) + 6 + (–7) + 8
= –1 + 2 + 8 – 5 + 6 – 7 + 8
= (2 + 8 + 6 + 8) – (1 + 5 + 7)
= 24 – 13 = 11.
(d) A + 2B + C + D + E + F + H + I = (–1) + 2 × 2 + (–3) + 4 + (–5) + 6 + 8 + (–9)
= –1 + 4 – 3 + 4 – 5 + 6 + 8 – 9
= (4 + 4 + 6 + 8) – (1 + 3 + 5 + 9)
= 22 – 18 = 4.
36. (a) 99 × 101 = 9999 and (–100 – 1) (–100 + 1) = (–101) × (–99) = 9999.
(b) 52 + 26 = 78 and 56 – (–22) = 56 + 22 = 78.
(c) (–1000)  (–10) = 1000  10 = 100 and (–10) × (–10) = 100.
(d) 63 × 36 = 2268 and (– 66) × (–33) = 66 × 33 = 2178.
 63 × 36  (–66) × (–33).
37. Since the product is negative it means that an odd number of negative integers have
been multiplied.
38. Since the product is –7, the numbers could be (1, –7) or (7, –1).
Also, 1 – (–7) = 7 – (–1) = 8.
So, the maximum possible value of the greater number is 7.
39. a  (1)50  1 and b  (1)51  1.

 b  a  1  1  2.
40. (–232) × 84 + (–232) × 48 + (–232) × (–32) = (–232) × (84 + 48 – 32)
= (– 232) × 100 = –23200.
41. I. (–2) – (–3) – (–4) = –2 + 3 + 4 = –2 + 7 = 5.

II. (–4) × (–5) × (–6) = – (4 × 5 × 6) = – 120.
III. –8 – 9 – 10 = – (8 + 9 + 10) = – 27.
IV. (– 63)  (–9)  (–7) = 7  (–7) = –1.

V. 1 – (–1) = 1 + 1 = 2.
VI. (25)  5  (5)  (5)  (5)  1.
VII. (–13) – (– 6) – (–7) = (–13) + 6 + 7 = –13 + 13 = 0.
VIII. (108)  (3)  (1)  5  (108  3  5)  1620.
Clearly, statements II, III, IV, VI and VII are correct.
42. This is a 3 × 3 magic square.
7 17 3
Clearly, sum of numbers along each row, column and diagonal
5 9 13
1  3  5  7  9  11  13  15  17
 15 1 11
3
81
  27.
3
The arrangement of numbers is as shown alongside.
 A + E = 15 + 17 = 32.
43. Let number of misses  x. Then, number of hits  ( x  3).
 total score  2( x  3)  (1)x  2 x  6  x  x  6.
So, x  6  23  x  23  6  17.
Hence, total number of shots  x  ( x  3)  2 x  3
 2  17  3  34  3  37.
44. I. Marks obtained  44  2  56  0  88.

II. Marks obtained  50  2  36  (0.5)  14  0  100  18  82.
III. Marks obtained  48  2  16  (0.5)  16  0  96  8  88.
IV. Marks obtained  46  2  8  (0.5)  46  0  92  4  88.
45. Since the product of A, B, C and D is negative, it follows that either 1 or 3 of them are
negative. Since A is negative, so either B, C and D are all positive or any two of them
are negative.
46. Odd number of negative integers when multiplied together will give a negative
product.
47. ( a)  ( a)  ( a)   n times  an , when n is odd.
48. (b) The difference of two integers with like signs may be positive or negative.
For example, 18  15  3 and 18  21  3;

(3)  (5)  2 and (20)  (11)  9.
49. Total score  2 A  3B  4C  5D
 2  10  3  (5)  4  5  5  2
 20  (15)  20  10  50  15  35.
50. Total score on striking ring A thrice, ring C twice and ring D twice
 3 A  2C  2D
 3  10  2  5  2  2  30  10  4  44.
For minimum negative score, Sushant will strike ring B 9 times and his score would
then be ( 44  9  5), i.e., 1.
Integers 17
EXERCISE 1B
Direction (Questions 1 to 30): Fill in the blanks so as to make each given statement
true.
1. There are ...... integers between –3 and 10.
2. There are ...... integers between –30 and 30.
3. There are ...... negative integers between –10 and 10.
4. There are ...... positive integers between –15 and 12.
5. 0 is greater than every ...... integer.
6. Every negative integer is less than every ...... integer.
7. The sum of the greatest negative integer and the smallest positive
integer is ...... .
8. The predecessor of –56 is ...... .
9. The successor of –11 is ...... .
10. The absolute value of an integer can never be ...... than the integer.
11. Integers are closed for ......, ...... and ...... but not for ...... .
12. |3||6||10||20| ...... .
13. 100 less than 50 is ...... .
14. 2 exceeds –3 by ...... .
15. – 4 is less than 3 by ...... .
16. The integer which is equal to its additive inverse is ...... .
17. ||5  11|9| ...... .
18. For any two integers a and b if a  b  a then b  ...... .
19. For any two integers a and b if a  b  1 then b  ...... .
20. For any two integers a and b if a  b  a then b  …… .
21. For any two integers a and b if a  b  0 then b  …… .
22. When we divide an integer by its additive inverse, we get …… .
23. The …… of an integer should be added to it to get the additive identity
of integers.
24. Addition and multiplication of integers are both …… and …… .
25. On the number line we move to the right when we add a …… integer or
subtract a …… integer.
26. When the dividend and divisor are of opposite signs the quotient has
a …… sign.
27. The product of three integers is –800. If two of them are –16 and –5 then
the third integer is …… .
28. a > b  a  c  b  c if c is …… and a > b  a  c  b  c if c is …… .
29. –1 multiplied 2n times, where n is an odd natural number, is equal
to …… .
30. –1 multiplied 9n times, where n is an odd natural number, is equal

to …… .
Direction (Questions 31 to 56): State whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
31. The smallest positive integer is 0. ……
32. The predecessor of –1 is 0. ……
33. The greatest negative integer cannot be determined. ……
34. |4||5| 1. ……
35. |13||11||6| 30. ……
36. The absolute value of an integer is always greater than the integer.
……
37. The sum of two negative integers is always positive. ……
38. The sum of the series 2  (2)  2  (2)  2  ( 2)   can never be –2.
……
39. For an integer a, a  0  0. ……
40. –2 is 6 less than –8. ……
41. There exists only one integer which is equal to its multiplicative inverse.
……
42. Every integer has its additive inverse. ……
43. Every integer has its multiplicative inverse. ……
44. Commutative property of addition states that ( a  b)  c  a  (b  c ) for
integers a, b and c. ……
45. 16  (18)  (13)  (15)  ( 16)  18  15  13. ……
46. (15  4)  9  15  ( 4  9). ……
47. For any two positive integers a and b, if a < b then –a < –b. ……
48. On subtracting – 4 from –2, we get 2. ……
49. The product of a negative and a positive integer may be zero.
……
50. (10  10)  {10  (10  10)}  1. ……
51. If a > 1 then there is no integer b such that a  b  b  a  b. ……
52. When two negative integers are multiplied together the product is also
negative. ……
53. The product of two integers with like signs is equal to the product of
their absolute values. ……
54. The product of two integers with opposite signs is equal to the additive
inverse of the product of their absolute values. ……
55. The difference of two numbers with opposite signs is always negative.
……
56. Division is commutative for integers. ……
Integers 19
ANSWERS (EXERCISE 1B)
1. 12 2. 59 3. 9 4. 11 5. negative
6. non-negative 7. 0 8. –57 9. –10
10. smaller 11. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
12. –13 13. –50 14. 5 15. 7 16. 0
1
17. 3 18. 1 19. 20. 0 21. (– a)
a
22. –1 23. additive inverse 24. commutative, associative
25. positive, negative 26. negative 27. –10
28. positive, negative 29. 1 30. –1 31. False
32. False 33. False 34. False 35. False 36. False
37. False 38. True 39. False 40. False 41. False
42. True 43. False 44. False 45. True 46. False
47. False 48. True 49. False 50. False 51. True
52. False 53. True 54. True 55. False 56. False
1. There are 12 integers between –3 and 10, i.e., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
2. Number of integers between –30 and 30  (2  30  1)  60  1  59.
3. There are 9 negative integers between –10 and 10, i.e., from –1 to –9.
4. There are 11 positive integers between –15 and 12, i.e., from 1 to 11.
7. Required sum = greatest negative integer + smallest positive integer
 1  1  0.
8. Predecessor of – 56 = –56 – 1 = – 57.
9. Successor of –11 = –11 + 1 = –10.
10. The absolute value of an integer is either equal to or greater than the integer, but never
smaller than it.
12. |3||6||10||20|  3  6  10  20  13  26  13.
13. Required integer  50  100  50.
14. Required difference  2  (3)  2  3  5.
15. Required difference  3  (4)  3  4  7.
17.||5  11|9|||6|9||6  9||3| 3.
18. a  b  a  b = 1.
1
19. a  b  1  b  .
a
20. a  b  a  b  0.
21. a  b  0  b  ( a).
22. a  ( a)  1.
23. a  ( a)  0.
27. Product of two integers  (16)  (5)  80.
 third integer  (800)  80  10.
29. n is odd  2n is even  (1)2n  1.
30. n is odd  9n is odd  (1)9n  1.
31. The smallest positive integer is 1. 0 is neither positive nor negative.
32. Predecessor of 1  1  1  2.
33. The greatest negative integer is –1.
34. |4||5| 4  5  1.
35. |13||11|| 6| 13  11  6  24  6  18.
36. The absolute value of an integer is greater than or equal to the integer.
37. The sum of two negative integers is always negative.
 (2)  2  (2)  2  (2)
38. 2
          
0 0 0
Clearly, the given series may end in 2 or (–2). If it ends in –2, the sum of the series will
be 0 and if it ends in 2, the sum of the series will be 2.
39. Division by zero is not defined.
40. –2 is greater than –8 by (2)  (8), i.e., 2  8, i.e., 6.
41. –1 and 1 are two integers which are equal to their respective multiplicative inverse.
43. 0 has no multiplicative inverse.
44. Commutative property of addition states that a  b  b  a for integers a and b.
45. 16  (18)  (13)  (15)  (16)  18  15  13   (16  18  15  13).
46. (15  4)  9  11  9  2.
15  ( 4  9)  15  (5)  15  5  20.
 (15  4)  9  15  ( 4  9).
47. a < b   a  b.
For Example, 3 < 4 but 3   4.
48. Required difference  2  ( 4)  2  4  2.
49. For the product to be zero, one of the multiplier has to be zero.
50. (10  10)  {10  (10  10)}  20  {10  (20)}
 20  {10  20}  20  10  2.
52.  a  (b)  ab.
53. a  b  ab | a||b|.
( a)  (b)  ab | a||b|.
54. a  (b)   ab  (| a||b|).
55. The difference of two numbers with opposite signs may be positive or negative.
Thus, 5  (7 )  12 and (7 )  5  12.
56. a  b  b  a.

2 Fractions

a
1. FRACTION A number of the form , where a and b are whole numbers
b
and b  0, is called a fraction. A fraction represents part of a whole object
or collection.
2
In a fraction , 2 is called the numerator and 5 is called the denominator.
5
2. (i) Every natural number and every whole number is a fraction.
(ii) Every integer is not a fraction. Only non-negative integers can be

expressed as fractions.
3. EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS Fractions obtained by multiplying or dividing the
numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same nonzero number
are called equivalent fractions.
a c
4. COMPARISON OF FRACTIONS If and are fractions
b d
a c
(i)  , if ad = bc,
b d
a c
(ii)  , if ad > bc,
b d
a c
(iii)  , if ad < bc.
b d
5. DECIMAL FRACTIONS Fractions whose denominators are 10, 100, 1000, etc.,
i.e., powers of 10, are called decimal fractions.
3 19 81
Thus, , , , etc., are decimal fractions.
10 100 1000
6. VULGAR FRACTIONS Fraction having denominators as whole numbers
other than any power of 10 are called vulgar fractions.
7 211 341 959
Thus, , , , , etc., are vulgar fractions.
37 999 700 4000
7. LIKE AND UNLIKE FRACTIONS Fractions having the same denominator are
called like fractions while fractions having different denominators are
called unlike fractions.
3 4 7 2 2 2
Thus, , and are like fractions while , and are unlike fractions.
5 5 5 3 5 7
21
8. FRACTION IN LOWEST TERMS / SIMPLEST FORM A fraction is said to be in its

lowest terms or in the simplest form if its numerator and denominator
have no common factor except 1, i.e., if the HCF of the numerator and
denominator is 1.
Thus, to reduce a fraction to its lowest terms, we divide its numerator
and denominator by their HCF.
9. We can convert unlike fractions into like fractions with LCM of their
denominators as the common denominator.
10. PROPER AND IMPROPER FRACTIONS AND MIXED NUMERALS
(i) A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a
proper fraction.
2 4 7
Thus, , , , etc., are proper fractions.
3 5 11
The value of a proper fraction always lies between 0 and 1.
(ii) A fraction whose numerator is equal to or greater than the
denominator is called an improper fraction.
16 19 7
Thus, , , , etc., are improper fractions.
5 11 7
The value of an improper fraction is greater than or equal to 1.
(iii) A combination of a whole number and a proper fraction is called
a mixed numeral. Only improper fractions can be converted into
mixed numerals.
15 1 23 3
Thus, 2 ,  4 , etc., are mixed numerals.
7 7 5 5
product of their numerators .
11. Product of fractions 
product of their denominators
12. RECIPROCAL OF A FRACTION Two fractions are said to be the reciprocals of
each other if their product is 1.
3 5
Thus, and are reciprocals of each other.
5 3
a c a c a c a d
13. If and are two fractions then    reciprocal of   .
b d b d b d b c
14. (i) The product of two proper fractions is smaller than each of the
fractions.
(ii) The product of two improper fractions (other than 1) is greater than
each of the fractions.
(iii) The product of a proper and an improper fraction is greater than the
proper fraction and smaller than the improper fraction.
(iv) The product of two mixed numerals is always greater than 1.
Fractions 23
15. USEFUL IDENTITIES AND FORMULAE

(i) ( a  b)2  a2  b 2  2 ab.
(ii) ( a  b)2  a2  b 2  2 ab.
(iii) ( a2  b 2 )  ( a  b) ( a  b).
16. BODMAS RULE OF SIMPLIFICATION We simplify an expression by carrying out
operations in the order:
B  Bracket
O  Of
D  Division
M  Multiplication
A  Addition
S  Subtraction
EXERCISE 2A
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Select the incorrect match of shaded fraction.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2. What fraction of the adjoining figure is

shaded?
1 3
(a) (b)
4 8
5 8
(c) (d)
8 11
3. Which of the following is correct with respect to shaded part of the

figure?
4 2
(a)  (b) 
9 5
(c) (d)
4. The shaded part in which of the following figures represents the fraction
 1 1 1  1 
obtained by the simplification of 4  1    1    1   ...  1    ?
 2 3 4   10  
5. Arrange the following figures in ascending order of the fractions their

shaded parts represent:
(a) P, Q, R, S (b) Q, R, P, S (c) R, S, Q, P (d) S, Q, R, P

Fractions 25
6. How many more unit squares in the adjoining

figure must be shaded so that the fraction of
2
unshaded squares becomes ?
5
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 6
7. Which of the following sets of fractions is in the correct ascending order?

2 3 7 4 2 7 3 4
(a)    (b)   
3 4 10 5 3 10 4 5
3 2 4 7 7 3 4 2
(c)    (d)   
4 3 5 10 10 4 5 3
1
8. How many sixths are there in 8 ?
2
(a) 48 (b) 49 (c) 50 (d) 51
9. Sheena bought a 1 litre bottle of cold drink. She drank 320 mL and her
3
sister drank of the remaining. The quantity of cold drink left in the
20
bottle is
(a) 238 mL (b) 640 mL (c) 360 mL (d) 578 mL
2
10. What value of X makes the statement X  3  X true?
5
2 5
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d)
5 17
P Q Q7 5
11. If  and  , what fraction of P is Q?
15 10 36 12
2 3 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 5 5
12. The adjoining number line
shows four fractions P, Q, R
and S. If PQ = QR = RS then
the values of Q and R are
respectively
1 1 1 1
(a) , (b) ,
6 5 5 6
1 1 1 1
(c) , (d) ,
6 4 4 6
1 1 2
13. If we divide the product of 3 and 1 by 1 , we get
2 6 3
9 4 29
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 6
20 5 36
2
14. Tanya has bought a carpet of size 4 m × 6 m. But her room size is
3
1 1
3 m  5 m. What fraction of the area of the carpet should be cut off to
3 3
fit the carpet wall to wall in the room?
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 6 3
product of numerators .
(a) The product of fractions is expressed as
product of denominators
(b) The product of two proper fractions is greater than the individual
fractions involved in the operation.
(c) The product of a proper and an improper fraction is less than the
proper fraction.
(d) When dividing a fraction by a whole number, the fraction is
divided by the reciprocal of the whole number.
16. Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.
The product of two …… fractions is …… each of the two fractions.
(a) proper, greater than
(b) improper, less than
(c) improper, greater than
(d) improper, greater than or equal to
17. The diameter of Earth is 12756000 m. Few years ago, a new planet was
5
discovered whose diameter is of the diameter of Earth. The radius of
43
this planet (in km) is
(a) 428.92 (b) 741.63 (c) 892.99 (d) 925.33
2
18. After travelling 33 km, a man found that of his journey was still left.
3
The length of the total journey is
(a) 66 km (b) 99 km (c) 100 km (d) 132 km
271 122 271 .
(a) The product of and is greater than
139 123 139
Fractions 27
19 119 19 .
(b) The product of and is greater than
28 228 28
1935 2934 1935 .
(c) The product of and is greater than
2101 2924 2101
2 5 3 8
(d) of is greater than of .
3 6 4 7
3
20. How many pieces each 3 metres long can be cut from a rope 30 metres
4
long?
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
11
21. Between which two numbers does lie?
4
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 11 and 12
1
22. Which of the following fractions is less than ?
3
4 15 22 33
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 46 63 98
5 2
23. Ayush had of a cake. He ate of it. What part of the cake did he eat?
6 3
5 5 5 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 6 3 3
1 1
24. Ayesha ate of a cake and gave away of the remaining. What fraction
3 8
of the cake is left?
1 7 5 19 .
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 12 24 24
3 3
25. of a quantity x is equal to of another quatity y. If y = 52 then x + y is
5 4
equal to
3
(a) 93 (b) 99
5
(c) 117 (d) insufficient information
26. Abhay wants to print the title of his project work such that the letters are
1 1
inch tall. But he doesn’t know which point to use. If 1 point  inch,
4 72
which point size should he use?
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 24 (d) 28
5 8 13
27. For how many integers ‘p’ between 30 and 40 is it true that , and
p p p
are all in lowest terms?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
1 1
28. Of the total money, Rohan had with him, he spent on books and on
3 4
eatables. What fraction of the money is left with him?
1 2 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 7 12
29. Rohan picks three different digits from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and forms a
mixed number by placing the digits in the blank spaces of . The
2
fractional part of the mixed number must be less than 1, e.g., 3 . What
5
is the difference between the largest and the smallest possible mixed
number that can be formed?
3 3 7 9
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 4
5 10 20 20
11
30. A vendor bought kg of onions and packed them into packets each
12
2
containing kg of onions. How many packets of onions did he get and
15
what was the weight of onions left unpacked?
5 8 7 7
(a) 5, kg (b) 5, kg (c) 6, kg (d) 6, kg
18 9 30 60
1 3
31. A lady bought 8 kg of flour. She used 4 kg to bake some cakes and
2 4
packed the remaining into 5 equal packets. The weight of the flour in
each packet is
2 3 4 5
(a) kg (b)
kg (c) kg (d) kg
3 4 5 6
1 1
32. In a vegetable curry, part is composed of water, part is composed
3 6
1
of onions, part is composed of spices and the remaining part is
6
composed of tomatoes. How much part of the curry is tomatoes?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 9 12
Fractions 29
1 1 1
33. In the pattern    ... which least fraction makes the sum greater
3 4 5
than 1?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1
34. 1      is equal to
2 4 7 14 28
5 7
(a) 2 (b) (c) 3 (d)
2 2
1 1 1
35. If    4 then x = ?
3 2 x
5 6 18 24
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 19 5 11
1 5 5 1
36. 1  1  1  6  ?
4 9 8 2
  1 
37. 1  2  1  2   1    is equal to
  3 
4 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
5 4 5 4
1 2 4 1 1 3
     
38. 2 3 5 3 5 4 is simplified to
1 2 4 1 1 4
    
2 3 3 3 5 5
3 10
(a)  (b) –2 (c)  (d) 1
10 3
3
39. The difference of 1 and its reciprocal is equal to
16
1 1 15
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
8 3 16
1 1 1 1 2 5 3 7 
40. When      is divided by      the result is
2 4 5 6  5 9 5 18 
1 1 3 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 5
18 6 10 10
 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a)  3  1    1 (b) 3  2  1   6
 6 4 4 16 4 3 4 5 3
 4 3  1 3 5 3 5 3 1
(c)  2  1   1  6 (d) 1  2  1  1  8
 5 10  2 20 6 4 6 4 4
3 2 1
42. 2  2  1  ?
4 3 12
39 1 169
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) None of these
48 4 144
2 3 1 7
43. 9  1 of 3  5 of  ?
9 11 7 9
5 32
(a) (b) 8 (c) 8 (d) 9
4 81
 1  1 1  1 1 1    1 1
44. Simplify:  3  1   2       of 4 
 4  4 2  2 4 6    2 3
(a) 18 (b) 36 (c) 39 (d) 78
 1 1 1
3  3 2  1 2 of 5 2 
45. The value of of   is
2  2 1  1 1 of 3 1 
 2 2 2
56 182 56 28
(a) (b) (c) (d)
99 31 1023 341
1 1

3 1 2 2 3 1 5
46.  2 of  3  ?
4 4 3 1 1 3 6

2 3
1 2 7 49
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 18 54
7 1 5
 1 of
47. A student was asked to solve the fraction 3 2 3 and his answer
2
21
3
1
was . By how much was his answer wrong?
4
1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) None of these
55 220
1 3 1 3 1 3 2 1 2
48. If the expression 2 of       of is simplified,
2 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 
we get
1 7 5 3
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2 8 8 5
Fractions 31
1 1 1
 
49. The simplified value of 3 3 3  1 is
1 1 1 9
 of
3 3 3
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1
9 3
1 1 1
 of
50. The value of 2 2 2 is
1 1 1
 of
2 2 2
1 2
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
3 3
1 4 5
3  of
51. 4 5 6 is equal to
1 1  3 1
4     21 
3 5  10 5
1 7 1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 15 (d) 21
6 12 2 2
52. Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Having filled the
2
pail to the full, Jack fell down, spilling
of the water, before Jill caught
3
1
the pail. She then tumbled down the hill, spilling of the remainder.
5
What fraction of the water fills the pail?
1 1 4 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 15 15 15
a 1 b c 1 d e 1 abc
53. If  ,  2,  ,  3 and  then what is the value of ?
b 3 c d 2 e f 4 def
1 3 3 27
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 8 4
54. Consider the following statements.
I. If the same nonzero number is added to both the numerator and
denominator of a fraction the value of the fraction increases.
II. If the same nonzero number is subtracted from both the numerator
and denominator of a fraction the value of the fraction decreases.
III. If the numerator of a fraction is decreased keeping the denominator
constant the value of the fraction decreases.
IV. If the denominator of a fraction is decreased keeping the numerator

constant the value of the fraction increases.
Out of these statements,
(a) I and II are true while III and IV are false
(b) I and II are false while III and IV are true
(c) I and III are true while II and IV are false
(d) all are true.
1  1 1  1 1 1  1 1  
55.              ?
4  2 2  2 2 2  2 2  
1 1 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 9 6 12
56. Given that 0 < a < b < c < d and a, b, c, d are integers, which of the
following is the smallest?
ab ad bd cd
(a) (b) (c) (d)
cd bc ac ab
x 3 6 yx
57. If  then the value of    equals
y 4 7 yx
5 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
7 7
x 6  x  y 14 
58. If  , the value of    is
2y 7  x  y 19 
13 15 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 1
19 19 19
 1 1 1  1
59. The value of  1    1    1   ...  1   is
 2 3 4  m
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
m 2m 1  2  3  ...  m
 1 1 1  1
60. The expression  1    1    1   ...  1   simplifies to
 3 4 5  n
n1 n
(a) (b)
3 n1
3 1 1 1 1
(c) (d) 1     ... 
n 3 4 5 n
 1 3 5  997 
61. When simplified, the product  2    2    2   ...  2   is
 3 5 7  999 
equal to
1001 1 5 1001
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 1001 999 999
Fractions 33
 2 2 2  2  2  2 
62. The value of  1    1    1   ...  1    1    1   is
 1  2  3   26  27  2 8
(a) 15 (b) 217.5 (c) 435 (d) 870
3 1 2 2 6   12 
63. 1   1   1   1   1    ?
4 3 3 5 7   13 
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
64. Sum of the first 35 terms of the series          ...
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
is
1 1 1
(a)  (b)  (c) (d) none of these
2 4 4
 999 
65.  999  7  is equal to
 1000 
7 7 993 7
(a) 6633 (b) 6993 (c) 6999 (d) 7000
1000 1000 1000 1000
995
66. The value of 999  999 is
999
(a) 990809 (b) 998996 (c) 998999 (d) 999824
2 3 5 8 16
67. The value of 998  998  998  998  998 is
17 17 17 17 17
(a) 4990 (b) 4992 (c) 9998 (d) 10000
7 7
68. A candidate was asked to find of a positive number. He found of
8 18
the same by mistake. If his answer was 770 less than the correct one then
the original given number was
(a) 1260 (b) 1584 (c) 6160 (d) none of these
17 .
69. A student was asked to divide a number by Instead, he actually
8
17
multiplied it by and hence got 225 more than the expected answer.
8
What was the expected answer?
3 4 1 2
70. The difference between of of a number and of of the same
4 5 6 5
number is 648. The number is
(a) 1110 (b) 1215 (c) 1325 (d) 1440
1
71. Which number gives the same result when added to 1 and when
2
1
multiplied by 1 ?
2
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
2
72. In a class, there were an equal number of boys and girls. of the boys
5
wore spectacles, What fraction of the children wore spectacles?
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 10 20
3 1 1
73. of the pupils in a class are boys. If of the boys and of the girls wear
5 3 2
spectacles, what fraction of the pupils in the class wear spectacles?
1 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 6 3
5 3
74. In a basket, of the fruits are apples and the rest are oranges. of the
9 10
apples are green in colour. If there are 15 green apples in all then how
many fruits are there in the basket?
(a) 45 (b) 50 (c) 90 (d) 135
3 2
75. In a class, of the students are girls and rest are boys. If of the girls
5 9
1
and of the boys are absent, what part of the total number of students
4
is present?
17 18 23 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 49 30 36
1
76. A and B had 60 marbles altogether. After B gave of his marbles to A,
6
A had twice as many marbles as B. How many marbles did A have
at first?
(a) 24 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 36
1
77. The value of 1  is
1
1
1
1
16
15 31 15 16
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
31 46 16 15
Fractions 35
1 3
78. The value of  is
1 4
1 3
4 1
3 3
1 1
2 2
1 2
3
2
13 15 11 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 21 28
1
79. If 2  x  then the value of x is
1
1
1
3
4
12 13 18 21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17
2x x 1
80. If  1 then the value of is
1 4x  2
1
x
1
1 x
3 3 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 4
81. A garments shop owner sold shirts and trousers. The number of shirts
1 1
was of the number of trousers he had. He sold of his trousers and all
3 2
the shirts. What fraction of the clothes did he sell?
3 4 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 6 8
5 2
82. A has as much money as B. B has as much money as C. If A has ` 63
8 3
less than C then B has
(a) ` 68 (b) ` 70 (c) ` 72 (d) ` 74
2 6
83. Given that string A is of string B and string B is of string C. What
3 5
fraction of string A is string C?
1 2 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 2 4
3 4
84. Box P is as heavy as box Q while box Q is as heavy as box R. If the
4 9
total weight of boxes Q and R is 338 kg then the weight of box P is
(a) 64 kg (b) 78 kg (c) 84 kg (d) 96 kg
85. Three friends had dinner at a restaurant. When the bill was received,
2 1
Ansh paid as much as Parth and Parth paid as much as Rahul paid.
3 2
What fraction of the bill did Parth pay?
1 3 5 12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 11 8 31
3
86. A drum of kerosene is full. When 30 litres of kerosene is drawn from
4
7
it, it remains full. The capacity of the drum is
12
(a) 120 litres (b) 135 litres (c) 150 litres (d) 180 litres
3 4
87. A boy read of a book on one day and of the remainder on another
8 5
day. If there were 30 pages unread, how many pages did the book
contain?
1
88. Anita read of the pages of a book. If she reads further 40 pages she
5
7
would have read of the pages of the book. How many pages are left
10
to be read?
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 28
3
89. A man has some money in the form of ` 100, ` 50 and ` 10 notes. of the
7
2
total number of notes are ` 100 notes, of the remaining are ` 50 notes
3
and the rest are ` 10 notes. If the number of ` 10 notes with him is 12,
how much money does he have in all?
(a) ` 4020 (b) ` 4160 (c) ` 4280 (d) ` 4350

1 1
90. An institute organised a fete and of the girls and of the boys
5 8
participated in the same. What fraction of the total number of students
took part in the fete?
2 13
(a) (b)
13 40
(c) Data inadequate (d) None of these
Fractions 37
1
91. Four children A, B, C and D divide a bag of sweets. A takes of them,
3
2
B takes of the remainder and the rest is equally shared between C and D.
5
What fraction of the sweets did C or D get?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 6 17
3 1
92. After reading of a book on Monday, Sachin read of the remaining
5 3
book on Tuesday. What fraction of the whole book would Sachin have
to read on Wednesday to complete reading the whole book?
1 1 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 15 15 15
3 1 1 1 3 3
93. 2  13  5  5  5  13  13  ?
4 4 4 4 4 4
(a) 311 (b) 316 (c) 361 (d) 380
7 7 5 5 7 5
    
94. What is 8 8 6 6 8 3 equal to?
7 7 5 5
  
8 8 6 6
1 41
(a) (b) (c) 41 (d) None of these
24 24
2 2
 2  1 2 1
3  2  3 2
 3  2 3 2
95.  ?
2
 3  1
2 3 1
4  3
4  3  4 3
 4  3
37 74 23
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) None of these
97 97 74
1
96. Aditya had some marbles. He gave of them to his brother and lost 60 of
5 4
them. Now he has of them left. He put the remaining marbles equally
8
into 4 similar containers. The number of marbles in each container is
(a) 60 (b) 72 (c) 75 (d) 84
1 1 1
97. What is the least fraction that must be added to 1  1  1 to make the
3 2 9
result an integer?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 5 6
98. The denominator of a fraction is greater than its numerator by 3. If 3 is

subtracted from the numerator and 2 is added to its denominator the
1
new fraction obtained is . The original fraction is
5
1 2 5 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 8 11
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (b) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (b) 79. (d) 80. (c)
81. (d) 82. (c) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (b) 86. (d) 87. (a) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (a)
91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (c) 94. (c) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (c) 98. (c)
2 2 2 1 1 1 3 1
1. (a) Shaded fraction        1 .
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 5 2
(b) Shaded fraction      1 .
3 3 3 3 3
2 2 1 1
(c) Shaded fraction      1.
4 4 2 2
1 2 3 1 2  3 6 1
(d) Shaded fraction      1 .
5 5 5 5 5 5
2. Clearly, the given figure has 4 types of regions and 8 regions of each type. Now,
3
3 types of each region are shaded. So, of the whole figure is shaded.
8
3. (a) The figure has 10 squares each of which can be divided into two triangles. Out of
8 2
total 20 triangles, 8 are shaded. So, it represents or .
20 5
(b) The figure has 10 squares, each divided into 4 triangles. Out of total 40 triangles,
15 3
15 are shaded. So, it represents or .
40 8
(c) The figure has 9 squares, each divided into 2 half parts. Out of total 18 half-parts,
10 5
10 are shaded. So, it represents or .
18 9
Fractions 39
(d) The figure has 6 big triangles, each divided into 2 small triangles. Out of total 12
3 1
small triangles, 3 are shaded. So, it represents or .
12 4
 1 1 1  1  1 2 3 9 1 2
4. 4  1    1    1   ...  1     4     ...   4   .
 2 3 4   10   2 3 4 10 10 5
1
The shaded part in Figure (a) represents .
4
2
The shaded part in Figure (b) represents .
5
3.
The shaded part in Figure (c) represents
8
3 1
The dshaded part in Figure (d) represents or .
6 2
5. Figure P has two types of regions and 8 regions of each type, out of which 3 regions of
3
each type are shaded. So, the shaded region in Figure P represents .
8
Figure Q has 28 squares, of which 8 are shaded. So, the shaded region in Figure Q
8 2
represents or .
28 7
Figure R has two types of regions and 6 regions of each type, out of which 2 regions of
2 1
each type are shaded. So, the shaded region in Figure R represents or .
6 3
Figure S has two types of regions and 8 regions of each type, out of which 2 regions of
2 1
each type are shaded. So, the shaded region in Figure S represents or .
8 4
Now, LCM of 3, 4, 7, 8 = 168.
3 3  21 63 2 2  24 48
  ;   ;
8 8  21 168 7 7  24 168
1 1  56 56 1 1  42 42
  ;   .
3 3  56 168 4 4  42 168
42 48 56 63 1 2 1 3
        S < Q < R < P.
168 168 168 168 4 7 3 8
6. Total number of squares = 25.
2
Required number of unshaded squares  of 25 = 10.
5
Number of unshaded squares in the figure = 16.
 number of squares that must be shaded = 16 – 10 = 6.
2 3 7 4
7.  0.666 ;  0.75 ;  0.7 ;  0.8.
3 4 10 5
Now, 0.666 < 0.7 < 0.75 < 0.8.
2 7 3 4
    .
3 10 4 5
1 1 17
8. Required number  8    6  51.
2 6 2
9. Quantity of drink consumed by Sheena = 320 mL

Remaining quantity = (1000 – 320) mL = 680 mL.
3  3 
Quantity of drink consumed by Sheena’s sister  of 680 mL    680  mL.
20  20 
= 102 mL.
 quantity of drink left = (680 – 102) mL = 578 mL.
2
10. X  3  X  X = 0.
5
Q7 5 5
11.   Q  7   36  15  Q = 15 – 7 = 8.
36 12 12
P Q P 8 8
    P   15  12.
15 10 15 10 10
Q 8 2
 required fraction    .
P 12 3
1  1 1  1  4 1 1 3 1
12. PQ  QR  RS          .
3  3 12  3  12  3 12 12
1 1 1 2 1
 Q  PQ     ;
12 12 12 12 6
1 1 1 21 3 1 .
R   QR     
6 6 12 12 12 4
 1 1 2 7 7 5 7 7 3 49 9
13.  3  1   1        2 .
 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 5 20 20
 2  20   80 
14. Area of carpet   4  6  m 2   4   m 2    m 2 .
 3  3   3 
 1 1  2  10 16  2  160  2
Area of room   3  5  m     m   m .
 3 3  3 3   9 
 80 160   240  160  2  80  2
Area to be cut off     m  m .
 3 9   9   9 
 80 80  80 3 1
 required fraction        .
 9 3  9 80 3
15. (b) The product of two proper fractions is smaller than the individual fractions
involved in the operation.
(c) The product of a proper and an improper fraction is greater than the proper
fraction.
(d) When dividing a fraction by a whole number, the fraction is multiplied by the
reciprocal of the whole number.
 5 
17. Diameter of new planet   of 12756000  m
 43 
= (5 × 296651.16) m = 1483255.8 m.
 1483255.8 
 radius of new planet    m = 741627.9 m
 2 
 741627.9 
  km  741.6279 km  741.63 km.
 1000 
Fractions 41
18. Let the length of total journey be x km. Then,

 2 x
 1   of x = 33   33  x = (33 × 3) km = 99 km.
 3 3
271 122 271
19. (a)  
139 123 139
Improper Proper Improper
fraction fraction fraction
19 119 19
(b)  
28 228 28
Proper Proper Proper
1935 2934 1935
(c)  
2101 2924 2101
Proper Improper Proper
2 5 5 3 8 6
(d) of  and of  .
3 6 9 4 7 7
5 5  7 35 6 6  9 54
Now,   and   .
9 9  7 63 7 7  9 63
35 54 5 6 2 5 3 8
    of  of .
63 63 9 7 3 6 4 7
 3  4 
20. Number of pieces   30  3    30    8.
 4  15 
11 3
21.  2 , which clearly lies between 2 and 3.
4 4
1 4 15 33 22
22.  0.333 ;  0.3636 ;  0.326 ;  0.336 ;  0.349.
3 11 46 98 63
15 1 .
Clearly, 
46 3
2 5 5
23. Part of the cake eaten  of  .
3 6 9
1
24. Fraction of cake eaten  .
3
1  1 1 2 1
Fraction of cake given away  of  1    of  .
8  3 8 3 12
1 1  5 7
 fraction of cake left  1      1   .
 3 12  12 12
3 3 5
25. x   52  39  x  39   65.
5 4 3
 x  y  65  52  117.
1 1 1
26. Required point size     72  18.
4 72 4
27. Clearly, each of the even integers 32, 34, 36 and 38 has at least one common factor
(i.e., 2) with 8. Of the remaining odd integers 31, 33, 35, 37 and 39; 35 is a multiple of 5
and 39 is a multiple of 13.
5 8 13
Hence, , and will be in their lowest terms for only 3 values of p, i.e., 31, 33
p p p
and 37.
1 1 7 5
28. Fraction of money left  1      1   .
3 4 12 12
3 2 23 7 115  28 87 7
29. Required difference  5  1     4 .
4 5 4 5 20 20 20
11 2 11 15 55 7
30.     6 .
12 15 12 2 8 8
Clearly, 6 packets will be formed.
 11 2 
Weight of onions left unpacked     6  kg
 12 15 
 11 4   55  48  7
    kg    kg  kg.
 12 5   60  60
 1 3
31. Quantity of flour packed   8  4  kg
 2 4
 17 19   34  19   15 
    kg    kg    kg.
 2 4   4   4 
 15   15 1  3
 weight of flour in each packet    5  kg     kg  kg.
 4   4 5 4
1 1 1  2 11
32. Fraction of curry consisting of tomatoes  1       1   
3 6 6  6 
4 2 1.
 1  1 
6 3 3
1 1 1 7 1 1 1 47 1 1 1 1 57
33.  1;    1;     1;      1;
3 3 4 12 3 4 5 60 3 4 5 6 60
1 1 1 1 1 459
      1.
3 4 5 6 7 420
1 1 1 1 1 28  14  7  4  2  1 56
34. 1         2.
2 4 7 14 28 28 28
1 1 1 1 1 1 23
35.    4   4    4 
3 2 x x 3 2  6 
1 5 24  5 19 6
  4    x .
x 6 6 6 19
1 5 5 1 5 14 13 2 5 7 45  14 59 23
36. 1  1  1  6         1 .
4 9 8 2 4 9 8 13 4 18 36 36 36
  1   4  3  3
37. 1  2  1  2   1     1  2  1  2    1  2  1  2    1  2  1  
  3   3  4  2
5 2 4 4
 1 2   1 2  1  1 .
2 5 5 5
 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1
            1  1   
 3 3 5 5 4 2 4
38. Given expression   4  4   
2 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 2  6  3  5
       1  
3 3 3 5 5 2 3 2 3  6
1  6 3
     .
4  5 10
Fractions 43
19 16 361  256 105 .

39. Required difference    
16 19 304 304
 1 1 1 1   30  15  12  10   17 
         17
40. 
2 4 5 6 

60    60    18  51  5 1 .
 2 5 3 7   2 3   5 7  1  17 60 10 10
          18
 5 9 5 18   5 5   9 18 
 1 3  3  19 7  3  38  21  3 17 3 17 1
41. (a)  3  1              1 .
 6 4  4  6 4  4  12  4 12 4 16 16
1 1 1 1 13 7 5 1 91 1 91  3 88 22 1
(b) 3  2  1           7 .
4 3 4 5 4 3 4 5 12 4 12 12 3 3
 4 3  1  14 13  3  28  13  3 41 3 123 3
(c)  2  1   1            6 .
 5 10  2  5 10  2  10  2 10 2 20 20
5 3  3 5  3 3  11  11 7  11 18 33 1
(d) 1  2  1  1  1   2  1          8 .
6 4 6 4 6  4 4 6  4 4 6 4 4 4
3 2 1 11 8 13 11 3 12 99 .
42. 2  2  1       
4 3 12 4 3 12 4 8 13 104
2 3 1 7 11 36 36 7
43. 9  1 of 3  5 of  9  of  of  9  4  4  9  1  8.
9 11 7 9 9 11 7 9
 1  1 1  1 1 1    1 1
44.  3  1   2       of 4 
 4 
 4 2  2 4 6 
   2 3 
 13  5 1  5 1    1 13   13  5 1  30  1   13
           of          
 4  4 2  2 12    2 3   4  4 2  12   6
 13 5 1 29  13  13 5 29  13
              
 4 4 2 12  6  4 4 24  6
 13 30  29  13  13 1  13 13 6
          24   36.
 4  24  6  4 24  6 4 13
 1 1 1  7 3 11   7 33 
3  1 of 5   of  3 2 4 
3  2 2 2 3 2 2 2
45. of    of    of  
2  2 1  1 1 of 3 1  2  5  3 of 7  2  5  21 
 2 2 2  2 2 2  2 4 
 7 4 

3  2 33  3  14 4  3 14 4 28

of    of        .
2   21  2  33 31  2 33 31 341
10
 
 4 
1 1 1

3 1 2 2 3 1 5 3 9 2  6  10 5
46.  2 of   3    of   
4 4 3 11 3 6 4 4 3 5 3 6
2 3  
6
3 3  1 6  10 5 3 2 1 10 5
           
4 2 6 5 3 6 4 3 5 3 6
1 2 5 345 4 2
      .
2 3 6 6 6 3
7 1 5 7 3 5 7 5  14  15 
 1 of  of   
47. 3 2 3  3 2 3  3 2   6   29  3  29 .
2 5 5  65 6 11 22
21 2 2  
3 3 3  3 
29 1 58  11 47 3
 required difference     1 .
22 4 44 44 44
1 3 1 3 1 3 2 1 2
48. 2 of       of 
2 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 3
5 3 1 3 1 3 2 1
 of       
2 4 2 2 2 2 3 3
15 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 1 5 5  8 13 5
          1  1 .
8 2 3 2 2 3 8 2 2 8 8 8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
  3
3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
49.            0.
1 1 1 9 1 1 9 1
 of  9 9 3 3 9 9 9
3 3 3 3 9 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
 of  4
2 2 2 2 4 2 4 8 2
50.    2   2 .
1 1 1 1 1  2 1 3 3 3
 of 
2 2 2 2 4  4 
1 4 5 13 2  39  8 
3  of   
12  31 31 1
51. 4 5 6  4 3    6   15 .
1 1  3 106  13  3  212   65 215  12 2 2
4      5      
3 5  10 5  3  10   3 10 
2
52. Fraction of water spilled by Jack  .
3
 2 1
Fraction of water left in the pail   1    .
 3 3
1 1 1
Fraction of water spilled by Jill  of  .
5 3 15
1 1 5 1 4
Fraction of water now left in the pail     .
3 15 15 15
a a b c 1 1 1
53.      2   .
d b c d 3 2 3
b b c d 1
    2   3  3.
e c d e 2
c c d e 1 1 3
    3  .
f d e f 2 4 8
abc a b c 1 3 3
     3  .
def d e f 3 8 8
21 2. 2 1 2 . 2 1 2 . 1 1
54. I.  II.  III.  IV.  .
31 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3
1  1 1  1 1 1  1 1  
55.            
4  2 2  2 2 2  2 2  
1  1 1 1 1 1  1  1 1 1 1 
        1        2  1
4  2 2 2 2 2  4  2 2 2 2 
Fractions 45
1  1 1 1  1  1 1 3 
      1    
4  2 2 2  4  2 2 2 
1 1 1 2 1 1 3  2 5
        .
4  2 2 3  4 6 12 12
56. For the smallest fraction, the numerator must be the smallest and the denominator
ab
must be the greatest. Thus, is the smallest fraction.
cd
yx  x  3
  1   1 
6 yx 6  y  6  y  6  4 6 1 4 6 1 7
57.               1.
7 yx 7 yx 7  x  7 1  3  7 4 7 7 7 7
  1   
4

 y   y 
x 6 x 12
58.    .
2y 7 y 7
xy x   12 
    1  1
x  y 14  y  14  y  14  7   14
      
x  y 19  x  y  19  x  19  12  19
    1   1
 y  y   7 
5 7 14 5 14 19
       1.
7 19 19 19 19 19
 1 1 1  1 1 2 3 m1 1
59.  1    1    1   ...  1       ...   .
 2 3 4  m 2 3 4 m m
 1 1 1  1 4 5 6 n1 n1.
60.  1    1    1   ...  1       ...  
 3 4 5  n 3 4 5 n 3
 1 3 5  997  5 7 9 1001 1001 .
61.  2    2    2   ...  2       ...  
 3 5 7  999  3 5 7 999 3
 2 2 2  2  2  2 
62.  1    1    1   ...  1    1   1  
 1 2 3  26   27   28 
 1  2   2  2   3  2   4  2   26  2   27  2   28  2 
     ...    
 1   2   3   4   26   27   28 
3 4 5 6 28 29 30 29  30
     ...      29  15  435.
1 2 3 4 26 27 28 1 2
3 1 2 2 6   12 
63. 1   1   1   1   1  
4 3 3 5 7   13 
3 4 5 3 13 1 1
       .
4 3 3 5 7 13 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
64.          ... up to 35 terms
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
 1 1 1 1 1 1    1 1 1 1 1 
         5        
 2 3 4 2 3 4    2 3 4 2 3 
  1 1   1 1   1 1     1 1   1 1  1
               5          
  2 2   3 3   4 4     2 2   3 3  4
1 1
 05  0  0    .
4 4
 999   1  7 7
65.  999  7    1000    7  1000  7   7000 
 1000   1000  1000 1000
7000000  7 6999993 993
   6999 .
1000 1000 1000
995  4  4
66. 999  999   1000    999  1000  999   999  999000  4  998996.
999  999  999
2 3 5 8 16
67. 998  998  998  998  998
17 17 17 17 17
 2   3   5   8   16 
  998     998     998     998     9998  
 17   17   17   17   17 
 2 3 5 8 16  34
 (998  5)         4990   4990  2  4992.
 17 17 17 17 17  17
68. Let the given number be x. Then,
7 7 63 x  28 x 35 x 770  72
x  x  770   770   770   x   1584.
8 18 72 72 35
69. Let the number be x. Then,
17 8 289 x  64 x 225 x
x  x  225   225   225  x = 136.
8 17 136 136
17 8
 expected answer  136   136   64.
8 17
70. Let the number be x. Then,
3 4 1 2
of of x  of of x  648
4 5 6 5
3x x 8x 648  15
   648   648  x   1215.
5 15 15 8
71. Let the required number be x. Then,
1 1 3 3 3 3 x 3
x  1  x  1  x   x  x  x     x = 3.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
72. Let the total number of children be x. Then,
x
Number of boys  .
2
2 x x
Number of boys who wear spectacles  of  .
5 2 5
1
 required fraction  .
5
73. Let the total number of pupils in the class be x.
3x 2x
Then, number of boys  , number of girls  .
5 5
1 3x 1 2x x x 2x
Number of pupils who wear spectacles  of  of    .
3 5 2 5 5 5 5
2
5
74. Let the total number of fruits be x. Then,
5x 4x
number of apples  ; number of oranges  ;
9 9
3 5x x
number of green apples  of  .
10 9 6
Fractions 47
x
  15 or x  15  6  90.
6
75. Let the total number of students be x. Then,
3x 2x
number of girls  ; number of boys  ;
5 5
2 3x 1 2x 2x x
number of students who are absent  of  of  
9 5 4 5 15 10
4x  3x 7 x
  .
30 30
 7 x  23 x
 number of students who are present   x   .
 30  30
23
Hence, required fraction  .
30
1
76. Suppose A had x marbles and B had (60 – x) marbles. Then, after B gives of his
6
marbles to A,
1
number of marbles with A  x  (60  x )
6
5
number of marbles with B  (60  x )
6
1 5
 x  (60  x )  2  (60  x )
6 6
1 1 5 5
 x   60  x   60  x
6 6 3 3
x 5x
 x  10   100 
6 3
5x 5x 15 x 90  6
   100  10   90  x   36.
6 3 6 15
1 1 1 1 15 46 15
77. 1   1  1  1  1  1 .
1 1 16  31  31 31 31
1 1 1  
1  15  15  15 
1  
16  16 
1 3 1 3
78.   
1 4 1 4
1 3 1 3
4 1 4 1
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 3
2 2 2  
1 2 5 2
3  
2 2
1 3 1 3
   
1 4 4 1
1 3 3 1
4 4 2  11 
3 3 3  
2  12 
3  3
2  
5  5
1 3 1 3 1 33
     
1 12 1  21  3 21
1 3 1 1
3
5 11  4   11  4
3  
3
1 33 4 33 12  33 45 15
       .
 7  21 7 21 21 21 7
 
4
1 1 1 1
79. 2  x  x x x
1 1 4  17 
1 1 1  
1  13  13  13 
3  
4  4 
13 13 34  13 21
 2x  x 2   .
17 17 17 17
2x 2x 2x 2x
80.    .
1 1 1  1  x 2 x
1 1
x  1 x  x 
1  
1 x  1 x 
2x 2
  1  2x  2  x  3x  2  x  .
2x 3
2 5
1  
x 1 3 5 3 5
 3       .
4x  2 4  2  2  8  3 2 2
3   2
3 
81. Let the number of trousers be x.
x
Then, number of shirts  .
3
 x x  3x  2x 5x .
Number of garments sold      
2 3 6 6
 5x 
  5x 3 5
6
 required fraction       .
 x  6 4x 8
x  
 3
82. Suppose C has `x. Then,
 2x  5 2x   5x 
B has `   and A has `  of  , i.e., `   .
 3  8 3   12 
5x 7x 63  12
 x  63   63  x   108.
12 12 7
 2  108  ,
Clearly, B has `   i.e., ` 72.
 3 
83. Let length of string C be x. Then,
6x
length of string B  ;
5
2 6x 4x
length of string A  of  .
3 5 5
x 5 5
 required fraction   x  .
 4x  4x 4
 
 5 
Fractions 49
84. Let the weight of box R be x kg. Then,

 4x 
weight of box Q    kg;
 9 
3 4x  x
weight of box P   of  kg  kg.
4 9  3
4x 13 x
Now, Q + R  338   x  338   338
9 9
338  9
 x  26  9  234 kg.
13
x  234 
 weight of box P    kg  78 kg.
3  3 
85. Suppose Rahul paid `x. Then,
x
amount paid by Parth  `   ;
2
2 x x
amount paid by Ansh  `  of   `   .
3 2 3
 x x  6x  3x  2x   11x  .
Total bill  `  x     `    ` 
 2 3  6   6 
x
  x 6 3
2
 11x  2 11x 11
 
 6 
86. Let the capacity of the drum be x litres. Then,
3 7 9x  7 x 2x
x  x  30   30   30.
4 12 12 12
x
  30  x  (30  6)  180.
6
 Capacity of the drum = 180 L.
87. Let the total number of pages be x. Then,
3x
number of pages read on first day  ;
8
3x 5x
remaining pages  x   ;
8 8
4 5x x
number of pages read on second day  of  ;
5 8 2
5x x 5x  4x x
remaining pages     .
8 2 8 8
x
  30  x  30  8  240.
8
88. Let the total number of pages in the book be x.
 7 1 72 40  10
Then,    of x = 40    of x  40  x   80.
 10 5   10  5
 number of pages left to be read  80  (16  40)  80  56  24.
89. Let the total number of notes be x. Then,

3x
number of ` 100 notes  ;
7
2 4x   8x 
number of ` 50 notes  `  of   ` .
3 7   21 
 3x 8x   9x  8 x  17 x 4 x .
number of ` 10 notes  x      x   x 
 7 21   21  21 21
4x 12  21
  12  x   63.
21 4
3  63
So, number of ` 100 notes   27;
7
 8  63 
number of ` 50 notes     24;
 21 
 4  63 
number of ` 10 notes     12.
 21 
Hence, total amount  ` (27  100  24  50  12  10) = ` (2700 + 1200 + 120) = ` 4020.
90. 1 out of 5 girls and 1 out of 8 boys participated. Thus, 2 out of 13 students took part in
the fete.
1
91. Fraction of sweets A gets  .
3
2 2 4
Fraction of sweets B gets  of  .
5 3 15
1 4  54 9 3 2
Fraction of sweets remaining  1      1     1  1  .
 3 15   15  15 5 5
1 2 1.
 fraction of sweets C or D gets   
2 5 5
3
92. Fraction of book read on Monday  .
5
1  3 1 2 2
Fraction of book read on Tuesday  of  1    of  .
3  5 3 5 15
3 2  92 11 4 .
Fraction of book to be read on Wednesday  1      1     1 
 5 15   15  15 15
2 2
1 1 3 3 1 3  1  3 1 3
93. Given expression  5  5  13  13  2  5  13   5    13   2  5  13
4 4 4 4 4 4  4  4 4 4
2
 1 3
  5  13  [ ( a  b)2  a2  b 2  2 ab]
 4 4
2 2
 21 55   76 
        (19)2  361.
 4 4   4 
Fractions 51
2 2
7 5 7 5
      2 
 8 6 8 6
94. Given expression  2 2
7 5
   
8 6
2
7 5
  
 8 6 [ ( a  b)2  a2  b 2  2 ab ; ( a2  b 2 )  ( a  b) ( a  b)]
7 57 5
    
8 68 6
 7 5   21  20 
    
8 6   24  41
    24  41.
 7 5   21  20  24
    
 8 6   24 
 2 1 2 1  3 1
3  2  3  2  4  3 
 3 2 3 2  4 3
95. Given expression  
 3 1 3 1  2 1
4  3  4  3  3  2 
 4 3 4 3  3 2
 2 1   11 5   22  155 
3  2      
 3 2   3 2   6  37 12 74
      .
 3 1   19 10   57  40  6 97 97
4  3      
 4 3  4 3   12 
96. Let the total number of marbles be x. Then,
3 5 3 5 6x  5x x
x  60  x  x  x  60   60   60.
4 8 4 8 8 8
 x  60  8  480.
5 
Remaining marbles    480   300.
8 
 number of marbles in each container = 300  4 = 75.
1 1 1 4 3 10 4 2 9 4
97. 1  1  1        .
3 2 9 3 2 9 3 3 10 5
 4 1
 required fraction   1    .
 5 5
x
98. Let the original fraction be . Then,
x3
x3 1 x3 1
    5 x  15  x  5  4 x  20  x  5.
( x  3)  2 5 x5 5
5
 original fraction  .
8
EXERCISE 2B
true.
1. A fraction acts as an operator …… .
2. There are …… eighths in 24.
1 1
3. The number of kg box of chocolates that can be made with 1 kg
16 2
chocolates is …… .
4. The value of a proper fraction always lies between …… and …… .
2 1
5. The reciprocal of    is …… .
9 2
1 1 1
6. 1  2  4  …… .
8 4 3
1 2 3 1
7. of is more than of by …… .
2 3 4 3
4
8. If of the students in a school are boys and there are 775 girls in the
9
school then the number of boys in the school is …… .
2
9. The area of a square with each side of length 6 m is …… .
3
1 2
10. A rectangle is 12 cm long and 10 cm wide. Its perimeter is …… .
2 3
 1 2
11. The reciprocal of  3  1  is …… .
 5 3
5 2
12. The product of two number is 20 . If one of the numbers is 6 , the
7 3
other number is …… .
3
13. The area of a rectangle is 30 cm 2 . If one of the sides is 6 cm, the other
4
side is …… .
3
14. A ribbon of length 9 m is cut into 6 pieces of equal length. The length
4
of each piece is …… .
5
15. A glass is filled with water. If 120 mL more water is needed to fill it to
8
the brim, the total capacity of the glass is …… .
Fractions 53
3
16. A tank which is full of water can hold 50 more litres of water. The
5
capacity of the tank is …… .
3 2
17. Ananya had of a cake. She ate of it. Then, Ananya has eaten …… of
5 3
the whole cake.
2 4
18. Reena ate of a cake while Sheena ate of the remainder. The fraction
7 5
of the cake left is …… .
3 1 1
19. If a multiplying machine converts 4 to 2 then it will convert 5
to …… . 8 2 4
20. Tanvi planted six saplings in a row in her garden. The distance between
3
two adjacent saplings is m. Then, the distance between the first and
5
the last sapling is …… .
7
21. The equivalent fraction of whose denominator is 4 more than its
numerator, is …… . 8
2 4
22. 6 should be multiplied by …… to get 4 .
9 9
3
23. Kirti reads a book for 1 hours everyday. If her reading speed is 24
4
pages per hour and she finishes reading the book in 6 days then the
number of pages in the book is …… .
1
24. Cooking a certain dish requires 7 cups of water. If the measuring cup
2
1
holds 1 cups of water then it needs to be filled …… times.
4
3 3
25. Ali spent of his money and saved of the remainder in a bank. The
8 4
fraction of the money left is …… .
2 3
26. of Tarun’s money is equal to of Sachin’s money. If both have ` 115
5 4
together then Tarun has …… .
1 1
27. Kunal spent of his money on food and of the remaining on rent. The
5 2
fraction of his money which he spent on the two items is …… .
3 1
28. The height of pole A is of the height of pole B. Pole B is as tall as pole
5 3
C. Then, pole C is …… times as tall as pole A.
2
29. David had a box of toffees. He sold of them and gave 16 toffees to his
1 5
brother. If he now has of the original number of toffees left then the
3
total number of toffees he had at first was …… .
2 1
30. Pankaj spent of his pocket money on a book and of the remaining
5 6
amount to buy some stickers. If he spent `30 on stickers then his pocket
money was …… .
2 3
31. Michael had ` 1500 with him. He gave to his brother, of the remaining
1 5 8
to his sister and of the remaining to charity. The amount left with him
5
is …… .
3
32. Two boys X and Y have some stamps. X gave away of his stamps and
1 8
Y gave away of his. They then had the same number of stamps left. If
2
they both together had 540 stamps left the total number of stamps the
two boys had at the beginning was …… .
true or false.
33. Every integer is a fraction. ……
34. Every natural number is a fraction. ……
2 1
35. 2  2  2. ……
5 5
6 6
36. The reciprocal of is  . ……
5 5
37. The product of two proper fraction is less than each of the fractions that
are multiplied. ……
38. The product of two improper fractions is less than both the fractions.
……
7 7 7 7.
39.    ……
15 12 9 6
3 3
40. and are like fractions. ……
5 10
41. The product of two fractions may be a whole number. ……
42. Two like fractions can never be equivalent. ……
43. If the same nonzero number is added to both the numerator and the
denominator of a fraction the fraction remains the same. ……
Fractions 55
1 1 4
44.  is the same as . ……
4 3 3
45. The reciprocal of an improper fraction is always a proper fraction. ……
46. The reciprocal of a proper fraction is always an improper fraction. ……
47. The sum of two fractions can never be a whole number. ……
2 7 26 9
48. 8  5   . ……
3 9 3 68
7 5 7 37
49. 2  2   . ……
15 7 15 19
50. The product of a proper and improper fraction is less than the improper
fraction. ……
3
51. The number of litre jugs needed to empty a bucket containing
3 4
24 litres of water is 24. ……
4
3
52. The perimeter of a square field with each side of length 10 metres is
4
3
40 metres. ……
4
3 2
53. If of the total area of a garden is under flowers and of the area under
4 1 3
flowers is planted with roses then of the total area of the garden has
4
roses. ……
1
54. of a cup is filled with orange juice which is poured into an empty jug
3
of volume four times that of the cup. Then, the fraction of the jug that is
1
filled with juice is . ……
12

1
1. of 2. 192 3. 24 4. 0, 1 5. 2
4
1 1 4 2 1
6. 2 7. 8. 620 9. 44 m 10. 46 cm
6 12 9 3
25 3 4 5
11. 12. 3 13. 4 cm 14. 1 m 15. 320 mL
48 28 9 8
2 1
16. 125 L 17. 18. 19. 3 20. 3 m
5 7
28 5 5
21. 22. 23. 252 24. 6 25.
32 7 32
3
26. ` 75 27. 28. 5 29. 60 30. ` 300
5
31. ` 450 32. 972 33. False 34. True 35. False
41. True 42. True 43. False 44. False 45. False
46. True 47. False 48. False 49. False 50. True
51. False 52. False 53. False 54. True
1
2. Required number  24   24  8  192.
8
1 1 3
3. Required number  1    16  24.
2 16 2
2 1 2 4 9 1
5.    2  , whose reciprocal is or 2 .
9 2 9 9 4 4
1 1 1 9 9 13 9 4 13 13 1
6. 1  2  4        2 .
8 4 3 8 4 3 8 9 3 6 6
1 2 3 1 1 1 43 1
7. Required difference  of  of     .
2 3 4 3 3 4 12 12
8. Let the total number of students be x. Then,
 4 5 775  9
 1   of x  775  of x  775  x   1395.
 9 9 5
 number of boys = (1395 – 775) = 620.
 2 2  20 20 
9. Area of square   6  6  m 2     m 2
 3 3  3 3 
 400  2 4 2
  m  44 m .
 9  9
1 25 2 32
10. l  12 cm  cm; b  10 cm  cm.
2 2 3 3
 25 32   75  64  139 1
 perimeter  2 (l  b)  2    cm  2   cm  cm  46 cm.
 2 3   6  3 3
1 2 16 5 16 3 48 25
11. 3  1      , whose reiprocal is .
5 3 5 3 5 5 25 48
5 2 145 20 145 3 87 3
12. Other number  20  6      3 .
7 3 7 3 7 20 28 28
 3  27   4   40  4
13. Other side   30  6  cm   30   cm   30   cm    cm  4 cm.
 4  4   27   9  9
 3   39 1   13  5
14. Length of each piece   9  6  m     m    m  1 m.
 4   4 6  8  8
Fractions 57
15. Let the capacity of the glass be x mL. Then,

 5 3x  120  8 
 1   of x  120   120  x     320.
 8 8  3 
16. Let the capacity of the tank be x litres. Then,
 3 2x  50  5 
 1   of x  50   50  x     125.
 5 5  2 
2 3 2
17. Required fraction  of  .
3 5 5
2
18. Fraction of cake eaten by Reena  .
7
4 5 4
Fraction of cake eaten by Sheena  of  .
5 7 7
2 4 6 1
Fraction of cake left  1      1   .
7 7 7 7
1 3 5 35 5 8 4 .
19. Multiplying factor  2  4     
2 8 2 8 2 35 7
1 4 21 4
 required output  5     3.
4 7 4 7
20. There are 5 gaps between 6 saplings.
3 
 required distance    5  m  3 m.
5 
x
21. Let the required fraction be . Then,
x4
x 7
  8 x  7( x  4)  8 x  7 x  28  x  28.
x4 8
28
32
4 2 40 56 40 9 5
22. Required number  4  6      .
9 9 9 9 9 56 7
3 7
23. Number of pages in the book  24  1  6  24   6  252.
4 4
1 1 15 5 15 4
24. Required number  7  1      6.
2 4 2 4 2 5
3 3 5
25. Fraction of money spent  . Balance  1   .
8 8 8
3 5 15
Fraction of money saved in bank  of  .
4 8 32
 3 15   12  15  27 5 .
 fraction of money left  1      1     1 
 8 32   32  32 32
2 3 2 4 8
26. T  S  S  T  T.
5 4 5 3 15
8 15T  8T
Now, T  S  115  T  T  115   115
15 15
23T 115  15
  115  T   75.
15 23
1 4
27. Fraction of money spent on food  . Remaining  .
5 5
1 4 2
Fraction of money spent on rent  of  .
2 5 5
1 2 3
 fraction of money spent on the two items    .
5 5 5
28. Let height of pole C be x.
x
Then, height of pole B  .
3
3 x x
Height of pole A    .
5 3 5
x 5
Required value   x   5.
x x
 
5
29. Let the total number of toffees with David be x. Then,
2x 2x 2x 2x
 16     16
5 3 3 5
10 x  6 x 4x 16  15
  16   16  x   60.
15 15 4
30. Let Pankaj’s pocket money be ` x. Then,
 2x 
money spent on book  `   ,
 5 
 2x   3x 
remaining amount  `  x    ` ,
 5   5 
 1 3 x  x 
money spent on stickers  `  of   ` .
6 5   10 
x
  30  x  30  10  300.
10
2 2 
31. Money given to brother  of ` 1500  `   1500  = ` 600.
5 5 
Balance = ` (1500 – 600) = ` 900.
3 3 
Money given to sister  of ` 900  `   900  = ` 337.50.
8 8 
Balance = ` (900 – 337.50) = ` 562.50.
1 1 
Money given to charity  of ` 562.50  `   562.50   ` 112.50 .
5 5 
 amount left = ` (562.50 – 112.50) = ` 450.
32. Suppose X had m stamps and Y had n stamps in the beginning. Then,
540
number of stamps left with each one of X and Y   270.
2
5 1
 of m = 270 and of n = 270
8 2
270  8
 m  432 and n  270  2  540.
5
Hence, total number of stamps with the two boys in the beginning = 432 + 540 = 972.
Fractions 59
33. Only non-negative integers can be expressed as fractions.

2 1 12 11 12 5 12 1
35. 2  2      1 .
5 5 5 5 5 11 11 11
6 5
36. The reciprocal of is .
5 6
38. The product of two improper fraction is either greater than or equal to both the
fraction.
7 7 7 7
39.    .
15 12 9 6
40. Like fractions have the same denominator.
1 1 1 3
44.    3  .
4 3 4 4
5 5
45. is an improper fraction, whose reciprocal is also (an improper fraction).
5 5
2 7 26 52 26 9 .
48. 8  5    
3 9 3 9 3 52
7 5 37 19 37 17
49. 2  2     .
15 7 15 17 15 19
3 3 99 4
51. Required number of jugs  24     33.
4 4 4 3
 3  43 
52. Perimeter of square field = 4 × side   4  10  m   4   m  43 m.
 4  4 
53. Let the total area of the garden be x.
3x
Then, area under flowers  .
4
2 3x 2 3x 1
Area under roses  of    x.
3 4 3 4 2
54. Let the volume of cup be x and that of the jug be 4x.
1
Then, volume of orange juice  x.
3
x
  x 1 1
3
4 x 3 4 x 12

3 Decimals
1. DECIMAL FRACTIONS Fractions with powers of 10, i.e., 10, 100, 1000, etc.,
as denominators are called decimal fractions.
5 9 13
Examples or 5 tenths, or 9 hundredths, or 13 thousandths.
10 100 1000
2. DECIMALS The numbers expressed in decimal form are called decimal
numbers or simply decimals. All fractions, whether proper or improper,
can be expressed as decimals.
8 6 47
Thus,  0.8 ,  0.06 ,  0.47 ,
10 100 100
9 73 246
 0.009,  0.073 ,  0.246 ,
1000 1000 1000
23 3 567 67
 2  2.3 , 5  5.67 ,
10 10 100 100
1839 839 17023 7023
1  1.839, 1  1.7023 , and so on.
1000 1000 10000 10000
3. A decimal number has two parts separated by a decimal point:
(i) the whole number part on the left, and
(ii) the decimal part on the right.
So, in 383.29, 383 is the whole number part and .29 is the decimal part.
4. DECIMAL PLACES The number of digits occurring in the decimal part of a
decimal number gives the number of decimal places.
Thus, 18.37 has 2 decimal places while 16.009 has 3 decimal places.
5. LIKE AND UNLIKE DECIMALS Decimals having the same number of decimal
places are called like decimals while decimals having different number
of decimal places are called unlike decimals.
So, 9.75 and 103.24 are like decimals because each of these has two
decimal places.
Since 9.36 has 2 decimal places while 9.036 has 3 decimal places, so 9.36
and 9.036 are unlike decimals.
6. (i) Putting any number of zeros to the extreme right of the decimal part
of a decimal number does not change its value.
Thus, 4.85 = 4.850 = 4.8500 = … .
But 4.85  4.085  4.0085.
60
Decimals 61
(ii) Unlike decimals may be converted into like decimals by annexing

the required number of zeros to the extreme right of the decimal
part.
So, 6.57 and 6.7 are unlike decimals but 6.57 and 6.70 are like decimals.
7. PLACE-VALUE CHART
Thou- Hun- Decimal Hun- Thou-

Tens Ones Tenths
sands dreds point dredths sandths
9 8 1 5 . 6 7 4
In the numeral 9815.674, we have
place value of 9 = 9 thousands = 9000;
place value of 8 = 8 hundreds = 800;
place value of 1 = 1 tens = 10;
place value of 5 = 5 ones = 5;
6
place value of 6 = 6 tenths   0.6 ;
10
7
place value of 7 = 7 hundredths   0.07 ;
100
4
place value of 4 = 4 thousandths   0.004.
1000
Thus, the expanded form of 9815.674 is
6 7 4
9000 + 800 + 10 + 5   
10 100 1000
or (9 × 1000 + 8 × 100 + 1 × 10 + 5 + 6 × 0.1 + 7 × 0.01 + 4 × 0.001).
Similarly, the expanded form of 937.845 is
8 4 5
900  30  7   
10 100 1000
or (9 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 7 × 1 + 8 × 0.1 + 4 × 0.01 + 5 × 0.001).
8. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN DECIMALS
1
1 km = 1000 m and 1 m  km = 0.001 km;
1000
1
1 m = 100 cm and 1 cm  m = 0.01 m;
100
1
1 cm = 10 mm and 1 mm  cm = 0.1 cm;
10
1
1 kg = 1000 g and 1 g  kg = 0.001 kg;
1000
1
1 g = 1000 mg and 1 mg  g = 0.001 g;
1000
1
1 L = 1000 mL and 1 mL  L = 0.001 L;
1000
1
` 1 = 100 p and 1 p  `  ` 0.01.
100
63
Thus, (i) 9 km 63 m = 9 km  km = 9.063 km;
1000
6
25 km 6 m = 25 km  km = 25.006 km;
1000
805
109 km 805 m = 109 km  km = 109.805 km.
1000
1
(ii) 1 m 1 mm = 1 m  m = 1.001 m;
1000
65
77 m 65 cm = 77 m  m = 77.65 m.
100
5
(iii) 7 kg 5 g = 7 kg  kg = 7.005 kg;
1000
77
29 kg 77 g = 29 kg  kg = 29.077 kg;
1000
653
186 kg 653 g = 186 kg  kg = 186.653 kg.
1000
53
(iv) 253 L 53 mL = 253 L  L = 253.053 L;
1000
8
16 L 8 mL = 16 L  L = 16.008 L.
1000
13
(v) 13 p  `  ` 0.13 ;
100
8
` 1000 and 8 paise = ` 1000  `  ` 1000.08.
100
9. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS To add or subtract decimals, we
convert them into like decimals first and then add or subtract as in the
case of whole numbers, taking the decimal points in one column.
10. MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS BY 10, 100, 1000, etc.
(i) On multiplying a decimal by 10, the decimal point is shifted to the

right by one place.
Thus, 0.263 × 10 = 2.63; 0.0505 × 10 = 0.505.
Decimals 63
(ii) On multiplying a decimal by 100, the decimal point is shifted to the

right by two places.
Thus, 73.78 × 100 = 7378; 45.054 × 100 = 4505.4.
(iii) On multiplying a decimal by 1000, the decimal point is shifted to the
right by three places.
Thus, 33.54 × 1000 = 33540; 2.7853 × 1000 = 2785.3.
11. DIVISION OF DECIMALS BY 10, 100, 1000
(i) On dividing a decimal by 10, the decimal point is shifted to the left
by one place.
Thus, 23.57  10 = 2.357; 66  10 = 6.6; 0.08  10 = 0.008.
(ii) On dividing a decimal by 100, the decimal point is shifted to the left
by two places.
Thus, 10.08  100 = 0.1008; 7.875  100 = 0.07875.
(iii) On dividing a decimal by 1000, the decimal point is shifted to the
left by three places.
Thus, 43.75  1000 = 0.04375; 7.06  1000 = 0.00706.
12. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS
(i) The decimal equivalent of a proper fraction is always less than 1.

(ii) The decimal equivalent of an improper fraction is either greater
than or equal to 1.
(iii) The number of decimal places in the product of two decimal
numbers is the sum of the decimal places in the two numbers
multiplied together.
(iv) To compare two or more decimal numbers, we convert them to like
decimals.
EXERCISE 3A
1. When 0.36 is written in simplest fractional form, the sum of the
numerator and the denominator is
(a) 15 (b) 34 (c) 114 (d) 135
2. What decimal of an hour is a second?
(a) 0.0025 (b) 0.0256 (c) 0.00027 (d) 0.000126
8 4
3. If 38.1405  3 A   C   5E then the value of 4A + 2B + 5C + D + 3E is
B D
(a) 42.5003 (b) 42.5031 (c) 142.5003 (d) 52.5030
4. How many times is 0.1 as compared to 0.01?

1
(a) 10 times (b) 100 times (c) 1000 times (d) times
10
5. How is quarter of 3% written as decimal?
(a) 0.0025 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.0075 (d) 0.75
6. 0.3 + 3 + 3.33 + 3.3 + 3.03 + 333 = ?
(a) 345.96 (b) 355.96 (c) 375.66 (d) 375.93
7. 555.05 + 55.5 + 5.55 + 5 + 0.55 = ?
(a) 621.65 (b) 634.85 (c) 647.35 (d) 655.75
8. 4 + 4.44 + 0.4 + 44.04 + 444 = ?
(a) 469.88 (b) 487.66 (c) 496.88 (d) 497.24
9. 999.99 + 99.99 + 9.99 = ?
(a) 1019.89 (b) 1099.88 (c) 1108.99 (d) 1109.97
10. The value of 617 + 6.017 + 0.617 + 6.0017 is
(a) 6.2963 (b) 62.8975 (c) 62.965 (d) 629.6357
11. The value of 12.1212 + 17.0005 – 9.1102 is
(a) 20.0015 (b) 20.0105 (c) 20.0115 (d) 20.1015
9 5 7
12. The value of m in the equation    0.912 is
10 1000 m
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 1000 (d) 10000
13. The least among the following fractions is
15 19 24 34
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 20 25 35
3 5
14. Which of the following fractions is greater than and less than ?
4 6
1 2 4 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 5 10
2 3
15. Which of the following fractions lies between and ?
3 5
2 1 1 31
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 3 15 50
2
16. Which of the following fractions is nearest to ?
5
4 21 20001 200001
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 50 50000 500000
17. 11.71 – 0.86 + 1.78 – 9.20 = ?
(a) 2.43 (b) 3.13 (c) 3.43 (d) 4.13
Decimals 65
18. If x = 10 and y = 0.1, which of the following is the greatest?

x2
(a) x 2  y 2 (b) x 2  y 2 (c) x 2 y 2 (d) 2
y
19. The product of 0.09 and 0.007 is
(a) 0.6300 (b) 0.00063 (c) 0.00630 (d) 0.000063
20. 3 × 0.3 × 0.03 × 0.003 × 30 = ?
(a) 0.0243 (b) 0.00243 (c) 0.000243 (d) 0.0000243
21. (0.05 × 5 – 0.005 × 5) equals
(a) 0.0225 (b) 0.225 (c) 0.250 (d) 0.275
 23 
22.  0.00625 of  when expressed as a fraction, equals
 5 
23 23 23 125
(a) (b) (c) (d)
80 800 8000 23
23. 9.99 × 9.9 = ?
(a) 99.801 (b) 98.901 (c) 98.091 (d) 99.081
8967 505
(a) 0.8967 × 100  (b) 0.000505 × 1000 
1000 1000
23.45 3333
(c)  0.0002345 × 10000 (d) 0.1111 × 0.3 
100 10000
25. If 1 inch = 2.54 cm, how many centimetres are there in 12.65 inches?
(a) 31.231 (b) 30.131 (c) 32.131 (d) 30.231
26. 0.213  0.00213 = ?
1
(a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 100 (d)
1000
25.025
27. is equal to
0.025
(a) 1.01 (b) 10.1 (c) 101 (d) 1001
28. 4.036  0.04 = ?
(a) 1.009 (b) 10.09 (c) 100.9 (d) 10.9
29. Which of the following is closest to zero?
(a) (0.09)2 (b) 0.09 (c) (1  0.9)2 (d) 1  (0.9)2
30. One hundredth of a centimetre, when written in fractions of kilometres,
is equal to
(a) 0.0000001 (b) 0.000001 (c) 0.0001 (d) 0.001
31. 0.5 × 0.5 + 0.5  5 = ?

(a) 0.15 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.35 (d) 0.45
32. 0.04 × ? = 0.000016
(a) 0.04 (b) 4 (c) 0.004 (d) 0.0004
33. 5.5  [6.5  {3.5  (6.5  5.5  2.5)}] is equal to

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 0.1 (d) 1
34. Which pair of the operations will make the equation below true when
inserted into the blank spaces in the order shown?
3
2 1.5 2  1.8
10
(a) – and + (b) + and – (c) × and + (d) × and –
35. In the equation 2.9 + x + y = 9 – 1.8 – 1.32, the sum of x and y is
(a) 2.18 (b) 2.98 (c) 3.42 (d) 3.62
36. Which of the following is not correct?
0.175  0.7  0.45
(a) 2
5.95  8.25  2.40
(b) 0.01 × 0.1 – 0.001  10 + 0.01 = 0.0109
3.45  6.75  2.05
(c)  1.25
0.29  0.426  0.6
20  (0.03)2
(d)  0.5  2
0.018
37. 24.2  55000 = ?
(a) 0.044 (b) 0.0044 (c) 0.00044 (d) 0.000044
38. The time taken by Aryan in five different races to run a distance of
500 m was 3.20 minutes, 3.29 minutes, 3.32 minutes, 3.37 minutes and
3.17 minutes. The average time taken by him to complete a race is
(a) 3.23 minutes (b) 3.25 minutes
(c) 3.27 minutes (d) 3.30 minutes
39. Which of the following is correct?
0.02  0.003  0.004 0.002  0.03  0.04
(a)  0.0002 (b)  0.003
0.012 0.08
0.00002  0.3  0.004 0.2  0.3  0.004
(c)  0.00004 (d)  0.1
0.0006 0.00024
40. Which of the following has the least value?
2 (0.2)2 2
(a) 0.0002 (b) (c) (d)  0.01
1000 2 100
Decimals 67
41. Which of the following has the largest value?

32 0.32 3.2 3.2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0.05 50 0.05 50
42. Which of the following has the largest value?
(0.01)2 1
(a) (b) 0.01  (0.01)2 (c) (d) (0.101)2
(0.1)2 (0.01)2
(a) 76  0.019 = 4000 (b) 88  0.008 = 11000
(c) 7  0.014 = 5000 (d) 148  0.074 = 2000
(a) 76.5  0.15 = 51 (b) 2.73  1.3 = 2.1
(c) 37.8  1.4 = 27 (d) 30.94  0.7 = 44.2
0.23  0.023
45. equals
0.0023  23
(a) 0.207 (b) 207 (c) 2070 (d) 0.0207
46. The thickness of 54 sheets of paper is 15.12 mm. The thickness of each
sheet (in cm) is
(a) 0.0028 cm (b) 0.028 cm (c) 0.28 cm (d) 2.8 cm
(a) 10.05 × 1.05 = 10.5525 (b) 100.01 × 1.1 = 110.011
(c) 101.01 × 0.01 = 1.0101 (d) 10.1 × 10.1 = 101.01
48. Saplings are to be planted along a 130-m-long pavement at a distance of
2.6 m. How many saplings are needed?
(a) 45 (b) 50 (c) 51 (d) 55
49. Consider the following quotients:
(i) 368.39  17 (ii) 170.50  62 (iii) 875.65  83
Their correct sequence in decreasing order is
(a) (i), (iii), (ii) (b) (ii), (i), (iii) (c) (ii), (iii), (i) (d) (iii), (i), (ii)
547.527 547527
50. If  x then the value of is
0.0082 82
x
(a) (b) 10x (c) 100x (d) none of these
10
51. If 2994  14.5 = 172 then 29.94  1.45 = ?
(a) 0.172 (b) 1.72 (c) 17.2 (d) 172
52. If 213 × 16 = 3408 then 1.6 × 21.3 is equal to
(a) 0.3408 (b) 3.408 (c) 34.08 (d) 340.8
1 1
53. If  0.16134 then the value of is
6.198 0.0006198
(a) 0.016134 (b) 0.16134 (c) 1613.4 (d) 16134
54. Given 168 × 32 = 5376 then 5.376  16.8 is equal to
(a) 0.032 (b) 0.32 (c) 3.2 (d) 32
55. 54.327 × 357.2 × 0.0057 is the same as
(a) 5.4327 × 3.572 × 5.7 (b) 5.4327 × 3.572 × 0.57
(c) 54327 × 3572 × 0.0000057 (d) none of these
5.3472  324.23
56. is the same as
3.489  5.42
53472  3.2423 53472  32423
(a) (b)
3.489  54.2 3489  542
534.72  324.23 53472  3242.3
(c) (d)
34.89  5.42 3489  542
96.54  89.63 965.4  896.3
57.  ?
96.54  89.63 9.654  8.963
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 10 (d) 100
100 10
1
58. 0.6 of the pupils in a class like to play badminton. of the remaining
6
pupils like to play basketball, 2 pupils like soccer and 8 pupils like table
tennis. How many pupils like to play badminton?
(a) 10 (b) 18 (c) 30 (d) 40

59. The marks scored in an examination are converted from 50 to 10 for
the purpose of internal assessment. The highest marks were 47 and
the lowest were 14. The difference between the new maximum and the
minimum internal assessment scores is
(a) 3.3 (b) 4.8 (c) 6.6 (d) 7.4
3
60. 6  1.2  1.2  0.9  1.2  1.2  ?
4
The missing value in the above problem is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6

Decimals 69
61. Which of the following is equal to 1?

(0.11)2 (1.1)2
(a) (b)
(1.1)2  0.1 (11)  (0.01)2
2
(0.011)2 (0.11)2
(c) (d)
(1.1)2  (0.01)2 (11)2  0.01
yx
62. If 1.5x = 0.04y then the value of   is
yx
7.3 73 73 730
(a) (b) (c) (d)
77 77 770 77
4.41  0.16
63. is simplified to
2.1  1.6  0.21
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.1 (c) 1 (d) 10
0.625  0.0729  28.9
64. ?
0.0081  0.025  1.7
(a) 382.5 (b) 3625 (c) 3725 (d) 3825
3.6  0.48  2.50
65. The value of is
0.12  0.09  0.5
(a) 80 (b) 800 (c) 8000 (d) 80000
0.2  0.2  0.2  0.02
66. ?
0.044
(a) 0.004 (b) 0.4 (c) 1 (d) 2
67. Which number divided by 520 gives the same quotient as 85 divided by
0.625?
(a) 325 (b) 44200 (c) 3.82 (d) 70720
68. A car covers a distance of 43.2 km in 2.4 litres of petrol. The mileage of
the car in km per litre is
(a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 18
69. The product of two decimal numbers is 42.987. If one of them is 3.45, the
other is
(a) 11.86 (b) 12.26 (c) 12.46 (d) 12.58
(a) 48.08  400 = 0.1202 (b) 163.44  24 = 6.81
(c) 93.45  1.5 = 0.623 (d) 0.6204  5 = 0.12408
71. A car covers a distance of 89.1 km in 2.2 hours. The average speed of the
car is
(a) 40.5 km/hr (b) 40.05 km/hr (c) 40.55 km/hr (d) 40.15 km/hr
72. A flask weighs 64.27 g when empty and 150.35 g when full of water.
What will be its weight when it is half full of water?
(a) 43.04 g (b) 86.08 g (c) 107.31 g (d) 118.22 g
73. Ananya has a total of ` 27.50, in the form of 50-paisa and 10-paisa coins.
If there are 13 more 50-paisa coins than 10-paisa coins, how many
50-paisa coins does Ananya have?
(a) 35 (b) 48 (c) 36 (d) 49
1
74. A shopkeeper had 13.6 kg of sugar. He sold of it and repacked the rest
4
into 5 equal packets. What is the weight of each packet?
(a) 0.68 kg (b) 2.04 kg (c) 2.4 kg (d) 1.85 kg
75. A box weighs 0.55 kg. When 7 packets of substance A were placed into
it, the total mass became 3.35 kg. When 3 packets of substance A were
taken out and a packet of substance B was placed into the box, the mass
of the box became 3.65 kg. The mass of a packet of substance B was
(a) 1.35 kg (b) 1.5 kg (c) 1.65 kg (d) 1.75 kg
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (c)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (d) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (d) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (c)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (b)
36 9 .
1. 0.36  
100 25
 required sum = 9 + 25 = 34.
1 1 0 .0 0 0 2 7
2. Required decimal    0.00027.
60  60 3600 3 6 0 0 ) 1 .0 0 0 0 (
– 7200
28000
– 25200
2800
Decimals 71
8 4
3. 38.1405  3 A   C   5E
B D
1 4 5 8 4
 30  8     3 A   C   5E
10 100 10000 B D
8 1 4 4 5
 3 A  30 ,  8, C  ,  , 5E 
B 10 D 100 10000
1 1
 A = 10, B = 1, C  , D = 100, E 
10 10000
1 1
 4A + 2B + 5C + D + 3E  4  10  2  1  5   100  3 
10 10000
5 3
 40  2   100   142.5003.
10 10000
0.1 1 100
4.    10.
0.01 10 1
1 1 3 3
5. of 3%   
4 4 100 400
3 1 0.75
    0.0075.
4 100 100
6. 0.3 7. 555.05 8. 4
3.0 55.5 4.44
3.33 5.55 0.4
3.3 5.0 44.04
3.03 + 0.55 + 444
+ 333.00 621.65 496.88
345.96
9. 999.99 10. 617

99.99 6.017
+ 9.99 0.617
1109.97 + 6.0017
629.6357
11. 12.1212 29.1217

+ 17.0005 – 9.1102
29.1217 20.0115
9 5 7 9 1 2
12.    0.912   
10 1000 m 10 100 1000
5 7 1 2 10  2 12
     
1000 m 100 1000 1000 1000
7 12 5 7
     m  1000.
m 1000 1000 1000
13. .93 75 .9 5 .9 6 .9 71
1 6 ) 1 5. 0 ( 2 0 ) 1 9. 0 ( 2 5 ) 2 4. 0 ( 3 5 ) 3 4. 0 (
– 14 4 – 18 0 – 22 5 – 31 5
60 1 00 1 50 2 50
– 48 – 1 00 – 1 50 – 2 45
120 × × 50
– 112 –35
80 15
–80
×
15 19 24 34
 0.9375  0.95  0.96  0.971
16 20 25 35
3 5
14.  0.75 ;  0.833.
4 6
1 2 4 9
 0.5 ;  0.66 ;  0.8 ;  0.9.
2 3 5 10
Clearly, 0.75 < 0.8 < 0.833.
3 4 5.
  
4 5 6
2 3
15.  0.66 ;  0.6.
3 5
2 1 1 31 62
 0.4 ;  0.33 ;  0.066 ;   0.62 .
5 3 15 50 100
Clearly, 0.66 > 0.62 > 0.6.
2 31 3
   .
3 50 5
2
16.  0.4.
5
4 21 42
 0.8 ;   0.42 ;
5 50 100
20001 40002
  0.40002 ;
50000 100000
200001 400002
  0.400002.
500000 1000000
2
Clearly, 0.400002 is nearest to 0.4 and hence to .
5
17. 11.71 – 0.86 + 1.78 – 9.20
 (11.71  1.78)  (0.86  9.20)
 13.49  10.06  3.43.
11.71 0.86 13.49

+ 1.78 + 9.20 – 10.06
13.49 10.06 3.43
Decimals 73
18. x 2  y 2  (10)2  (0.1)2  100  0.01  100.01.

x 2  y 2  (10)2  (0.1)2  100  0.01  99.99.
x 2 y 2  ( xy )2  (10  0.1)2  12  1.
2 2
x 2  x   10  2 2
2
     (10  10)  (100)  10000.
y  y   0.1 
19. 9  7  63.
Sum of decimal places in 0.09 and 0.007 = 2 + 3 = 5.
 0.09  0.007  0.00063.
20. 3  3  3  3  30  2430.
Sum of decimal places in 3, 0.3, 0.03, 0.003 and 30 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
 3  0.3  0.03  0.003  30  0.002430.  0.00243.
21. (0.05  5  0.005  5)  0.25  0.025  0.225.
 23  625 23 23
22.  0.00625 of    .
 5  100000 5 800
23. 999  99  98901.
 9.99  9.9  98.901.
8967
24. (a) 0.8967 × 100 = 89.67 and  8.967.
1000
505
(b) 0.000505 × 1000 = 0.505 and  0.505.
1000
23.45
(c)  0.2345 and 0.0002345 × 10000 = 2.345.
100
3333
(d) 0.1111 × 0.3 = 0.03333 and  0.3333.
10000
25. 1 inch = 2.54 cm.
 12.65 inches = (12.65 × 2.54) cm = 32.131 cm.
0.213 213 100
26. 0.213  0.00213    213   100.
0.00213 2.13 213
25.025 25025
27.   1001.
0.025 25
4.036 403.6 4036 1 1009
28.      100.9
0.04 4 4 10 10
29. (0.09)2  0.09  0.09  0.0081.
(1  0.9)2  (0.1)2  0.1  0.1  0.01.
1  (0.9)2  1  0.9  0.9  1  0.81  0.19.
Clearly, 0.0081 being the least, is closest to zero.
1  1   1 1 
30. cm =   100  m    m
100  100   100 100 
 1   1 
 m  1000  km
 10000   10000 
1 1 1
   km  0.0000001 km.
10000 1000 10000000
0.5
31. 0.5 × 0.5 + 0.5  5 = 0.25   0.25  0.1 = 0.35.
5
0.000016 0.0016
32. 0.04 × ? = 0.000016  ?    0.0004.
0.04 4
33. 5.5  [6.5  {3.5  (6.5  5.5  2.5)}]
 5.5  [6.5  {3.5  (6.5  3)}]
 5.5  [6.5  {3.5  3.5}]  5.5  [6.5  1]
 5.5  5.5  0.
3
34. 2  2.3.
10
And, 2.3 + 1.5 – 2 = 1.8.
35. 2.9  x  y  9  1.8  1.32
 x  y  9  1.8  1.32  2.9
= 9 – (1.8 + 1.32 + 2.9)
= 9 – 6.02 = 2.98. 1.8
1.32
2.9
6.02
 0.175   1.75 
 0.45    0.45 0.25  0.45 0.2
0.175  0.7  0.45  0.7  7 
36. (a)      2.
5.95  8.25  2.40 8.35  8.25 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.001
(b) 0.01  0.1  0.001  10  0.01  0.001   0.01
10
 0.001  0.0001  0.01
= 0.011 – 0.0001 = 0.0109.
3.45  6.75  2.05 5.5  6.75 1.25
(c)    1.25.
0.29  0.426  0.6 0.29  4.26 0.29  0.71
6
20  (0.03)2 20  0.0009 10 0.0180
(d)  0.5     2  2.
0.018 0.018 5 0.018
24.2 24.2 1 2.2 1 0.44
37. 24.2  55000        0.00044.
55000 55 1000 5 1000 1000
 3.20  3.29  3.32  3.37  3.37 
38. Required average time    min
 5 
 16.35 
  min  3.27 min .
 5 
0.02  0.003  0.004 23 4 1000 2
39. (a)     0.00002.
0.012 100000000 12 100000
0.002  0.03  0.04 2  3  4 100 3
(b)     0.00003.
0.08 10000000 8 100000
0.00002  0.3  0.004 23 4 10000 4
(c)     0.00004.
0.0006 1000000000 6 100000
0.2  0.3  0.004 2  3  4 100000
(d)    1.
0.00024 100000 24
Decimals 75
2
40.  0.002.
1000
(0.2)2 0.2  0.2
  0.1  0.2  0.02.
2 2
2 0.02
 0.01  0.02  0.01   2.
100 0.01
Clearly, 0.0002 is the least.
32 32
41.   100.
0.05 5
0.32 32 1 32 1 .
   
50 50 100 5 1000
3.2 32 320 32
    10.
0.05 0.5 5 5
3.2 32 32 1 .
  
50 500 5 100
32 32 32 1 32 1 .
Clearly,  100   10    
5 5 5 100 5 1000
32 3.2 3.2 0.32 .
   
0.05 0.05 50 50
2 2 2
(0.01)2  0.01   1   1 
42.     10      (0.1)2  0.01.
(0.1)2  0.1   100   10 
0.01  (0.01)2  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.0001  0.0099
2
1  1  2
   (100)  10000.
(0.01)2  0.01 
(0.101)2  0.101  0.101  0.010201.
76 76
43.   1000  4  1000  4000.
0.019 19
88 88
  1000  11  1000  11000.
0.008 8
7 7000
  500.
0.014 14
148 148000 148
   1000  2  1000  2000.
0.074 74 74
76.5 7650
44.   510.
0.15 15
2.73 27.3
  2.1.
1.3 13
37.8 378
  27.
1.4 14
30.94 309.4
  44.2
0.7 7
0.23  0.023 0.207 0.207
45.    0.207  10000  2070.
0.0023  23  0.0023  0.0001
 
 23 
46. Thickness of 54 sheets of paper = 15.12 mm.

 15.12 
 thickness of each sheet    mm  0.28 mm
 54 
 0.28 
  cm  0.028 cm.
 10 
47. 1005 × 105 = 105525  10.05 × 1.05 = 10.5525.
10001 × 11 = 110011  100.01 × 1.1 = 110.011.
10101 × 1 = 10101  101.01 × 0.01 = 1.0101.
101 × 101 = 10201  10.1 × 10.1 = 102.01.
 130  1300
48. Number of saplings   1  1  50  1  51.
 2.6  26
49. 2 1 .6 7 2 .7 5 1 0 .5 5
1 7 ) 3 6 8 .3 9 ( 6 2 ) 1 7 0 .5 0 ( 8 3 ) 8 7 5 .6 5 (
–34 –124 –83
28 46 5 45 6
–17 –43 4 –41 5
11 3 310 415
–10 2 –3 1 0 –4 1 5
119 0 0
–1 1 9
0
547527 547.527  1000 547.527 1 1 x
50.     x  .
82 0.0082  10000 0.0082 10 10 10
29.94 2994  100 2994 10 2994 1 172
51.        17.2 .
1.45 14.5  10 100 14.5 14.5 10 10
16 213 213  16 3408
52. 1.6  21.3      34.08.
10 10 100 100
1 1 1
53.    10000  0.16134  10000  1613.4.
0.0006198 6.198  10000 6.198
5376
54. 168  32  5376   32.
168
5.376 5376  1000 5376 10 5376 1 32
       3.2.
16.8 168  10 1000 168 168 10 10
55. Compare the sum of the number of decimal places in all the given products.
56. For the expressions to be equivalent, the difference between the sum of the decimal
places in the numerator and that in the denominator must be equal.
This difference is 1 in the expression given in the question and also 1 in (d).
96.54  89.63 965.4  896.3
57. 
96.54  89.63 9.654  8.963
96.54  89.63 9.654  8.963
 
96.54  89.63 965.4  896.3
96.54  89.63 9.654  8.963
 
965.4  896.3 96.54  89.63
Decimals 77
96.54  89.63 9.654  8.963

 
10 (96.54  89.63) 10 (9.654  8.963)
1 1 1 .
  
10 10 100
58. Let the total number of pupils be x.
6 3x .
Then, number of pupils who like to play badminton  0.6 x  x
10 5
 3x  2x
Remaining pupils   x   .
 5  5
1 2x x
Number of pupils who like to play basketball  of  .
6 5 15
Number of pupils who like soccer and table tennis
 3x x   9x  x 
 x     x  
 5 15   15 
10 x 5 x x
x   .
15 15 3
x
  2  8  10  x  30.
3
So, number of pupils who like to play badminton  0.6  30  18.
 47   14 
59. Required difference    10     10 
 50   50 
47 14
   9.4  2.8  6.6.
5 5
3
60. 6  1.2  1.2  0.9  1.2  1.2  ?
4
27
  1.2  3.3  1.2  ?
4
4.8 48
 1.2  ?  8.1  3.3  4.8  ?    4.
1.2 12
(0.11)2 0.11  0.11 0.0121
61. (a)    0.1.
(1.1)2  0.1 1.1  1.1  0.1 0.121
(1.1)2 1.1  1.1 1.21 1.21
(b)     100.
(11)  (0.01)2 11  11  0.01  0.01 121  0.0001 0.0121
2
(0.011)2 0.011  0.011 0.000121 0.000121

(c)     1.
(1.1)2  (0.01)2 1.1  1.1  0.01  0.01 1.21  0.0001 0.000121
(0.11)2 0.11  0.11 0.0121 0.0121
(d)     0.01.
(11)2  0.01 11  11  0.01 121  0.01 1.21
x 0.04 4 2
62. 1.5 x  0.04 y     .
y 1.5 150 75
yx  x  2 
  1   1  
yx  y   y   75  73 75 73
       .
yx yx  x   1  2  75 77 77
   1    
 y   y  75 
4.41  0.16 441  16

63.   1.
2.1  1.6  0.21 21  16  21
0.625  0.0729  28.9 625  729  289
64.   3825.
0.0081  0.025  1.7 81  25  17
3.6  0.48  2.50 36  48  250
65.   800.
0.12  0.09  0.5 12  9  5
0.2  0.2  0.2  0.02 0.04  0.004 0.044
66.    1.
0.044 0.044 0.044
67. Let the required number be x.
x 85 85  520  1000
Then,   x  70720.
520 0.625 625
68. Distance covered = 43.2 km.
Quantity of petrol consumed = 2.4 L.
 43.2   432 
 mileage    km/L    km/L = 18 km/L.
 2.4   24 
69. Product of two numbers = 42.987.
One number = 3.45.
 other number = 42.987  3.45
4298.7 62.3
   12.46.
3.45 5
48.08 48.08 1 12.02
70.     0.1202.
400 4 100 100
163.44 16344 1 681
    6.81.
24 24 100 100
93.45 934.5 9345 1 623
     62.3.
1.5 15 15 10 10
0.6204 6204 1 1240.8
    0.12408.
5 5 10000 10000
71. Total distance covered = 89.1 km.
Total time taken = 2.2 hours.
 89.1   891 
 average speed    km/hr    km/hr
 2.2   22 
 81 
   km/hr = 40.5 km/hr.
 2 
72. Weight of water when flask is full = (150.35 – 64.27) g = 86.08 g.
 86.08 
Weight of water when flask is half full    g  43.04 g.
 2 
 weight of the flask when half filled = (64.27 + 43.04) g = 107.31 g.
73. Let the number of 10-paisa coins be x.
Then, number of 50-paisa coins = (x + 13).
 50 (x + 13) + 10x = 2750  50x + 650 + 10x = 2750
 60x = 2100  x = 35.
Hence, number of 50-paisa coins = 35 + 13 = 48.
Decimals 79
1 1 
74. Quantity of sugar sold  of 13.6 kg    13.6  kg  3.4 kg.
4 4 
Quantity of sugar packet = (13.6 – 3.4) kg = 10.2 kg.
 10.2 
 weight of each packet    kg  2.04 kg.
 5 
75. Total mass of 7 packets of substance A = (3.35 – 0.55) kg = 2.8 kg.
 2.8 
Mass of each packet of substance A    kg  0.4 kg.
 7 
Now, mass of box + mass of 4 packets of substance A
+ mass of 1 packet of substance B = 3.65 kg
 mass of 1 packet of substance B
= [3.65 – 0.55 – (4 × 0.4)] kg
= (3.65 – 0.55 – 1.6) kg = 1.5 kg.
EXERCISE 3B
true.
1. 0.044 is forty-four …… .
2. …… decimals are obtained by annexing zeros to the extreme right of the
decimal point.
378
3. written as decimal, is equal to …… .
125
4. 8 rupees 8 paise = ` …… .
5. 8.6  1000 = …… .
6. 63 kg = …… tonne.
7. The cost of 27.5 metres of cloth at the rate of ` 54.50 per metre is …… .
0.9 0.16 0.25
8.    …… .
0.3 0.4 5
9. 7486 cm is greater than 8597 mm by …… m.
10. If one can of juice contains 330 mL of juice then 6 dozens of such cans
contain, in all, …… litres of juice.
11. 2.001  0.003 = …… .
12. 0.02964  0.004 = …… .
13. A boy earned ` 235.41 in a week. His average earning per day is ` …… .
14. The perimeter of a square is 244.56 cm. The length of each side of the
square is …… .
15. The area of a square with each side of length 15.8 cm is …… cm2 .
16. The product of two decimals is 136.369. If one of them is 2.65, the other
is …… .
17. If 8532 × 276 = 2354832 then

(i) 85.32 × 2.76 = …… .
(ii) 8.532 × 0.0276 = …… .
(iii) 853.2 × 0.276 = …… .
18. A stack of 1000 sheets of paper is 11.8 cm high. The thickness of each
sheet of paper is …… mm.
355.2 35520  .
19.  
2.4  0.024
20. Anant spends 0.75 of his salary every month. If he earns `18000 per
month then he will save `67500 in …… months.
21. Reena had 1.25 kg of pepper. She used 85 g of it. She is left with …… kg
of pepper.
22. If we cut a ribbon 9.8 m long into pieces each 35 cm long, the number of
pieces obtained is …… .
23. If 1 kg of rice costs `82.65 then the cost of 18.25 kg of rice will be …… .
24. A group of 20 persons went to a restaurant. They ordered a meal of
` 96.60 each but five of them hadn’t any money with them. Thus, the
remaining persons paid the whole bill. Each of the remaining persons
had to pay …… .
25. A piece of cloth 50 m long is cut into pieces each 1.25 m long. The
number of pieces obtained is …… and the number of cuts made is …… .
true or false.
26. 0.50 represents 5 parts out of 100. ……
27. 2.05 and 2.50 are unlike decimals. ……
28. 0.2 × 0.3 = 0.6. ……
29. 8 kg = 0.8 quintal. ……
30. 48 mm = 0.48 m. ……
31. 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 = 0.81. ……
32. 5 kg 5 g 5 mg = 5.005005 kg. ……
33. 8 L 8 dL 8 mL = 8.808 L. ……
34. 0.0072  0.0009 = 8. ……
35. 5 m 43 cm 42 mm = 5.4342 m. ……
36. 2.54 × 686 = 254 × 6.86 = 0.254 × 6860. ……
37. Decimal equivalent of a proper fraction is less than or equal to 1. ……
38. Decimal equivalent of an improper fraction is greater than or equal to 1.
……
Decimals 81
1. thousandths 2. Like 3. 3.024 4. ` 8.08

5. 0.0086 6. 0.063 7. `1498.75 8. 3.45
9. 66.263 m 10. 23.76 11. 667 12. 7.41
2
13. ` 33.63 14. 61.14 cm 15. 249.64 cm 16. 51.46
17. (i) 235.4832 (ii) 0.2354832 (iii) 235.4832 18. 0.118 mm
19. 240, 3.552 20. 5 21. 1.165 22. 28
23. `1508.3625 24. `128.80 25. 40, 39 26. False
27. False 28. False 29. False 30. False
31. False 32. True 33. True 34. True
35. False 36. True 37. False 38. True

44
1. 0.044   44 thousandths.
1000
378 378  8 3024
3.    3.024.
125 125  8 1000
 8 
4. 8 rupees 8 paise  ` 8  `    ` (8  0.08)  ` 8.08
 100 
63
6. 63 kg  tonne = 0.063 tonne.
1000
7. Required cost = ` (54.50 × 27.5) = ` 1498.75.
0.9 0.16 0.25 9 1.6 0.25
8.       3  0.4  0.05  3.45.
0.3 0.4 5 3 4 5
 7486 8597 
9. Required difference    m
 100 1000 
 (74.86  8.597 ) m  66.263 m.
10. Total quantity  (330  6  12) mL  23760 mL

 23760 
  L  23.76 L.
 1000 
2.001 2001
11.   667.
0.003 3
0.02964 29.64
12.   7.41.
0.004 4
 235.41 
13. Average earning  `    ` 33.63.
 7 
 244.56 
14. Length of each side    cm  61.14 cm
 4 
15. Area of square  (15.8  15.8) cm 2  249.64 cm 2 .
16. Product of two numbers = 136.369.

One number = 2.65.
13636.9
 other number = 136.369  2.65   51.46.
265
20. Money saved per month  ` (18000  0.75)  ` 13500.
 67500 
 number of months     5.
 13500 
21. Quantity of pepper left  (1.25  0.085) kg  1.165 kg.
22. Length of ribbon = 9.8 m = (9.8 × 100) cm = 980 cm.
Length of each piece = 35 cm.
 980 
 number of pieces     28.
 35 
 96.60  20 
24. Money paid by each  `    ` 128.80.
 15 
 50  5000
25. Number of pieces     40.
 1.25  125
 number of cuts made  40  1  39.
50 5
26. 0.50   .
100 10
So, 0.50 represents 5 parts out of 10, or 50 parts out of 100.
27. Both 2.05 and 2.50 have two decimal places. So, they are like decimals.
28. 0.2  0.3  0.06.
 8 
29. 8 kg    quintal = 0.08 quintal.
 100 
 48 
30. 48 mm    m  0.048 m.
 1000 
31. 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 = 0.0081.
 5   5 
32. 5 kg 5 g 5 mg  5 kg    kg    kg
 1000   1000000 
 (5  0.005  0.000005) kg  5.005005 kg.
 8   8 
33. 8 L 8 dL 8 mL  8 L    L    L = (8 + 0.8 + 0.008) L = 9.808 L.
 10   1000 
0.0072 72
34.   8.
0.0009 9
 43   42 
35. 5 m 43 cm 42 mm  5 m    m m
 100   1000 
= (5 + 0.43 + 0.042) m = 5.472 m.
37. Decimal equivalent of a proper fraction is always less than 1.

4 Rational Numbers
1. (i) NATURAL NUMBERS Counting numbers are called natural numbers.

Thus, 1, 2, 3, … are all natural numbers.
(ii) WHOLE NUMBERS All natural numbers together with 0 are called
whole numbers.
Thus, 0, 1, 2, 3, … are all whole numbers.
(iii) INTEGERS All natural numbers, 0 and negatives of counting numbers
are called integers.
Thus, …, –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … are all integers.
a,
(iv) FRACTIONS The numbers of the form where a and b are whole
b
numbers and b  0 are called fractions.
p
2. RATIONAL NUMBERS The numbers of the form , where p and q are integers
q
and q  0, are called rational numbers.
5 2 1 99 6
Thus, each one of –3, , , , , , 0 , etc., are all rational numbers.
4 3 7 100 13
3. (i) Every natural number or whole number is a rational number

n
because a natural number or whole number n can be written as
1
which is clearly a rational number.
(ii) Every integer is a rational number because an integer m can be

m
written as which is clearly a rational number.
1
(iii) Every fraction is a rational number but every rational number is not
a fraction.
5 6
Thus, is both a fraction and a rational number. But,  is a rational
6 7
number which is not a fraction.
83
4. ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A RATIONAL NUMBER The absolute value of a rational

number is its numerical value, regardless of its sign.
3 3 17 17 5 5
Thus,  ;  ;  , etc.
4 4 30 30 6 6
The absolute value of a rational number is either equal to or greater
than the number.
5. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE RATIONAL NUMBERS
(i) A rational number is said to be positive if its numerator and

denominator are either both positive or both negative.
3 7 18 93
Thus, each of , , , is a positive rational number.
4 9 11 26
(ii) A rational number is said to be negative if its numerator and
denominator are such that one of them is a positive integer and the
other is a negative integer.
3 5 17 8
Thus, each of , , , is a negative rational number.
4 3 8 17
(iii) 0 is a rational number which is neither positive nor negative.
6. EQUIVALENT RATIONAL NUMBERS A rational number obtained by multiplying
or dividing the numerator and denominator of a rational number by
the same nonzero integer is said to be equivalent to the given rational
number.
p
If is a rational number and m is a nonzero integer then
q
p pm p pm.
 and 
q qm q qm
p
7. STANDARD FORM OF A RATIONAL NUMBER A rational number
is said to be in
q
standard from if q is positive and p and q have no common factor (or
divisor) other than 1.

2 2 9 3
Thus, the standard form of is , the standard form of is , and
3 3 15 5
so on.
Thus, to convert a rational number into its standard form we need to:
(a) express the given rational number with positive denominator;
(b) divide the numerator and denominator by their HCF.
Rational Numbers 85
a c
8. COMPARISON OF RATIONAL NUMBERS Let and be two rational numbers.
b d
Then,
a c a c a c
(i)  if ad  bc ; (ii)  if ad  bc ; (iii)  if ad  bc.
b d b d b d
9. (i) There are infinitely many rational numbers.
(ii) The smallest or greatest rational number cannot be determined.
(iii) There exist infinitely many rational numbers between any two
given whole numbers, integers or rational numbers.
(iv) If x and y are two rational numbers then the rational number lying
xy.
midway between them is
2
10. RATIONAL NUMBERS ON THE NUMBER LINE
(i) Every rational number can be depicted by a unique point on the

number line.
(ii) All negative rational numbers lie to the left of 0 on the number line.
(iii) All positive rational numbers lie to the right of 0 on the number line.
(iv) If a rational number x lies to the left of another rational number y on
the number line then x  y.
11. OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS
(i) Rational numbers are closed under addition, i.e., the sum of two
rational numbers is always a rational number.
(ii) Rational numbers are closed under subtraction, i.e., the difference
of two rational numbers is always a rational number.
(iii) Rational numbers are closed under multiplication, i.e., the product
of two or more rational numbers is always a rational number.
(iv) Rational numbers are not closed under division because only the
quotient of two nonzero rational numbers is a rational number.
12. EXISTENCE OF ADDITIVE IDENTITY 0 is the additive identity for rational

numbers.
a a a
Thus, 00  .
b b b
13. EXISTENCE OF ADDITIVE INVERSE OR OPPOSITEA number which when added to

a given rational number gives 0 as the result is called its additive inverse
or opposite.
a a
 is the additive inverse or opposite of .
b b
a  a   a  a
Thus,          0.
b  b  b  b
(i) Additive inverse of 0 is 0.
 a a
(ii)      .
 b b
(iii) Every rational number has its additive inverse.
a c
14. SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS and Ifare two rational numbers
b d
a c a  c
then     additive inverse of  .
b d b  d
15. PRODUCT OF RATIONAL NUMBERS
product of their numerators .
Product of two rational numbers 
product of their denominators
a c ac .
Thus,  
b d bd
(i) The product of two positive or two negative rational numbers is a
positive rational numbers.
(ii) The product of a positive and a negative rational number is a
negative rational number.
16. EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLICATIVE IDENTITY 1 is the multiplicative identity for
rational numbers.
a a a
Thus,  1  1  .
b b b
A number which when multiplied with
17. EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE
a given rational number gives 1 as the result is called its multiplicative
inverse or reciprocal.
a b
The reciprocal of is .
b a
a b
Thus,   1.
b a
(i) 1 and –1 are two rational numbers which are their own reciprocals.
(ii) 0 has no reciprocal, as division by zero is not defined.
Rational Numbers 87
a a
(iii)  0  0   0.
b b
(iv) The reciprocal of reciprocal of a number is the number itself.
The sum or
18. COMMUTATIVITY OF ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS
product of two rational numbers remains the same even if their order is
changed.
a c c a a c c a
Thus,    and    .
b d d b b d d b
This is called commutative property.
The sum
19. ASSOCIATIVITY OF ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS
or product of three rational numbers remains the same even if their
grouping is changed.
a c e a c e  a c e a c e 
Thus,          and          .
b d f b d f  b d f b d f 
EXERCISE 4A
31
1. The two consecutive integers between which the rational number lies
4
are
2. Consider the following two statements.
I. Every fraction is a rational number.
II. Every rational number is a fraction.
Which of the following options is correct?
(a) Both I and II are true. (b) Both I and II are false.
(c) I is true but II is false. (d) I is false but II is true.
3. Study the following statements carefully.
I. Every integer and every fraction is a rational number.
p
II. A rational number is positive, if p and q are either both positive or
q
both negative.
p
III. A rational number is negative, if one of p and q is positive, and the
q
other is negative.
IV. If there are two rational numbers with a common denominator then
the one with greater numerator is greater than the other.
Which of the following options is correct?
(a) Both I and IV are fase. (b) Both II and III are false.
(c) Only I is false. (d) All are true.
6 5 17 22
(a) Each of the rational numbers , , and is a negative
7 9 11 9
rational number.
11 23 63 7
(b) Each of the rational numbers , , and is a positive
10 7 40 9
rational number.
(c) 0 is a rational number which is both positive and negative.
(d) Every positive rational number is a natural number.
(a) Integers are closed under all four operations.
(b) Whole numbers are closed under only two operations.
(c) Rational numbers except 0 are closed under all four operations.
(d) None of these
60
6. The standard form of is
72
60 60 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
72 72 6 6
7. How many of the following rational numbers are in standard form?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

Rational Numbers 89
8. Which of the following rational numbers is in standard form?

3 2 14 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 7 49 28
(a) A rational number with numerator and denominator of like signs
is a positive rational number.
0 0
(b) is a negative rational number while is a positive rational
5 8
number.
p
(c) A rational number is zero if its denominator is zero.
q
6 3
(d) and lie on opposite sides of zero on the number line.
5 4
3 9
10. The rational number lying between and is
4 11
1 1 13 69
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 11 88
6 7
11. A rational number lying between and is
7 8
3 95 97 99
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 112 112 112
5 7
12. Which of the following is not a rational number between and ?
7 8
2 3 4 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 5 7
4 3
13. The rational number which does not lie between and is
3 4
13 3 11
(a) –1 (b) (c) (d)
12 5 12
14. Which of the following pair represents the same rational number?
1 1 7 1
(a) and  (b)  and
3 9 21 3
8 24 5 45
(c) and (d) and
5 15 9 25
5 x
15. The value of x such that and are equivalent rational numbers is
9 45
(a) –5 (b) 5 (c) –25 (d) 25
16. Which of the following pairs does not represent the same rational
number?
3 12 7 5
(a) and (b) and
5 20 21 12
16 20 8 24
(c) and (d) and
20 25 5 15
5 7
17. The rational number lying exactly halfway between and is
13 9
68 68 46 46
(a) (b) (c) (d)
117 117 117 117
4 5 4 8 7 5 3 5
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
9 12 3 7 12 8 7 8
19. Which of the following options contains the rational numbers in correct
descending order?
3 17 4 7 3 4 17 7
(a) , , , (b) , , ,
5 30 15 15 5 15 30 15
4 7 3 17 17 3 4 7
(c) , , , (d) , , ,
15 15 5 30 30 5 15 15
7 5 2
20. If A  ,B ,C then
10 8 3
(a) C < A < B (b) B < A < C (c) A < B < C (d) A < C < B
7 5
21. What number should be added to to get ?
10 16
31 131 31 131
(a) (b) (c) (d)
80 80 80 80
7  9  19 11
22.    ?
4  5  10 14
149 121 121 149
(a) (b) (c) (d)
140 140 140 140
1 5
23. What should be subtracted from  to obtain ?
6 6
2 2
(a)  (b) 1 (c) –1 (d)
3 3
Rational Numbers 91
4 5 7
24. Let x   , y  and z  .
9 12 18
Then, the rational number which when subtracted from y gives z is
1 5 1 5
(a) (b)  (c)  (d)
36 6 36 6
4 5 7
25. Let x   , y  and z  .
9 12 18
Then, the rational number which when added to z gives x, is
5 5 1 1
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
6 6 36 36
4 5 7 .
26. Let x   , y  and z 
9 12 18
Then, the rational number which when added to x gives y, is
31 31 1 1
(a)  (b) (c) (d) 
36 36 36 36
(a) 1 and –1 are reciprocals of themselves.
(b) The product of two rational numbers is always a rational number.
(c) Reciprocal of zero is not defined.
(d) All of these
28. Consider the following two statements.
I. The product of an integer and a rational number can never be a
natural number.
II. The quotient of the division of an integer by a rational number can
never be an integer.
Of these statements,
(a) both I and II are true. (b) both I and II are false.
(c) I is true but II is false. (d) I is false but II is true.
(a) The sum of a rational number and its additive inverse is 0.
(b) The product of a rational number and its reciprocal is 1.
(c) The product of a rational number and its additive inverse is –1.
(d) There is no such rational number which has no additive inverse.
11 7 3 4
(a) Reciprocal of is . (b) Reciprocal of is .
7 11 4 3
7 13 . 1 1
(c) Reciprocal of  is (d) Reciprocal of  is –6.
13 7 3 2

(a) If y is a rational number whose reciprocal is x then the reciprocal of
x is y.
(b) The reciprocal of the reciprocal of a rational number is the number
itself.
(c) The reciprocal of a negative rational number is a positive rational
number.
(d) The product of two negative rational numbers is a positive rational
number.
8 33
32. The reciprocal of the product of and is
11 40
3 3 5 5
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
5 5 3 3
1 1 6
(a)  divided by  is equal to .
5 6 5
1 1 5.
(b)  divided by  is equal to
6 5 6
1 1
(c) The reciprocal of the product of  and  is 30.
6 5
1 1 11
(d)  taken away from  is equal to  .
6 5 30
3 6
34. If A  2 and B  5 then which of the following is not true?
4 7
(a) A  B  B  A.
(b) A  B as well as B  A is negative.
(c) A  B is negative.
(d) A  B is negative.
1 3
35. A rope is 24 m long. How many pieces each of length 1 cm can be
2 4
cut from it?
(a) 14 (b) 16 (c) 21 (d) 18
33 . 15
36. The product of two rational numbers is  If one of the numbers is
78 22
then the other rational number is
121 121 122 123
(a) (b) (c) (d)
195 195 195 195
Rational Numbers 93
8 . 4
37. The product of two rational numbers is If one of the numbers is
9 15
then the other number is
9 1 3 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 3
10 9 10 3
4 .
38. The product of two rational numbers is If half of the first number is
7
5
then one third of the second number is
4
5 6 8 8
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
42 35 35 105
39. Which of the following relations does not hold true?
p m pn  mq p m pm
(a)   (b)  
q n qn q n qn
p m pn  p  m   pm
(c)   (d)   
q n qm q  n  qn
40. Which rational number will come in place of B in the following pattern?
2 4 12 48
 , , , , A, B , C
3 6 18 72 ...... ...... ......
240 768 960 1440
(a) (b) (c) (d)
360 1152 1440 2160
 1 2 1  1  1 1 1 
41.  7  6  5   7   7  3  2    ?
 2 3 6   5  4 2 4  
36 1
(a) 5 (b) (c) 6 (d)
5 6
5 1 1  1
42. Given a  1 , b  , c  and d   1  , the value of a (b  c )  d is
7 4 9  4
4 5 6 4
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d)
21 27 23 21
43. If x is a positive integer which of the following rational numbers is the
least?
x x x x
(a)  (b)  (c) (d) 
3 4 5 6
4 5 7
44. If A   , B  and C  then which of the following is not true?
9 12 18
13 5
(a) A  B  C  (b) A  (B  C ) 
36 4
56 17
(c) A  (B  C )   (d) ( A  B)  C  
135 36
45. Given that x is a positive integer, if the following rational numbers are
arranged in an ascending order then which of the statements given
below is true?
x x x x x x x x
, , , , , , x, ,
6 6 4 4 2 2 3 3
x x
(a) comes at the first place (b) comes in the middle
6 6
x x
(c) comes at the last (d) comes at the second place
2 4
46. If x is a positive integer which of the following is the least?
x 1 x2 x x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x x x 1 x2
 4  2 3 5  25 6 33
47. If A     2  , B   , C  and D   then
 5  9 2 6 3 11 12
(a) A > B > C > D (b) D > A > C > B
(c) D > C > B > A (d) A > C > D > B
 1 8  5 1
 18  2    4  2 
 3 11   7 3.
48. Simplify:
3  9   3
    
5  10   5
6 7 7 4
(a) 12 (b) 23 (c) 67 (d) 63
17 9 9 81
49. If x is a positive integer and y is a negative integer and |x||y| then
which of the following is not true?
x y x x y x x y
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
y x y y x y y x
50. What property is shown in the equation given below?
7  2 13   7 2  13
     
5  11 25   5 11  25
(a) Closure (b) Commutative
(c) Associative (d) Identity element
Rational Numbers 95
ANSWERS ( EXERCISE 4A)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (c)
31 3
1.  7 , which clearly lies between 7 and 8.
4 4
17 17
4. (a)  , which is a positive rational number.
11 11
11 11 63 63 7 7 .
(b)  ,  , 
10 10 40 40 9 9
(c) 0 is neither positive nor negative.
(d) Every positive rational number is a fraction.
5. (a) Integers are closed under addition, subtraction and multiplication.
(b) Whole numbers are closed under addition and multiplication.
(c) Nonzero rational numbers are closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division.
60 60 (60)  12 5 .
6.   
72 72 72  12 6
1 17 51
7.  , , are rational numbers in their standard form.
4 30 91
Other rational numbers and their standard form are as shown under:
33 19 87 23 28 5 9 7 9

Rational number
51 23 78 92 49 7 63 8 16
11 19 29 1 4 5 1 7 9
Standard form
17 23 26 4 7 7 7 8 16
3 14 8
8. Rational number
5 49 28
3 2 2
Standard form
5 7 7
0 0
9. (b)  0 and  0. Hence, each of them is neither positive nor negative.
5 8
p
(c) In a rational number , denominator cannot be zero, i.e., q  0.
q
6 3
(d) Both and are negative rational numbers and hence lie on the left of 0 on the
5 4
number line.
10. LCM of 2, 4, 11, 88 = 88.

3 3  22 66 9 9  8 72
  ;   .
4 4  22 88 11 11  8 88
1 1  44 44 1 1  22 22 13 13  8 104 .
  ;   ;  
2 2  44 88 4 4  22 88 11 11  8 88
66 69 72 . 69 3 9
Clearly,   So, lies between and .
88 88 88 88 4 11
11. LCM of 7, 8, 4, 112 = 112.
6 6  16 96 7 7  14 98 .
  ;  
7 7  16 112 8 8  14 112
97 6 7
Clearly, lies between and .
112 7 8
12. LCM of 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 = 840.
5 5  120 600 7 7  105 735
  ;   ;
7 7  120 840 8 8  105 840
2 2  280 560 3 3  210 630
  ;   ;
3 3  280 840 4 4  210 840
4 4  168 672 6 6  120 720 .
  ;  
5 5  168 840 7 7  120 840
560 600 630 672 720 735 .
Clearly,     
840 840 840 840 840 840
2 5 3 4 6 7
Hence,      .
3 7 4 5 7 8
2 5 7
 does not lie between and .
3 7 8
13. LCM of 3, 4, 5, 12 = 60.
 4 4  20 80 3 3  15 45
  ;   .
3 3  20 60 4 4  15 60
60 13 13  5 65
1  ;   ;
60 12 12  5 60
3 3 3  12 36 11 11 11  5 55
   ;    .
5 5 5  12 60 12 12 12  5 60
3 4 3 .
Clearly, does not lie between and
5 3 4
1 1 7 1 8 24 5 45
14.
3 9 21 3 5 15 9 25
1  9  3  (1) (7 )  3  21  1 8  15  (5)  (24) (5)  25  (9)  45
5 5  5 25
15.   . So, x  25.
9 9 5 45
3 12 7 5 16 20 8 24
16.
5 20 21 12 20 25 5 15
(3)  20  5  (12) (7 )  12  21  (5) (16)  (25)  20  20 8  15  (5)  (24)
 5   7   5 7 
     
13   9   13 9   45  91  1 136 1 68 .
17. Required number        
2 2  117  2 117 2 117
Rational Numbers 97
18. We first convert the rational numbers into their standard form and then cross-multiply.
4 5 4 8 7 5 3 5
9 12 3 7 12 8 7 8
(–4) × 12 < 9 × (–5) (–4) × 7 < 3 × (–8) (–7) × 8 > 12 × (–5) (–3) × 8 > 7 × (–5)
19. LCM of 5, 15, 30 = 30.

3 3 3  6 18 4 4 4  2 8 7 7  2 14 .
   ;    ;  
5 5 5  6 30 15 15 15  2 30 15 15  2 30
18 17 8 14 .
Clearly,   
30 30 30 30
3 17 4 7
    .
5 30 15 15
20. LCM of 3, 8, 10 = 120.

 7 7  12 84 5 5 5  15 75 2 2 2  40 80 .
A   ; B    ; C   
10 10  12 120 8 8 8  15 120 3 3 3  40 120
84 80 75
Clearly,   .
120 120 120
 A < C < B.
21. Let the number to be added be x.

7 5 5 7 25  56 31 .
Then, x  x   
10 16 16 10 80 80
7 9 19 11
22. Given expression     
4 5 10 14
245  252  266  110 121 .
 
140 140
23. Let the number to be subtracted be x.
1 5 1 5 6
Then,   x   x      1.
6 6 6 6 6
24. Let the number to be subtracted be n.
5 7 5 7 15  14 1 .
Then, y – n = z  n   n   
12 18 12 18 36 36
25. Let the number to be added be n.
7 4 4 7 8  7 15 5
Then, z + n = x  n  n     .
18 9 9 18 18 18 6
26. Let the number to be added be n.
4 5 5 4 15  16 31
Then, x + n = y    x   x    .
9 12 12 9 36 36
28. The product of an integer and a rational number can be a natural number.
 5 
Example (72)     10.
 36 
The quotient of the division of an integer by a rational number can be an integer.
 7   5
Example 35     35      5  (5)  25.
 5   7
29. (a) a  ( a)  0.
1
(b) a   1.
a
(c) a  ( a)   a2  1.
(d) Every rational number has its additive inverse.
11  7
30. (a) Reciprocal of is .
7 11
3 3 4
(b)  , whose reciprocal is .
4 4 3
7 7 13
(c)    , whose reciprocal is  .
13 13 7
1 1 23 1 1
(d)      , whose reciprocal is 6.
3 2 6 6 6
1 1
31. (a) x   y  .
y x
1 1
(b) Reciprocal of a rational number x  , whose reciprocal is  x.
x 1
 
x
1
(c) Reciprocal of x is  .
x
(d) ( a)  (b)  ab.
8 33 3
32.   .
11 40 5
3 5
Reciprocal of  .
5 3
1  1 1 6
33. (a)         (6)  .
5  6 5 5
1  1 1 5.
(b)         (5) 
6  5 6 6
1  1 1
(c)       , whose reciprocal is 30.
6  5  30
1 1  1  1 1 1 6  5 1
(d)  taken away from               .
6 5  5  6 5 6 30 30
34. (a) Addition of rational numbers is commutative.
 A + B = B + A.
3 6 11 41 77  164 241
(b) A  B  2  5     
4 7 4 7 28 28
6  3  41 11 164  77 241 .
B  A  5   2     
7  4 7 4 28 28
1 3 49 7 49 4
35. Number of pieces  24  1      14.
2 4 2 4 2 7
 33  15 33 22 121 .
36. Other number        
 78  22 78 15 195
 8   4   8   15  10 1
37. Other number             3 .
 9   15   9   4  3 3
Rational Numbers 99
5 5
38. First number  2   .
4 2
  4   5   4   2  8 .
Second number           
 7   2   7   5  35
8 1 8
 one third of second number    .
35 3 105
 p   m  ( p)  (m) pm
39.    .
q  n  qn qn
2 2  (2) 4 4  (3) 12 (12)  (4) 48 .
40.       
3 3  (2) 6 6  (3) 18 18  (4) 72
48  (5) 240
 A 
72  (5) 360
(240)  (6) 1440
and B   .
360  (6) 2160
 1 2 1  1  1 1 1 
41. Given expression   7  6  5   7   7  3  2  
 2 3 6  5  4 2 4 
 15 20 31   36  29 7 9  
          
 2 3 6   5  4 2 4 
 45  40  31   36  29  14  9  
   
 6  5  4 
 36   36 24   36   36  30 
        6   6  6  
 6  5 4  5   5 
6 5
 6   6   5.
5 6
5  1 1  1
42. a (b  c )  d  1      1 
7  4 9  4
12  9  4   5  12 5  4  4
           .
7  36   4  7 36  5  21
x
43. Clearly, being positive is the greatest.
5
x x x x x x
Now,       .
3 4 6 3 4 6
x
So,  is the least.
3
4 5 7 16  15  14 13 .
44. (a) A  B  C      
9 12 18 36 36
 4  5 7  4 5 7 16  15  14 45 5 .
(b) A  (B  C )               
 9   12 18  9 12 18 36 36 4
 4   5 7   4   5 18 
(c) A  (B  C )                
 9   12 18   9   12 7 
 4   15  4 14 56 .
        
 9   14  9 15 135
 4  5  7  16  15  7
(d) ( A  B)  C         
 9  12  18  36  18
31 7 31  14 17 .
   
36 18 36 36
x x x x
45. Clearly,     x.
6 4 3 2
x x x x .
   
6 4 3 2
x x x x x x x x
So,        x
2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2
x x
 comes at the first place; comes at the second place; x comes at the
2 3
x
last place and comes in the middle.
6
x 1 x2 x  2 x 1
46. Both and are improper fractions and   1.
x x x x
x x x x .
Both and are proper fractions and 1  
x 1 x2 x 1 x  2
x  2 x 1 x x .
So,  1 
x x x 1 x  2
x
Clearly, is the least.
x2
4 4  10 6
47. A    2   ,
5 5 5
2 3 2 3 4  27 23
B      ,
9 2 9 2 18 18
5 25 5 3 1 1
C       ,
6 3 6 25 10 10
6 33 3 3
D     .
11 12 2 2
LCM of 2, 5, 10 = 10.
6 6  2 12 1 3 3  5 15 .
So, A    , C , D  
5 5  2 10 10 2 2  5 10
23 1 12 15 .
Clearly,   
18 10 10 10
 B < C < A < D or D > A > C > B.
 55 30   33 7 
     
3 11   7 3 
48. Given expression  
3 9 3
 
5 10 5
50  11 61 61 61  10 610 7
      67 .
69 3 3 3 36 9 9 9
 
10 5 10 5 10
Rational Numbers 101
49. Suppose x  3 and y  2.

x 3 3 y 2
Then,   and   .
y 2 2 x 3
2 3 2 3 y x
     . So, (a) is incorrect.
3 2 3 2 x y
 x 3 3 x 3
  and  .
y 2 2 y 2
3 3 x x
Clearly,    . So, (b) is correct.
2 2 y y
 y (2) 2 x 3
  and  .
x 3 3 y 2
3 2 x y
Clearly,    . So, (c) is correct.
2 3 y x
 x 3 3  y (2) 2
  and   .
y 2 2 x 3 3
3 2 x y
   . So, (d) is correct.
2 3 y x
EXERCISE 4B
true.
1. The standard form of –1 is …… .
2. To reduce a rational number to its standard form, we divide its
numerator and denominator by their …… .
3. …… is its own additive inverse.
p a
4. In a rational number both p and q are …… while in a fraction
q b
both a and b are …… .
a
5. The additive inverse of a rational number is …… and its multiplicative
b
inverse is …… .
36
6. The standard form of is …… .
96
1 1
7.  is less than by …… .
2 5
13  14  13   7   13  34
8.         .
11  5  11  5   11  5
9. If we add the additive inverse of a rational number to the number, we

get …… .
10. If we subtract the additive inverse of a rational number from the
number, we get …… the number as the result.
11. If we multiply a rational number by its multiplicative inverse,
we get …… .
12. If we divide a rational number by its multiplicative inverse, we get ……
of the number as the result.
5  .
13. 
8 88
299
14. written in its standard form is equal to …… .
161
15. a and b are two different numbers taken from the numbers 1 to 50.
ab
(i) The largest value that can have is …… .
ab
ab
(ii) The largest value that can have is …… .
ab
 55 . 15
16. The product of two numbers is If one of them is then the other
81 18
is …… .
5 5
17. …… should be added to so as to get .
8 9
3 2 1
18. …… should be subtracted from    to get  .
4 3 6
5 3
19. To get as product, must be multiplied by …… .
12 14
65 8
20. If we divide the sum of and by their difference, we get …… .
12 3
1
21. …… should be added to  to obtain the nearest natural number.
2
2
22. …… should be subtracted from  to obtain the nearest integer.
3
5
23. …… should be multiplied with  to obtain the nearest integer.
8
1
24. …… should be divided by to obtain the greater negative integer.
2

true or false.
25. The set of rational numbers includes all the natural numbers, whole
numbers, integers and fractions. ……
26. Two rational numbers with different numerators cannot be equal. ……
3 5
27. The rational numbers and are equivalent. ……
5 3
7
28. lies to the right of 0 on the number line. ……
12
29. The number line depicting rational numbers extends infinitely on both
sides. ……
11 4
30. The rational numbers and lie on the opposite sides of zero on
4 11
the number line. ……
1
a b
31.    . ……
b a
32. Between any two distinct rational numbers there is a finite number of
rational numbers. ……
p m p  m
33.     additive inverse of  . ……
q n q  n
34. 1, 0 and –1 are rational numbers each of which is equal to its
reciprocal. ……
1
35. The reciprocal of is –2. ……
2
1
36. –5 is the opposite of  . ……
5
5
37. 16 is both a fraction and a rational number. ……
7
38. –37 is an integer, a fraction as well as a rational number. ……
39. Every negative integer is not a negative rational number. ……
 3 
40.    0  0. ……
 4 
 3
41. 0      0. ……
 4
2 7
42.   1. ……
9 9
8   3    8  3 .
43.        …….
7   4   7 4
44. The reciprocal of the reciprocal of a rational number is the number itself.
……
45. To multiply two rational numbers, we multiply their numerators and
denominators separately. ……
46. Rational numbers are added like fractions and the sign of the sum is
obtained as we do for integers. ……
2
47. is a rational number. ……
0
48. The quotient of the division of two integers is always a rational number.
……
49. The quotient of the division of two rational numbers is always a rational
number. ……
50. The absolute value of a non-negative rational number is equal to the
number. ……
51. The absolute value of a negative rational number is greater than the
number. ……
11 24 2 .
52.   ……
12 33 3
53. Two rational numbers are said to be equal if they have the same standard
form. ……
54. –1 is a rational number whose multiplicative inverse and additive
inverse are identical. ……
3 9 18
55. , and are equivalent rational numbers. ……
5 15 30
56. If x and y are two rational numbers then the reciprocal of (x + y) is equal
to the sum of reciprocals of x and y. ……
57. If x and y are two rational numbers then the reciprocal of xy is equal to
the product of the reciprocals of x and y. ……
58. Every integer is a rational number with denominator 1. ……
0 2 .
59. The multiplicative inverse of is ……
2 0
3 3
60. 2 2 . ……
4 4
p m pn  mq .
61.   ……
q n qn
a a
62. The rational number exactly halfway between  and is 0. ……
b b
63. Two rational numbers with different numerators are equal if their
numerators are in the same ratio as their denominators. ……
ANSWERS (EXCERCISE 4B)

1
1. 2. HCF 3. 0 4. integers, whole numbers
1
a b 3 7
5.  , 6. 7. 8. –13 9. 0
b a 8 10
13
10. twice 11. 1 12. square 13. 55 14.
7
49 22 85 1
15. (i) (ii) 99 16. 17. 18.
51 27 72 4
35 97 3 1 8
19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
18 33 2 3 5
1
24.  25. True 26. False 27. False 28. True
2
29. True 30. False 31. True 32. False 33. True
34. False 35. False 36. False 37. False 38. False
39. False 40. False 41. True 42. True 43. True
44. True 45. True 46. True 47. False 48. True
49. False 50. True 51. True 52. False 53. True
54. False 55. True 56. False 57. True 58. True
59. True 60. True 61. True 62. True 63. True
36 36 (36)  12 3 .
6.   
96 96 96  12 8
1  1 1 1 25 7
7. Required difference          .
5  2 5 2 10 10
13  14  13  7   13  34 13  14  13  7  13  34 
8.                 
11  5  11  5   11  5 11  5  11  5  11  5 
13  14 7 34  13  55 
         13.
11  5 5 5  11  5 
9. a  ( a)  0.
10. a  ( a)  a  a  2 a.
1
11. a   1.
a
1
12. a   a  a  a2 .
a
 5 5  (11) 55
13.   .
8 8  (11) 88
299 299 299  23 13 .
14.   
161 161 161  23 7
15. (i) Largest value of a  b  50  1  49.
So, a  50, b  1.
a  b 50  1 49
 largest value of   .
a  b 50  1 51
(ii) Largest value of a  b  50  49  99.
So, a  50, b  49.
a  b 50  49 99
 largest value of    99.
a  b 50  49 1
 55   15  55 18 22 .
16. Other number      
 81   18  81 15 27
17. Let the number to be added be x.
5 5 5 5 40  45 85 .
Then, x  x   
8 9 9 8 72 72
18. Let the number to be subtracted be x.
3 2 1  9  8  1 1 1 1 2 3 1.
Then,     x    x        x  
4 3 6  12  6 12 6 12 12 4
19. Let the required number be x.
3 5 5  14  35
Then, x   x    .
14 12 12  3  18
 65 8   65 8   65  32   65  32  97 33 97 12 97 .
20.               
 12 3   12 3   12   12  12 12 12 33 33
1
21. Nearest natural number to   1.
2
Let the number to be added be x.
1 1 3
Then,   x  1  x  1   .
2 2 2
2
22. Nearest integer to   1.
3
Let the number to be added be x.
2 2 2  3 1 .
Then,   x  1  x    1  
3 3 3 3
5
23. Nearest integer to   1.
8
Let the number to be multiplied be x.
5 8 8 .
Then,  x  1  x  1  
8 5 5
24. Greatest negative integer  1.
Let the number be x.
1 1
Then, x   1  2 x  1  x   .
2 2
2 4 6
26. Two rational numbers with different numerators can be equal, e.g.,   .
3 6 9
3 5 .
27.
5 3
3 5
3  3  5  (5). So, and are not equivalent.
5 3
7 7
28.  , which clearly lies to the right of 0 as it is a positive rational number.
12 12
29. There are infinitely many rational numbers.
11 4
30. Both and being negative rational numbers lie to the left of 0 on the number
4 11
line.
32. Between any two distinct rational numbers there are infinitely many rational numbers.
p m p  m
33.     .
q n q  n
34. 0 has no reciprocal.
1
35. The reciprocal of is 2.
2
36. –5 is the opposite (or additive inverse) of 5.
5 117
37. 16  , which is clearly a rational number but not a fraction.
7 7
38. –37 is an integer and a rational number but not a fraction.
39. Every negative integer is a negative rational number with denominator 1.
40. Division by zero is not defined.
2 7 2 7 2  7 9
42.       1.
9 9 9 9 9 9
8   3   8 3 8 3 8 3 .
43.        and   
7   4   7 4 7 4 7 4
49. The given fact holds true for nonzero rational numbers only.
11 24 11 24 2 .
52.    
12 33 12 33 3
54. The additive inverse of –1 is 1.
3 3  (3) 9 (9)  (2) 18 .
55.    
5 (5)  (3) 15 (15)  (2) 30
1 1 xy 1 .
56.   
x y xy xy
1 1 1.
57.  
xy x y
0
59.  0 , whose multiplicative inverse does not exist.
2
3 3  8 5 5 3
60. 2      2.
4 4 4 4 4

5 Factors and Multiples
1. FACTORS AND MULTIPLE If a number p divides another number q exactly

then p is called a factor of q and q is called a multiple of p.
2. (i) 1 is a factor of every number.
(ii) 0 is a multiple of every number.
(iii) Every number is a multiple of 1.
(iv) Every number is both a factor and multiple of itself.
(v) 1 is the only number which has exactly one factor namely, the
number itself. All other numbers have at least two factors, 1 and the
number itself.
(vi) The greatest factor of every number is the number itself and the
least factor is 1.
(vii) The least nonzero multiple of a number is the number itself while
the greatest multiple of a number cannot be ascertained.
(viii) Every factor of a number is either smaller than or equal to the
number.
(ix) Every multiple of a number is either greater than or equal to the
number.
(x) Every number has a finite number of a factors and an infinite
number of multiples.
3. PRIME NUMBERS Numbers which have only two factors namely, 1 and the
number itself, are called prime numbers.
There are 25 prime numbers from 1 to 100:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73,
79, 83, 89, 97.
4. COMPOSITE NUMBERS Numbers which have more than two factors are
called composite numbers.
5. (i) The least prime number is 2.
(ii) 2 is the only even prime number.

(iii) 1 is a unique number, as 1 is neither prime nor composite.
(iv) The least odd prime number is 3.
(v) The least composite number is 4.
108
Factors and Multiples 109
(vi) The least odd composite number is 9.

(vii) The smallest three-digit prime number is 101.
6. TWIN PRIMES Two prime numbers with a difference of 2 are called twin
primes.
There are 8 pairs of twin primes from 1 to 100:
(3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43), (59, 61), (71, 73).
7. PRIME TRIPLET A set of three consecutive prime numbers differing by 2 is
called a prime triplet. The only prime triplet is (3, 5, 7).
8. CO-PRIMES Two numbers are said to be co-primes if they do not have a
common factor other than 1. For example, (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), etc.
9. (i) Two prime numbers are always co-primes.
(ii) Two co-primes need not be prime numbers.

(iii) Two consecutive numbers are always co-primes.
10. PERFECT NUMBERS If the sum of all the factors of a number is twice the
number then the number is called a perfect number.
For example, 6 is a perfect number, since the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6 and
(1 + 2 + 3 + 6) = (2 × 6). 28 is a perfect number, since the factors of 28 are
1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 and (1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 + 28) = (2 × 28).
11. HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) OR GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR (GCD) The HCF
of two or more than two numbers is the greatest number which is a
common factor of these numbers, i.e., the greatest number which
divides each of the given numbers exactly.
HOW TO FIND HCF? The product of all common prime factors, using the
least power of each common prime factor, is the HCF of the given
numbers.
12. LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) The LCM of two or more than two numbers
is the smallest number which is a multiple of each of the given numbers,
i.e., the least number which is exactly divisible by each of the given
numbers.
HOW TO FIND LCM? The product of all different prime factors of the
numbers using the highest power of each factor is the LCM of the given
numbers.
13. (i) The HCF of a group of numbers cannot be greater than any of the
given numbers.
(ii) The LCM of a group of numbers cannot be less than any of the given
numbers.
(iii) The HCF of two co-primes is 1.
(iv) If one number is a factor of the other then the greater number is the
LCM of these two numbers and the smaller number is their HCF.
(v) The LCM of two co-primes is equal to their product.

(vi) The HCF of a group of numbers is always a product of their LCM.
14. Product of two numbers = their HCF × their LCM.
This result holds true for two numbers only.
15. FRACTION IN SIMPLEST FORM To express a fraction in the simplest form, we
divide both the numerator and the denominator by their HCF.
EXERCISE 5
Direction: In each of the following question, choose the correct alternative.
1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Every number is a factor of itself.
(b) Number of factors of a given number is finite.
(c) Every multiple of a number is less than or equal to that number.
(d) 4 and 15 are co-prime numbers.
2. How many primes between 1 and 1000 are divisible by 13?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 14 (d) 246
3. A prime number greater than 11 will never end with
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
4. The numbers p, p + 2, p + 4 are all primes if p is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 29 (d) 31
5. How many prime numbers are of the form 10n + 1, where n is a whole
number such that 1  n  10 ?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
6. Which one of the following is a true statement?
(a) Two co-primes are always prime.
(b) No even number is prime.
(c) Every odd number is prime.
(d) A prime number may be even or odd.
7. How many numbers between 11 and 111 are multiples of both 2 and 5?
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 70
8. Find the number of factors of 75.
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
9. Which of the following has most number of divisors?
(a) 99 (b) 101 (c) 176 (d) 182

I. If x and y are composite numbers then x + y is always composite.
II. There does not exist a natural number which is neither prime nor
composite.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) I only (b) II only
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
11. The smallest value of natural number n for which 2n + 1 is not a prime
number is
12. Consider the following statements for natural number a, b and c.
I. If a is divisible by b and b is divisible by c then a must be divisible
by c.
II. If a is a factor of both b and c then a must be a factor of b + c.
III. If a is a factor of both b and c then a must be a factor of b – c.
Which of the above statements is/are true?
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
13. The relation between x and y if x divides y and y divides x, is
(a) x < y (b) x > y (c) x = y (d) none of these
14. When n is even, the product n(n + 1) (n + 2) is divisible by
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) all of these
15. How many numbers between 300 and 785 are exactly divisible by 13?
16. The total number of prime factors contained in the product
67  (35)5  (11)12 is
(a) 28 (b) 36 (c) 42 (d) 45
17. A prime number is called a ‘superprime’ if ‘‘doubling it and then
subtracting 1 results in another prime number’’.
The number of superprimes less than 15 are
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
4 2 3 3 3 2 2
18. The HCF of 2  3  5  7 , 2  3  5  7 and 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 is
(a) 105 (b) 1155 (c) 2310 (d) 27720
19. The HCF of 4 × 27 × 3125, 8 × 9 × 25 × 7 and 16 × 81 × 5 × 11 × 49 is
(a) 180 (b) 360 (c) 540 (d) 1260
20. The HCF and LCM of 2  3  5  11, 2  3  5  7 and 2 5  3 3  5 3  7 2  11
3 2 4 4 2
respectively are
(a) 2 3  3 2  5 ; 2 2  3 3  5 2  7 (b) 2 5  3 4  5 3 ; 2 3  3 3  5 3  7 2  11
(c) 2 3  3 2  5 ; 2 5  3 4  5 3  7 2  11
(d) 2 5  3 4  5 3  7 2  11; 2 3  5 3  7 2  11
21. The HCF of 204, 1190 and 1445 is

(a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 21
22. The LCM of 22, 54, 108, 135 and 198 is
(a) 330 (b) 1980 (c) 5940 (d) 11880
23. Even numbers are formed by taking at least two at a time from the digits
0, 4, 8, 9. Their HCF is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 10 (d) can’t say
24. Which of the following is a pair of co-primes?
(a) (18, 42) (b) (19, 27) (c) (57, 152) (d) (27, 162)
25. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 12 and 336 respectively. If one
of the numbers is 84, the other is
(a) 36 (b) 48 (c) 72 (d) 96
26. The LCM and HCF of two numbers are 84 and 21 respectively. If the
ratio of the two numbers is 1 : 4 then the larger of the two numbers is
(a) 12 (b) 48 (c) 84 (d) 108
27. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 50 and 250 respectively. If the
first number is divided by 2, the quotient is 50. The second number is
(a) 50 (b) 100 (c) 125 (d) 250
28. The product of two numbers is 1320 and their HCF is 6. The LCM of the
numbers is
(a) 220 (b) 1314 (c) 1326 (d) 7920
29. The LCM of three different numbers is 120. Which of the following
cannot be their HCF?
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) 35
30. The HCF of two numbers is 8. Which one of the following can never be
their LCM?
(a) 24 (b) 48 (c) 56 (d) 60
31. If the LCM of three numbers is 9570 then their HCF can be
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 19 (d) 21
32. The greatest number that exactly divides 105, 1001 and 2436 is
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 11 (d) 21
33. 27 mango trees, 54 apple trees and 72 orange trees have to be planted
in rows such that each row contains the same number of trees of one
variety only. The minimum number of rows in which the trees may be
planted is
(a) 3 (b) 15 (c) 17 (d) 20
34. There are three drums with 1653 litres, 2261 litres and 2527 litres of
petrol. The greatest possible size of the measuring vessel with which we
can measure the petrol of any drum while every time the vessel must be
completely filled, is
(a) 19 (b) 27 (c) 31 (d) 41
35. The least number of square tiles required to pave the ceiling of a room
15 m 17 cm long and 9 m 2 cm broad is
(a) 656 (b) 738 (c) 814 (d) 902
36. Four metal rods of lengths 114 cm, 159 cm, 171 cm and 247 cm are to
be cut exactly into parts of equal length. Each part must be as long as
possible. The number of pieces obtained is
(a) 27 (b) 36 (c) 43 (d) 480
37. The largest number which divides 77, 147 and 252 to leave the same
remainder in each case is
(a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 25 (d) 35
38. The greatest number which can divide 1356, 1868 and 2764 leaving the
same remainder 12 in each case is
(a) 64 (b) 124 (c) 156 (d) 260
39. What will be the least number which when doubled will be exactly
divisible by 12, 18, 21 and 30?
(a) 196 (b) 630 (c) 1260 (d) 2520
40. The least number which should be added to 2497 so that the sum is
exactly divisible by 5, 6, 4 and 3 is
(a) 3 (b) 13 (c) 23 (d) 33
41. The least number of 5 digits which is exactly divisible by 12, 15 and 18 is
(a) 10010 (b) 10015 (c) 10020 (d) 10080
42. The greatest number of four digits which is divisible by 15, 25, 40 and
75 is
(a) 9000 (b) 9400 (c) 9600 (d) 9800
43. The least number which when increased by 5 is divisible by each one of
24, 32, 36 and 54 is
(a) 427 (b) 859 (c) 869 (d) 4320
44. The least number which when divided by 12, 15, 20 and 54 leaves in
each case a remainder of 8 is
(a) 504 (b) 536 (c) 544 (d) 548
45. Four persons step off together for a morning walk. Their steps measure
60 cm, 80 cm, 75 cm and 90 cm respectively. At what distance from the
starting point will they again step off together?
(a) 4 m (b) 12 m (c) 36 m (d) 72 m
46. There are some sweets in a jar. The sweets can be put into boxes of 3 or 7
with no sweets left over. When the sweets are put into boxes of 20, there
are 5 sweets left over. What is the smallest possible number of sweets in
the jar?
(a) 48 (b) 105 (c) 125 (d) 165
47. When Sita made necklaces of either 18 beads, 24 beads or 28 beads, not a
single bead was left over. What could be the least number of beads Sita
had?
(a) 496 (b) 504 (c) 576 (d) 608
48. Six bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
and 12 seconds respectively. In 30 minutes, how many times do they toll
together?
(a) 4 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 16
49. Four different electronic devices make a beep after every 30 minutes,
1
1 hour, 1 hours and 1 hour 45 minutes respectively. All the devices
2
beeped together at 12 noon. They will again beep together at
(a) 12 midnight (b) 3 a.m. (c) 6 a.m. (d) 9 a.m.
50. Three girls start jogging from the same point around a circular track and
each one completes one round in 24 seconds, 36 seconds and 48 seconds
respectively. After how much time will they meet at one point?
(a) 2 minutes 20 seconds (b) 2 minutes 24 seconds
(c) 3 minutes 36 seconds (d) 4 minutes 12 seconds
ANSWERS (EXERCISE 5)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (b)
1. Every nonzero multiple of a number is greater than or equal to that number.

2. 13 is the only such number. All other multiples of 13 have 13 also as factor, apart from
1 and number itself, and so none of them is prime.
3. Clearly, a number greater than 11 and ending with 5 is divisible by 5. So, it will not be
prime.
4. When p = 3, p + 2 = 5 and p + 4 = 7. And, each one of 3, 5 and 7 is prime.
5. Putting n = 1, 2, 3, …, 10, we find that requisite prime numbers are 11, 31, 41, 61, 71.
Clearly, there are 5 such prime numbers.
6. (a) 8 and 9 are co-primes but none of them is prime. So, (a) is false.
(b) 2 is an even prime number. So, (b) is false.
(c) 15 is an odd number which is not prime. So, (c) is false.
(d) 2 is an even prime number and 3 is an odd prime number. So, (d) is true.
7. Numbers which are multiples of both 2 and 5 are those numbers which are multiples
of 10, since 2 and 5 are co-primes.
So, required numbers are 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110. Clearly, there are 10
such numbers.
 1  75

8. 75  3  25 .
 5  15

So, factors of 75 are 1, 3, 5, 15, 25 and 75.
Hence, total number of factors of 75 = 6.
9. 99 = 1 × 3 × 3 × 11;
101 = 1 × 101;
176 = 1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 11;
182 = 1 × 2 × 7 × 13.
So, divisors of 99 are 1, 3, 9, 11, 33 and 99; divisors of 101 are 1 and 101; divisors of 176
are 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 16, 22, 44, 88 and 176; divisors of 182 are 1, 2, 7, 13, 14, 26, 91 and 182.
Hence, 176 has the most number of divisors.
10. 14 and 15 are both composite. But, 14 + 15 = 29, which is prime. So, I is false.
1 is a natural number which is neither prime nor composite. So, II is false.
11. For n = 1, 2n + 1 = 3, which is prime.
For n = 2, 2n + 1 = 5, which is prime.
For n = 3, 2n + 1 = 7, which is prime.
For n = 4, 2n + 1 = 9, which is not prime.
12. I. Let a = bm and b = cn, where m and n are natural numbers.

 a = bm = (cn)m = c(mn).
Hence, a is divisible by c.
II. Let b = am and c = an, where m and n are natural numbers.
Then, b + c = (am + an) = a(m + n).
Hence, a is a factor of (b + c).
III. Let b = am and c = an, where m and n are natural numbers.

Then, b – c = (am – an) = a(m – n).
Hence, a is a factor of (b – c).
14. When n is even, say n = 2, then n(n+1) (n + 2) = 2 × 3 × 4 = 24, which is divisible by 24.
15. The least multiple of 13 greater than 300 is 312 and the greatest multiple of 13 less than
785 is 780.
Now, 13 × 24 = 312 and 13 × 60 = 780.
 required number = (60 – 24) + 1 = 36 + 1 = 37.
16. 67  (35)5  (11)12  (2  3)7  (7  5)5  (11)12  27  37  7 5  5 5  (11)12 .
 total number of prime factors = 7 + 7 + 5 + 5 + 12 = 36.
17. Prime numbers less than 15 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13.
2 × 2 – 1 = 3, which is prime.
3 × 2 – 1 = 5, which is prime.
5 × 2 – 1 = 9, which is not prime.
7 × 2 – 1 = 13, which is prime.
Hence, 2, 3 and 7 are superprimes.
18. HCF = product of lowest powers of common factors = 3 × 5 × 7 = 105.
19. 4 × 27 × 3125  2 2  3 3  5 5 ;
8 × 9 × 25 × 7  2 3  3 2  5 2  7 ;
16 × 81 × 5 × 11 × 49  2 4  3 4  5  11  7 2.
 HCF  2 2  3 2  5  180.
20. HCF = product of lowest powers of common factors  2 3  3 2  5.
LCM = product of highest powers of prime factors  2 5  3 4  5 3  7 2  11.
21. 204  2 2  3  17 ;
1190 = 2 × 5 × 7 × 17;
1445  5  (17 )2 .
 HCF = 17.
22. 2 22, 54, 108, 135, 198

3 11, 27, 54, 135, 99
3 11, 9, 18, 45, 33
3 11, 3, 6, 15, 11
11 11, 1, 2, 5, 11
1, 1, 2, 5, 1
 LCM = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 11 × 2 × 5 = 5940.
23. Since all the numbes formed are even, so 2 is a common factor.
Also, HCF of two of the numbers, i.e., 48 and 490, is 2.
So, the HCF of all the numbers formed is 2.
24. 18) 42 (2 19) 27 (1

–36 –19
6) 18 (3 8) 19 (2
–18 –16
× 3) 8 (2
HCF of 18 and 42 = 6. –6
2) 3 (1
–2
1) 2 (2
–2
×
HCF of 19 and 27 = 1.
57) 152 (2 27) 162 (6

–114 –162
38) 57 (1 ×
–38
19) 38 (2 HCF of 27 and 162 = 27.
–38
×
HCF of 57 and 152 = 19.
25. 1st number × 2nd number = their HCF × their LCM
 84 × 2nd number = 12 × 336
12  336
 2nd number   48.
84
26. Let the numbers be x and 4x. Then,
product of numbers = HCF × LCM
 x × 4x = 84 × 21  4 x 2  84  21
84  21
 x2   21  21  x = 21.
4
 larger number = 4x = 4 × 21 = 84.
27. First number = 2 × 50 = 100.
Let the second number be x. Then,
50  250
100 × x = 50 × 250  x   125.
100
28. Product of numbers = HCF × LCM
product of numbers 1320
 LCM    220.
HCF 6
29. Since 120 is not a multiple of 35, so 35 cannot be the HCF of the given numbers.
30. LCM must be a multiple of HCF.
Since 60 is not a multiple of 8, so the LCM of given numbers cannot be 60.
31. Out of the given alternatives, only 11 is a factor of 9570. So, 11 is a possible value of the
HCF.
32. 105) 1001 (9 7) 2436 (348
–945 –21
56) 105 (1 33
–56 –28
49) 56 (1 56
–49 –56
7) 49 (7 ×
–49
×
Required number = HCF of 105, 1001 and 2436 = 7.

33. For the minimum number of rows, the number of trees in each row must be the
maximum.
 number of trees in each row = HCF of 27, 54 and 72 = 9.
 27  54  72  153
Hence, number of rows     17.
 9  9
34. Required measure = (HCF of 1653, 2261 and 2527) litres = 19 litres.
1653) 2261 (1 19) 2527 (133

–1653 –19
608) 1653 (2 62
–1216 –57
437) 608 (1 57
–437 –57
171) 437 (2 ×
–342
95) 171 (1
–95
76) 95 (1
–76
19) 76 (4
–76
×
35. For the least number of tiles, the size of the tile must be maximum.
Maximum size of the tile = (HCF of 1517 and 902) cm = 41 cm.
902) 1517 (1
–902
615) 902 (1
–615
287) 615 (2
–574
41) 287 (7
–287
×
area of ceiling 1517  902

Hence, required number of tiles    814.
area of each tile 41  41
36. Maximum length of each part = (HCF of 114, 152, 171, 247) cm = 19 cm
 114  152  171  247  684
 number of pieces     36.
 19  19
37. Required number = HCF of (147 – 77), (252 – 77) and (252 – 147)
= HCF of 70, 175 and 105 = 35.
70) 105 (1 35) 175 (5

–70 –175
35) 70 (2 ×
–70
×
38. Required number = HCF of (1356 – 12), (1868 – 12) and (2764 – 12)
= HCF of 1344, 1856 and 2752 = 64.
1344) 1856 (1 64) 2752 (43
–1344 –256
512) 1344 (2 192
–1024 –192
320) 512 (1 ×
–320
192) 320 (1
–192
128) 192 (1
–128
64) 128 (2
–128
×
39. LCM of 12, 18, 21, 30 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 7 × 5 = 1260. 2 12, 18, 21, 30

 required number = 1260  2 = 630. 3 6, 9, 21, 15
2, 3, 7, 5
40. LCM of 5, 6, 4, 3 = 60. 60) 2497 (41

On dividing 2497 by 60, we get remainder = 37. –240
 number to be added = 60 – 37 = 23. 97
–60
37
41. Least number of 5 digits = 10000. 2 12, 15, 18

LCM of 12, 15, 18 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 5 × 3 = 180. 3 6, 15, 9
2, 5, 3
On dividing 10000 by 180, the remainder is 100.
 required number = 10000 + (180 – 100) = 10080.
42. Greatest number of 4 digits = 9999. 5 15, 25, 40, 75
LCM of 15, 25, 40, 75 = 5 × 5 × 3 × 8 = 600. 5 3, 5, 8, 15
On dividing 9999 by 600, the remainder is 399. 3 3, 1, 8, 3
1, 1, 8, 1
 required number = 9999 – 399 = 9600.
43. Required number = (LCM of 24, 32, 36, 54) – 5 2 24, 32, 36, 54
= (2 × 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 3) – 5 2 12, 16, 18, 27
3 6, 8, 9, 27
= 864 – 5 = 859. 2 2, 8, 3, 9
3 1, 4, 3, 9
1, 4, 1, 3
44. Required number = (LCM of 12, 15, 20, 54) + 8 2 12, 15, 20, 54
 ( 2  3  5  2  9)  8 3 6, 15, 10, 27
= 540 + 8 = 548. 5 2, 5, 10, 9
2 2, 1, 2, 9
1, 1, 1, 9
45. Required distance = (LCM of 60, 80, 75, 90) cm 2 60, 80, 75, 90
= (2 × 3 × 5 × 2 × 4 × 5 × 3) cm 3 30, 40, 75, 45
5 10, 40, 25, 15
= 3600 cm = 36 m.
2 2, 8, 5, 3
1, 4, 5, 3
46. LCM of 3 and 7 = 21.

Clearly, the required number is a multiple of 21 which leaves a remainder of 5 when
divided by 20, i.e., 105.
47. Required number of beads = LCM of 18, 24, 28 2 18, 24, 28
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 7 = 504. 2 9, 12, 14
3 9, 6, 7
3, 2, 7
48. LCM of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 2 × 5 = 120. 2 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12

 the bells will toll together after every 120 seconds, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
3 1, 1, 3, 2, 5, 3
i.e., 2 minutes. 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 1
 30  
In 30 minutes, they will toll together    1  16 times.
 2  
49. Interval after which the devices will beep together 2 30, 60, 95, 105
= (LCM of 30, 60, 90, 105) min 3 15, 30, 45, 105
= (2 × 3 × 5 × 2 × 3 × 7) min 5 5, 10, 15, 35
1, 2, 3, 7
= 1260 min = 21 hours.
So, the devices will again beep together 21 hours after 12 noon, i.e., at 9 a.m.
50. LCM of 24, 36, 48 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 2 = 144. 2 24, 36, 48

So, the three girls will meet at one point in 144 seconds, 2 12, 18, 24
3 6, 9, 12
i.e., 2 min 24 sec. 2 2, 3, 4
1, 3, 2

6 Exponents
1. EXPONENTIAL FORM OR NOTATION If a is a rational number and n is a natural

number then
a × a × a × … n times  an .
n
a is called ‘the nth power of a’ or ‘a raised to the power n’.
Here, a is called the base and n is called the exponent.
2. (i) (1)an odd natural number  1 and
(ii) (1)an even natural number  1.
n
p p pn
3. If is a rational number and n is a natural number then    n .
q q q
4. LAWS OF EXPONENTS If a, b, c are nonzero rational numbers and m, n, p are
natural numbers then
(i) am  an  am  n
am  an  a p  am  n  p
am
(ii)  am  n
an
(iii) ( am )n  am  n  ( an )m
(iv) an  b n  ( ab)n
an  b n  c n  ( abc )n
1
(v) a m 
am
n n
a 1 1 bn  b 
   n
   
b a  an  an  a 
   n
b b 
(vi) a0  1
1
a b
(vii)   
b a
5. STANDARD FORM A given number is said to be in standard form if it can be
expressed as k  10n , where 1  k  10 and n is a positive integer.
121
EXERCISE 6A
1. The value of (2 2  2 3  2 2  2 3 ) is
95 97 98 99
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 8 8
2 2 2
1 1 1
2. The value of         is
2 3 4
5 61
(a) 29 (b) (c) 144 (d)
29 144
3. If 5 a  3125 then the value of 5 a  3 is
(a) 25 (b) 125 (c) 625 (d) 1625
1 1
 3 1  1  
4.        ?
 4   4  
3 3 8 8
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
8 8 3 3
5. Which of the following is equal to 1?
(a) 30  40  50 (b) 30  40  50
0 0 0
(c) (3  2 )  5 (d) ( 40  30 )  (50  20 )
2
(a) 4 3  ( 4 3 )2
2
(b) 4 3  ( 4 3 )2
2
(c) 4 3  ( 4 3 )2
2
(d) 4 3 and ( 4 3 )2 cannot be compared
7. Which of the following expressions has the greatest value?
(a) [(2 1 )0 ]2 (b) [( 40 )2 ]2 (c) [(2 2 )1 ]2 (d) [(2 1 )2 ]2
8. A boy was asked to write the value of 2 5  92. He wrote it as 2592. The
difference between the obtained value and the actual value is
(a) 0 (b) 2  92 (c) 2 2  93 (d) 2 3  94
2  34  25
9. The value of is
9  42
(a) 36 (b) 42 (c) 46 (d) 48
10. Which of the following is the largest number?
22
(a) 3 2 (b) {(3 2 )2 }2 (c) 3 2  2  2 (d) 3222
Exponents 123
11. 58  5 9  5 5  5 2  5 3  ?
(a) 510 (b) 511 (c) 512 (d) 513
3 6 1  2x
8 8 5
12. The value of x so that        is
5 5 8
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
5 11  x 8 x  12
5 5  25 
13. If        then x is equal to
3 3  9 
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
1
14. If 2 2 n  1  then the value of n is
8n  3
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
15. If 5 x  3  25( 3 x  4 ) then the value of x is
5 11 11 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 5 3 5
3 2 3 ?
16. 9  (81)  (27 )  3
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
250 0 25
17. If a = 25 then a  a  ?
(a) 0 (b) 24 (c) 25 (d) 26
18. Compare and put the correct sign (<, >, =) in the box.
9 2
2 3 23
1
 1  1
I. (2 ) 2 II. (44 )2 2 4
III.  3 2   81 4 
   
I II III I II III
(a) > < = (b) < = >
(c) = < > (d) < > <
5 x 7 y 5  (10 a3 x 2 )3
19. Simplify:
(2 x 5 y 3 )  (6 a2 y )2
4
25 4 25 2 3 9 2 9  y 
(a) xy (b) x y (c) a xy (d)  
6 4 100 100 a  xa 
20. If 8 a  10b and 2 a  5b then the value of a if b  0 is
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2
21. If ( 3 )7  93  3 y  9 3 then y is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
9n  3 5  (27 )3
22. If  27 then n is equal to
3  (81)4
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
23. 8 2.4  2 3.7  (16)1.3  2 ?

(a) 4.8 (b) 5.7 (c) 5.8 (d) 7.1
n
24. If m and n are whole numbers such that m  121 then the value of
(m  1)n  1 is
(a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 121 (d) 1000
xy xy
25. If 3  27 and 3  243 then x is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
26. The diameter of the earth is 1,27,56,000 m. This when expressed in the
standard form is equal to
(a) 0.12756  108 m (b) 12756  10 3 m
6
(c) 12.756  10 m (d) 1.2756  107 m
1998  (342) (1997 )
27. In the simplest form, the value of the quotient is
(19)99
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 19 (d) 100
 96.54  89.63 965.4  896.3 
28. The value of 10 3     is equal to
 96.54  89.63 9.654  8.963 
(a) 10 (b) 10 1 (c) 10 4 (d) 10 5
29. (1)101  (1)102  (1)103    ( 1)200 is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 100 (d) 101
n4 n2
30. If 2 2  3 then n is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) –2
n1 n1
31. If 2 2  320 then n is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
2n  1  2n
32. The value of is
2n  4  2n  1
1 2 1 5
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
36 3 13 13
16  2n  1  8  2n
33. when simplified is equal to
16  2n  2  4  2n  1
3 3 9 9
(a) (b)  (c)  (d)
7 7 14 14
1 1
34. If ab  1 then 1
 is
1 a 1  b 1
(a) 0 (b) a  b (c) 1 (d) a  b
Exponents 125
35. If 21998  21997  21996  21995  k  21995 then the value of k is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
7 x  3  92 x  y  (11)x  y  3  (63)y  1 5
36. If A  then the value of 3 A  is
(63)x  1  (77 )y  3  (99)x 3
14 23
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
3 3
37. The weights of four different molecules A, B, C and D was estimated by
a scientist as under
Molecule A  8.689 10 24 units,
Molecule B  1.532 × 10 18 units,
Molecule C  3.674 × 10 22 units,
Molecule D  8.976 × 10 20 units.
Of these the lightest molecule is
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
38. Three towns P, Q and R are located in the
same straight line. If the distance between P
and Q is (3.2  106 ) m and the distance between Q and R is (6.4  10 5 ) m
then the distance between P and R in standard form is
(a) 9.6  10 5 m (b) 9.6  106 m (c) 38.4  10 5 m (d) 38.4  106 m
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (c)
1 1 1 1 96  2  1 99 .
1. 2 2  2 3  2 2  2 3  4  8    12    
22 23 4 8 8 8
2 2 2
1 1 1
2.        2 2  3 2  4 2  4  9  16  29.
2 3 4
3. 5 a  3125  5 5  a  5.
 5 a 3  5( 5  3 )  5 2  25.
1
 3 1  1 1  4 
1
 4  12 
1
 8 
1
3
4.          4      .
 4   4   3   3   3  8
5. 30  40  50  1  1  1  3.
30  40  50  1  1  1  1.
(30  20 )  50  (1  1)  1  0  1  0.
( 40  30 )  (50  20 )  (1  1)  (1  1)  0  2  0.
2
6. 4 3  4 9 and ( 4 3 )2  4( 3 2 )  46.
2
Since 4 9  46 , so 4 3  ( 4 3 )2 .
2
 1  0 
7. [(2 1 )0 ]2      12  1.
 2  
[( 40 )2 ]2  [(1)2 ]2  (12 )2  12  1.

2 2
 1 1   1 1 
[(2 2 )1 ]2   2        ( 4)2  16.
 2    4  
 1  2 2 2
1 1
[(2 1 )2 ]2        .
 2   4 16
8. 2 5  92  32  81  2592.
2  3 4  25 2  3 4  25 2  3 4  25
9.  2 
9  42 3  (2 2 )2 32  2 4
 2(1  5  4 )  3( 4  2 )  2 2  3 2  4  9  36.
22 4
10. 3 2  3 2  316.
{(3 2 )2 }2  3( 2  2  2 )  38  6561.
3 2  2  2  3( 2  2  2 )  38  6561.
[( 8  9  5  2 )  3]
11. 58  5 9  5 5  5 2  5 3  5  5(14  3 )  511.
3 6 1  2x 36 1  2x
8 8 5 8 5
12.            
5 5 8 5 8
3 1  2x 3 1  2x
8 5 5 5
         
5 8 8 8
 1 – 2x = 3  2x = 1 – 3 = –2
 x = –1.
5 11  x 8 x  12 ( 8 x  12 ) (16 x  24 )
5 5  25   5  2  5
13.             
3 3  9   3   3
( 5  11  x ) (16 x  24 )
5 5
    
3 3
 6 + x = 16x – 24  15x = 30  x = 2.
Exponents 127
2n  1 1
14. 2   8 ( n  3 )  8 3  n
8n  3
2n  1
 2  (2 3 )( 3  n)  2 3( 3  n)  2( 9  3 n)
 2n – 1 = 9 – 3n  5n = 10  n = 2.
x3
15. 5  25( 3 x  4 )  [5 2 ]( 3 x  4 )  5 2( 3 x  4 )
x3
 5  5(6 x  8 )  x + 3 = 6x – 8
11
 5x = 11  x  .
5
16. 93  (81)2  (27 )3  3 x
 (3 2 )3  (3 4 )2  (3 3 )3  3 x
 36  38  3 9  3 x
( 6  8  9)
 3  3 x  3 5  3 x  x = 5.
0 25
17. a25  a0  a1  a0  a  1  25  1  26.
23 3
18. (2 2 )3  2  26  64 and 2 2  28  256.
3
So, (2 2 )3  2 2 .
1  1
4  
( 4 4 ) 2  4 2
 4 2  16 and 2 4  16.
1
So, ( 4 4 ) 2  2 4.
1  1   1
  9   2 2  
(31/3 )9  3 3   3 3  27 and (811/ 4 )2  81 4   811/2  (92 )1/2  9 2
 9.
13 14
So, (3 )9  (81 )2 .
5 x7 y 5  (10 a3 x 2 )3 5 x7 y 5  (6 a2 y )2
19. 5 3 2 2

2 x y  (6 a y ) 2 x 5 y 3  (10 a3 x 2 )3
5 x7 y 5  36 a 4 y 2

2 x 5 y 3  1000 a9 x 6
9
  x(7  5  6 )  y( 5  2  3 )  a( 4  9)
100
9 4 9 y4
 x  y 4  a5  
100 100 x 4 a5
4
9  y 
   .
100 a  xa 
20. 5b  2 a  2  5b  2  2 a
a1 ( a  1)
 10b  2  8a  2
( a  1) ( a  1)
 ( 2 3 )a  2  23 a  2 .
1
 3a = a + 1  2a = 1  a  .
2
21. ( 3 )  93  3 y  9 3
7
12
 (3 )7  (3 2 )3  3 y  3 2  31/2
7 2 12
 3  36  3 y  3 2  3
7   5 19 5
  6 y   y
 3 2  3 2   3 2  3 2

5 19 19 5 14
 y   y    7.
2 2 2 2 2
9n  3 5  (27 )3 (3 2 )n  3 5  (3 3 )3
22. 4
 27   33
3  (81) 3  ( 3 4 )4
32n  35  39
  33
3  316
( 5  9  1  16 )
 32n  3  33
(2n  3)
 3  3 3  2n – 3 = 3  2n = 6  n = 3.
2.4 3.7 1.3
23. 8 2  (16)  2x
 (2 3 )2.4  2 3.7  (2 4 )1.3  2 x
 27.2  2 3.7  2 5.2  2 x
(7.2  3.7 )  5.2
 2  2 x  2 5.7  2 x  x = 5.7.
24. mn  121  (11)2  m = 11, n = 2.
n1
 (m  1)  (11  1)2  1  (10)3  1000.
xy
25. 3  27  3 3 and 3 x  y  243  3 5
 x – y = 3 and x + y = 5.
Adding the above two equations, we get 2x = 8 or x = 4.
Putting x = 4 in x – y = 3, we get y = 1.
26. Diameter of the earth = 1,27,56,000 m = 1.2756 × 107 m.
998  (342) (1997 ) (19)97 (19  342) (19)97  361
27. 99
 97 2
  1.
(19) (19)  (19) (19)97  361
 96.54  89.63 965.4  896.3 
28. 10 3    
 96.54  89.63 9.654  8 .963 
1  96.54  89.63 9.654  8.963 
   
1000  96.54  89.63 965.4  896.3 
 1 
1  96.54  89.63 10 (96.54  89.63) 
   
1000  96.54  89.63 10 (96.54  89.663) 
 
1 1 1 5
    10 .
1000 100 100000
29. (1)101  (1)102  (1)103    (1)200
= (–1) + 1 + (–1) + … + 1.
= [(–1) + (–1) + (–1) + … 50 times] + [1 + 1 + … 50 times]
= (–50) + 50 = 0.
n4
30. 2  2n  2  3  2n  2 (2 2  1)  3  2n  2  3  3
n2
 2  1  20  n + 2 = 0
 n = –2.
Exponents 129
n1
31. 2  2n  1  320  2n  1 (1  2 2 )  320
n1
 2  5  320  2n  1  64  26
 n – 1 = 6  n = 7.
2n  1  2n 2n  1 (1  2) 1
32.     2(n  1)  (n  1)
2n  4  2n  1 2n  1 (2 3  1) 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
   2 2    2      .
9 9 2 9 4 36
16  2n  1  8  2n 2n (16  2  8) 2n  24
33. n2 n1
 n1
 n1
16  2  42 2 (16  2  4) 2  28
24 3
  .
2  28 7
34. ab = 1  a1  b and b 1  a.
1 1 1 1 (1  a)  (1  b)
    
1  a1 1  b 1 1  b 1  a (1  a) (1  b)
2ab 2ab
  1 [ ab = 1].
1  a  b  ab 2  a  b
35. 21998  21997  21996  21995  k . 21995
 k  21995  21995  21996  21997  21998
 21995 (1  2  2 2  2 3 )
 21995 (1  2  4  8)  3  21995
 k = 3.
7 x  3  92 x  y  (11)x  y  3  (63)y  1
36. A 
(63)x  1  (77 )y  3  (99)x
x3
7  (3 2 )( 2 x  y )  (11)x  y  3  (7  3 2 )( y  1)

(7  3 2 )( x  1)  (11  7 )y  3  (11  3 2 )x
7 x  3  3( 4 x  2 y )  (11)x  y  3  7 y  1  3( 2 y  2 )

7 x  1  3( 2 x  2 )  (11)y  3  7 y  3  (11)x  3 2 x
 7 ( x  3 )  ( y  1)  ( x  1)  ( y  3 )  3( 4 x  2 y )  ( 2 y  2 )  ( 2 x  2 )  2 x  11( x  y  3 )  ( y  3 )  x
 7 0  30  110  1  1  1  1.
5 5 5 9  5 14 .
 3A   3  1   3   
3 3 3 3 3
37. Molecule Weight (in units)

A 8.689 × 10–24 = 8.689 × 10–6 × 10–18 = 0.000008689 × 10–18
B 1.532 × 10–18
C 3.674 × 10–22 = 3.674 × 10–4 × 10–18 = 0.0003674 × 10–18
D 8.976 × 10–20 = 8.976 × 10–2 × 10–18 = 0.08976 × 10–18
Clearly, A is the lightest molecule.

38. PR = PQ + QR
 [(3.2  106 )  (6.4  10 5 )] m
 (32  10 5  6.4  10 5 ) m  38.4  10 5 m.
EXERCISE 6B
true.
1. If (8)  (8)  (8)  (2)p then p is equal to …… .
2. (16)2 written as a power of 2 is …… .
3. If 4 x  256 then the value of 6 2 x 8 is …… .
4. If 27 2 x1  (243)3 then the value of 5 2 x 4 is …… .
5 11 8x
5 5 5
5. If         then x = …… .
4 4 4
6. [(2)2 ]4  …… .
3 3
1 1
7.       …… .
3
  2
8. 983  107 when written in the standard form is euqal to …… .
9. If x = 2, y = 3 then the value of
(i) x x  y y is …… .
(ii) x y  y x is …… .
(iii) x  x  y  y is …… .
(iv) x  y  y  x is …… .
10. (5 3 )2  5 5  5 9 is equal to …… .
11. If 2 x  81 5  21 5 then x is equal to …… .
12. 80.4  41.6  21.6  …… .
x
16  32 2
13. If    then x is equal to …… .
9  27  81  3 
14. If 2n  4096 then 2n 3 is equal to …… .
4n  2 5  8 3
15. If  8 then the value of n is …… .
2  (16)4
16. If (25)n  1  100  5 2 n  1 then n is equal to …… .
17. If 2n  7  5n  4  1250 then the value of n is …… .
18. If 6 4  (36)3  216  6 x  5 then x is equal to …… .
Exponents 131
19. …… should be multiplied by 6 2 , so that the product is equal to 216.

20. (20)1 should be divided by …… to obtain (10)1 .

true or false.
21. 2 3  64 ……
4
 1  1
22.      ……
 81   3 
23. 41  14 ……
24. 80  08 ……
25. 2 3  2 3  0 ……
26. 10  1011  (100)11 ……
1
27. 215  2 20  ……
32
28. 49  49  49  49  7 16 ……
29. 30  40  50  (3  4  5)0 ……
30. 20  30  40  (2  3  4)0 ……
3 4 34 43 4 3
31. (2 )  2 2  (2 ) ……
a b c c b a
32. {( x ) }  {( x ) } ……
33. 64 crore written in standard form is equal to 6.4  107. ……
4
 1
34. If     (2)8  (2)4 x then x  1. ……
 2
p
 am 
35.  n   a( pm  pn ) ……
a 
3 7 x1
2 2 5
36. If         then x  11. ……
5 5 2
37. (6 1  8 1 )1  (2 1  3 1 )1  30 ……
38. (6)1 should be multiplied by (3)1 to obtain 91. ……
(12)4  93  4 2  3 4  2 5
39. 3 2   198. ……
6  8  27 9  42
7 5
 x 1 y 2   x 3 y 5 
40. If  2 4    2 3   x p  y q then p = 4 and q = 2. ……
x y  x y 

8
1. 9 2. 2 3. 1 4. 25
9
5. 2 6. 256 7. 19 8. 9.83  10
31 17
9. (i) 31 (ii) 17 (iii) (iv)
108 72
2
10. 25 11.  12. 64 13. 9
5
14. 512 15. 3 16. 2 17. 8
5 1
18. 6 19. 6 20. 21. False
2
26. False 27. True 28. False 29. False
30. True 31. False 32. True 33. False
34. True 35. True 36. False 37. True
38. False 39. True 40. True

p
1. (8)  (8)  (8)  (2)
p p
 (8)3  (2)  [(2)3 ]3  (2)
(3  3)
 (2)  (2)p  (2)9  (2)p  p = 9.
( 4  2)
2. (16)2  (2 4 )2  2  2 8.
3. 4 x  256  4 4  x  4.
2x  8
 6  6 2  4  8  6(8  8 )  60  1.
2x  1
4. 27  (243)3  (3 3 )2 x  1  (3 5 )3
3 ( 2 x  1)
         3  3( 5  3 )
(6 x  3)
         3  315  6x – 3 = 15
 6x = 18  x = 3.
(2 x  4)
 5  5 2  3  4  5 2  25.
5 11 8x ( 5  11) 8x
5 5 5 5 5
5.            
4 4 4 4 4
16 8x
5 5
        8x = 16  x = 2.
4 4
4 4
 1  2  1
6. [(2)2 ]4         4 4  256.
 2   4
3 3
1 1
7.      3 3  2 3  27  8  19.
3 2
8. 983  107  9.83  10 9
9. (i) x x  y y  2 2  3 3  4  27  31.
(ii) x y  y x  2 3  3 2  8  9  17.
Exponents 133
1 1 1 1 27  4 31
(iii) x  x  y  y  2 2  3 3       .
2 2 3 3 4 27 108 108
1 1 1 1 9  8 17 .
(iv) x  y  y  x  2 3  3 2  3 2    
2 3 8 9 72 72
( 6  5  9)
10. (5 3 )2  5 5  5 9  56  5 5  5 9  5  5 2  25.
1 1
11. 2 x  81/5  21/5  2 x  (2 3 ) 5  2 5
 3 1
x  
5
 2  25
3 1 1 3 2
 x   x   .
5 5 5 5 5
12. 80.4  41.6  21.6  (2 3 )0.4  (2 2 )1.6  21.6
 2( 3  0.4 )  2( 2  1.6 )  21.6
 21.2  2 3.2  21.6  2(1.2  3.2  1.6 )
 26  64.
x x
16  32 2 2 2 4  25 2( 4  5 )
13.        2 3 4  (2  3  4)
9  27  81  3  3 3 3 3 3
x 9
2 29  2 
    9     x = 9.
3 3 3
14. 2n  4096  212  n = 12.
n3
 2  212  3  2 9  512.
4n  2 5  8 3 (2 2 )n  2 5  (2 3 )3 22n  25  29
15. 4
8  4 4
8  8
2  (16) 2  (2 ) 2  216
( 2 n  5  9  1  16 )
 2  2 3  2( 2 n  3 )  2 3
 2n – 3 = 3  2n = 6  n = 3.
n1
16. (25)  100  5 2 n  1  5 2 n  1  (5 2 )n  1  100
2n  1
 5  5 2 n  2  100
(2n  2)
         5 (5  1)  100  5 2  4
(2n  2)
         5  4  52  4
(2n  2)
         5  5 2   2n – 2 = 2  2n = 4  n = 2.
n7
17. 2  5n  4  1250  2  5 4.
 n – 7 = 1 and n – 4 = 4  n = 8.
18. 6 4  (36)3  216  6 x  5
 6 4  (6 2 )3  6 3  6 x  5
 6 4  66  6 3  6 x  5
( 4  6  3)
 6  6x  5  6  6x  5
 x – 5 = 1  x = 6.
19. Let the number to be multiplied be x. Then,

216 6 3
6 2  x  216  x    6 3  6 2  6 5.
6 2 6 2
1 1
(20)1  x  (10)1    x  
20 10
1 1 1
   
20 x 10
1 1
 x    (10)  .
20 2
21. 2 3  2  2  2  8.
1 1
22.   3 4.
81 3 4
23. 41  4 and 14  1.
24. 80  1 and 08  0.
1 1 64  1 65 .
25. 2 3  2 3  2 3  3  8   
2 8 8 8
26. 10  1011  10  10  1011  100  (10)11 .
215 1 1 .
27. 215  2 20   215  20  2 5  5 
2 20 2 32
(2  4)
28. 49  49  49  49  ( 49)4  (7 2 )4  7  7 8.
29. 30  40  50  1  1  1  3 and (3  4  5)0  (12)0  1.
30. 20  30  40  1  1  1  1 and (2  3  4)0  (24)0  1.

4 3
(3  4)
31. (2 3 )4  2  212 ; 2 3  281 ; 2 4  264 ; (2 4 )3  2( 4  3 )  212.
32. {( x a )b }c  {x ab }c  x abc .
{( x c )b }a  {x bc }a  x abc .
33. 64 crore  64  107  6.4  108.

4
 1
34.     (2)8  (2)4 x  (2)4  (2)8  (2)4x
 2
( 4  8 )
 (2)  (2)4x
 4x = 4  x = 1.
a m p
(m  n) p
35.  n   [a ]  a p (m  n)  a( pm  pn) .
a 
3 7 x1 37 ( x  1)
2 2 5 2 2
36.             
5 5 2 5 5
10 (1  x )
2 2
      1 – x = 10
5 5
 x = – 9.
Exponents 135
37. (6 1  8 1 )1  (2 1  3 1 )1

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 43 32
         
6 8 2 3  24   6 
1 1
 1  1
     24  6  30.
 24  6
 1  1 1
38. ( 6)1  (3)1           91.
 6   3  18
(12)4  93  4 2  3 4  2 5
39. 
6 3  8 2  27 9  42
(2 2  3)4  (3 2 )3  2 2 2  3 4  2 5 28  3 4  36  2 2 2  3 4  2 5
  2   2 4
(2  3)3  (2 3 )2  3 3 3  (2 2 )2 2 3  3 3  26  3 3 3 2
 2(8  2  3  6 )  3( 4  6  3  3 )  2(1  5  4 )  3( 4  2 )
 2  3 4  22  32
 2  81  4  9  162  36  198.
7 5
 x 1 y 2   x 3 y 5 
40.  2 4    2 3   x p  yq
x y  x y 
x 7  y14 x 15  y 25 [x  7  14  y14  (  28 ) ]
 28
 15
 x p  yq   x p  yq
x y14 10
x y [x  15  10  y 25  (  15 ) ]
x 21  y 42
  x p . y q  x  21  25  y 42  40  x p  y q
x 25  y 40
p q
 x 4  y 2  x . y   p = 4, q = 2.

7 Algebraic Expressions
1. CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES A symbol having a fixed numerical value is

called a constant.
A symbol which takes on various numerical values is called a variable
or a literal.
2. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION A combination of constants and variables,
connected by operations +, –, × and  is called an algebraic expression.
3. TERMS OF AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION Several parts of an algebraic expression
separated by + or – signs are called terms of the expression.
Thus, 7 a  5b is a single term, while 7a + 5b has two terms: 7a and 5b.
4. TYPES OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS An algebraic expression is called a
(i) monomial, if it contains one term only;
(ii) binomial, if it has 2 terms;
(iii) trinomial, if it has 3 terms;
(iv) multinomial, if it has more than one term.
5. FACTORS OF A TERM When two or more quantities (numbers and literals)
are multiplied to form a term, then each of these quantities is called a
factor of the term.
A constant factor is called a numerical factor while a variable factor is
called a literal factor.
So, in 8 xy 2 , the numerical factor is –8 and the literal factors are x, y, y 2 ,
xy and xy 2 .
6. CONSTANT TERM In an algebraic expression, a term which has no literal
factor is called the constant term.
3 3
So, in the expression 8 x 3  5 x 2  2 x  , the constant term is  .
5 5
7. COEFFICIENTS Any factor of a term is called the coefficient of the product
of all the remaining factors.
In a term, the numeric factor attached to the variables is called the
numerical coefficient, while the non-numeric factor consisting of the
variables of the term is called the literal coefficient.
Thus, in 3 xy 2 , the numerical coefficient is –3 and literal coefficient
is xy 2 .
136
Algebraic Expressions 137
8. LIKE AND UNLIKE TERMS Terms having the same literal coefficients are
called like terms, otherwise they are called unlike terms.
2
So, 5 x 2 y, x 2 y and 8 x 2 y are like terms, while 6 x 2 y, 5 xy 2 and 3 x 2 y 2 are
3
unlike terms.
9. RULE FOR REMOVAL OF BRACKETS If a bracket is preceded by a ‘+’ sign then
the bracket is removed without changing the sign of the terms inside it.
If a bracket is preceded by a ‘–’ sign then on removing the bracket the
sign of each of the terms inside it is reversed (i.e., ‘+’ changes to ‘–’ and
‘–’ changes to ‘+’).
10. POLYNOMIALS An algebraic expression in which the variables involved
have only non-negative integral powers is called a polynomial.
So, 3 x 2  5 x  2 is a polynomial;
1
x  is not a polynomial;
x
y  3 y is not a polynomial.
11. Degree of a polynomial in one variable
= highest power of the variable in that polynomial.
So, degree of the polynomial 8 x 4  2 x 3  5 x 2  7
= highest power of variable x  4.
12. CONSTANT POLYNOMIAL A polynomial having one term consisting of a
constant only is called a constant polynomial. The degree of a constant
polynomial is 0.
13. The product of two factors with like signs is positive and the product of
two factors with unlike signs is negative.
Thus, 6 x  4 y  24 xy ;
(3 a)  (5b 2 )  (3)  (5)  ab 2  15 ab 2 ;
7 p  4q  28 pq.
14. Operation Result
Monomial + monomial Monomial or binomial
Monomial + binomial Monomial, binomial or trinomial
Binomial + binomial Monomial, binomial, trinomial or
quadrinomial
Monomial × monomial Monomial
Monomial × binomial Binomial
Binomial × binomial Binomial, trinomial or quadrinomial
2 2 2
15. (i) ( a  b)  a  2 ab  b .
(ii) ( a  b)2  a2  2 ab  b 2 .
EXERCISE 7A
1. Which of the following is a pair of like terms?
6 7 7
(a) xyz, x 2 y 2 z2 (b) 9x 2 yz2 ,  xy 2 z2
7 6 20
3
(c) 3 xy 2 z, 3 xyz2 (d)  x 2 y 2 z2 , 7( xyz)2
5
4 2 2 4
2. The sum of x  xy  2 y and 2 y  xy  x is
(a) a monomial and polynomial in x
(b) a monomial and polynomial in y
(c) a binomial and polynomial in x
(d) a binomial and polynomial in y
3. The value of the polynomial a2b 2  b 2c 2  c 2 a2 at a = 1, b = –1 and c = –2 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 9
3 2
4. If p = –10 then the value of p  2 p  3 p is
(a) –1230 (b) –830 (c) 830 (d) 1230
If a = –1, b = –3, c = –5 then
(a) ab  bc  ac  23 (b) ab  bc  ac  17
(c) ab + bc – ac = 13 (d) – ab + bc – ac = 7
6. Aditya spends ` (7x – 4) for a book and ` (2x + 8) for a pen. If he gives the
shopkeeper a 2000-rupee note, how much will he get back?
(a) ` (2012 – 9x) (b) ` (1996 – 9x) (c) ` (1992 – 6x) (d) ` (1996 – 7x)
7. Simplify: a  2b  [4 a  6b  {3 a  c  (5 a  2b  3 a  c  2b)}]
(a) 2a (b) 3a + b + c (c) 4a – c (d) 5a + b
8. n packets of 6 sweets each are divided equally among 10 children. Then,
each child gets …… sweets.
3n
(a) 3n  5 (b) (c) 6n  10 (d) 6n
5
9. What is the value of ( a3  2 a2  4 a  5)  ( a3  8 a  2 a2  5) ?
(a) 2 a3  4 a2  6 a  10 (b) 2 a3  4 a2  12 a  10
3 2
(c) 2 a  7 a  12 a  10 (d) 2 a3  7 a2  6 a  10
 1 7  1 1 1  1 
10. The value of  3 x 2  x      x 2  x     2 x 2  x  5  at
 5 3  4 3 6  2 
x  2 is
215 283 262 243
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 30 15 15
11. The value of the polynomial p 3  q 3  r 3  3 pqr at p  1, q  2 and

r  3 is
(a) –36 (b) –18 (c) 18 (d) 36
12. The number of ribbons of length half a metre each that can be made
from x metres of cloth, is
x 1 1
(a) 2x (b) (c) x  (d) x 
2 2 2
13. x 4  12 x 2  x  14 is greater than 17 x 3  34 x 2  51x  68 by
(a)  x 4  17 x 3  22 x 2  50 x  54 (b) x 4  17 x 3  22 x 2  50 x  54
(c)  x 4  17 x 3  46 x 2  52 x  54 (d) x 4  17 x 3  46 x 2  52 x  54
14. On subtracting x ( y  5) from y (5  x ), we get
(a) 5 x  5 y  2 xy (b) 5 x  5 y
(c) 5y  x (d) 5 x  5 y  2 xy
15. The simplified form of  a  [a  {a  b  2 a  ( a  b)}  b] is
(a) a  b (b) b (c) b  a (d) 2a
4   27 
16. The value of the expression  xyz3    x 3 y 2  (8 y 3 z) for x  1,
9  4 
y  2, z  3 is
(a) 124416 (b) 62208 (c) –62208 (d) –124416
17. The difference of two numbers is 15 a3  8 a2  5 a  3. If the bigger
number is 20 a3  10 a2  6 a  6 then the smaller number is
(a) 5 a3  18 a2  a  3 (b) 35 a3  2 a2  11a  9
(c) 5 a3  18 a2  a  3 (d) 35 a3  2 a2  11a  9
a3  b 3  c 3  3 abc
18. If a  1, b  2, c  2 then the value of 2 is
a  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
19. If X  a2  b 2  c 2 , Y  a2  b 2  c 2 , Z   a2  b 2  c 2 then which of the
following is not true?
(a) X  Y  Z  a2  b 2  c 2 (b) X  Y  Z  3 a2  b 2  c 2
(c) X  Y  Z  3b 2  a2  c 2 (d) X  Y  Z  3c 2  a2  b 2
20. a ( a  b)  a ( a  b)  b ( a  b) is equal to
(a) b (b  a) (b) a ( a  b) (c) b ( a  b) (d) b ( a  b)
1
21. Rohan had ` 600. He gave ` 5q to his son and of the remainder to his 4
4
daughters. He used the rest to buy some cakes. How much did the cakes
cost?
 600  5q   600  5q 
(a) `   (b) `  
 12   4 
3 (600  5q)  600  5q 
(c) ` (d) `  
4  16 
22. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle each of whose equal sides is
(2 a2  b 2 ) and the base is (b 2  a2 ), is
(a) 3 a2  b 2 (b) 5 a2  3b 2 (c) 5 a2  b 2 (d) 3 ( a2  b 2 )
23. If a  b  5, b  c  12 and a  c  7 then the value of a  b  c is
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 12 (d) 24
24. What should be subtracted from 7 ab  2 a2  3b 2 to get a2  2 ab  b 2 ?
(a) a2  2b 2  9ab (b) a2  2b 2  5 ab
(c) 3 a2  4b 2  9ab (d) 3 a2  4b 2  5 ab
25. On subtracting 7 p 2  13 p  5 from unity, we get
(a) 7 p 2  13 p  6 (b) 7 p 2  13 p  6
(c) 7 p 2  13 p  4 (d) 7 p 2  13 p  4
26. If P   ( x  2), Q  2 ( y  1), R   x  2 y and P  Q  R  ax then a is equal
to
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) –2
27. A wire is (7 p  3) metres long. A length of (3 p  4) metres is cut out and
the left out wire is shaped into an equilateral triangle. The length of each
side of the triangle so formed (in metres) is
4p  1 4p  1 4p  1 4p  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 3
28. What should be subtracted from x 2  xy  y 2 to obtain 2 x 2  3 xy?
(a) 3 x 2  2 xy  y 2 (b) x 2  2 xy  y 2
2 2
(c)  x  4 xy  y (d)  x 2  2 xy  y 2
29. If A  2m2  3mn  5n2 , B  5m2  2mn  3n2 and C  3m2  5mn  2n2
then which of the following expressions is equal to 0?
(a) A  B  C (b) A  B  C (c) A  B  C (d) A  B  C
30. If Tn  6n2  5n  2 then T6  T3 is equal to
(a) 175 (b) 186 (c) 208 (d) 216
xp
31. If B  then x is equal to
xq
1 B Bp Bp qB  p
(a) (b) (c) (d)
p  qB Bq Bq B1

1
(a) The value of the expression 8 x 3  64 x  5 for x   is –28.
2
(b) On subtracting 5 y  4 from 5 y  4 , we get 2 (5 y  4).
(c) The product of (2 a2  b 2 ) and (2 a2  b 2 ) is 4 a 4  b 4 .
1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 3
(d) On adding x  y  z to  x 2  y 2  z2 , we get
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 2 2
 ( x  y  z ).
2
1 1
33. The sum of the first n natural numbers is given by n2  n. The sum of
2 2
the natural numbers from 12 to 25 is
(a) 325 (b) 259 (c) 267 (d) 285
34. The sum of the squares of first n natural numbers is given by

1
n (n  1) (2n  1). This is the same as
6
1 1
(a) (3n3  2n2  n) (b) (2n3  3n2  2n)
6 6
1 1
(c) (n3  2n2  2n) (d) (2n3  3n2  n)
6 6
35. Which of the following is true for the value of
2 2 2 2
4mn (m  n)  6m (n  n )  3n (2m  m)  2mn (m  n) ?
(a) –195 for m = 0 and n = 1 (b) –2535 for m = 5 and n = 13
(c) 7605 for m = 13 and n = 5 (d) 2535 for m = 1 and n = 0
36. (1  x  y ) (1  x  y )  ?
(a) 1  x 2  2 y 2 (b) 1  x 2  y 2  2 y
(c) 1  x 2  2 y 2  y (d) 1  2 y  x 2
(a) (a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
(b) (a – b) (c – d) = ac – ad – bc – bd
(c) (a – b) (c + d) = ac – bc – bd + ad
(d) (a + b) (c – d) = ac – ad – bd + bc
38. On multiplying ( a2  ab  b 2 ) by ( a  b), we get
(a) a3  b 3 (b) a3  b 3
(c) 2 a2  2b 2  2 ab (d) a3  a2 b  ab 2  b 3
39. If a and b are respectively the sum and product of coefficients of terms
in the expression 2 x 2  3 y 2  z2  xy  4 yz  2 xz then 2a  b equals
(a) –54 (b) – 42 (c) 42 (d) 54
2 2
 1   1 
40.  2 a     2 a   on simplification yields the result
 3b   3b 
4a 4b 8a  1 
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2  4 a2  2 
3b 3a 3b  9b 
41. (3a + 2b – 9) (2a – 6b + 2) – [(4a – 9b – 1) + (–3a + 8b + 7)] = ?
(a) 6 a2  14 ab  12b 2  13 a  59b  24
(b) 6 a2  12 ab  18b 2  17 a  61b  29
(c) 8 a2  14 ab  12b 2  13 a  57 b  24
(d) 8 a2  14 ab  12b 2  17 a  61b  29
42. What are the factors of x ( y  z)  y ( z  x )  z ( x  y ) ?
(a) 2x (y – z) (b) 2y (z – x) (c) 2x (z – y) (d) 2z (x – y)
43. If 6 (3x + 2) – 5 (6x – 1) – 12x = 6 (x – 3) – 5 (7x – 6) then the value of
2x  3
is
4x  3
5 2 5
(a) –1 (b)  (c) (d)
7 7 7
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (d)
1. 7( xyz)2  7 x 2 y 2 z2 .
3
Clearly,  x 2 y 2 z2 and 7 x 2 y 2 z2 have the same literal coefficients.
5
Hence, they are like terms.
2. ( x 4  xy  2 y 2 )  (2 y 2  xy  x 4 )
 x 4  x 4  xy  xy  2 y 2  2 y 2
 4 y 2 , which is clearly a monomial and polynomial in y.

3. When a  1, b  1, c  2 then

a2 b 2  b 2 c 2  c 2 a2  12  (1)2  (1)2  (2)2  (2)2  12
 1  1  1  4  4  1  1  4  4  9.
4. p  2 p  3 p  (10)  2  (10)2  3  (10)
3 2 3
 1000  2  100  3  10
 1000  200  30  1230.
5. ab  bc  ac  (1)  (3)  (3)  (5)  (1)  (5)
 3  15  5  23.
ab  bc  ac  (1)  (3)  (3)  (5)  (1)  (5)
 3  15  5  3  20  17.
ab  bc  ac  (1)  (3)  (3)  (5)  (1)  (5)
 3  15  5  18  5  13.
 ab  bc  ac   (1)  (3)  (3)  (5)  (1)  (5)
 3  15  5  8  15  7.
6. Total money spent  ` [(7 x  4)  (2 x  8)] = ` (9x + 4).
 money returned = ` [2000 – (9x + 4)]
= ` (2000 – 9x – 4) = ` (1996 – 9x).
7. a  2b  [4 a  6b  {3 a  c  (5 a  2b  3 a  c  2b)}]
= a – 2b – [4a – 6b – {3a – c + 5a – 2b – 3a + c – 2b)}]
= a – 2b – [4a – 6b – {5a – 4b}]
= a – 2b – [4a – 6b – 5a + 4b]
= a – 2b – [– a – 2b] = a – 2b + a + 2b = 2a.
8. Total number of sweets = 6n.

6n 3n
 number of sweets each child got   .
10 5
9. ( a3  2 a2  4 a  5)  ( a3  8 a  2 a2  5)
 a3  2 a2  4 a  5  a3  8 a  2 a2  5
 2 a3  4 a2  12 a  10.
 1 7  1 1 1  1 
10.  3 x 2  x      x 2  x     2 x 2  x  5 
 5 3  4 3 6  2 
2 1 7 1 2 1 1 2 1
 3x  x   x  x   2x  x  5
5 3 4 3 6 2
 2 1 2   1 1 1  7 1 
  3x  x  2x2    x  x  x      5 
 4  3 5 2  3 6 
 1  1 1 1 7 1 
  3   2  x2      x     5 
 4  3 5 2 3 6 
 12  1  8  2  10  6  15   14  1  30 
  x  x  
 4   30   6 
3 2 11 43
 x  x
4 30 6
3 2 11 43
 2  2 , when x is equal to 2
4 30 6
11 43 90  22  215 283 .
3   
15 6 30 30
11. For p = –1, q  2, r  3, we get

p 3  q 3  r 3  3 pqr  (1)3  (2)3  (3)3  3  (1)  (2)  (3)
 1  8  27  18  36  18  18.
1
12. Number of ribbons  x   2 x.
2
13. Required expression  ( x 4  12 x 2  x  14)  (17 x 3  34 x 2  51x  68)

 x 4  12 x 2  x  14  17 x 3  34 x 2  51x  68
 x 4  17 x 3  46 x 2  52 x  54.
14. y(5  x )  x( y  5)  5 y  xy  xy  5 x  5 x  5 y  2 xy.
15. – a – [a + {a + b – 2a – (a – b)} – b]
= – a – [a + {a + b – 2a – a + b} – b]
= – a – [a + {–2a + 2b} – b]
= – a – [a – 2a + 2b – b]
= – a – [– a + b] = – a + a – b = – b.
 4  27  
16. Given expression        (8)  ( x  x 3 )  ( y  y 2  y 3 )  ( z3  z)
9  4  
 24 x 4 y 6 z 4
 24  (1)4  (2)6  (3)4 [when x = –1, y = –2, z = –3]
= 24 × 1 × 64 × 81 = 124416.
17. Let the smaller number be X. Then,
(20 a3  10 a2  6 a  6)  X  15 a3  8 a2  5 a  3
 X  (20 a3  10 a2  6 a  6)  (15 a3  8 a2  5 a  3)
 20 a3  10 a2  6 a  6  15 a3  8 a2  5 a  3
 35 a3  2 a2  11a  9.
a3  b 3  c 3  3 abc 13  2 3  (2)3  3  1  2  (2)
18.  2
a  b  c  ab  bc  ca 1  2 2  (2)2  1  2  2  (2)  (2)  1
2 2 2
1  8  (8)  12 1  8  8  12 13
    1.
1  4  4  2  4  2 1  4  4  2  4  2 13
19. X  Y  Z  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )
 a2  b 2  c 2 .
X  Y  Z  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )
 a2  b 2  c 2  a2  b 2  c 2  a2  b 2  c 2  3 a2  b 2  c 2 .
X  Y  Z  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )
 a 2  b 2  c 2  a 2  b 2  c 2  a 2  b 2  c 2   a 2  3b 2  c 2 .
X  Y  Z  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )  ( a2  b 2  c 2 )
 a 2  b 2  c 2  a 2  b 2  c 2  a 2  b 2  c 2  a 2  b 2  3c 2 .
20. a ( a  b)  a ( a  b)  b ( a  b)
 a2  ab  a2  ab  ab  b 2  ab  b 2  b ( a  b).
21. Total amount with Rohan = ` 600.
Amount given to son = ` (5q).
Remainder = ` (600 – 5q).
1  600  5q 
Amount given to daughters  of ` (600 – 5q)  `  
4  4 
  600  5q   3
 amount used to buy cakes  ` (600  5q)      ` (600  5q).
  4   4
22. Perimeter of the triangle  2 (2 a2  b 2 )  (b 2  a2 )
 4 a 2  2b 2  b 2  a 2  3 a 2  b 2 .
23. a + b = 5, b + c = 12, a + c = 7.
Adding the above three equations, we get
24
2 (a + b + c) = 5 + 12 + 7 = 24  a + b + c   12.
2
24. Let the expression to be subtracted be X.
Then, (7 ab  2 a2  3b 2 )  X  a2  2 ab  b 2
 X  (7 ab  2 a2  3b 2 )  ( a2  2 ab  b 2 )
 7 ab  2 a2  3b 2  a2  2 ab  b 2  9 ab  a2  2b 2 .
25. Required expression  1  (7 p 2  13 p  5)  1  7 p 2  13 p  5  7 p 2  13 p  4.
26. P  Q  R   ( x  2)  [2 ( y  1)]  ( x  2 y )
  x  2  2 y  2  x  2 y  2 x.
 P  Q  R  ax  2x  ax  a  2.
27. Perimeter of the triangle  [(7 p  3)  (3 p  4)] m  (7 p  3  3 p  4) m  ( 4 p  1) m.
 4p  1 
 length of each side    m.
 3 
28. Let the required expression be X. Then,
( x 2  xy  y 2 )  X  2 x 2  3 xy
 X  ( x 2  xy  y 2 )  (2 x 2  3 xy )
 x 2  xy  y 2  2 x 2  3 xy   x 2  y 2  2 xy.
29. A  B  C  (2m2  3mn  5n2 )  (5m2  2mn  3n2 )  (3m2  5mn  2n2 )
 (2m2  5m2  3m2 )  (3mn  2mn  5mn)  (5n2  3n2  2n2 )
  6m2  10mn  4n2 .
A  B  C  (2m2  3mn  5n2 )  (5m2  2mn  3n2 )  (3m2  5mn  2n2 )
 2m2  3mn  5n2  5m2  2mn  3n2  3m2  5mn  2n2
 (2m2  5m2  3m2 )  (3mn  2mn  5mn)  (5n2  3n2  2n2 )
= 0.
A  B  C  (2m2  3mn  5n2 )  (5m2  2mn  3n2 )  (3m2  5mn  2n2 )

 2m2  3mn  5n2  5m2  2mn  3n2  3m2  5mn  2n2
 (2m2  5m2  3m2 )  (3mn  2mn  5mn)  (5n2  3n2  2n2 )
 4m2  6mn  10n2 .
A  B  C  (2m2  3mn  5n2 )  (5m2  2mn  3n2 )  (3m2  5mn  2n2 )
 2m2  3mn  5n2  5m2  2mn  3n2  3m2  5mn  2n2
 (2m2  5m2  3m2 )  (3mn  2mn  5mn)  (5n2  3n2  2n2 )
 10m2  4mn  6n2 .
30. T6  T3  (6  6 2  5  6  2)  (6  3 2  5  3  2)
 (216  30  2)  (54  15  2)  244  67  175.
xp
31. B   x  p  Bx  Bq  Bx  x  Bq  p
xq
Bq  p
 x (B  1)  Bq  p  x  .
B1
1
32. (a) For x   , we have
2
3
 1  1
8 x 3  64 x  5  8      64      5
 2  2
 1 1
 8      64   5  1  32  5  36.
 8 2
(b) (5 y  4)  (5 y  4)  5 y  4  5 y  4  2 (5 y  4).
(c) (2 a2  b 2 ) (2 a 2  b 2 )  4 a 4  2 a 2 b 2  2 a 2 b 2  b 4  4 a 4  b 4 .
 3 1 3  1 3 1 
(d)   x 2  y 2  z2    x 2  y 2  z2 
 4 4 4  4 4 4 
 3 1 1 3  3 1
     x 2     y 2      z2
 4 4 4 4  4 4
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
  x  y  z   ( x  y 2  z2 ).
2 2 2 2
33. Sum of natural numbers from 12 to 25 = 12 + 13 + 14 + … + 25
= (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 25) – (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 11)
1 1  1 1 
   (25)2   25     (11)2   11
2 2  2 2 
 625 25   121 11   650 132 
      
 2 2   2 2  2 2 
= 325 – 66 = 259.
1 1
34. n (n  1) (2n  1)  (n2  n) (2n  1)
6 6
1
 ( 2 n 3  n 2  2 n 2  n)
6
1
 (2n3  3n2  n).
6
35. 4 mn(m  n)  6m2 (n  n2 )  3n2 (2m2  m)  2 mn(m  n)

 4m2 n  4mn2  6m2 n  6m2 n2  6m2 n2  3mn2  2m2 n  2mn2
 ( 4m2 n  6m2 n  2m2 n)  ( 4mn2  3mn2  2mn2 )  (6m2 n2  6m2 n2 )
 3mn2 .
For m  0 and n  1, given expression  3  0  12  0.
For m  5 and n  13, given expression  3  5  (13)2  15  169  2535.
For m  13 and n  5, given expression  3  13  5 2  39  25  975.
For m  1 and n  0, given expression  3  1  0 2  0.
36. (1  x  y ) (1  x  y )
 1 (1  x  y )  x (1  x  y )  y (1  x  y )
 1  x  y  x  x 2  xy  y  xy  y 2
 1  2y  x2  y2 .
37. ( a  b) (c  d )  a (c  d )  b (c  d )
 ac  ad  bc  bd.
38. ( a  b) ( a2  ab  b 2 )
 a ( a2  ab  b 2 )  b ( a2  ab  b 2 )
 a3  a 2 b  ab 2  a2 b  ab 2  b 3  a3  b 3 .
39. a  sum of coefficients
 2  (3)  (1)  1  ( 4)  2  5  8  3.
b  product of coefficients
 2  (3)  (1)  1  ( 4)  2  48.
 2 a  b  2  (3)  ( 48)  6  48  42.
2 2
 1   1 
40.  2 a     2 a  
 3b   3b 
  1 
2
1   1 
2
1
 (2 a)2     2  2 a    (2 a)2     2  2 a  
  3b  3b    3b  3b 
 1 4a   1 4a 
  4 a2  2     4 a2  2  
 9b 3b   9b 3b 
1 4a 1 4a 8a .
 4 a2  2   4 a2  2  
9b 3b 9b 3b 3b
41. (3 a  2b  9) (2 a  6b  2)  [( 4 a  9b  1)  (3 a  8b  7 )]
 3 a ( 2 a  6 b  2 )  2 b ( 2 a  6 b  2 )  9 ( 2 a  6 b  2 )  [ 4 a  9b  1  3 a  8 b  7 ]
 6 a2  18 ab  6 a  4 ab  12b 2  4b  18 a  54b  18  ( a  b  6)
 6 a2  12b 2  14 ab  12 a  58b  18  a  b  6
 6 a2  14 ab  12b 2  13 a  59b  24.
42. x ( y  z)  y ( z  x )  z ( x  y )
 xy  xz  yz  xy  xz  yz
 2 xy  2 xz  2 x ( y  z).
43. 6 (3 x  2)  5 (6 x  1)  12 x  6 ( x  3)  5 (7 x  6)
 18 x  12  30 x  5  12 x  6 x  18  35 x  30
 18 x  30 x  12 x  6 x  35 x  18  30  12  5
 5 x  5  x  1.
2 x  3 2  (1)  3 2  3 5 5
     .
4 x  3 4  (1)  3  4  3 7 7
EXERCISE 7B
true.
1. The numerical factor in any term of a polynomial is called the …… of
the term.
2. The terms with different algebraic factors are called …… terms.
3. The expression 3 x 2 y  2 xy 2  5 xy  8 yx 2 has …… terms.
4. The coefficient of x in 5 xy 2 z is …… .
5. 5 a2b and 9ba2 are …… terms.
6. 8m2n and 8n2m are …… terms.
7.  p  q  r is the same as  p  (……) .
8. Algebraic expressions are formed from …… and …… .
9. On subtracting  a2  ab from b 2  ab , we get …… .
10. On subtracting ab  bc  ca from  ab  bc  ca, we get …… .
11. On subtracting 2 a  3b  4c from 4 a  3b  2c, we get …… .
12. a  b  c when added to …… will give the sum zero.
13. On subtracting x 2  3 xy  2 y 2 from 2 x 2  4 xy  5 y 2 , we get …… .
14. If x  1 then x 4  11x 3  41x 2  61x  30  …… .
15. 3 ( x  y )  4 (2 x  3 y )  (2 x  y )  …… .
16. The product of the coefficients of the terms of the expression
3 1
 xy  yz  5 xz is …… .
5 3
17. On subtracting  x  y  z from ( x  y  z), we get …… .
18. (2 x 3  3) (5 x 3  2)  10 x 6    6.
19. The degree of a …… polynomial is zero.
20. The perimeter of a triangle is (3 a2  4 a  2) units. If the lengths of two
of its sides are (5 a  1) units and ( a2  5 a  4) units then the length of its
third side is …… units.

true or false.
21. The value of a variable is fixed. ……
22. The total number of planets in the solar system can be denoted by the
variable n. ……
23. A trinomial can be a polynomial. ……
24. In like terms, variables and their powers are the same. ……
2 2
25. In 8 xy , the numerical coefficient of y is 8x. ……
26. In like terms, the numerical coefficients should also be the same. ……
27. The terms of the expression x  7 y  13 x 2  5 are x, 7y, 13 x 2 and 5. ……
1
28. x  is a polynomial. ……
x
29. 5 x  2 x is a polynomial. ……
5
30. 3 y  8 y 2  is a trinomial but not a polynomial. ……
y
31. 2 x 2  5 xy  3 y 2 is both a trinomial and a polynomial. ……
6 2 6
32.  xy z and  xz2 y are like terms as they have the same coefficients.
13 13
……
33. The degree of the polynomial 8 a3  5 a 4  a5  a2  1 is 5. ……
34. Degree of zero polynomial is 0. ……
2 7
35. 3 y 2  y  y 2  8 y 3 is a trinomial as well as a polynomial. ……
5 11
36. If we add a monomial and a binomial then the answer can never be a
monomial. ……
37. If we subtract a monomial from a binomial then the answer is at least a
binomial. ……
38. When we subtract a monomial from a trinomial the answer can be a
polynomial. ……
39. When we add a monomial and a trinomial then the answer can be a
monomial. ……
40. On subtracting ( a  b) from ( a  b), we get 0. ……
41. To get 0, we must subtract  a  b  c from ( a  b  c ). ……
2 2 3 3
42. ( x  y ) ( x  y )  x  y . ……
2 2 2
43. On subtracting m  3mn  2 from 3m  2mn  8 , we get  4m  mn  6.
……
44. 2 xy  2 yz  2 zx must be subtracted from xy  yz  zx to get  xy  yz  zx.

……

2
1. coefficient 2. unlike 3. four 4. 5 y z
5. like 6. unlike 7. q + r
2 2
8. variables, constants 9. a  b  2 ab
10. 2 ab  2bc  2ca 11. 6 a  6b  6c 12.  a  b  c
2 2
13. x  7 xy  3 y 14. 0 15. 3 x  14 y 16. –1
3 2
17. 2 (x + y + z) 18. ( 19 x ) 19. constant 20. 2 a  4 a  5
21. False 22. False 23. True 24. True
29. False 30. True 31. True 32. False
3. The given expression has four terms: 3 x 2 y, 2 xy 2 , 5xy and 8 yx 2 .

9. b 2  ab
 ab  a2
 
b 2  2 ab  a2
10.  ab  bc  ca
 ab  bc  ca
  
2 ab  2bc  2ca
11.  4 a  3b  2c
 2 a  3b  4c
  
6 a  6b  6c
12. Required expression  0  ( a  b  c )   a  b  c.

13. 2 x 2  4 xy  5 y 2
 x 2  3 xy  2 y 2
  
x 2  7 xy  3 y 2
14. x 4  11x 3  41x 2  61x  30

 (1)4  11  (1)3  41  (1)2  61  (1)  30
 1  11  41  61  30  72  72  0.
15. 3 ( x  y )  4 (2 x  3 y )  (2 x  y )
 3 x  3 y  8 x  12 y  2 x  y
 3 x  14 y.
 3 1
16. Required product       5  1.
 5 3
17. x  y  z
xyz
  
2x  2y  2z
18. (2 x 3  3) (5 x 3  2)  10 x 6  4 x 3  15 x 3  6  10 x 6  19 x 3  6.
20. Length of third side
= perimeter of the triangle – sum of lengths of other two sides
 (3 a2  4 a  2)  [(5 a  1)  ( a2  5 a  4)] units
 (3 a2  4 a  2)  ( a2  3) units
 (3 a2  4 a  2  a2  3) units
 (2 a2  4 a  5) units.
22. Number of planets in the solar system is 8, which is a constant.
25. In 8 xy 2 , the numerical coefficient of y 2 is –8x.
26. In like terms, the literal coefficients should be the same while the numerical coefficients
may differ.
27. The terms of the expression x  7 y  13 x 2  5 are x , 7 y ,  13 x 2 and 5.
1
28. x   x  x 1 , which is not a polynomial as it has a negative power of x.
x
29. 5 x  2 x  5 x  2 x1/2 , which is not a polynomial as it has a fractional power of x.
5
30. 3 y  8 y 2   3 y  8 y 2  5 y 1 .
y
 5
Clearly, it is an algebraic expression having three terms  3 y , 8 y 2 ,   .
 y 
So, it is a trinomial. But since it has a negative power of y, so it is not a polynomial.
6 6
32.  xy 2 z and  xz2 y are unlike terms as their literal coefficients are different.
13 13
33. The highest power of the variable a in the given polynomial is 5. So, the degree of the
polynomial is 5.
34. Degree of zero polynomial is not defined.
2 7
35. 3 y 2  y  y2  8y3
5 11
7 2
 8y3  3y2  y2  y
11 5
 33  7  2 2 26 2 2
 8y3    y  y  8y3  y  y,
 11  5 11 5
which is clearly a trinomial as well as a polynomial.
36. If we add a monomial and a binomial then the answer may be
(i) a monomial, e.g., 7 c  (6 a  7 c )  6 a, which is a monomial.
(ii) a binomial, e.g., 3 x  ( 4 x  7 y )  7 x  7 y , which is a binomial.
(iii) a trinomial, e.g., 7 m  (3n  4 p)  7 m  3n  4 p , which is a trinomial.
37. If we subtract a monomial from a binomial then the answer may be
(i) a monomial, e.g., (6m  4n)  4n  6m, which is a monomial.
(ii) a binomial, e.g., (9 x  3 y )  5 y  9 x  8 y , which is a binomial.
(iii) a trinomial, e.g., (5 a  4b)  3c  5 a  4b  3c , which is a trinomial.
39. When we add a monomial and a trinomial then the answer can be a binomial, trinomial
or quadrinomial.
40. ab
ab
 
+ 2b
41. ab c
abc
  
2a + 2b + 2c
42. ( x 2  y 2 ) ( x  y )  x 3  x 2 y  xy 2  y 3 .
43. 3m2  2mn  8
 m2  3mn  2
  
4m2  mn  6
44. xy + yz + zx
 2 xy  2 yz  2 zx
  
–xy – yz – zx

8 Linear Equations
1. EQUATION A statement of equality involving one or more variables is

called an equation.
2. LINEAR EQUATION An equation involving only a linear polynomial
(polynomial of degree 1) is called a linear equation. Its general form is
ax + b = 0.
3. SOLUTION OR ROOT OF THE EQUATION The value of the variable which satisfies
the equation and makes it a true statement is called a solution or root of
the equation.
4. RULES FOR SOLVING AN EQUATION
(i) The same quantity can be added to both sides of an equation without
changing the equality.
(ii) The same quantity can be subtracted from both sides of an equation
without changing the equality.
(iii) Both sides of an equation may be multiplied by the same nonzero
number without changing the equality.
(iv) Both sides of an equation may be divided by the same nonzero
number without changing the equality.
5. TRANSPOSITION Any term of an equation may be taken from one side to
the other with a change in its sign. This does not affect the equality of
the statement. This process is called transposition.
EXERCISE 8
1. The solution of 3 ( x  2)  ( x  8)  3 ( x  8) is
(a) –10 (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) 10
2. Solve for t: 15(t – 9) – 2(t – 12) + 5 (t + 6) = 0
1 9
(a) –3 (b) (c) (d) 4
2 2
153
6x  2 3x  5 1 .
3. Solve for x:  
9 18 3
1 2 3 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 5 3
2y  3 y  3 4y  1
4. Solve for y:  
5 4 7
1 1 3 3
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
11 11 8 8
x  4 2x  1 5x  1
5. Solve for x:  
3 6 2
4 3 4 5
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 6
3  1 x  3
6. Solve for x: (7 x  1)   2 x  x
4  2  2
3 3
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) (d) 
2 2
3m  2 4m  3 m  1
7. Solve for m:   4
5 7 35
(a) 36 (b) 56 (c) 63 (d) 65
1 4  x x 1 23  x
8. Solve for x: ( x  8)   7
5 4 7 5
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
2x  3 3x  2
9. Solve for x:   3 x.
4 6
5 5 5 5
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
24 24 12 12
10. A car is filled with four and a half gallons of fuel for a round trip. If the
1
amount of fuel consumed while going is more than the amount taken
4
for coming, what is the amount of fuel consumed while coming back?
(a) Less than 2 gallons (b) 2 gallons
1
(c) 2 gallons (d) 3 gallons
2
7 7
11. A student was asked to find of a positive number. He found of the
8 18
same by mistake. If his answer was 770 less than the correct one then the
original given number was
Linear Equations 155
7 .
12. A number is multiplied and divided by the number The difference
19
between the two results is 312. The given number is
(a) 7 (b) 19 (c) 49 (d) 133
13. The total cost of 3 calculators and 2 pens is ` 745. If one calculator costs
` 40 more than a pen, the price of each calculator is
(a) ` 160 (b) ` 165 (c) ` 120 (d) ` 200
14. Shifting one term from one side of an equation to the other side with a
change of sign is known as
(a) associativity (b) distributivity
(c) transposition (d) commutativity
15. In a test, Ankur scored half as many marks as scored by Puneet. If two
times of Ankur’s marks and three times of Puneet’s marks add up to 320
then the marks obtained by Ankur is
(a) 34 (b) 40 (c) 80 (d) 90
16. When a certain number n is divided by 5 and added to 8, the result is
equal to thrice the number subtracted from 4. Then, n is equal to
1 5 4
(a)  (b)  (c) (d) 2
3 4 3
17. If A has ` 96 and B has ` 63, how much money should B give to A so that
A will have twice as much money as B?
(a) ` 7 (b) ` 9 (c) ` 10 (d) ` 12
18. My younger sister’s age today is 3 times what it will be 3 years from
now minus 3 times what her age was 3 years ago. Her present age is
(a) 15 years (b) 18 years (c) 21 years (d) 24 years
19. In a group of buffaloes and ducks, the number of legs is 24 more than
twice the number of heads. What is the number of buffaloes in the
group?
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
20. A farmer has some hens and some cows. If the total number of animal
heads is 59 and the total number of feet is 190, how many cows does the
farmer have?
(a) 23 (b) 32
(c) 36 (d) Cannot be determined
21. A, B, C, D and E are five consecutive odd numbers. The sum of A and C
is 146. E is equal to
(a) 71 (b) 75 (c) 79 (d) 81
22. Out of six consecutive natural numbers if the sum of first three is 27, the
sum of the other three is
(a) 24 (b) 25 (c) 35 (d) 36
23. The sum of seven consecutive numbers is 175. What is the difference
between thrice the smallest number and twice the largest number?
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
24. The sum of five consecutive odd numbers is 575. What is the sum of the
next set of five consecutive odd numbers?
(a) 595 (b) 615
25. The largest of three consecutive multiples of 7 whose sum is 777, is
(a) 189 (b) 259 (c) 266 (d) 352
26. The sum of two numbers is 25 and their difference is 13. Their product is
(a) 104 (b) 114 (c) 315 (d) 325
27. The sum of the ages of 5 children born at intervals of 3 years each is 50
years. What is the age of the youngest child?
28. Anu is 40 years old and Nandini is 60 years old. How many years ago
was the ratio of their ages 3 : 5?
29. The cost of 6 pens and 3 pencils is ` 84. One third of the cost of one pen
is equal to the cost of one pencil. What is the total cost of 4 pens and 5
pencils?
(a) ` 66 (b) ` 68 (c) ` 72 (d) ` 78
30. A car company sold 150 cars in a special 6-day sale. Each day, the
company sold 6 more cars than the previous day. How many cars were
sold on the sixth day?
(a) 35 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 60
31. In a 26-question test, 5 marks were deducted for each wrong answer
and 8 marks were credited for each correct answer. If all the questions
were answered, how many were correct if the score was zero?
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 13
32. In an examination, there are 30 questions. 1 mark is awarded for each
correct answer and 0.25 is deducted for every incorrect answer. Anand
attempted all the questions and scored 13.75. How many incorrect
answers did he have?
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
33. Mohan engaged a servant on the condition that he would pay him ` 2000
and a uniform after 10 days. The servant served only for 5 days and got
` 200 and a uniform. The price of the uniform was
(a) ` 800 (b) ` 1200 (c) ` 1400 (d) ` 1600
34. A labourer was engaged for 20 days on the condition that he will receive
` 60 for each day he works and he will be fined ` 5 for each day he is
absent. If he received ` 745 in all then the number of days for which he
remained absent is
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
35. The price of item X rises by ` 40 per year and that of item Y by ` 15 per
year. If the prices of items X and Y in the year 2012 were ` 420 and ` 630
respectively, in which year will the price of item X be ` 40 more than the
price of item Y?
(a) 2020 (b) 2021 (c) 2022 (d) 2023
36. Village P has a population of 68000 which is decreasing at the rate of
1200 per year. Village Q has a population of 42000 which is increasing
at the rate of 800 per year. In how many years will the population of the
two villages be equal?
37. A man paid ` 85000 to buy 40 garments in all, comprising jeans and
shirts. If each shirt costs ` 1500 and each pair of jeans costs ` 2500 then
the difference between the number of jeans and the number of shirts
purchased is
(a) 0 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 32
38. Kiran had 85 currency notes in all, some of which were of ` 100
denomination and the remaining of ` 50 denomination. The total value
of all these currency notes was ` 5000. How much money did he have in
the denomination of ` 50?
(a) ` 2500 (b) ` 3000 (c) ` 3500 (d) ` 4000
39. The total value of a collection of coins of denominations of ` 1, 50 p, 25 p,
10 p and 5 p is ` 380. If the number of coins of each denomination is the
same then the number of ` 1 coins is
(a) 160 (b) 180 (c) 200 (d) 220
40. The price of 10 chairs is equal to that of 4 tables. The price of 15 chairs
and 2 tables together is ` 4000. The total price of 12 chairs and 3 tables is
(a) ` 3500 (b) ` 3750 (c) ` 3840 (d) ` 3900
41. A student is asked to divide half a number by 6 and the other half by
4 and then add the quantities. Instead of doing so, the student divides
the given number by 5. If the answer is 4 short of the correct answer, the
number is
(a) 320 (b) 360 (c) 400 (d) 480
42. 144 sweets were shared equally among some children. If there were
3 children fewer, each child would have got 16 sweets. How many
children shared the sweets?
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 11 (d) 12
43. When a sum of money was distributed among 12 persons instead of 16

persons, each person got ` 400 more. The sum was
(a) ` 14400 (b) ` 16000
(c) ` 19200 (d) data inadequate
xp
44. If k  then the value of x is
xq
1 k kp kp qk  p
(a) (b) (c) (d)
p  qk kq k q k 1
45. Three consecutive even numbers are such that the difference between
six times the smallest number and four times the largest number is
equal to the middle number. The middle number is
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 22
46. The numerator of a fraction is 5 less than the denominator. If 3 is added

2
to the numerator, the fraction becomes equal to . The sum of the
3
numerator and denominator is
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 11 (d) 13
47. When the numerator of a fraction increases by 4, the fraction increases
2
by . The denominator of the fraction is
3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
48. If the numerator of a fraction is increased by 200% and the denominator

15 .
is increased by 300%, the resultant fraction is The original fraction
26
was
8 10 9 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 13 13
49. The difference between two numbers is 1365. When the larger number
is divided by the smaller one, the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 15.
The smaller number is
(a) 240 (b) 272 (c) 295 (d) 360
50. If 2 tables and 3 chairs cost ` 3500 while 3 tables and 2 chairs cost ` 4000
then the cost of a table is
(a) ` 500 (b) ` 750 (c) ` 1000 (d) ` 1500
51. The cost of 8 pens and 4 pencils is ` 176 and the cost of 2 pens and
2 pencils is ` 48. The cost of one pen is
(a) ` 14 (b) ` 16 (c) ` 18 (d) ` 20
52. A certain two-digit number is three times the sum of its digits and if 45
be added to it, the digits are reversed. The number is
(a) 23 (b) 27 (c) 32 (d) 72
53. A number consists of two digits such that the digit in the tens place is
less than that in the units place by 2. Three times the number added to
6
times the number obtained by reversing the digits equals 108. The
7
sum of the digits in the number is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
54. In a two-digit number, the digit in the units place is more than twice the
digit in the tens place by 1. If the digits of the number are interchanged,
the difference between the newly formed number and the original
number is less than the original number by 1. The original number is
(a) 25 (b) 37 (c) 49 (d) 52
55. Ten years ago, a man was seven times as old as his son. Two years
hence, twice his age will be equal to five times the age of his son. The
present age of the son is
56. The age of the mother today is thrice that of her daughter. After 12
years, the age of the mother will be twice that of her daughter. The age
of the daughter today is
57. In 10 years, A will be twice as old as B was 10 years ago. If A is now
9 years older than B, the present age of B is
58. One year ago, Shweta was four times as old as her daughter Parul. Six
years hence, Shweta’s age will exceed her daughter’s age by 9 years. The
ratio of the present ages of Shweta and Parul is
(a) 9 : 2 (b) 11 : 3 (c) 12 : 5 (d) 13 : 4
59. Tanya’s grandfather was 8 times older to her 16 years ago. He would be
3 times of her age 8 years from now. What was the ratio of Tanya’s age
to that of her grandfather 8 years ago?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 5 (c) 3 : 8 (d) None of these
60. 74 is divided into two parts so that 5 times one part and 11 times the
other part are together equal to 454. The difference between the two
parts is
(a) 14 (b) 28 (c) 36 (d) 46
3
61. The highest score in an inning was of the total and the next highest
11
3
was of the remainder. If the scores differed by 9, the total score was
11
(a) 110 (b) 121 (c) 132 (d) 143
62. There are benches in a classroom. If 4 students sit on each bench then
3 benches are left vacant and if 3 students sit on each bench then 3
students are left standing. The total number of students in the class is
(a) 36 (b) 42 (c) 48 (d) 54
63. If ` 370 is divided among 10 men, 12 women and 20 boys such that each
man gets an amount equal to that received by one woman and one boy
together and each woman gets twice the amount received by a boy then
the amount received by 10 men would be
(a) ` 100 (b) ` 120 (c) ` 130 (d) ` 150
64. A train starts full of passengers. At the first station, it drops one third
of the passengers and takes 280 more. At the second station, it drops
half of the new total and takes 12 more. On arriving at the third station,
it is found to have 248 passengers. The number of passengers in the
beginning was
(a) 268 (b) 288 (c) 328 (d) 344
65. Anand has a certain sum of money to buy pens. He can buy n gel pens
at ` 16 each and have ` 8 left. Alternatively he can buy (n + 10) ball pens
at ` 7 each and have ` 1 left. If Anand buys 4 gel pens and uses rest of the
money to buy ball pens then the total number of pens bought by him is
(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
66. The perimeter of a rectangle is 40 m. If the length of the rectangle is 4 m
less than 5 times its breadth then the area of the rectangle is
(a) 64 m 2 (b) 75 m 2 (c) 84 m 2 (d) 96 m 2
67. The area of the square ABCD shown in the
adjoining figure is
(a) 225 sq units
(b) 256 sq units
(c) 289 sq units
(d) 324 sq units
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (c) 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (d) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (a) 67. (b)
1. 3(x + 2) – (x – 8) = 3(x + 8)
 3x + 6 – x + 8 = 3x + 24  x = 6 + 8 – 24 = 14 – 24 = –10.
2. 15(t – 9) – 2(t – 12) + 5(t + 6) = 0
 15t – 135 – 2t + 24 + 5t + 30 = 0
81 9 .
 18t – 81 = 0  18t = 81  t  
18 2
6x  2 3x  5 1
3.  
9 18 3
2 (6 x  2 )  ( 3 x  5 ) 1 12 x  4  3 x  5 1
   
18 3 18 3
15 x  1 1 15 1 .
   45x + 3 = 18  45x = 15  x  
18 3 45 3
2y  3 y  3 4y  1
4.  
5 4 7
4 ( 2 y  3)  5 ( y  3) 4 y  1 8 y  12  5 y  15 4 y  1
   
20 7 20 7
13 y  3 4 y  1
   7(13y + 3) = 20(4y + 1)
20 7
1 .
 91y + 21 = 80y + 20  11y = –1  y  
11
x  4 2x  1 5x  1
5.  
3 6 2
2 ( x  4)  (2 x  1) 5 x  1 2x  8  2x  1 5x  1
   
6 2 6 2
9 5x  1
    6 (5x + 1) = –18
6 2
24  4 .
 30x + 6 = –18  30x = –24  x  
30 5
3  1 x  3
6. (7 x  1)   2 x  x
4  2  2
3 (7 x  1)  4 x  1  x  2 x  3 3 (7 x  1) 5 x  1 2 x  3
     
4  2  2 4 2 2
3 (7 x  1)  2 (5 x  1) 2 x  3 21x  3  10 x  2 2 x  3
   
4 2 4 2
11x  1 2 x  3
   2 (11x – 1) = 4 (2x + 3)
4 2
 22x – 2 = 8x + 12  14x = 14  x = 1.
3m  2 4m  3 m  1
7.   4
5 7 35
7 (3m  2)  5 ( 4m  3)  (m  1)
 4
35
 21m + 14 – 20m + 15 + m – 1 = 35 × 4
 2m + 28 = 140  2m = 140 – 28 = 112  m = 56.
1 4  x x 1 23  x
8. ( x  8)   7
5 4 7 5
( x  8) 4  x x  1 35  23  x
   
5 4 7 5
28 ( x  8)  35 ( 4  x )  20 ( x  1) 12  x
 
140 5
28 x  224  140  35 x  20 x  20 12  x
 
140 5
83 x  104 12  x
   415x – 520 = 1680 + 140x
140 5
 415x – 140x = 1680 + 520  275x = 2200  x = 8.
2x  3 3x  2 3 ( 2 x  3)  2 ( 3 x  2)
9.   3x   3x
4 6 12
5 .
 6x – 9 + 6x + 4 = 36x  24x = – 5  x  
24
10. Let the amount of fuel consumed while coming back be x gallons.
 x 5x
Then, amount of fuel consumed while going   x   gallons  gallons.
 4 4
5x 1 4x  5x 9 9x 9 9 4
 x 4      x    2.
4 2 4 2 4 2 2 9
7 7 63 x  28 x 35 x 770  72
x  x  770   770   770  x   1584.
8 18 72 72 35
 7   7 
 x     x    312
 19   19 
19 x 7 x 361x  49 x
   312   312
7 19 133
312 x 312  133
  312  x   133.
133 312
13. Let the price of each pen be ` x.
Then, price of each calculator = ` (x + 40).
 3 (x + 40) + 2x = 745  3x + 120 + 2x = 745  5x = 625  x = 125.
Hence, price of each calculator = ` (125 + 40) = ` 165.
15. Let Puneet’s marks be x.
x
Then, Ankur’s marks  .
2
x 320
 2   3 x  320  x + 3x = 320  4x = 320  x   80.
2 4
80
 Ankur’s marks   40.
2
n n  40
16.  8  4  3n   4  3n
5 5
 n + 40 = 5(4 – 3n)  n + 40 = 20 – 15n
20 5
 16n = –20  n   .
16 4
17. Let the required amount be ` x. Then,
96 + x = 2(63 – x)  96 + x = 126 – 2x  3x = 30  x = 10.
18. Let the present age be x years. Then,
age 3 years from now = (x + 3) years,
age 3 years ago = (x – 3) years.
   x  3 ( x  3)  3 ( x  3)  3 x  9  3 x  9  18.
19. Let the number of buffaloes be x and the number of ducks be y. Then,
total number of heads = x + y,
total number of legs = 4x + 2y.
 (4x + 2y) – 2(x + y) = 24  4x + 2y – 2x – 2y = 24  2x = 24  x = 12.
20. Total number of animals = 59.
Let the number of cows be x.
Then, number of hens = (59 – x).
So, total number of feet = 4x + 2 (59 – x).
 4x + 2 (59 – x) = 190  4x + 118 – 2x = 190  2x = 72  x = 36.
21. Let A = x, B  ( x  2), C  ( x  4), D  ( x  6) and E  ( x  8). Then,
A  C  146  x  ( x  4)  146  2 x  142  x  71.
 E  x  8  71  8  79.
22. Let the six consecutive numbers be x, (x + 1), (x + 2), (x + 3), (x + 4) and (x + 5).
Then, x  ( x  1)  ( x  2)  27  3x + 3 = 27  3x = 24  x = 8.
 sum of other 3 numbers  ( x  3)  ( x  4)  ( x  5)

 3 x  12  3  8  12  24  12  36.
23. Let the seven consecutive numbers be x, (x + 1), (x + 2), (x + 3), (x + 4), (x + 5) and (x + 6).
Then, x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) + (x + 3) + (x + 4) + (x + 5) + (x + 6) = 175
 7x + 21 = 175  7x = 175 – 21 = 154
 x = 22.
So, the numbers are 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28.
 required difference = 3 × 22 – 2 × 28 = 66 – 56 = 10.
24. Let the five consecutive odd numbers be x, (x + 2), (x + 4), (x + 6) and (x + 8).
Then, x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8) = 575
 5x + 20 = 575  5x = 575 – 20 = 555
 x = 111.
 sum of next set of five consecutive odd numbers
 ( x  10)  ( x  12)  ( x  14)  ( x  16)  ( x  18)
 5 x  70  5  111  70  555  70  625.
25. Let the three consecutive multiples of 7 be 7 x , (7 x  7 ) and (7 x  14).

Then, 7 x  (7 x  7 )  (7 x  14)  777
 21x  21  777  21x  756  x = 36.
 largest multiple = 7x + 14 = 7 × 36 + 14 = 252 + 14 = 266.
26. Let the numbers be x and y.
Then, x + y = 25 and x – y = 13.
Adding the two equations, we get 2x = 38 or x = 19.
Putting x = 19 in x + y = 25, we get y = 6.
 product of the numbers = xy = 19 × 6 = 114.
27. Let the ages of the 5 children be x, (x + 3), (x + 6), (x + 9) and (x + 12) years respectively.
Then, x  ( x  3)  ( x  6)  ( x  9)  ( x  12)  50
 5 x  30  50  5x = 20  x = 4.
 age of the youngest child = 4 years.
28. Let the required time be x years.

40  x 3
Then,   5 ( 40  x )  3 (60  x )
60  x 5
 200 – 5x = 180 – 3x  2x = 20  x = 10.
29. Let the cost of one pen be ` x.
x
Then, cost of one pencil  ` .
3
x
 6 x  3   84  6x + x = 84  7x = 84  x = 12.
3
Hence, cost of 4 pens and 5 pencils
 12 
 `  4  12  5    ` ( 48  20)  ` 68.
 3 
30. Let the number of cars sold on 6 days be x, (x + 6), (x + 12), (x + 18), (x + 24) and (x + 30).
Then, x  ( x  6)  ( x  12)  ( x  18)  ( x  24)  ( x  30)  150
 6 x  90  150  6x = 60  x = 10.
 number of cars sold on the 6th day  x  30  10  30  40.
31. Let the number of questions answered correctly be x.
Then, number of incorrect answers  (26  x ).
 8 x  5 (26  x )  0  8 x  130  5 x  0  13x = 130  x = 10.
32. Let the number of questions answered incorrectly be x.
Then, number of correct answers = (30 – x).
 (30  x )  0.25 x  13.75  30  1.25 x  13.75
 1.25 x  30  13.75  16.25
16.25
 x  13.
1.25
33. Let the price of the uniform be ` x.

 2000  x  .
Then, servant’s pay per day  `  
 10 
 2000  x  2000  x
 5   200  x   200  x
 10  2
 2000  x  400  2 x
 x = 1600.
34. Suppose he remained absent for x days.
Then, number of days on which he was present  (20  x ).
 60 (20  x )  5 x  745  1200  60 x  5 x  745
 65x = 1200 – 745 = 455  x = 7.
35. Let the given condition be fulfilled n years after 2012.
Then, price of item X after n years = ` (420 + 40n),
price of item Y after n years = ` (630 + 15n).
 420  40n  (630  15n)  40
 420 + 40n = 670 + 15n  25n = 250  n = 10.
So, the required year is 10 years after 2012, i.e., 2022.
36. Let the population of villages P and Q be equal after n years.
Then, 68000 – 1200n = 42000 + 800n
 2000n = 68000 – 42000 = 26000
26000
 n  13.
2000
37. Suppose the man bought x shirts and ( 40  x ) pairs of jeans.
Then, 1500 x  2500 ( 40  x )  85000
 1500 x  100000  2500 x  85000
 1000 x  15000  x  15.
So, number of shirts bought = 15,
number of pairs of jeans bought = 40 – 15 = 25.
 required difference = 25 – 15 = 10.
38. Let the number of ` 100 notes be x.

Then, number of ` 50 notes = (85 – x).
 100 x  50 (85  x )  5000
 100 x  4250  50 x  5000
 50 x  750  x = 15.
So, number of ` 50 notes = (85 – 15) = 70.
 required amount = ` (50 × 70) = ` 3500.
39. Let the number of coins of each denomination be x.

Then, x  0.5 x  0.25 x  0.1x  0.05 x  380
380
 1.9x = 380  x   200.
1.9
4 2
40. 10C = 4T  C   T  T.
10 5
2
Now, 15C + 2T = 4000  15  T  2T  4000.
5
 8T = 4000  T = 500.
2
So, C   500  200.
5
 total price of 12 chairs and 3 tables = 12C + 3T = ` (12 × 200 + 3 × 500)
= ` (2400 + 1500) = ` 3900.
41. Let the number be 2x.

 x x  2x 10 x  15 x  24 x
Then,     4   4  x = 240.
6 4 5 60
Hence, required number = 2 × 240 = 480.
42. Let the number of children who shared the sweets be x.

144
Then,  16  144  16 ( x  3)  16 x  48
x3
 16 x  144  48  192  x = 12.
43. Let the sum be ` x.
x x 4x  3x
Then,   400   400  x  48  400  19200.
12 16 48
xp
44. k   k( x  q)  x  p
xq
 kx  kq  x  p  kx  x  kq  p
kq  p
 x (k  1)  kq  p  x  .
k 1
45. Let the three consecutive even numbers be x, (x + 2) and (x + 4).
Then, 6 x  4 ( x  4)  ( x  2)  6 x  4 x  16  x  2
 2 x  16  x  2
 2 x  x  16  2  x  18.
 middle number = 18 + 2 = 20.
46. Let the denominator be x. Then, numerator = x – 5.

x5
Fraction  .
x
x53 2 x2 2
     3x – 6 = 2x  x = 6.
x 3 x 3
So, numerator = 6 – 5 = 1; denominator = 6.
 required sum = 1 + 6 = 7.
x
47. Let the fraction be .
y
x4 x 2 x4x 2 4 2 43
Then,        y  6.
y y 3 y 3 y 3 2
x
48. Let the original fraction be .
y
(100  200)% of x 15 300% of x 15 3 x 15 x 15 4 10
Then,          .
(100  300)% of y 16 400% of y 26 4 y 26 y 26 3 13
49. Let the smaller number be x.

Then, larger number = x + 1365.
 x + 1365 = 6x + 5  6x – x = 1365 – 5  5x = 1360  x = 272.
50. 2T + 3C = 3500 ... (i)
3T + 2C = 4000 ... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
5T + 5C = 7500  5 (T + C) = 7500
 T + C = 1500 ... (iii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
T – C = 500. ... (iv)
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
2T = 2000 or T = 1000.
Putting T = 1000 in (iii), we get
C = 500.
51. Let the cost of 1 pen be ` x and the cost of 1 pencil be ` y.
Then, 8 x  4 y  176  4 (2 x  y )  176  2 x  y  44 ... (i)
2 x  2 y  48  2 ( x  y )  48  x  y  24 ... (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get x = 20.
52. Let the ten’s digit be x and unit’s digit be y.
Then, number = 10x + y.
Number formed on reversing the digits = 10y + x.
 10 x  y  3 ( x  y )  10 x  y  3 x  3 y  7 x  2 y  0.   ... (i)
And, 10 x  y  45  10 y  x  y  x  5  y  x  5. ... (ii)
Putting y = x + 5 in (i), we get
7 x  2 ( x  5)  0  7x – 2x = 10  5x = 10  x = 2.
So, x = 2, y = 7.
 required number = 27.
53. Let the unit’s digit be x. Then, ten’s digit = (x – 2).
6
 3 [10( x  2)  x] [10 x  ( x  2)]  108
7
 231x  420  66 x  12  756
 297 x  1188  x = 4.
Hence, sum of digits  x  ( x  2)  2 x  2  2  4  2  6.
54. Let the ten’s digit be x. Then, unit’s digit = 2x + 1.
Number  10 x  (2 x  1)  (12 x  1).
Number obtained on reversing the order of digits
= 10(2x + 1) + x = 20x + 10 + x = 21x + 10.
 (12 x  1)  [(21x  10)  (12 x  1)]  1
 (12x + 1) – (9x + 9) = 1  3x – 8 = 1  3x = 9  x = 3.
So, ten’s digit = 3, unit’s digit = 7.
Hence, original number = 37.
55. Let son’s age 10 years ago = x years.
Then, man’s age 10 years ago = 7x years.
Son’s age 2 years hence = (x + 12) years.
Man’s age 2 years hence = (7x + 12) years.
 2 (7 x  12)  5 ( x  12)  14 x  24  5 x  60.  9x = 36  x = 4.
So, son’s present age  ( x  10)  ( 4  10) years = 14 years.
56. Let daughter’s present age be x years.

Then, mother’s present age = 3x years.
 3 x  12  2 ( x  12)  3 x  12  2 x  24
 x = 12.
57. Let B’s age be x years. Then, A’s age  ( x  9) years.
 ( x  9)  10  2 ( x  10)  x + 19 = 2x – 20  x = 39.
58. Let Parul’s age 1 year ago be x years.
Then, Shweta’s age 1 year ago = 4x years.
 Parul’s present age = (x + 1) years.
Shweta’s present age = (4x + 1) years.
So, ( 4 x  1)  6  ( x  1  6)  9  4 x  7  x  16  3x = 9  x = 3.
4 x  1 13
 required ratio    13 : 4.
x 1 4
59. Let Tanya’s age 16 years ago = x years.
Then, her grandfather’s age 16 years ago = 8x years.
Tanya’s age 8 years hence = (x + 16 + 8) years = (x + 24) years.
Her grandfather’s age 8 years hence = (8x + 16 + 8) years = (8x + 24) years.
 8 x  24  3 ( x  24)
 8x – 3x = 72 – 24  5x = 48.
48
8
x8 48  40 88 11 .
Ratio of their ages 8 years ago   5   
8x  8 8  48 384  40 424 53
8
5
60. Let the two parts be x and (74 – x).
Then, 5 (74  x )  11x  454  370  5 x  11x  454
 6x = 84  x = 14.
So, the two parts are 14 and 60.
Required difference = 60 – 14 = 46.
3x .
61. Let the total score be x. Then, highest score 
11
 3x  8x .
Remainder   x  
 11  11
3 8 x 24 x .
Next highest score  of 
11 11 121
3 x 24 x 33 x  24 x 9x 9  121
  9  9  9  x  121.
11 121 121 121 9
62. Let the number of benches in the class be x.
Then, number of students  4 ( x  3).
Also, number of students  3 x  3.
 4 ( x  3)  3 x  3  4 x  12  3 x  3  x = 15.
Hence, number of students in the class = 4 (15 – 3) = 4 × 12 = 48.
63. Suppose each boy gets ` x. Then, each woman gets ` 2x and each man gets ` (x + 2x),
i.e., ` 3x.
So, 10 × 3x + 12 × 2x + 20x = 370
 30x + 24x + 20x = 370
 74x = 370  x = 5.
 amount received by 10 men = 30x = ` (30 × 5) = ` 150.
64. Let the number of passengers in the beginning be x.
 x  2x 
After 1st station, number of passengers   x    280    280  .
 3  3 
1  2x 
After 2nd station, number of passengers    280   12.
2 3 
1  2x  2x
   280   12  248   280  2  236
2 3  3
2x  3
  192  x   192    288.
3  2
65. 16n + 8 = 7(n + 10) + 1  16n + 8 = 7n + 70 + 1
 16n + 8 = 7n + 71  9n = 63  n = 7.
Total money with Anand = 16n + 8 = ` (16 × 7 + 8) = ` 120.
Suppose he buys 3 gel pens and x ball pens.

Then, 4  16  7 x  120
 7x = 120 – 64 = 56  x = 8.
Hence, total number of pens bought by Anand = 4 + 8 = 12.
66. Let the breadth be x metres.
Then, length  (5 x  4) metres.
 2 [x  (5 x  4)]  40  6x – 4 = 20  6x = 24  x = 4.
So, length  (5  4  4) m  16 m; breadth = 4 m.
 area of rectangle  (16  4) m 2  64 m 2 .
67. Since ABCD is a square, so AB = BC.
 18p – 20 = 42 – 13p  18p + 13p = 42 + 20  31p = 62  p = 2.
So, side of square  (18  2  20) units = 16 units.
 area of the square = (16 × 16) sq units
= 256 sq units.

9 Average
1. For n observations x1 , x2 , , xn , we have

sum of observations
average 
number of observations
x1  x2    xn .

n
2. Sum of observations = average × number of observations.
Example If the average of 5 numbers is 12, their sum  (12  5)  60.
3. (i) If each number in a set of n numbers is increased by p then the
average of n numbers is also increased by p.
(ii) If p is subtracted from each number in a set of n numbers then the
average of n numbers is decreased by p.
(iii) If each number in a set of n numbers is multiplied by p then the
average of n numbers also becomes p times.
(iv) If each number in a set of n numbers is divided by p their average
1
also becomes times.
p
EXERCISE 9
1. The arithmetic mean of the first 11 natural numbers is
(a) 5 (b) 5.5 (c) 6 (d) 6.5
2. The average of the even numbers from 1 to 30 is
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 19
3. The table shows the number of hours Aman studies on different days of
a week.
Day Mon Tue Wed Thurs Fri Sat

Number
2 3 5 4 3 4
of hours
171
How many hours per day does he study on an average?

1 1
(a) 3 hours (b) 3 hours (c) 4 hours (d) 4 hours
2 2
4. Among five persons with monthly income ` 26000, ` 15000, ` 16000,
` 50000 and ` 19000, how many persons have income less than the mean
income of five persons?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
5. According to Rohan, his weight is greater than 65 kg but less than 72 kg.
His brother says that Rohan’s weight is greater than 60 kg but less than
70 kg. His mother’s view is that his weight cannot be greater than 68 kg.
If all of them are correct in their estimation, what is the average of
different probable weights of Rohan?
(a) 67 kg (b) 68 kg
(c) 69 kg (d) Data inadequate
6. A student was asked to find the arithmetic mean of the numbers 3, 11, 7,
9, 15, 13, 8, 19, 17, 21, 14 and x. He found the mean to be 12. What should
be the number in place of x?
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 17 (d) 31
7. A teacher has a list of marks as shown below:
10, 9, 16, 17, 13, 12, 5, 14
Which two marks can be removed without changing the mean?
8. If a classroom had 38 pupils out of which 1 was absent on Monday, 2
on Tuesday, 4 on Wednesday, none on Thursday and 3 on Friday. What
was the average daily attendance?
(a) 28 (b) 30 (c) 32 (d) 36
9. The average of a list of 10 numbers is 0. If 72 and –12 are added to the
list, the new average will be
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 60
10. The average of x1 , x2 , x3 and x4 is 16. Half the sum of x2 , x3 , x4 is 23.
What is the value of x1 ?
(a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20
11. If the mean of 5 observations x, x + 2, x + 4, x + 6 and x + 8 is 11 then the
mean of the last three observations is
(a) 11 (b) 13 (c) 15 (d) 17
12. The average of two numbers is XY. If one number is X, the other is
Y
(a) Y (b) (c) 2XY – X (d) X (Y – 1)
2
Average 173
13. 4,500,000,000,000 prescription drug orders were filled in a certain year

in India. If the average price of each prescription was roughly ` 78 then
how much did India pay (in `) for prescription drugs during that year?
(a) 3.51  1010 (b) 3.51  1012 (c) 3.51  1013 (d) 3.51  1014
14. The average of 7 consecutive numbers is 20. The largest of these
numbers is
(a) 20 (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24
15. Kunal bought 65 books for ` 1050 from one shop and 50 books for `1020
from another. What is the average price he paid per book?
(a) ` 18 (b) ` 18.20 (c) ` 24 (d) ` 36.40
16. The average marks of a student in 4 subjects is 75. If the student obtained
80 marks in the fifth subject then the new average is
(a) 72.5 (b) 76 (c) 77 (d) 77.5
17. The average of 4 numbers is 25. The average of the first 3 numbers is 22.
What is the value of the fourth number?
(a) 23 (b) 34 (c) 44 (d) 47
18. Shreya secured 76, 83, 70 and 83 marks in four tests. The number of
marks she has to secure in her next test, if she has to have a mean score
of 80 marks in the five tests, is
(a) 82 (b) 84 (c) 86 (d) 88
19. The average height of 20 students of a class is 105 cm. If 10 more students
of average height 120 cm join the class then the average height of the
whole class is
(a) 110 cm (b) 112.5 cm (c) 115 cm (d) 117.5 cm
20. The mean of 5 observations is 60, the mean of 10 observations is 30 and
the mean of 15 observations is 20. The mean of all the 30 observations is
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 40
21. A person purchases 1 kg of spinach from each of the four places at the
rate of 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg per rupee respectively. On an average, he
has purchased x kg of spinach per rupee. Then, the value of x is
(a) 1.92 (b) 2 (c) 2.5 (d) none of these
22. A man buys milk at ` 7, ` 8 and ` 8 per litre respectively in three
successive years. What is the approximate average cost per litre of milk
if he spends ` 4000 per year on milk?
(a) ` 7.64 (b) ` 7.98 (c) ` 8 (d) ` 8.50
23. The average of six numbers is x and the average of three of these is y. If
the average of the remaining three numbers is z then
(a) x = y + z (b) 2x = y + z (c) x = 2y + 2z (d) none of these
24. The average price of three items of furniture is ` 15000. If their prices are
in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7, the price of the cheapest item is
(a) ` 9000 (b) ` 15000 (c) ` 18000 (d) ` 21000
25. The average age of A, B, C and D is 4m years. A is 2m years old. B is

m years old and C is 14 years old. How old is D?
(a) (14m) years (b) (13m) years
(c) (14m – 13) years (d) (13m – 14) years
26. The average height of Rohan and Naman is 12x cm. The average height
of Naman, Chetan and Ayush is 10x cm. The average height of Chetan
and Ayush is 8x cm. Then, Rohan’s height in terms of x is
(a) 9x cm (b) 10x cm (c) 12x cm (d) 15x cm
27. Of the four numbers, the first is twice the second, the second is one
third of the third and the third is 5 times the fourth. The average of the
numbers is 24.75. The largest of these numbers is
28. The average of 50 numbers is 38. If the numbers 45 and 55 are discarded
then the average of the remaining numbers is
(a) 36.5 (b) 37 (c) 37.5 (d) 37.52
29. The mean of five numbers is 27. If one of the numbers is excluded, the
mean gets reduced by 2. The excluded number is
(a) 25 (b) 27 (c) 35 (d) 40
30. The average of 6 observations is 45.5. If one new observation is added to
the previous observations then the new average becomes 47. The new
observation is
(a) 46 (b) 50 (c) 56 (d) 58
31. The mean monthly salary paid to 75 workers in a factory is ` 5680. The
mean salary of 25 of them is ` 5400 and that of 30 others is ` 5700. The
mean salary of the remaining workers is
(a) ` 5000 (b) ` 6000 (c) ` 7000 (d) ` 8000
32. If the average of 5 numbers is 10, the number which should be added to
make the average 12 is
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 22 (d) 24
33. In the first 10 overs of a cricket game, the run rate was only 3.2. What
should be the run rate in the remaining 40 overs to reach the target of
282 runs?
(a) 6.25 (b) 6.5 (c) 6.75 (d) 7
34. If the arithmetic mean of 75 numbers is calculated it is 35. If each number
is increased by 5 then the mean of new numbers is
(a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 70 (d) 90
Average 175
35. The average of 10 numbers is 7. If each number is multiplied by 12 then

the average of the new set of numbers is
(a) 7 (b) 19 (c) 82 (d) 84
36. The mean of 25 observations was found to be 78.4. But later on it was
found that 96 was misread as 69. The correct mean is
(a) 76.54 (b) 78.4 (c) 79.48 (d) 81.32
37. The average of 11 numbers is 10.9. If the average of the first 6 numbers
is 10.5 and that of the last 6 numbers is 11.4 then the middle number is
(a) 11 (b) 11.3 (c) 11.4 (d) 11.5
38. The average weight of A, B and C is 45 kg. If the average weight of A
and B be 40 kg and that of B and C be 43 kg then the weight of B is
(a) 17 kg (b) 20 kg (c) 26 kg (d) 31 kg
39. The average monthly income of P and Q is ` 5050. The average monthly
income of Q and R is ` 6250 and the average monthly income of P and R
is ` 5200. The monthly income of P is
(a) ` 3500 (b) ` 4000 (c) ` 4050 (d) ` 5000
40. The average age of 10 persons learning yoga is 32 years. When the age
of their instructor is added, the average age becomes 34 years. The age
of their instructor is
41. The average monthly income of a family of four earning members was
` 15130. One of the daughters in the family got married and left home, so
the average monthly income of the family came down to ` 14660. What
is the monthly income of the married daughter?
(a) ` 12000 (b) ` 15350
(c) ` 16540 (d) Cannot be determined
42. There were 24 students in a class. One of them, who was 18 years old,
left the class and his place was filled up by a newcomer. If the average
age of the class thereby, was lowered by one month, the age of the
newcomer is
43. The average weight of 45 students in a class is 52 kg. Five of them whose
average weight is 48 kg leave the class and other 5 students whose
average weight is 54 kg join the class. The new average weight (in kg) of
the class is
1 1 2
3 2 3
44. The average age of a group of persons going for picnic is 16 years.
Twenty new persons with an average age of 15 years join the group on
the spot due to which the average age of the group becomes 15.5 years.
The number of persons initially going for picnic is
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 30
45. The average score of a class of boys and girls in an examination is A. The
ratio of boys and girls in the class is 3 : 1. If the average score of the boys
is A + 1, the average score of the girls is
(a) A – 1 (b) A + 1 (c) A – 3 (d) A + 3
46. In a coconut grove, (x + 2) trees yield 60 coconuts per year, x trees yield
120 coconuts per year and (x – 2) trees yield 180 coconuts per year. If the
average yield per year per tree is 100 then the value of x is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (d)

n (n  1) .
1. Sum of first n natural numbers 
2
11  12
Sum of first 11 natural numbers   66.
2
66
 arithmetic mean   6.
11
2. Sum of the even numbers from 1 to 30 = 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 30
= 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 15)
 15  16 
 2   2  120  240.
 2 
Number of even numbers from 1 to 30 = 15.
240
 required average   16.
15
2  3  5  4  3  4 21 7 1
3. Required average     3 hours.
6 6 2 2
 26000  15000  16000  50000  19000 
4. Average monthly income of 5 persons  `  
 5 
 126000 
 `   ` 25200.
 5 
Clearly, 3 persons with incomes ` 15000, ` 16000 and ` 19000 have income less than the
mean income.
Average 177
5. According to Rohan, his probable weights are 66 kg, 67 kg, 68 kg, 69 kg, 70 kg and
71 kg. According to his brother, his probable weights are 61 kg, 62 kg, 63 kg, 64 kg,
65 kg, 66 kg, 67 kg, 68 kg and 69 kg.
According to his mother, his probable weight is less than or equal to 68 kg.
If all of them are correct then Rohan’s probable weights are 66 kg, 67 kg or 68 kg.
 66  67  68   201 
 required average    kg    kg  67 kg.
 3   3 
3  11  7  9  15  13  8  19  17  21  14  x
6.  12
12
 137  x  12  12  144
 x  144  137  7.
10  9  16  17  13  12  5  14 96
7. Mean marks    12.
8 8
Clearly, any reading equal to the mean or any n readings with sum equal to (n × mean)
may be removed without changing the mean.
Now, 10 + 14 = 24 = 2 × mean.
8. Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Attendance 37 36 34 38 35
37  36  34  38  35 180
 average daily attendance    36.
5 5
9. Sum of 10 numbers  10  0  0.
Sum of 12 numbers  0  72  (12)  60.
60
 new average   5.
12
x1  x2  x3  x4
10.  16  x1  x2  x3  x4  16  4  64.
4
1
( x2  x3  x4 )  23  x2  x3  x4  23  2  46.
2
 x1  64  46  18.
x  ( x  2)  ( x  4)  ( x  6)  ( x  8)
11.  11.
5
 5x + 20 = 55  5x = 35  x = 7.
( x  4)  ( x  6)  ( x  8) 3 x  18 3  7  18 39
 mean of last 3 observations      13.
3 3 3 3
12. Sum of two numbers = 2XY.
One number = X.
Other number = 2XY – X.
13. Total money paid = ` (78 × 4,500,000,000,000)
= ` (78 × 45 × 1011 )
 ` (3510  1011 )  ` (3.51  1014 ).

14. Let the 7 consecutive numbers be x, (x + 1), (x + 2), (x + 3), (x + 4), (x + 5) and (x + 6).
x  ( x  1)  ( x  2)  ( x  3)  ( x  4)  ( x  5)  ( x  6)
Then,  20
7
 7x + 21 = 140  7x = 140 – 21 = 119
 x = 17.
 largest number = x + 6 = 17 + 6 = 23.
15. Total money paid = ` (1050 + 1020) = ` 2070.
Number of books bought = 65 + 50 = 115.
 2070 
 average price per book  `    ` 18.
 115 
16. Sum of marks in 4 subjects = 75 × 4 = 300.
Sum of marks in 5 subjects = 300 + 80 = 380.
 380 
 new average     76.
 5 
17. Sum of 4 numbers = 25 × 4 = 100.
Sum of first 3 numbers = 22 × 3 = 66.
 fourth number = 100 – 66 = 34.
18. Total score in 4 tests = 76 + 83 + 70 + 83 = 312.
Total desired score in 5 tests = 80 × 5 = 400.
 desired score in 5th test = 400 – 312 = 88.
19. Sum of heights of 20 students = (105 × 20) cm = 2100 cm.
Sum of heights of 10 new students = (120 × 10) cm = 1200 cm.
Sum of heights of all 30 students = (2100 + 1200) cm = 3300 cm.
 3300 
 new average height of the whole class    cm  110 cm.
 30 
20. Sum of all 30 observations = (60 × 5 + 30 × 10 + 20 × 15)
= (300 + 300 + 300 ) = 900.
 900 
 mean of all 30 observations     30.
 30 
21. Total quantity of spinach purchased = 4 kg.
 1 1 1
Total money paid  `  1    
 2 3 4
 12  6  4  3   25 
 `   ` .
 12   12 
 25  4  12 48
 x  4     1.92.
 12  25 25
22. Total money spent on milk in 3 years = `(4000 × 3) = `12000.
 4000 4000 4000 
Total quantity of milk bought in 3 years      litres
 7 8 8 
= (571.43 + 500 + 500) litres = 1571.43 litres.
Average 179
 12000 
 average cost per litre  `  
 1571.43 
 12000  100 
 `   ` 7.636  ` 7.64.
 157143 
23. Sum of 6 numbers = 6x.
Sum of first 3 numbers = 3y.
Sum of other 3 numbers = 3z.
 6 x  3 y  3 z  6 x  3 ( y  z)  2x  y  z.
24. Let the prices of the three items be ` (3x), ` (5x) and ` (7x) respectively.
3x  5x  7 x
Then,  15000  15x = 45000  x = 3000.
3
 price of the cheapest item = ` (3 × 3000) = ` 9000.
25. Sum of ages of A, B, C and D = (4m × 4) years = 16m years.
 D’s age = [16m – (2m + m + 14)] years
= (16m – 3m – 14) years = (13m – 14) years.
26. Sum of heights of Naman, Chetan and Ayush = (10x × 3) cm = (30x) cm.
Sum of heights of Chetan and Ayush = (8x × 2) cm = (16x) cm.
Naman’s height = (30x – 16x) cm = (14x) cm.
Sum of heights of Rohan and Naman = (12x × 2) cm = (24x) cm.
 Rohan’s height = (24x – 14x) cm = (10x) cm.
27. Let the fourth number be x.
Then, third number = 5x.
1 5x .
Second number  of 5 x 
3 3
5 x 10 x .
First number  2  
3 3
10 x 5 x
  5x  x
 3 3  24.75
4
10 x  5 x  15 x  3 x
  24.75  4  99
3
33 x
  99  11x  99  x  9.
3
 largest number  5 x  5  9  45.
28. Sum of 50 numbers = 38 × 50 = 1900.
Sum of 48 numbers = 1900 – (45 + 55) = 1800.
1800
 required average   37.5.
48
29. Sum of 5 numbers = 27 × 5 = 135.
Sum of 4 numbers = 25 × 4 = 100.
 excluded number = 135 – 100 = 35.
30. Sum of 6 observations = 45.5 × 6 = 273.
Sum of 7 observations = 47 × 7 = 329.
 new observation = 329 – 273 = 56.
31. Sum of salaries of 75 workers = ` (5680 × 75) = ` 426000.

Sum of salaries of 25 workers = ` (5400 × 25) = ` 135000.
Sum of salaries of other 30 workers = ` (5700 × 30) = ` 171000.
Sum of salaries of remaining 20 workers = ` [426000 – (135000 + 171000)]
= ` 120000.
 120000 
 mean salary of remaining workers  `    ` 6000.
 20 
32. Sum of 5 numbers = 10 × 5 = 50.
Sum of 6 numbers = 12 × 6 = 72.
 required number = 72 – 50 = 22.
33. Total runs scored in first 10 overs = 3.2 × 10 = 32.
Total desired target = 282.
Number of runs to be scored in 40 overs = 282 – 32 = 250.
250
 required run rate   6.25.
40
34. Sum of 75 numbers = 35 × 75 = 2625.
New sum = 2625 + (5 × 75) = 2625 + 375 = 3000.
 3000 
 required mean     40.
 75 
35. Sum of 10 numbers = 7 × 10 = 70.
New sum = (70 × 12) = 840.
 840 
 new average     84.
 10 
36. Calculated sum of 25 observations = 78.4 × 25 = 1960.
Correct sum = 1960 – 69 + 96 = 1987.
1987
 correct mean   79.48.
25
37. Sum of 11 numbers = 10.9 × 11 = 119.9.
Sum of first 6 numbers = 10.5 × 6 = 63.
Sum of last 6 numbers = 11.4 × 6 = 68.4.
 middle number = (63 + 68.4) – 119.9 = 131.4 – 119.9 = 11.5.
38. Sum of weights of A, B and C = (45 × 3) kg = 135 kg.
Sum of weights of A and B = (40 × 2) kg = 80 kg.
Sum of weights of B and C = (43 × 2) kg = 86 kg.
 B’s weight = [(80 + 86) – 135] kg = (166 – 135) kg = 31 kg.
39. P + Q = 5050 × 2 = 10100 ... (i)
Q + R = 6250 × 2 = 12500 ... (ii)
P + R = 5200 × 2 = 10400 ... (iii)
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
2 (P + Q + R) = 33000  P + Q + R = 16500.
 P = (P + Q + R) – (Q + R) = (16500 – 12500) = 4000.
Average 181
40. Sum of ages of 10 persons = (32 × 10) years = 320 years.

Sum of ages of (10 persons + instructor) = (34 × 11) years = 374 years.
 age of instructor = (374 – 320) years = 54 years.
41. Sum of incomes of 4 members = ` (15130 × 4) = ` 60520.
Sum of incomes of 3 members = ` (14660 × 3) = ` 43980.
 income of married daughter = ` (60520 – 43980) = ` 16540.
42. Total decrease in sum of ages = (24 × 1) months = 24 months = 2 years.
 age of newcomer = (18 – 2) years = 16 years.
43. Sum of weights of 45 students = (52 × 45) kg = 2340 kg.
Sum of weights of 5 students who left = (48 × 5) kg = 240 kg.
Sum of weights of 5 new students = (54 × 5) kg = 270 kg.
New sum of weights of 45 students = (2340 – 240 + 270) kg = 2370 kg.
 2370   158  2
 new average weight    kg    kg  52 kg.
 45   3  3
44. Let the initial number of persons be n.
Sum of ages of n persons = (16n) years.
Sum of ages of 20 new persons = (15 × 20) years = 300 years.
Sum of ages of (n + 20) persons = 15.5 (n + 20) years.
 16n + 300 = 15.5 (n + 20)
 16n + 300 = 15.5n + 310  0.5n = 10
n
  10  n = 20.
2
45. Let the number of boys be 3x and number of girls be x.
Let the average score of the girls be N.
Sum of scores of boys = 3x (A + 1).
Sum of scores of girls = Nx.
Sum of scores of the whole class = (3x + x)A = 4xA.
 3x (A + 1) + Nx = 4xA
 3xA + 3x + Nx = 4xA
 x (3 + N) = 4xA – 3xA = xA
 3 + N = A  N = A – 3.
46. Total yield  60 ( x  2)  120 x  180 ( x  2)
 60 x  120  120 x  180 x  360
 360 x  240.
 360 x  240  100 ( x  2  x  x  2)
 360 x  240  300 x
 60x = 240  x = 4.

10 Ratio, Proportion and Unitary Method
1. RATIO The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction
a
, written as a : b. In the ratio a : b, a is called the first term or antecedent
b
and b is called the second term or consequent.
2. A ratio remains unchanged if both of its terms are multiplied or divided
by the same nonzero quantity. If m  0 then
a b
(i) a : b = ma : mb and (ii) a : b  : .
m m
3. RATIO IN SIMPLEST FORM The ratio a : b is said to be in simplest form if the
HCF of a and b is 1. To express a ratio in its simplest form, we divide
both its terms by their HCF.
4. To express a ratio with fractional terms as a whole number ratio, we
multiply each term by the LCM of their denominators.
1 1 1 1  1  1 
Thus, : :    12  :   12  :   12  [LCM of 2, 3, 4 = 12]
2 3 4 2  3  4 
= 6 : 4 : 3.
5. PROPORTION The equality of two ratios is called a proportion.
If a : b = c : d, we write a : b : : c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in
proportion.
Here, a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called means.
In a proportion, product of means = product of extremes.
Thus, a : b : : c : d  a  d  b  c.
6. COMPARISON OF RATIOS
a c a c
(i)  if ad = bc (ii)  if ad > bc
b d b d
a c
(iii)  if ad < bc
b d
7. (i) FOURTH PROPORTIONAL If a : b = c : d then d is called the fourth
proportional to a, b, c.
(ii) THIRD PROPORTIONAL If a : b = b : c then c is called the third proportional
to a and b.
182
Ratio, Proportion and Unitary Method 183
Mean proportional between a and b is ab.

(iii) MEAN PROPORTIONAL
If a : b : : b : c then a, b and c are said to be in
(iv) CONTINUED PROPORTION
continued proportion.
8. UNITARY METHOD A method in which the value of a unit quantity is first
obtained to find the value of any required quantity, is called unitary
method.
9. DIRECT VARIATION (OR DIRECT PROPORTION) Two quantities a and b are said to
vary directly if with the increase (or decrease) in one quantity the other
quantity also increases (or decreases) in the same ratio so that the ratio
a
remains constant. For example,
b
(i) cost of articles varies directly as the number of articles (more articles,
more cost) and
(ii) work done varies directly as number of workers (more workers,
more work done).
10. INVERSE VARIATION (OR INDIRECT PROPORTION) Two quantities a and b are said
to vary inversely if with the increase (or decrease) in one quantity, the
other quantity decreases (or increases) such that the ratio ab remains
constant. For example,
(i) time taken for a journey varies inversely as the speed of the vehicle
(more speed, less time taken) and
(ii) time taken to complete a work varies inversely as the number of
men (more men at work, less time taken).
EXERCISE 10A
1. There are 54 green apples and 30 more red than green apples in a
container. The ratio of the number of red apples to the total number of
apples is
(a) 5 : 9 (b) 5 : 14 (c) 14 : 23 (d) 9 : 14
2
2. 16 % expressed as a ratio is
3
(a) 50 : 3 (b) 3 : 8 (c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 6
3. The ratio of 250 mL to 2 L is
(a) 1 : 125 (b) 125 : 1 (c) 1 : 8 (d) 5 : 4
1
4. Express 80 g as a ratio of kg.
2
(a) 1 : 160 (b) 2 : 25 (c) 4 : 25 (d) 9 : 160
(a) The ratio of the number of consonants to that of vowels in
MATHEMATICS is 7 : 4.
(b) The ratio of the number of prime numbers to that of composite
numbers from 1 to 100 is 1 : 4.
(c) The ratio of the HCF and LCM of the numbers 3, 6 and 9 is 1 : 6.
(d) The ratio of the sum and product of the numbers 10, 20 and 30
is 1 : 100.
3
6. Given p is 63% and q is , which of the following is the closest equivalent
8
of the ratio of p to q?
(a) 0.006 (b) 0.381 (c) 0.595 (d) 1.680
7. The ratio of 2 hours 25 minutes to 3 hours 52 minutes is
(a) 3 : 7 (b) 3 : 8 (c) 4 : 9 (d) 5 : 8
8. 0.5 of a number is equal to 0.07 of another. The ratio of the numbers is
(a) 1 : 14 (b) 5 : 7 (c) 7 : 50 (d) 50 : 7
9. If a carton containing a dozen mirrors is dropped, which of the following
cannot be the ratio of the number of broken mirrors to that of unbroken
mirrors?
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 7 : 5
10. The ratio of boys and girls in a class is 3 : 2. Which of the following could
be the actual number of members?
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 25
11. Which of the following ratios is the greatest?
3 1 1
(a) 5 : 8 (b) :2 (c) : (d) All are equal
2 6 9
12. Which of the following is the lowest ratio?
(a) 7 : 15 (b) 15 : 23 (c) 17 : 25 (d) 21 : 39
13. The ratio of Anant’s income to his savings is 5 : 2. The percentage of
income spent by him is
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 75
14. In what ratio should 750 be increased to obtain 1000?
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 4 : 5
15. 2 hours reduced in the ratio 5 : 4 is
(a) 1 hour 24 minutes (b) 1 hour 36 minutes
(c) 1 hour 40 minutes (d) 1 hour 48 minutes
16. If x : 7.5 = 7 : 17.5 then the value of x is

(a) 1 (b) 2.5 (c) 3 (d) 3.5
17. If (x + 1) : 8 = 3.75 : 7 then the value of x is
2 2 2 2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
7 7 7 7
1 1
18. If x  y and y  z then x : y : z is equal to
3 2
(a) 1 : 2 : 6 (b) 1 : 3 : 6 (c) 1 : 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2 : 1
19. If 3A = 4B = 5C then A : B : C is equal to
(a) 3 : 4 : 5 (b) 5 : 4 : 3 (c) 20 : 15 : 12 (d) 12 : 15 : 20
1 3 5
20. The ratio : : is equivalent to
2 4 6
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 2 : 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 5 : 8 (d) 6 : 9 : 10
21. If a : b = 7 : 9 and b : c = 15 : 7 then what is a : c?
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 5 : 3 (c) 7 : 15 (d) 7 : 21
22. If A : B = 2 : 3, B : C = 2 : 4 and C : D = 2 : 5 then A : D is equal to
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 2 : 5 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 2 : 15
23. If one star equals four circles and three circles equal four diamonds then
what is the ratio of star to diamond?
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 16 (d) 16 : 3
24. If 3A = 5B and 4B = 6C then A : C equals
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 2 : 5 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 2
25. In a business, the ratio of the capitals of A and B is 2 : 1, that of B and C
is 4 : 3 and that of D and C is 6 : 5. Then, the ratio of the capitals of A and
D is
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 5 : 3 (c) 9 : 20 (d) 20 : 9
26. If A : B = 7 : 9 and B : C = 5 : 4 then A : B : C is
(a) 7 : 45 : 36 (b) 28 : 36 : 35 (c) 35 : 45 : 36 (d) none of these
1 1 1 1
27. If A : B  : and B : C  : then A : B : C is equal to
2 3 2 3
(a) 1 : 2 : 6 (b) 2 : 3 : 3 (c) 3 : 2 : 6 (d) 9 : 6 : 4
28. If a : b = 2 : 5 then the value of (2a + 3b) : (7a + 5b) is
(a) 19 : 31 (b) 31 : 19 (c) 19 : 39 (d) 99 : 13
29. If x : y = 2 : 3 then the value of (3x + 2y) : (2x + 5y) is
(a) 5 : 9 (b) 7 : 15 (c) 10 : 19 (d) 12 : 19
30. If x : y = 3 : 1 then x 3  y 3 : x 3  y 3 is equal to
(a) 10 : 11 (b) 11 : 10 (c) 13 : 14 (d) 14 : 13
31. If (5 a  3b) : (2 a  3b)  23 : 5 then the value of a : b is

(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
1 1 1
32. If a : b : c = 3 : 5 : 7 then : : is equal to
a b c
1 1 1
(a) : : (b) 7 : 5 : 3 (c) 35 : 21 : 15 (d) 15 : 21 : 35
7 5 3
4
a b c abc
33. If   then   is equal to
3 4 7  c 
1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 16 (d) 17
16
34. If a : b : c = 2 : 3 : 4 and 2 a  3b  4c  33 then the value of c is
66
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d)
7
35. If p : q : r = 1 : 2 : 4 then 5 p 2  q 2  r 2 is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 5p (c) 2q (d) 4r
ma  nc
36. If a : b = c : d then is equal to
mb  nd
(a) a : b (c) an : mb (d) m : n (d) dm : cn
37. The ratio between the third proportional of 12 and 30 and mean
proportional of 9 and 25 is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 5 : 1 (c) 7 : 15 (d) 9 : 14
1 1 1
38. The fourth proportional to 1 , 2 and 3 is
2 3 4
2 5 2 1
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 5
3 6 3 18
39. The fourth proportional to 0.12, 0.21 and 8 is
(a) 8.9 (b) 14 (c) 17 (d) 56
40. The ratio of boys to girls in a class is 7 : 4. There are 21 fewer girls than
boys. The total number of children in the class is
(a) 49 (b) 77 (c) 84 (d) 231
41. The ratio of the number of men to the number of women at a concert is
5 : 3. The ratio of the number of women to the number of children is 2 : 5.
Then, the ratio of the number of children to the total number of men and
women in the concert.
(a) 12 : 13 (b) 13 : 12 (c) 15 : 16 (d) 16 : 15
42. One fourth of sixty per cent of a number is equal to two fifths of twenty
per cent of another number. What is the respective ratio of the first
number to the second number?
(a) 4 : 7 (b) 5 : 9
(c) 8 : 15 (d) Cannot be determined
43. The total number of boys in a school is 16% more than the total number
of girls in the school. What is the respective ratio of the total number of
boys to the total number of girls in the schools?
(a) 25 : 21 (b) 29 : 35
(c) 29 : 25 (d) Cannot be determined
44. Two equal containers are filled with a mixture of milk and water.
The concentration of milk in each of the containers is 20% and 25%
respectively. What is the ratio of water in the two containers respectively?
(a) 4 : 5 (b) 5 : 4 (c) 16 : 15 (d) 15 : 16
45. The ratio of urea and potash in a mixed fertilizer is 7 : 3. Express the
quantity of urea present as percentage of the total amount of fertilizer.
(a) 20% (b) 50% (c) 60% (d) 70%
46. The bus fare and train fare of City Y from City X were ` 20 and ` 30
respectively. Train fare has been increased by 20% and the bus fare has
been increased by 10%. The ratio of new train fare to new bus fare is
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 5 : 3 (c) 11 : 18 (d) 18 : 11
47. What is the ratio whose terms differ by 40 and the measure of which
2
is ?
7
(a) 6 : 56 (b) 14 : 56 (c) 16 : 56 (d) 16 : 72
1 3 5
48. Find the fraction which will bear the same ratio to that does to .
27 11 9
1 15 40
(a) (b) (c) (d) 55
55 99 33
49. ` 16000 are to be distributed between A and B such that B gets ` 4000 less
than A. The ratio of A’s share to B’s share is
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 5 (c) 5 : 3 (d) 6 : 1
50. An amount of ` 53 is divided among A, B and C such that A gets ` 7 more
than B and B gets ` 8 more than C. What is the ratio of their shares?
(a) 15 : 8 : 30 (b) 16 : 9 : 18 (d) 18 : 25 : 10 (d) 25 : 18 : 10
51. Of 132 examinees of a certain school, the ratio of successful to
unsuccessful candidates is 9 : 2. If 4 more students passed, what would
have been the ratio of successful to unsuccessful students?
(a) 4 : 25 (b) 3 : 28 (c) 25 : 4 (d) 28 : 5
3
52. Given that 24-carat gold is pure gold; 18-carat gold is gold and 20-carat
4
5
gold is gold, the ratio of pure gold in 18 carat to the pure gold in
6
20-carat gold is
(a) 5 : 8 (b) 8 : 5 (c) 9 : 10 (d) 15 : 22
3 5
53. A sum of ` 6400 is divided among three workers in the ratio : 2 : . The
5 3
share of the second worker (in ` ) is
(a) 2560 (b) 3000 (c) 3200 (d) 3840
54. ` 33630 are divided among A, B and C in such a manner that the ratio of
the amount of A to that of B is 3 : 7 and the ratio of the amount of B to
that of C is 6 : 5. The amount of money received by B is
(a) ` 12390 (b) ` 13290 (c) ` 14868 (d) ` 16257
55. Divide ` 671 among A, B and C such that if their shares be increased by
` 3, ` 7 and ` 9 respectively the remainders shall be in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3.
(a) ` 105, ` 223, ` 330 (b) ` 110, ` 220, ` 336
(c) ` 112, ` 223, ` 336 (d) None of these
56. Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 7 and their sum is 36. Then, the first
number is
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 19
57. The scale of a map is 1 : 3000000. What is the actual distance between the
two towns if they are 4 cm apart on the map?
(a) 1.2 km (b) 12 km (c) 120 km (d) 1200 km
58. The ratio of the incomes of Ram and Shyam is 7 : 17 and that of Shyam
and Tarun is 7 : 17. If Ram’s income is ` 490 then Tarun’s income is
(a) ` 490 (b) ` 1190 (c) ` 2790 (d) ` 2890
59. A man spends a part of his monthly income and saves a part of it. The
ratio of his expenditure to his savings is 26 : 3. If his monthly income is
` 7250, what is the amount of his monthly savings?
(a) ` 290 (b) ` 350 (c) ` 750 (d) ` 780
60. Two numbers are in the ratio 17 : 45. One third of the smaller is less than
1
of the bigger by 15. The smaller number is
5
1 1 1 1
(a) 25 (b) 67 (c) 76 (d) 86
2 2 2 2
61. Three numbers A, B and C are in the ratio of 12 : 15 : 25. If the sum of
these numbers is 312, the ratio between the difference of B and A and
the difference of C and B is
(a) 3 : 7 (b) 5 : 1 (c) 3 : 10 (d) 10 : 3
62. The ratio of incomes of two persons is 5 : 3 and that of their expenditures
is 9 : 5. If they save ` 2600 and ` 1800 respectively, their incomes are
(a) ` 9000, ` 5400 (b) ` 8000, ` 4800 (c) ` 6000, ` 3600 (d) ` 10000, ` 6000
63. The ratio of boys and girls in sections A, B, C and D of a class is
respectively 7 : 5, 5 : 3, 3 : 2 and 2 : 1. If the number of students in each of
the sections is equal then the maximum number of boys are enrolled in
section
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
64. What must be added to each of the numbers 6, 10, 14 and 22 so that they
are in proportion?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
65. When a particular number is subtracted from each of 7, 9, 11 and 15 the
resulting numbers are in proportion. The number to be subtracted is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
66. What number has to be added to the terms of 3 : 5 to make the ratio 5 : 6?
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 12 (d) 13
67. Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 3. If 10 is subtracted from both the
numbers, their ratio changes to 5 : 7. The sum of numbers initially was
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 15
68. Two numbers are in the ratio 1 : 2. If 7 is added to both their ratio
changes to 3 : 5. The greater number is
(a) 24 (b) 26 (c) 28 (d) 32
69. The ratio of the number of ladies to that of gents at a party was 3 : 2.
When 20 more gents joined the party the ratio was reversed. The number
of ladies present at the party was
(a) 16 (b) 24 (c) 32 (d) 36
70. Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3. If 2 is subtracted from the first and 2
is added to the second the ratio becomes 1 : 2. The sum of the numbers is
(a) 10 (b) 24 (c) 28 (d) 30
71. The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a school is 3 : 2. If 20% of the
boys and 25% of the girls are scholarship holders, what percentage of
the students do not get the scholarship?
(a) 56 (b) 70 (c) 78 (d) 80
72. The present ages of three persons are in the proportion 4 : 7 : 9. Eight
years ago, the sum of their ages was 56 years. The present age of the
eldest person is
(a) 28 years (b) 36 years (c) 45 years (d) none of these
73. The ratio of a man’s age and his son’s age is 7 : 3 and the product of their
ages is 756. The ratio of their ages after 6 years will be
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 5 : 2 (c) 11 : 7 (d) 13 : 9
74. Soumya is 40 years old and Nisha is 60 years old. How many years ago
was the ratio of their ages 3 : 5?
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 37
75. The ratio of the present ages of a mother and her daughter is 7 : 1. Four
years ago the ratio of their ages was 19 : 1. What will be the mother’s age
four years from now?
76. The ages of Ananya and Tanya are in the ratio of 8 : 7 respectively. After
10 years, the ratio of their ages will be 13 : 12. What is the difference
between their ages?
77. The ratio between the ages of Naman and Chetan is 4 : 5 and that
between the ages of Naman and Rohan is 5 : 6. If the sum of the ages of
the three is 69 years then Chetan’s age is
78. 6 years ago the ratio of the ages of Kamal and Sachin was 6 : 5. Four
years hence the ratio of their ages will be 11 : 10. What is Sachin’s age at
present?
(a) 16 years (b) 18 years
(c) 20 years (d) Cannot be determined
79. If B gives A ` 7, B will have the same amount of money as A. If A gives B
` 16, ratio of the amount of money A has to the amount of money B has,
will be 5 : 7. How much does A have?
(a) ` 61 (b) ` 91 (c) ` 131 (d) ` 181
80. Samaira, Mahira and Kiara rented a set of DVDs at a rent of ` 578. If they
used it for 8 hours, 12 hours and 14 hours respectively, what is Kiara’s
share of rent to be paid?
(a) ` 192 (b) ` 204 (c) ` 215 (d) ` 238
81. P, Q and R invested ` 45000, ` 70000 and ` 90000 respectively to start a
business. At the end of 2 years, they earned a profit of ` 164000. What
will be Q’s share in the profit?
(a) ` 36000 (b) ` 56000 (c) ` 64000 (d) ` 72000
82. Shankar started a business with an investment of ` 120000. After 3

months, Aniket joined him with an investment of ` 190000. They earned
a profit of ` 175000 after one year. What is Aniket’s share in the profit?
(a) ` 80000 (b) ` 85000 (c) ` 90000 (d) ` 95000
83. A, B and C started a shop by investing ` 2700, ` 8100 and ` 7200
respectively. At the end of one year, the profit earned was distributed.
If B’s share was ` 3600, their total profit was
(a) ` 8000 (b) ` 10800
(c) ` 11600 (d) data inadequate
84. A and B started a business in partnership investing ` 20000 and ` 15000
respectively. After 6 months, C joined them with ` 20000. What will be
B’s share in the total profit of ` 25000 earned at the end of 2 years from
the starting of the business?
(a) ` 7500 (b) ` 9000 (c) ` 9500 (d) ` 10000
85. Arun, Bimal and Chetan invested ` 8000, ` 4000 and ` 8000 respectively
in a business. Arun left after 6 months. If after eight months there was a
gain of ` 4005 then what will be the share of Bimal?
(a) ` 890 (b) ` 1335 (c) ` 1602 (d) ` 1780
86. On a scale of map, 0.6 cm represents 6.6 km. If the distance between the
points on the map is 80.5 cm, the actual distance between these points is
(a) 9 km (b) 72.5 km (c) 190.75 km (d) 885.5 km
87. A flagstaff 17.5 m high casts a shadow of length 40.25 m. The height
of the building, which casts a shadow of length 28.75 m under similar
conditions will be
(a) 10 m (b) 12.5 m (c) 17.5 m (d) 21.25 m
88. A TV tower 36 metres high casts a shadow 24 metres long at a particular
time of the day. What is the height of a minar with a 3-m-high flagstaff
atop it, if both of these together cast a shadow 50 metres long at the
same time of the day?
(a) 64 m (b) 72 m (c) 75 m (d) None of these
89. 56 men can complete a piece of work in 24 days. In how many days can
42 men complete the same piece of work?
(a) 18 (b) 32 (c) 48 (d) 98
90. 30 men can do a piece of work in 16 days. How many men would be
required to do the same work in 20 days?
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 48
4
91. If of a water tank is filled in 1 hour, how much time will be required
5
to fill the rest of it?
(a) 10 minutes (b) 12 minutes (c) 15 minutes (d) 20 minutes

92. 26 packs of 15 toffees each cost ` 2145. The cost of 40 packs of 18 toffees
each is
(a) ` 3300 (b) ` 3520 (c) ` 3960 (d) ` 4080
93. 54 packets of butter each weighing 100 grams cost ` 729. Then, the total
cost of 24 packets of butter each weighing 500 grams is
(a) ` 1260 (b) ` 1440 (c) ` 1620 (d) ` 1780
94. If 6 persons working 8 hours a day earn ` 8400 per week then 9 persons
working 6 hours a day will earn per week
(a) ` 8400 (b) ` 9450 (c) ` 16200 (d) ` 16800
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (d)
51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (c)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (c) 69. (b) 70. (d)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (c) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (d)
81. (b) 82. (d) 83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87. (b) 88. (b) 89. (b) 90. (b)
91. (c) 92. (c) 93. (c) 94. (b)
1. Number of red apples = 54 + 30 = 84.

Number of green apples = 54.
 required ratio = 84 : (84 + 54) = 84 : 138 = 14 : 23.
2 50 1 1
2. 16 %     1 : 6.
3 3 100 6
3. Required ratio = 250 : (2 × 1000) = 250 : 2000 = 1 : 8.
1 
4. Required ratio  80 :   1000  = 80 : 500 = 4 : 25.
2 
5. There are 25 prime numbers and 75 composite numbers from 1 to 100 = 25 : 75 = 1 : 3.
63 3
6. p = 63%  and q 
100 8
63 3 63 8 168
 p:q  :     1.68.
100 8 100 3 100
7. 2 hours 25 min = (2 × 60 + 25) min = 145 min.
3 hours 52 min = (3 × 60 + 52) min = 232 min.
 required ratio = 145 : 232 = 5 : 8.
8. Let the numbers be x and y. Then,

x 0.07 7
0.5x = 0.07y     x : y = 7 : 50.
y 0.5 50
9. Clearly, the sum of terms of the ratio must be a factor of 12.

Now, 3 + 2 = 5, which is not a factor of 12.
Hence, ratio of broken mirrors to unbroken mirrors cannot be 3 : 2.
10. The actual number of members must be a multiple of (3 + 2), i.e., 5, which is 25.
5
11. 5 : 8   0.625 ;
8
3 3
: 2  3 : 4   0.75 ;
2 4
1 1 1  1 
:    18  :   18  [ LCM of 6 and 9 = 18]
6 9 6  9 
3
=3:2  1.5.
2
7 15
12. 7 : 15   0.466 ; 15 : 23   0.652 ;
15 23
17 21 7
17 : 25   0.68 ; 21 : 39    0.538.
25 39 13
13. Let Anant’s income = ` 5x. Then, savings = ` 2x.
Money spent = ` (5x – 2x) = ` 3x.
 3x 
 required percentage    100  %  60%.
 5x 
14. Required ratio = original quantity : new quantity = 750 : 1000 = 3 : 4.
15. Let the required value be x hours.
2 5 2 4 8 3
Then,   x  1 .
x 4 5 5 5
3 3 
So, required value  1 hr  1 hr    60  min = 1 hr 36 min.
5 5 
x 7 7  7.5 7  75
16. x : 7.5 = 7 : 17.5    x   3.
7.5 17.5 17.5 175
x  1 3.75 23 2
17.   7x + 7 = 3.75 × 8 = 30  7x = 23  x  3 .
8 7 7 7
1
18. y  z.
2
1 1 1 1
x  y   z  z.
3 3 2 6
1 1 1 1 1  1 
 x:y:z z : z : z  : : 1    6  :   6  : (1  6)  1 : 3 : 6.
6 2 6 2 6  2 
19. Let 3A = 4B = 5C = k (say). Then,
k k k
A ,B ,C  .
3 4 5
k k k 1 1 1 1  1  1 
 A:B:C : :  : :    60  :   60  :   60  [ LCM of 3, 4, 5 = 60]
3 4 5 3 4 5 3  4  5 
 20 : 15 : 12.
20. LCM of 2, 4, 6 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12. 2 2, 4, 6

1 3 5 1  3  5  1, 2, 3
 : :    12  :   12  :   12 
2 4 6 2  4  6 
 6 : 9 : 10.
a a b 7 15 5
21. a : c        5 : 3.
c b c 9 7 3
A A B C 2 2 2 2
22. A:D         2 : 15.
D B C D 3 4 5 15
S 4.
23. 1S = 4C  
C 1
C 4
3C = 4D   .
D 3
S S C 4 4 16
Now, S : D        16 : 3.
D C D 1 3 3
A 5 B 6 3.
24. 3A = 5B   and 4B = 6C   
B 3 C 4 2
A A B 5 3 5
A : C        5 : 2.
C B C 3 2 2
A  B 4 D 6 C 5.
25.  ,  ,   
B 1 C 3 C 5 D 6
A A B C 2 4 5 20
 A:D         20 : 9.
D B C D 1 3 6 9
26. LCM of 9 and 5 = 45.
So, A : B = 7 : 9 = (7 × 5) : (9 × 5) = 35 : 45,
B : C = 5 : 4 = (5 × 9) : (4 × 9) = 45 : 36.
 A : B : C = 35 : 45 : 36.
1 1 1  1 
27. A : B  :    6  :   6   3 : 2  ( 3  3 ) : ( 2  3 )  9 : 6.
2 3 2  3 
1 1 1  1 
B : C  :    6  :   6   3 : 2  ( 3  2 ) : ( 2  2 )  6 : 4.
2 3 2  3 
 A : B : C = 9 : 6 : 4.
a 2.
28. a : b = 2 : 5  
b 5
2 a 3b  2  a  3 
  
2 a  3b b  b 
  b
7 a  5b 7 a  5b  a 
7   5
b b  b 
2 4 
2  3   3
 5   5   19  5  19 .
2 14
7   5   5  5 39 39
5  5 
x 2.
29. x : y = 2 : 3  
y 3
3x 2y x
 3  2 3 2  2
3x  2y y y y 3
   
2x  5y 2x  5y 2  x  5 2  2  5
y y y 3
22 4 3 12
   4  .
4   19  19 19
  5  
3   3 
3
x x x3
30. x : y = 3 : 1   3     3 3  3  27.
y y
  y
x3 y3

x3  y3 y3 y3 27  1 26 13 .
    
x3  y3 x3 y3 27  1 28 14

y3 y3
5 a  3b 23
31.   5 (5a + 3b) = 23(2a – 3b)
2 a  3b 5
 25a + 15b = 46a – 69b
 46a – 25a = 15b + 69b
a 84
 21a = 84b   4
b 21
 a : b = 4 : 1.
32. Let a = 3k, b = 5k, c = 7k.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.
Then, : :  : :  : :
a b c 3k 5k 7 k 3 5 7
1  1  1 
   105  :   105  :   105  [ LCM of 3, 5, 7 = 105]
3  5  7 
= 35 : 21 : 15.
a b c
33.    k (say)  a = 3k, b = 4k, c = 7k.
3 4 7
4 4 4
 a  b  c   3 k  4 k  7 k   14  4
         2  16.
 c   7k   7 
34. Let a = 2k, b = 3k, c = 4k.

Then, 2a – 3b + 4c = 33  2 × 2k – 3 × 3k + 4 × 4k = 33
 4k – 9k + 16k = 33
 11k = 33  k = 3.
 c = 4k = 4 × 3 = 12.
35. Let p = k, q = 2k, r = 4k. Then,
5 p 2  q 2  r 2  5 k 2  (2 k )2  ( 4 k )2  5 k 2  4 k 2  16 k 2
 25 k 2  5 k  5 p.
a c
36. Let   k. Then, a = bk, c = dk.
b d
ma  nc mbk  ndk k(mb  nd ) a
   k .
mb  nd mb  nd (mb  nd ) b
37. Let the third proportional of 12 and 30 be x.
Then, 12 : 30 : : 30 : x  12x = 30 × 30
30  30
 x   75.
12
 Mean proportional of 9 and 25  9  25  225  15.
 required ratio = 75 : 15 = 5 : 1.
1 1 1 3 7 13
1 : 2 :: 3 : x  : :: : x
2 3 4 2 3 4
3 7 13
 x 
2 3 4
7 13 2 91 1
 x     5 .
3 4 3 18 18
39. Let the required number be x. Then,
0.12 : 0.21 : : 8 : x  0.12x = 0.21 × 8
0.21  8 21  8
 x    14.
0.12 12
40. Let the number of boys be 7x and number of girls be 4x. Then,
7x – 4x = 21  3x = 21  x = 7.
 total number of children = 7x + 4x = 11x = 11 × 7 = 77.
41. M : W = 5 : 3 = (5 × 2) : (3 × 2) = 10 : 6.
W : C = 2 : 5 = (2 × 3) : (5 × 3) = 6 : 15.
 M : W : C = 10 : 6 : 15.
Let the number of men be 10x, number of women be 6x and number of children be 15x.
Then, required ratio = 15x : (10x + 6x)
= 15x : 16x = 15 : 16.
42. Let the first number be x and the second number be y. Then,
1 2
of 60% of x  of 20% of y
4 5
1 60 2 20
  x   y
4 100 5 100
3x 2y x 2 20 8
      .
20 25 y 25 3 15
43. Let the number of girls be x.
116 x .
Then, number of boys = (100 +16)% of x 
100
116 x
 required ratio  : x  116 : 100  29 : 25.
100
44. Concentration of water in first container = (100 – 20)% = 80%.
Concentration of water in second container  (100  25)%  75%.
 required ratio = 80 : 75 = 16 : 15.
45. Let the quantity of urea be (7x) units and that of potash be (3x) units.
 7x   7 
 required percentage    100  %    100  %  70%.
 (7 x  3 x )   10 
 120 
46. New train fare = (100 + 20)% of ` 30  `   30   ` 36.
 100 
 110 
New bus fare = (100 + 10)% of ` 20  `   20   ` 22.
 100 
 required ratio = 36 : 22 = 18 : 11.
47. Let the terms of the ratio be x and (x + 40).
x 2
Then,   7x = 2x + 80
x  40 7
 5x = 80  x = 16.
 required ratio = x : (x + 40) = 16 : 56.
48. Let the required fraction be x. Then,
1 3 5 5 3 1 1 1 9 1
x: :: :  x     x   .
27 11 9 9 11 27 99 99 5 55
49. Let A’s share be ` x. Then, B’s share = ` (x – 4000).
 x + (x – 4000) = 16000  2x = 20000  x = 10000.
So, A’s share = ` 10000 and B’s share = ` 6000.
 required ratio = 10000 : 6000 = 5 : 3.
50. Let C’s share be ` x. Then,
B’s share = ` (x + 8); A’s share = ` [(x + 8) + 7] = ` (x + 15).
 (x + 15) + (x + 8) + x = 53  3x + 23 = 53  3x = 30  x = 10.
So, A’s share = ` 25; B’s share = ` 18 and C’s share = ` 10.
Ratio of their shares = 25 : 18 : 10.
 9
51. Initial number of successful candidates   132    108.
 11 
Initial number of unsuccessful candidates = (132 – 108) = 24.
 required ratio = (108 + 4) : (24 – 4) = 112 : 20 = 28 : 5.
3 5 3  5 
52. Required ratio  :    12  :   12   9 : 10.
4 6 4  6 
3 5 3  5 
53. Ratio  : 2 :    15  : (2  15) :   15   9 : 30 : 25
5 3 5  3 
 30 
 share of second workers  `  6400    ` 3000.
 64 
54. A : B = 3 : 7 = (3 × 6) : (7 × 6) = 18 : 42.
B : C = 6 : 5 = (6 × 7) : (5 × 7) = 42 : 35.
So, A : B : C = 18 : 42 : 35.
 42 
 B’s share  `  33630    ` 14868.
 95 
55. Remainder = ` [671 + (3 + 7 + 9)] = ` 690.
 1 
A’s share  `  690    3   ` 112.
 6 
 2 
B’s share  `  690    7   ` 223.
 6 
 3 
C’s share  `  690    9   ` 336.
 6 
56. Let the number be 5x and 7x. Then,
5x + 7x = 36  12x = 36  x = 3.
First number = 5x = 5 × 3 = 15.
57. Let the actual distance between the two towns be x cm. Then,
4 1  12000000 
  x  ( 4  3000000) cm = 12000000 cm    km  120 km.
x 3000000  100  1000 
58. LCM of 17 and 7 = 17 × 7 = 119.
R : S = 7 : 17 = (7 × 7) : (17 × 7) = 49 : 119
S : T = 7 : 17 = (7 × 17) : (17 × 17) = 119 : 289.
 R : S : T = 49 : 119 : 289.
Let the incomes of Ram, Shyam and Tarun be 49x, 119x and 289x respectively.
490
Then, 49x = 490  x   10.
49
 Tarun’s income = 289x = ` (289 × 10) = ` 2890.
59. Let the man’s expenditure and savings be ` 26x and ` 3x respectively.
Then, his income = ` (26x + 3x) = ` (29x).
7250
 29x = 7250  x   250.
29
Hence, monthly savings = 3x = ` (3 × 250) = ` 750.
60. Let the numbers be 17x and 45x.
1 1
Then, of 45 x  of 17x = 15.
5 3
17 x 27 x  17 x
 9x   15   15
3 3
45 9
 10x = 45  x   .
10 2
17  9 153 1
 smaller number  17 x    76 .
2 2 2
61. Let A = 12x, B = 15x, C = 25x. Then,
B  A 15 x  12 x 3 x
 required ratio     3 : 10.
C  B 25 x  15 x 10 x
62. Let the incomes of the two persons be ` 5x and ` 3x.
Then, their savings are ` (5x – 2600) and ` (3x – 1800) respectively.
5 x  2600 9
   5 (5x – 2600) = 9 (3x – 1800)
3 x  1800 5
 25x – 13000 = 27x – 16200
 2x = 3200  x = 1600.
So, the income of the two persons are ` (5 × 1600) and ` (3 × 1600), i.e., ` 8000 and ` 4800.
63. Let the number of students in each section be x. Then,
7x
number of boys in section A   0.58 x ;
12
5x
number of boys in section B   0.625 x ;
8
3x
number of boys in section C   0.6 x ;
5
2x
number of boys in section D   0.66 x.
3
Clearly, maximum number of boys are enrolled in section D.
64. Let the number to be added be x. Then,
6  x 14  x
  (6 + x) (22 + x) = (14 + x) (10 + x)
10  x 22  x
 132  28 x  x 2  140  24 x  x 2  4x = 8  x = 2.
65. Let the number to be subtracted be x. Then,
7  x 11  x
  (7 – x) (15 – x) = (11 – x) (9 – x)
9  x 15  x
 105  22 x  x 2  99  20 x  x 2  2x = 6  x = 3.
66. Let the number to be added be x. Then,
3x 5
  6 (3 + x) = 5 (5 + x)
5x 6
 18 + 6x = 25 + 5x  6x – 5x = 25 – 18  x = 7.
67. Let the numbers be 5x and 3x. Then,
5 x  10 5
  7(5x – 10) = 5(3x – 10)
3 x  10 7
 35x – 70 = 15x – 50  20x = 20  x = 1.
So, the numbers are 5 and 3.
 required sum = 5 + 3 = 8.
68. Let the numbers be x and 2x. Then,

x7 3
  5 (x + 7) = 3 (2x + 7)
2x  7 5
 5x + 35 = 6x + 21  x = 14.
 greater number = 2 × 14 = 28.
69. Let the number of ladies be 3x and the number of gents be 2x. Then,
3x 2
  9x = 4x + 40  5x = 40  x = 8.
2 x  20 3
Hence, number of ladies at the party = 3x = 3 × 8 = 24.
70. Let the numbers be 2x and 3x. Then,

2x  2 1
  4x – 4 = 3x + 2  4x – 3x = 2 + 4  x = 6.
3x  2 2
 sum of the numbers = 2x + 3x = 5x = 5 × 6 = 30.
71. Let the number of boys be 3x and the number of girls be 2x.
Then, total number of students = 3x + 2x = 5x.
Number of students who are not scholarship holder
= (100 – 20)% of 3x + (100 – 25)% of 2x
80 75 12 x 3 x
  3x   2x  
100 100 5 2
24 x  15 x 39 x .
 
10 10
 39 x 1 
 required percentage     100  %  78%.
 10 5 x 
72. Let the present ages of the three persons be (4x) years, (7x) years and (9x) years
respectively. Then,
( 4 x  8)  (7 x  8)  (9 x  8)  56
 20x – 24 = 56  20x = 56 + 24 = 80  x = 4.
 present age of eldest person = (9 × 4) years = 36 years.
73. Let the age of the man and his son be (7x) years and (3x) years respectively. Then,
756
7x × 3x = 756  21x 2  756  x 2   36  x  36  6.
21
7 x  6 7  6  6 48 2
 ratio of their ages after 6 years      2 : 1.
3 x  6 3  6  6 24 1
74. Let the required number of years be x. Then,
40  x 3
  5 ( 40  x )  3 (60  x )
60  x 5
 200  5 x  180  3 x  2 x  20  x = 10.
75. Let the present ages of the mother and daughter be (7x) years and x years respectively.
7 x  4 19
Then,   7x – 4 = 19x – 76
x4 1
 12x = 72  x = 6.
 mother’s age after 4 years = 7x + 4 = (7 × 6 + 4) years = 46 years.
76. Let the present ages of Ananya and Tanya be (8x) years and (7x) years respectively.
8 x  10 13
Then,   12 (8x + 10) = 13 (7x + 10)
7 x  10 12
 96x + 120 = 91x + 130  5x = 10  x = 2.
 difference between ages = 8x – 7x = x = 2 years.
77. N : C = 4 : 5  C : N = 5 : 4 = (5 × 5) : (4 × 5) = 25 : 20.
N : R = 5 : 6 = (5 × 4) : (6 × 4) = 20 : 24.
 C : N : R = 25 : 20 : 24.
Let the ages of Chetan, Naman and Rohan be (25x) years, (20x) years and (24x) years
respectively.
Then, 25x + 20x + 24x = 69  69x = 69  x = 1.
 Chetan’s age = (25 × 1) years = 25 years.
78. Let Kamals and Sachin’s ages 6 years ago, (6x) years and (5x) years respectively. Then,
their ages 4 years hence will be (6x + 10) years or (5x + 10) years respectively.
6 x  10 11
   10 (6x + 10) = 11 (5x + 10)
5 x  10 10
 60x + 100 = 55x + 110
 5x = 10  x = 2.
 Sachin’s present age = 5x + 6 = (5 × 2 + 6) years = 16 years.
79. Suppose A has ` x and B has ` y. Then,
CASE I When B gives ` 7 to A
Now, money with A = ` (x + 7),
money with B = ` (y – 7).
 x + 7 = y – 7  y = x + 14.
So, A has ` x and B has ` (x + 14).
CASE II When A gives ` 16 to B
Now, money with A = ` (x – 16),
money with B = ` (x + 14 + 16) = ` (x + 30).
x  16 5
   7(x – 16) = 5(x + 30)
x  30 7
 7x – 112 = 5x + 150
            2x = 262  x = 131.
80. Ratio of shares of rent = ratio of number of hours for which DVDs were used.
= 8 : 12 : 14 = 4 : 6 : 7.
Sum of ratio terms = 4 + 6 + 7 = 17.
 7 
 Kiara’s share of rent  `  578    ` 238.
 17 
81. Ratio of profits = ratio of capitals = 45000 : 70000 : 90000 = 9 : 14 : 18.
Sum of ratio terms = 9 + 14 + 18 = 41.
 14 
 Q’s share  `  164000    ` 56000.
 41 
82. Clearly, Shankar invested ` 120000 for 12 months and Aniket invested ` 190000 for
9 months.
Ratio of profits = ratio of capitals
= (120000 × 12) : (190000 × 9)
= 144 : 171 = 16 : 19.
 19 
 Aniket’s share  `  175000    ` 95000.
 35 
83. Ratio of profits = ratio of capitals
= 2700 : 8100 : 7200 = 3 : 9 : 8.
Let the total profit be ` x. Then,
9 3600  20
x  3600  x   8000.
20 9
84. Clearly, A invested ` 20000 for 24 months; B invested ` 15000 for 24 months and C
invested ` 20000 for 18 months.
Ratio of profits of A, B and C = ratio of their capitals
= (20000 × 24) : (15000 × 24) : (20000 × 18)
= 480000 : 360000 : 360000 = 4 : 3 : 3.
 3 
 B’s share  `  25000    ` 7500.
 10 
85. Clearly, Arun invested ` 8000 for 6 months, Bimal invested ` 4000 for 8 months and
Chetan invested ` 8000 for 8 months.
 ratio of profits = ratio of capitals
= (8000 × 6) : (4000 × 8) : (8000 × 8)
= 48000 : 32000 : 64000 = 3 : 2 : 4.
 2
Hence, Bimal’s share  `  4005    ` 890.
 9
86. Let the actual distance between the points be x km. Then,
0.6 : 80.5 : : 6.6 : x  0.6x = 80.5 × 6.6
 80.5  6.6 
 x  km  (80.5  11) km  885.5 km.
 0.6 
87. Let the height of the building be x metres. Then,
17.5 : 40.25 : : x : 28.75
17.5  28.75
 40.25x = 17.5 × 28.75  x 
40.25
17.5  2875
 x  12.5 m.
4025
88. Let the height of the minar be x metres. Then,
36 : 24 : : (x + 3) : 50
 24 (x + 3) = 36 ×50 = 1800
 24x + 72 = 1800  24x = 1728
1728
 x  72.
24
89. Time taken by 56 men to complete the work = 24 days.

Time taken by 1 man to complete the work = (24 × 56) days.
 24  56 
Time taken by 42 men to complete the work    days = 32 days.
 42 
90. Number of men required to complete the work in 16 days = 30.
Number of men required to complete the work in 1 day = (30 × 16).
 30  16 
Number of men required to complete the work in 20 days     24.
 20 
4
91. Time taken to fill of tank = 60 min.
5
 4  5
Time taken to fill whole tank   60   min   60   min = 75 min.
 5  4
1 1 
Time taken to fill of tank    75  min = 15 min.
5 5 
92. Cost of (26 × 15) toffees = ` 2145.
 2145   11 
Cost of 1 toffee  `    ` .
 26  15   12 
 11 
Cost of (40 × 18) toffees  `   40  18   ` 3960.
 2 
93. Cost of (54 × 100) g of butter = ` 729.
 729  .
Cost of 1g of butter  `  
 54  100 
 729 
 cost of (24 × 500) g of butter  `   24  500   ` 1620.
 54  100 
 8400 
94. Wages paid for (6 × 8) hours  `    ` 1200.
 7 
 1200 
Wages paid for 1 hour  `  
 68 
 1200 
Wages paid for (9 × 6) hours  `   9  6   ` 1350
 68 
 earning per week = ` (1350 × 7) = ` 9450.
EXERCISE 10B
Direction (Questions 1 to 21): Fill in the blanks so as to make each given
statement true.
1. The ratio of 5 kg to 60 g is …… .
2. The ratio of consonants to vowels in the English alphabet is …… .
3. An old man has 2 sons, 2 daughters, 4 grandsons and 2 granddaughters.

The ratio of the number of children to the number of grandchildren
is …… .
4. If the ratio 49 bears to a quantity is the same as the ratio that the quantity
bears to 81 then the quantity is …… .
5. The ratio 45 : 108 in its simplest form is …… .
6. The ratio 3 : 8 is qual to …… %.
7. 225% is equal to the ratio …… .
8. The ratio between the present ages of A and B is 3 : 4 respectively. If
B’s present age is 16 years then the ratio of their ages after 5 years will
be …… .
9. The ratio of the sum and product of the first three natural numbers
is …… .
10. The two sides of a triangle are 4.2 cm and 4.9 cm respectively. If the
perimeter of the triangle is 15.4 cm then the ratio of the lenghts of the
smallest and the longest sides is …… .
11. The third proportional to 9 and 15 is …… .
12. The mean proportional between 25 and 36 is …… .
13. The fourth proportional to 4, 12 and 16 is …… .
14. The ratio of Tanya’s income to her savings is 4 : 1. Then,
(i) the ratio of her savings to expenditure is …… .
(ii) the ratio of her income to expenditure is …… .
15. A DNA model was built using the scale 2 cm : 0.0000001 mm. If the
model of DNA chain is 18 cm long, the length of the actual chain
is …… mm.
16. If x, 5, 8, 10 are in proportion then x is equal to …… .
1 1
17. The mean proportional between and is …… .
3 12
18. If each side of square A measures 4 cm and each side of square B
measures 6 cm then the ratio of their perimeters is …… and the ratio of
their areas is …… .
19. If we increases 144 in the ratio 4 : 7, we obtain …… .
20. If 21 cows eat as much as 15 horses then …… cows will eat as much as
35 horses.
21. 24 men can complete a given job in 40 days. Then, 30 men will take ……
days to complete it.

true or false.
22. The ratio of 15 cm to 4 m is 3 : 80. ……
23. The ratios 2 : 3 and 3 : 2 are equivalent. ……
24. If in a class, 1 out of every 6 students fails then the number of students
failed to the number of students passed is 1 : 6. ……
25. We cannot compare the area and perimeter of a square by a ratio. ……
26. The numbers 56, 64, 63 and 72 are in proportion. ……
27. 1.2, 2.7, 0.4 and 0.9 are in proportion. ……
1 1 1
28. If a sum is divided among P, Q and R in the ratio : : then P’s share
2 3 4
is the largest. ……
29. Two ratios are equivalent if and only if their terms are same. ……
30. A sum of ` 1100 is shared between A and B in the ratio 1 : 10. Then, B
gets ` 1000. ……
31. If a : b : : b : c then b is the mean proportional between a and c. ……
1 1
32. The ratio 3 : 5 is equal to 7 : 11. ……
2 2
33. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6 then the largest angle is
greater than the smallest angle by 30°. ……
1. 250 : 3 2. 21 : 5 3. 2 : 3 4. 63 5. 5 : 12
1
6. 37 % 7. 9 : 4 8. 17 : 21 9. 1 : 1 10. 2 : 3
2
11. 25 12. 30 13. 48 14. (i) 1 : 3 (ii) 4 : 3
1
15. 0.0000009 mm 16. 4 17. 18. 2 : 3, 4 : 9
6
19. 252 20. 49 21. 32 days 22. True 23. False
24. False 25. True 26. True 27. True 28. True
29. False 30. True 31. True 32. True 33. False
1. Required ratio = (5 × 1000) : 60 = 5000 : 60 = 250 : 3.

2. Number of vowels in English alphabet = 5.
Number of consonants in English alphabet = (26 – 5) = 21.
 required ratio = 21 : 5.
3. Required ratio = (2 + 2) : (4 + 2) = 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.
4. Let the required quantity be x.
Then, 49 : x : : x : 81  x 2  49  81
 x  49  81  7  9  63.
45 45  9
5. 45 : 108   [ HCF of 45 and 108 = 9]
108 108  9
5
  5 : 12.
12
3 3  75 1
6. 3 : 8     100  %  %  37 %.
8 8  2 2
225 9
7. 225%    9 : 4.
100 4
8. Let the present ages of A and B be 3x and 4x years respectively.
Then, 4x = 16  x = 4.
3 x  5 3  4  5 17
 ratio of their ages after 5 years     17 : 21.
4 x  5 4  4  5 21
9. Required ratio = (1 + 2 + 3) : (1 × 2 × 3) = 6 : 6 = 1 : 1.
10. Third side = [15.4 – (4.2 + 4.9)] cm = (15.4 – 9.1) cm = 6.3 cm.
 required ratio = 4.2 : 6.3 = 42 : 63 = 2 : 3.
11. Let the third proportional to 9 and 15 be x.
15  15
Then, 9 : 15 : : 15 : x  9x = 15 × 15  x   25.
9
12. Let the required mean proportional be x.
Then, 25 : x : : x : 36  x 2  25  36  x  25  36  5  6  30.
13. Let the fourth proportional to 4, 12 and 16 be x.
12  16
Then, 4 : 12 : : 16 : x  4x = 12 × 16  x   48.
4
14. Let Tanya’s income = ` 4x and her savings = ` x.
Then, her expenditure = ` (4x – x) = ` 3x.
(i) Ratio of savings to expenditure = x : 3x = 1 : 3.
(ii) Ratio of income to expenditure = 4x : 3x = 4 : 3.
15. Let the length of actual chain be x mm. Then,
2 : 18 : : 0.0000001 : x
 2 x  18  0.0000001
 18  0.0000001 
 x  mm  0.0000009 mm.
 2 
58
16. x : 5 : : 8 : 10  10x = 5 × 8  x   4.
10
1 1
17. Let the mean proportional between and be x.
3 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1.
Then, : x :: x :  x2     x 
3 12 3 12 36 36 6
18. Ratio of perimeters = (4 × 4) : (4 × 6) = 16 : 24 = 2 : 3.

Ratio of areas  4 2 : 6 2  16 : 36  4 : 9.
7
19. Required value  144   252.
4
20. 15 horses  21 cows
21  21 
 1 horse  cows  35 horses    35  cows = 49 cows.
15  15 
21. Time taken by 24 men to complete the job = 40 days.
Time taken by 1 man to complete the job = (40 × 24) days.
40  24
 time taken by 30 men to complete the job   32.
30
22. Required ratio = 15 : (4 × 100) = 15 : 400 = 3 : 80.
2 3
23.
3 2
2  2  3  3.
So, 2 : 3 and 3 : 2 are not equivalent.
24. Out of every 6 students, 1 fails and 5 pass.
 required ratio = 1 : 5.
25. Since the units of area and perimeter are different, they cannot be compared by a ratio.
26. 56 × 72 = 4032 = 64 × 63.
So, 56, 64 63 and 72 are in proportion.
27. 1.2 × 0.9 = 1.08 = 2.7 × 0.4.
Hence, 1.2, 2.7, 0.4 and 0.9 are in proportion.
1 1 1 1  1  1 
28. : :    12  :   12  :   12   6 : 4 : 3.
2 3 4 2  3  4 
Clearly, P’s share is the largest.
2 4
29. and are equivalent although their terms are different. Thus, two ratios are
3 6
equivalent if and only if their corresponding terms are proportional.
 10 
30. B’s share  `   1100   `1000.
 11 
1 1 7 11  7   11 
32. 3 : 5  :    2  :   2   7 : 11.
2 2 2 2 2   2 
33. Let the angles of the triangle be (4x)°, (5x)° and (6x)°.
Then, 4x + 5x + 6x = 180  15x = 180  x = 12.
 required difference = 6x – 4x = 2x = (2 × 12)° = 24°.

11 Percentage
x
1. x% = x hundredths  .
100
2. In order to convert a fraction or decimal into percentage, we multiply it
by 100.
1 1   25  1
Thus,    100  %    %  12 %.
8 8   2  2
0.05  (0.05  100)%  5%.
3. A whole is considered as 100%.
Thus, in a school if 60% of the students are boys then (100 – 60)%,
i.e., 40% are girls. In a test if 45% of the examinees have failed then
(100 – 45)%, i.e., 55% of the examinees have passed.
4. A proper fraction when expressed as percentage is less than 10%.
An improper fraction when expressed as percentage is equal to or
greater than 100%.
5. x% of y = a% of b, if xy = ab.
Thus, 40% of 100 = 20% of 200 = 80% of 50
as 40  100  20  200  80  50.
6. m% of x  n% of x  (m  n)% of x.
Thus, 5% of x  10% of x  15% of x.
50% of x  20% of x  30% of x.
7. (i) If a certain value m increases by p% then increased value of
m  (100  p)% of m.
(ii) If a certain value m decreases by p% then decreased value of
m  (100  p)% of m.
8. (i) If a quantity is increased by 100%, it gets doubled.
(ii) If a quantity is decreased by 50%, it gets halved.
(iii) A quantity may be increased by any percentage but it cannot be
decreased beyond 100%, because a quantity when decreased by
100% reduces to zero.
208
Percentage 209
EXERCISE 11A
1. What percentage of the given
figure is shaded?
(a) 38%
(b) 40%
(c) 42%
(c) 45%
2. What per cent of the given figure is

shaded?
(a) 50%
(b) 60%
(c) 65%
(d) 70%
3. What percentage of the given figure is not

shaded?
1 1
(a) 33 % (b) 37 %
3 2
1 2
(c) 62 % (d) 66 %
2 3
4
4. If the numbers , 81% and 0.801 are arranged in ascending order, the
5
correct order is
4 4
(a) , 0.801, 81% (b) 0.801, , 81%
5 5
4 4
(c) 81%, 0.801, (d) , 81%, 0.801
5 5
5. The ratio 3 : 8 is equal to

(a) 0.375% (b) 3.75% (c) 37.5% (d) 375%
2
6. can be written in percentage as
7
2 2 4
(a) % (b) 28% (c) 28 % (d) 28 %
7 7 7
7. 225% is equivalent to the ratio.
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4
8. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
2 1 2
(a) 16 %  (b) 6 %  1 : 15 (c) 1.2 = 120% (d) 0.05% = 5
3 6 3
1
9. 12 % of 20 quintals = …… kg.
2
(a) 2.5 (b) 25 (c) 125 (d) 250
10. Abhinav got 70% marks out of 600. How many marks is he short of
securing 90%?
(a) 100 (b) 120 (c) 220 (d) 350
11. A pudding is made of 200 g sugar, 800 g eggs, 600 g flour and 200 g dry
fruits. What percentage of the pudding is sugar?
1 1 1 2
(a) 3 % (b) 6 % (c) 11 % (d) 16 %
2 4 9 3
12. The adjoining figure is divided into equal

squares. How many squares should be
1
shaded to show 12 % of the whole figure?
2
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 8
(d) 12
13. Half of 1 per cent written as a decimal is

(a) 0.005 (b) 0.02 (c) 0.05 (d) 0.2
14. 140% of 56 + 56% of 140 = ?
(a) 78.4 (b) 87.4 (c) 156.8 (d) 158.6
Percentage 211
15. What per cent of 88 is 33?

1 1 1 1
(a) 34 % (b) 35 % (c) 36 % (d) 37 %
2 2 2 2
16. What per cent of 0.5p is p?
1
(a)   % (b) 20% (c) 50% (d) 200%
2
17. What is the percentage of the least number to the greatest number of the
given fractions?
3 7 1 9
, , ,
5 5 5 5
1 1 1
(a) 10% (b) 11 % (c) 12 % (d) 13 %
9 2 3
1 3
18. What per cent of is ?
2 4
(a) 50% (b) 120% (c) 125% (d) 150%
19. If 40% of 1640 + x = 35% of 980 + 150% of 850 then value of x is
(a) 372 (b) 842 (c) 962 (d) 1052
20. What percentage of numbers from 1 to 70 have squares that end in the
digit 1?
(a) 1% (b) 14% (c) 20% (d) 21%
21. If 0.03 is x% of 0.3 then the value of x is
(a) 3 (b) 10
(c) 30 (d) cannot be determined
22. Anant’s income is ` 2,40,000 per year. He pays 18% of this as house rent
and spends 10% of the remainder on the education of his children. The
money left with him is
(a) ` 172800 (b) ` 173840 (c) ` 176400 (d) ` 177120
23. If 24-carat gold is 100% pure gold then what percentage of pure gold is
there in 22-carat gold?
2 2 2 2
(a) 61 % (b) 71 % (c) 88 % (d) 91 %
3 3 3 3
24. Tanya spent 20% of the money she had on jeans and 5% on a pair of
slippers. If she is left with ` 3600, how much money did she have in the
beginning?
(a) ` 4200 (b) ` 4500 (c) ` 4800 (d) ` 5600
25. If the central angle of a sector of a circle is 60°, what percentage of the
area of the circle does this sector occupy?
1 2
(a) 12 % (b) 16 % (c) 25% (d) 30%
2 3
26. Anvi earns ` 50000 per month and spends 80% of it. Due to pay revision,
her monthly income increases by 20% but due to price rise she has to
spend 20% more. Her new savings is
(a) ` 10500 (b) ` 12000 (c) ` 12500 (d) ` 14000
27. When a number is reduced by 4, it becomes 80% of itself. The number is
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 40 (d) 50
28. 1100 girls and 700 boys are examined in a test. 42% of the girls and 30%
of the boys failed. The percentage of the total number of students who
passed is
2 4
(a) 58% (b) 60% (c) 62 % (d) 68 %
3 7
29. Ashima spent 45% of her salary on buying a mobile phone. If she had
` 19800 left after buying the phone, her salary was
(a) ` 33000 (b) ` 28400 (c) ` 32800 (d) ` 36000
30. Rohan buys goods worth ` 6650. He gets a rebate of 6% on it. After
getting the rebate, he pays 10% GST. Find the amount he will have to
pay for the goods.
(a) ` 6654 (b) ` 6876.10 (c) ` 6999.20 (d) ` 7000
31. Abhay bought a TV set worth ` 10000. He was supposed to get a discount
of 10% and then charged 8.5% GST. But the office clerk by mistake first
added GST and then took 10% off the total price. Due to this, Abhay
(a) didn’t pay anything extra (b) paid ` 550 extra
(c) paid ` 85 extra (d) paid ` 850 extra
32. It costs ` 1 to photocopy a sheet of paper. However, 2% discount is
allowed on all photocopies done after first 1000 sheets. How much will
it cost to copy 5000 sheets of paper?
(a) ` 3920 (b) ` 3980 (c) ` 4900 (d) ` 4920
33. 40% of 60% of 32% of an amount is ` 432. The amount is
(a) ` 5000 (b) ` 5600 (c) ` 6400 (d) none of these
34. 42% of a number is 892.5. Then, 78% of that number is
(a) 1636.5 (b) 1657.5 (c) 1697.5 (d) 1715.5
2
35. If 40% of 4.5 + x% of  20% of 10 then value of x is
3
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 35
36. In an examination, 65% of the total examinees passed. If the number of
failures is 420, the total number of examinees is
(a) 1000 (b) 1200 (c) 1500 (d) 1625
Percentage 213
37. 20% of the students were absent in an examination. 15% of those who
appeared, failed. If 340 students passed, what was the total number of
students?
(a) 400 (b) 450 (c) 500 (d) 550
38. The difference between 54% of a number and 26% of the same number
is 22526. What is 66% of that number?
(a) 48372 (b) 49124 (c) 51218 (d) 53097
39. What is the total number of candidates who appeared in an examination,
if 31% have failed and the number of passed candidates is 247 more
than the number of failed candidates?
(a) 650 (b) 750 (c) 800 (d) 900
40. Aditya has just finished reading 204 pages of a storybook. He plans to
finish reading the rest of the book in the next 7 days by reading the
same number of pages each day. If he reads 35% of the book in the next
5 days, how many pages does the book have?
(a) 300 (b) 400 (c) 500 (d) 600
41. In an examination, X secures 58% marks and Y secures 105 marks less
than X. If the maximum marks were 700 then what per cent of marks did
Y secure?
(a) 42% (b) 43% (c) 52% (d) None of these
42. In an examination, it is required to get 36% of the aggregate marks to
pass. A student gets 198 marks and is declared failed by 36 marks. What
is the maximum aggregate marks a student can get?
(a) 480 (b) 550
43. In a test, minimum passing percentage of marks is 36% for girls and 40%
for boys. A boy scored 483 marks and failed by 17 marks. What is the
minimum passing marks for girls?
(a) 425 (b) 450 (c) 500 (d) 525
44. A sum of money is shared among three persons A, B and C in the ratio
1 : 2 : 5. What percentage of the total money does B get?
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 40%
45. The price for a pair of cufflinks is ` 100. The price for a 5-pair pack of
cufflinks is ` 340. The 5-pair pack is what per cent cheaper per pair than
5 pairs purchased separately?
(a) 32% (b) 47% (c) 62% (d) 63%
46. In a certain test, Atul answered 18 out of 25 questions correctly. How
many per cent more correct answers than wrong answers did he get?
(a) 11% (b) 44% (c) 157% (d) 280%
47. 30% of 28% of 480 is the same as

(a) 15% of 56% of 240 (b) 60% of 28% of 240
(c) 60% of 56% of 240 (d) none of these
48. What is 25% of 25% equal to?
(a) 0.00625 (b) 0.0625 (c) 0.625 (d) 6.25
49. What per cent is 3% of 5%?
(a) 15% (b) 30% (c) 50% (d) 60%
50. David and his wife each receive an 8 per cent annual rise. If David
receives a raise of ` 800 and his wife receives a raise of ` 840, what is the
difference between their annual incomes after their raises?
(a) ` 40 (b) ` 460 (c) ` 500 (d) ` 540
25% of 50% of 100%
51. is equal to
25 of 100  50% of 100
(a) 0.0001% (b) 0.01% (c) 0.1% (d) 1%
52. By how much per cent is four fifths of 70 lesser than five sevenths of
112?
(a) 24% (b) 30% (c) 36% (d) 42%
53. Sohan decided to donate 5% of his salary. On the day of donation he
changed his mind and donated ` 1687.50, which was 75% of what he had
decided earlier. How much is Sohan’s salary?
(a) ` 33750 (b) ` 37500
54. x% of y is the same as y% of
x y
(a) x (b) 100x (c) (d)
100 100
55. If 20% of b  a then a% of 20 is the same as
(a) 4% of b (b) 5% of b (c) 20% of b (d) none of these
56. If x is 80% of y then what per cent of 2x is y?
1 2
(a) 40% (b) 62 % (c) 66 % (d) 80%
2 3
57. Subtracting 6% of x from x is equivalent to multiplying x by how much?
(a) 0.094 (b) 0.94 (c) 9.4 (d) 94
58. x% of x is the same as 10% of
x x2 x3
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
10 10 10
Percentage 215
59. If a exceeds b by x% then which one of the following equations is correct?

x bx bx
(a) a  b  (b) b  a  100 x (c) a  (d) a  b 
100 100  x 100
60. If 20% of x is the same as 30% of y then x : y is equal to
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4
61. The income of A is 10% more than that of B and the income of B is 20%
less than that of C. The ratio of the incomes of A, B and C is
(a) 11 : 10 : 12 (b) 22 : 20 : 25
(c) 9 : 8 : 10 (d) cannot be determined
2
62. 16 % of the total number of trees in an orchard are apple trees. If there
3
are 240 apple trees in the orchard then the number of other trees in the
orchard is
(a) 1050 (b) 1200 (c) 1260 (d) 1440
63. Choose the correct statement:
(a) If the ratio of Ali’s income to his savings is 4 : 1 then the percentage
of money saved by him is 20%.
(b) If the ratio of Ali’s expenditure to his savings is 4 : 1 then the
percentage of money saved by him is 20%.
(c) If the ratio of Ali’s income to his expenditure is 4 : 1 then the
percentage of money saved by him is 20%.
(d) All of these
64. Solve for x:
3 (2 x  1)  25% of x = 97.
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 20 (d) 24
65. In a class of 65 students and 4 teachers, each student got sweets that are
20% of the total number of students and each teacher got sweets that are
40% of the total number of students. How many sweets are there?
(a) 104 (b) 845 (c) 897 (d) 949
2
66. If the monthly salary of an employee is increased by 2 %, he gets ` 72
3
more. His monthly salary (in ` ) is
(a) 2000 (b) 2700 (c) 3600 (d) 7200
1
67. A number increased by 37 % gives 33. The number is
2
(a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 25 (d) 27
68. A number reduced by 25% becomes 225. By what per cent should it be
increased so that it becomes 390?
(a) 25% (b) 30% (c) 35% (d) 45%
69. 25% of Reena’s yearly income is equal to 75% of Anubhav’s monthly

income. If Anubhav’s yearly income is ` 240000, what is Reena’s monthly
income?
(a) ` 5000 (b) ` 12000
70. Aman’s expense is 30% more than Vimal’s and Vimal’s expense is 10%
less than Raman’s. If the sum of their expenses is ` 6447 then what would
be Aman’s expense?
(a) ` 1890 (b) ` 2100 (c) ` 2200 (d) ` 2457
71. Akash spends ` 89745 on his college fees, ` 51291 on personality
development classes and the remaining 27% of the total amount he had
as cash with him. What was the total amount?
(a) ` 185400 (b) ` 189600 (c) ` 191800 (d) ` 193200
72. If a number is reduced by 40%, it becomes two thirds of another number.
What is the ratio of the first number to the second number?
(a) 8 : 9 (b) 9 : 8 (c) 9 : 10 (d) 10 : 9
73. In limestone, 40% is calcium and the rest is carbon and oxygen. If in
20 kg of limestone there is 9.4 kg of oxygen then what is the percentage
of carbon in it?
(a) 12% (b) 13% (c) 14% (d) 15%
74. In an international delegation, 40% of the members were from India and
20% of these were from Delhi. What per cent of the entire delegation
was from Delhi?
(a) 8 (b) 25 (c) 32.5 (d) 50
75. The owner of a boutique decides to calculate the percentage of customers
who purchase hats. If 40% of the store’s customers decide to purchase
items and of those customers 15% purchase hats, what per cent of the
store’s customers purchase hats?
(a) 4% (b) 6% (c) 15% (d) 24%
76. Two candidates fought an election. One of them got 62% of the total
votes and won by 432 votes. What was the total number of votes polled?
(a) 1500 (b) 1600
77. In a certain election, 80% of the voters voted and the winning candidate
got elected with 65% of the votes polled. What per cent of the total votes
did he poll?
(a) 35 (b) 52 (c) 55 (d) 57
Percentage 217
78. While purchasing one item costing ` 400, I had to pay the GST at 7% and
on another costing ` 6400, the GST was 9%. What per cent GST I had to
pay, taking the two items together on an average?
13 15 1
(a) 8% (b) 8 % (c) 8 % (d) 8 %
17 17 2
79. A student secures 90%, 60% and 54% marks in test papers with 100,
150 and 200 respectively as maximum marks. The percentage of his
aggregate is
80. A and B are two fixed points 5 cm apart and C is a point on AB such that
AC is 3 cm. If the length of AC is increased by 6%, the length of CB is
decreased by
(a) 6% (b) 7% (c) 8% (d) 9%
81. A shopkeeper has a certain number of eggs of which 5% are found to be
broken. He sells 93% of the remainder and still has 266 eggs left. How
many eggs did he originally have?
82. The contents of a certain box consist of 14 apples and 23 oranges. How
many oranges must be removed from the box so that 70% of the pieces
of fruit in the box will be apples?
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 17 (d) 36
83. Gaurav spends 30% of his monthly income on food articles, 40% of the
remaining on conveyance and clothes and saves 50% of the remaining.
If his monthly salary is ` 18400, how much money does he save every
month?
(a) ` 3624 (b) ` 3864 (c) ` 4264 (d) ` 5888
84. In a test consisting of 250 questions, Alok answered 40% of the first
125 questions correctly. What per cent of the other 125 questions does
he need to answer correctly for his grade on the entire examination to
be 60%?
85. A city has a population of 3,00,000 out of which 1,80,000 are males. 50%
of the population is literate. If 70% of the males are literate then the
percentage of females who are literate is
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 35% (d) 45%
86. If the price of a book is first decreased by 25% and then increased by
20% then the net change in the price will be
(a) no change (b) 5% increase
(c) 5% decrease (d) 10% decrease
87. The price of a telephone was first increased by 10% and then the new
price was decreased by 25%. The final price was what per cent of the
initial price?
(a) 78% (b) 80% (c) 82.5% (d) 85%
88. The price of an article was first increased by 10% and then again by 20%.
If the last increased price be ` 33, the original price was
(a) ` 25 (b) ` 26.50 (c) ` 27.50 (d) ` 30
89. If the price of a commodity is decreased by 20% and its consumption
is increased by 20%, what will be the increase or decrease in the
expenditure on the commodity?
(a) 4% increase (b) 4% decrease
(c) 8% increase (d) 8% decrease
90. A number x exceeds y by 25%. y is less than x by
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 50%
91. If Anand’s income is 10% less than Rohan’s income then Rohan’s income
is more than Anand’s income by
1 1
(a) 9 % (b) 10% (c) 11 % (d) 12%
11 9
92. The price of petrol went up by 25%. In order that the expense on petrol
does not increase, one must reduce its consumption by
(a) 15% (b) 18% (c) 20% (d) 25%
93. The population of a town is 8500. It increases by 20% in the first year
and by another 25% in the second year. What would be the population
of the town after 2 years?
(a) 10950 (b) 11950 (c) 12550 (d) 12750
94. A machine was purchased for ` 80000. Its value depreciates every year
by 20%. The value of the machine at the end of 2 years is
(a) ` 51200 (b) ` 51600 (c) ` 52100 (d) ` 52400
95. Abha deposited 20% of her money in a bank. After spending 20% of
the remainder, she has ` 4800 left with her. How much money did she
originally have?
(a) ` 7200 (b) ` 7500 (c) ` 7800 (d) ` 8000
96. The population of a village is 8000. Out of these, 80% are literate and of
these literate people 40% are women. The ratio of the number of literate
women to the total population is
(a) 4 : 9 (b) 6 : 25 (c) 2 : 9 (d) 8 : 25
Percentage 219
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (c)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (d) 60. (b)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (b) 65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (d)
71. (d) 72. (d) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (a) 80. (d)
81. (b) 82. (c) 83. (b) 84. (c) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (a)
91. (c) 92. (c) 93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (d)
1. Total number of pentagons = 25.

Number of shaded pentagons = 10.
 10 
 25 
2. Total number of squares = 100.
Number of shaded squares = 60.
 60 
 100 
3. Total number of small triangles = 8.
Number of unshaded triangles = 5.
5   125  1
 required percentage    100  %    %  62 %.
8   2  2
4 4 
4.    100  %  80%.
5 5 
0.801  (0.801  100)%  80.1%.
Now, 80% < 80.1% < 81%
4
  0.801  81%.
5
3 3   75 
5. 3 : 8    100  %    %  37.5%.
8 8   2 
2 2   200  4
6.    100  %    %  28 %.
7 7   7  7
225 9
7. 225%    9 : 4.
100 4
2 50  50 1  1
8. 16 %  %     .
3 3  3 100  6
2 20  20 1  1
6 % %    1 : 15.
3 3  3 100  15
1.2  (1.2  100)%  120%.
0.05
0.05%   0.0005.
100
1  25   25 1 
9. 12 % of 20 quintals    % of (20  100) kg     2000  kg  250 kg.
2  2   2 100 
10. Required number of marks = (90% of 600 ) – (70% of 600)
 (90  70)% of 600
20
= 20% of 600   600  120.
100
11. Quantity of sugar = 200 g.
Total quantity of pudding  (200  800  600  200) g  1800 g.
 200  1
 percentage of sugar    100  %  11 %.
 1800  9
12. Total number of small squares = 40.
1  25 1 
Required number of shaded squares  12 % of 40     40   5.
2  2 100 
1 1 1 0.01
13. of 1%  of   0.005.
2 2 100 2
14. 140% of 56 + 56% of 140
140 56 7840 7840
  56   140  
100 100 100 100
 78.4  78.4  156.8.
 33   75  1
15. Required percentage    100  %    %  37 %.
 88   2  2
 p   100  10 
16. Required percentage    100  %    %  200%.
 0.5 p   5 
1
17. Least fraction  .
5
9
Greatest fraction  .
5
1 5   100  1
 required percentage     100  %    %  11 %.
5 9   9  9
3 
18. Required percentage    2  100  %  150%.
4 
19. Let 40% of 1640  x  35% of 980  150% of 850.
40 35 150
Then,  1640  x   980   850
100 100 100
 656  x  343  1275
 x  1618  656  962.
20. We know that numbers having 1 or 9 in the unit’s place have squares ending in 1.
So, numbers from 1 to 70 having squares that end in the digit 1 are 1, 9, 11, 19, 21, 29,
31, 39, 41, 49, 51, 59, 61, 69. Clearly, there are 14 such numbers.
Percentage 221
Total number of numbers from 1 to 70 = 70.

 14 
 70 
21. x% of 0.3 = 0.03
x 0.03  100 3
  0.3  0.03  x    10.
100 0.3 0.3
22. Amount paid as house rent = 18% of ` 2,40,000
 18 
= `  240000   ` 43200.
 100 
Balance = ` (240000 – 43200) = ` 196800.
Amount spent on education = 10% of ` 196800.
 10 
= `  196800   ` 19680.
 100 
 money left with Anant = ` (196800 – 19680) = ` 177120.
23. Percentage of pure gold in 24 carat = 100.
 100  275 2
 percentage of pure gold in 22 carat    22    91 .
 24  3 3
24. Let the total money Tanya had in the beginning be ` x.
Then, percentage of money spent = (20 + 5)% = 25%.
Percentage of money left  (100  25)%  75%.
75 3600  100
 75% of x  3600   x  3600  x   4800.
100 75
 60   50  2
25. Required percentage    100  %    %  16 %.
 360   3  3
26. Initial monthly income = ` 50000.
 80 
Amount spent initially = 80% of ` 50000  `   50000   ` 40000.
 100 
Initial saving = ` (50000 – 40000) = ` 10000.
 20 
Increase in income = 20% of ` 50000 = `   50000   ` 10000
 100 
New income = ` (50000 + 10000) = ` 60000.
 20 
Increase in amount spent = 20% of ` 40000  `   40000   ` 8000.
 100 
New amount spent = ` (40000 + 8000) = ` 48000.
New saving = ` (60000 – 48000) = ` 12000.
27. Let the number be x.
80 4x
Then, x  4  80% of x  x  4  x
100 5
4x x
 x 4  4
5 5
 x  4  5  20.
28. Total number of students = 1100 + 700 = 1800.
Number of students who failed the test = 42% of 1100 + 30% of 700
 42 30 
  1100   700   462  210  672.
 100 100 
 number of students who passed the test  1800  672  1128.

 1128   188  2
Required percentage    100  %    %  62 %.
 1800   3  3
29. Let Ashima’s salary be ` x.
Percentage of salary spent = 45%.
Percentage of salary left  (100  45)%  55%.
55 19800  100
 55% of x  19800   x  19800  x   36000.
100 55
30. Worth of goods = ` 6650.
 6 
Rebate = 6% of 6650  `   6650   ` 399.
 100 
Billed amount  ` (6650  399)  ` 6251.
Amount paid as GST = 10% of ` 6251.
 10 
= `  6251   ` 625.10.
 100 
 total amount paid for the goods = ` (6251 + 625.10) = ` 6876.10.
31. CASE I Worth of TV set = ` 10000.
 10 
Discount = 10% of ` 10000  `   10000   ` 1000.
 100 
Discount price = ` (10000 – 1000) = ` 9000.
 85 1 
Amount paid as GST = 8.5% of ` 9000  `    9000   ` 765.
 10 100 
 total amount payable = ` (9000 + 765) = ` 9765.
CASE II Worth of TV set = ` 10000.
 85 1 
Amount paid as GST = 8.5% of ` 10000  `    10000   ` 850.
 10 100 
Amount with GST = ` (10000 + 850) = ` 10850.
 10 
Discount = 10% of ` 10850  `   10850   ` 1085.
 100 
 final amount payable = ` (10850 – 1085) = ` 9765.
32. Clearly, the person will pay ` 1000 for the first 1000 sheets and get 2% discount on the
remaining ` 4000 (for next 4000 sheets).
 2 
Discount = 2% of ` 4000  `   4000   ` 80.
 100 
 total cost = ` (5000 – 80) = ` 4920.
33. Let the amount be ` x.
Then, 40% of 60% of 32% of ` x = ` 432.
40 60 32
    x  432
100 100 100
432  100  100  100
 x  5625.
40  60  32
Percentage 223

42
Then, 42% of x = 892.5   x  892.5
100
892.5  100 89250
 x 
42 42
 x  2125.
 required value = 78% of 2125
78 3315
  2125   1657.5.
100 2
2
35. Let 40% of 4.5 + x% of  20% of 10.
3
40 x 2 20
Then,  4.5     10
100 100 3 100
x x
 1.8  2   0.2  x  150  0.2  30.
150 150
36. Let the total number of examinees be x.
Then, percentage of failures  (100  65)%  35%.
35 100
 35% of x  420   x  420  x  420   1200.
100 35
37. Let the total number of students be x.
20 x
Number of students absent = 20% of x  x  .
100 5
x 4x
Number of students present  x   .
5 5
4 x 15 4 x 3 x
Number of students failed = 15% of    .
5 100 5 25
4 x 3 x 20 x  3 x 17 x
Number of students passed     .
5 25 25 25
17 x 25
  340  x  340   500.
25 17
Then, (54% of x) – (26% of x) = 22526
 28% of x = 22526
100
 x  22526   80450.
28
 66 
 required value = 66% of 80450    80450   ` 53097.
 100 
39. Let the total number of candidates be x.
Percentage of failed candidates = 31%.
Percentage of passed candidates  (100  31)%  69%.
 (69% of x) – (31% of x) = 247
100
 38% of x  247  x  247   650.
38
 35 
40. Percentage of book read in 7 days    7  %  49%.
 5 
Percentage of book read before  (100  49)%  51%.
Let the total number of pages in the book be x.

100
Then, 51% of x  204  x  204   400.
51
 58 
41. Marks secured by X = 58% of 700    700   406.
 100 
Marks secured by Y  ( 406  105)  301.
 301 
 percentage of marks secured by Y    100  %  43%.
 700 
42. Let the maximum marks be x.
Passing marks = 198 + 36 = 234.
36
 36% of x  234   x  234
100
100
 x  234   650.
36
43. Let the maximum marks be x.
Then, passing marks for boys = 483 + 17 = 500.
40
 40% of x  500   x  500
100
500  100
 x  1250.
40
36
Passing marks for girls = 36% of 1250   1250  450.
100
44. Let the shares of A, B and C be x, 2x and 5x respectively.
 2x  2 
 required percentage    100  %    100  %  25%.
 x  2x  5x  8 
45. Price of each pair purchased separately = ` 100
 340 
Price of each pair in 5-pair pack  `    ` 68.
 5 
Difference in price  ` (100  68)  ` 32.
 32 
Required percentage    100  %  32%.
 100 
46. Number of correct answers = 18.
Number of wrong answers = (25 – 18) = 7.
Difference = 18 – 7 = 11.
 11   1100  1
 required percentage    100  %    %  157 %  157%.
7   7  7
30
47. (a) 15  56  240   (28  2)  240  30  28  240  30  28  480.
2
(b) 60  28  240  (30  2)  28  240  30  28  480.
 60% of 28% of 240 = 30% of 28% of 480.
(c) 60  56  240  (30  2)  (28  2)  240
 30  28  480  2  30  28  480.
25 25 625
48. 25% of 25%     0.0625.
100 100 10000
Percentage 225
 3% 
49. Required percentage    100  %
 5% 
 3 100 
   100  %  60%.
 100 5 
50. Let David’s annual income be ` x and his wife’s annual income be ` y.
100
Then, 8% of x  800  x  800   10000.
8
100
And, 8% of y  840  x  840   10500.
8
 required difference = ` (10500 – 10000) = ` 500.
25 50 100
 
25% of 50% of 100% 1 1
51.  100 100 100  
25 of 100  50% of 100 2500  50 8  2500  50 1000000
 100
100
 1  1
  100  %  %  0.0001%.
 1000000  10000
4 4
52. of 70   70  56.
5 5
5 5
of 112   112  80.
7 7
Difference  (80  56)  24.
 24 
 80 
53. Let Sohan’s salary be ` x.
Then, amount decided by Sohan for donation
 5  x
= 5% of ` x  `   x  ` .
 100  20
 x   75 x   3x 
Amount actually donated by Sohan = 75% of `    `     `  .
 20   100 20   80 
3x 1687.50  80
  1687.50  x   45000.
80 3
54. Since xy  yx , so x% of y = y% of x.
20 b
55. 20% of b = a  a  b  .
100 5
b b 1  b
 a% of 20    % of 20     20  
5  5 100  25
1  1 
 of b    100  % of b
25  25 
= 4% of b.
80 4y
56. x  80% of y  y  .
100 5
 y   5 
 required percentage    100  %   y   100  %
 2x   8y 
 125  1
  %  62 %.
 2  2
57. x  6% of x  100% of x  6% of x.
 (100  6)% of x  94% of x
94
  x  0.94 x.
100
58. x% of x = 10% of ?
x 10 x 2 100 x 2
 x  ?  ?    .
100 100 100 10 10
x bx
59. a  b  x% of b  b  b  b  .
100 100
20 30
60. 20% of x  30% of y  x  y
100 100
x 3
 2 x  3 y  
y 2
        x : y = 3 : 2.
61. Let C’s income be ` 100.
Then, B’s income = ` (100 – 20% of 100) = ` (100 – 20) = ` 80.
A’s income = ` (80 + 10% of 80) = ` (80 + 8) = ` 88.
 A : B : C = 88 : 80 : 100 = 22 : 20 : 25.
62. Let the total number of trees in the orchard be x.
2 50 1
Then, 16 % of x  240    x  240
3 3 100
3
 x  240   100  1440.
50
   number of other trees in the orchard = 1440 – 240 = 1200.
63. (a) When ratio of income to savings is 4 : 1
Let income = ` (4x) and savings = ` x.
 x 
Then, percentage of money saved    100  %  25%.
 4x 
(b) When ratio of expenditure to savings is 4 : 1
Let expenditure = ` (4x) and savings = ` x.
Then, income  ` ( 4 x  x )  ` (5 x ).
 x 
 percentage of money saved    100  %  20%.
 5x 
(c) When ratio of income to expenditure is 4 : 1
Let income = ` (4x) and expenditure = ` x.
Then, savings  ` ( 4 x  x )  ` (3 x ).
 3x 
 percentage of money saved    100  %  75%.
 4x 
64. 3 (2 x  1)  25% of x  97
25 x
 6x  3   x  97  6 x   100
100 4
24 x  x 400
  100  25x = 400  x   16.
4 25
Percentage 227
 20 
65. Number of sweets that each student got = 20% of 65    65   13.
 100 
 40 
Number of sweets that each teacher got = 40% of 65    65   26.
 100 
 total number of sweets  65  13  4  26  845  104  949.
66. Let the monthly salary be ` x.
2 8 1
Then, 2 % of x  72    x  72
3 3 100
72  3  100
 x  2700.
8
 1 1
Then,  100  37  % of x = 33  137 % of x = 33
 2 2
275 1
   x  33
2 100
33  2  100
 x  24.
275
75 225  100
Then, (100  25)% of x  225   x  225  x   300.
100 75
Required increase = 390 – 300 = 90.
 90 
 increase %    100  %  30%.
 300 
 240000 
69. Anubhav’s monthly income  `    ` 20000.
 12 
Let Reena’s yearly income be ` x.
Then, 25% of x = 75% of 20000
25 75
 x   20000  15000
100 100
100
 x  15000   60000.
25
 60000 
 Reena’s monthly income  `    ` 5000.
 12 
70. Let Raman’s expense be ` x.
 90   9x 
Then, Vimal’s expense  (100  10)% of ` x  `   x   `  .
 100   10 
 9x   130 9 x   117 x  .
Aman’s expense = (100 + 30)% of `    `     ` 
 10   100 10   100 
9 x 117 x 100 x  90 x  117 x 307 x .
 x   
10 100 100 100
307 x 6447  100
  6447  x   2100.
100 307
 117  2100 
Hence, Aman’s expense  `    ` 2457.
 100 
71. Percentage of total amount spent  (100  27 )%  73%.

Let the total amount be ` x.
Then, 73% of x  89745  51291  141036
100
 x  141036   193200.
73
72. Let the first number be x and the second number be y.
2 60 2 x 2 100 10
Then, (100 – 40)% of x  y   x  y    
3 100 3 y 3 60 9
       x : y = 10 : 9.
 9.4 
73. Percentage of oxygen in limestone    100  %  47%.
 20 
Percentage of calcium in limestone = 40%.
 percentage of carbon  [100  ( 40  47 )]%  (100  87 )%  13%.
74. Let the total number of delegates be 100.
40
Then, number of delegates from India = 40% of 100   100  40.
100
20
Number of delegates from Delhi = 20% of 40   40  8.
100
 8 
 100 
75. Let the total number of customers be 100.
Then, number of customers who purchase items
40
= 40% of 100   100  40.
100
Number of customers who purchase hats
15
= 15% of 40   40  6.
100
 6 
 100 
76. Percentage of votes secured by the winning candidate = 62%.
Percentage of votes secured by the defeated candidate = (100 – 62)% = 38%.
Let the total number of votes polled be x.
Then, 62% of x  38% of x  432
 (62  38)% of x  432
100
 24% of x = 432  x  432   1800.
24
77. Let the total number of votes be 100.
 80 
Then, total number of votes polled = 80% of 100    100   80.
 100 
 65 
Votes polled by the winning candidate = 65% of 80    80   52.
 100 
 52 
 100 
Percentage 229
78. Total amount paid as GST = ` (7% of 400 + 9% of 6400)

 7 9 
 `  400   6400 
 100 100 
= ` (28 + 576) = ` 604.
 percentage of total amount paid as GST
 604   151  15
  100  %    %  8 %.
 6800   17  17
79. Total marks secured by the student
= 90% of 100 + 60% of 150 + 54% of 200
90 60 54
  100   150   200
100 100 100
 90  90  108  288.
Total maximum marks = 100 + 150 + 200 = 450.
 288 
 aggregate percentage    100  %  64%.
 450 
80. AB = 5 cm, AC = 3 cm.
So, CB = AB – AC = (5 – 3) cm = 2 cm.
New length of AC  (100  6)% of 3 cm
 106   318 
  3  cm    cm  3.18 cm.
 100   100 
New length of CB = (6 – 3.18) cm = 1.82 cm.
Decrease in length of CB = (2 – 1.82) cm = 0.18 cm.
 0.18 
 decrease %    100  %  9%.
 2 
81. Let the original number of eggs be x.
Percentage of intact eggs = (100 – 5)% of x
95 19 x .
= 95% of x  x 
100 20
Percentage of eggs sold = 93%.
Percentage of eggs left  (100  93)%  7%.
19 x 7 19 x
 7% of  266    266
20 100 20
266  100  20
 x  4000.
7  196
82. Let x oranges be removed.
Then, total number of fruits  14  23  x  37  x.
70
 70% of (37  x )  14   (37  x )  14
100
14  100
 37  x   20
70
         x  37  20  17.
83. Gaurav’s monthly salary = ` 18400.
Money spent on food articles = 30% of ` 18400
 30 
 `  18400   ` 5520.
 100 
Balance = ` (18400 – 5520) = ` 12880.

Money spent on conveyance and clothes = 40% of ` 12880
 40 
 `  12880   ` 5152.
 100 
Balance = ` (12880 – 5152) = ` 7728.
 50 
Money saved = 50% of ` 7728  `   7728   ` 3864.
 100 
84. Number of questions to be answered correctly from the last 125 questions
= 60% of 250 – 40% of 125
 60   40 
  250     125 
 100   100 
 150  50  100.
 100 
 125 
85. Total population = 300000.
 50 
Literate population = 50% of 300000    300000   150000.
 100 
Number of males = 180000.
70
Number of literate males = 70% of 180000   180000  126000.
100
Number of literate females  (150000  126000)  24000.
Total number of females = 300000 – 180000 = 120000.
 24000 
 percentage of females who are literate    100  %  20%.
 120000 
86. Let the original price of the book be ` 100.
Price after 25% decrease = (100 – 25)% of ` 100
 75 
 `  100   ` 75.
 100 
Final price after 20% increase = (100 + 20)% of ` 75
 120 
 `  75   ` 90.
 100 
Net decrease in price = ` (100 – 90) = ` 10.
 10 
 decrease %    100  %  10%.
 100 
87. Let the initial price of the telephone be ` 100.
Then, price after 10% increase = (100 + 10)% of ` 100
 110 
 `  100   ` 110.
 100 
Final price after 25% decrease = (100 – 25)% of 110
 75 
 `  110   ` 82.50.
 100 
 82.5 
 required percentage    100  %  82.5%.
 100 
Percentage 231
88. Let the original price be ` 100.

Price after 10% increase  (100  10)% of ` 100
 110 
 `  100   ` 110.
 100 
Final price after 20% increase = (100 + 20)% of ` 110.
 120 
 `  110   ` 132.
 100 
If the final price is ` 132 then original price = ` 100.
 100 
If the final price is ` 33 then original price  `   33   ` 25.
 132 
89. Let the original consumption be 100 units and original price be ` 100 per unit.
Then, original expenditure = ` (100 × 100) = ` 10000.
New price per unit = ` 80.
New consumption = ` 120.
New expenditure = ` (80 × 120) = ` 9600.
Decrease in expenditure = ` (10000 – 9600) = ` 400.
 400 
 decrease %    100  %  4%.
 10000 
125 5y .
90. x = (100 + 25)% of y = 125% of y  y 
100 4
5y 5y  4y y .
xy y 
4 4 4
y 1  y 4 
 required percentage     100  %     100  %  20%.
4 x   4 5 y 
91. Let Rohan’s income be ` 100.
Then, Anand’s income = ` 90.
Difference = ` (100 – 90) = ` 10.
 10   100  1
 90   9  9
92. Let the original consumption of petrol be 100 units and original price be ` 100 per unit.
Then, original expenditure = ` (100 × 100) = ` 10000.
New price = ` 125 per unit.
New expenditure = ` 10000.
 10000 
 new consumption    units = 80 units.
 25 
Reduction in consumption = (100 – 80) units = 20 units.
 20 
 percentage reduction    100  %  20%.
 100 
 120 
93. Population after first year = (100 + 20)% of 8500    8500   10200.
 100 
 125 
Population after 2 years = (100 + 25)% of 10200    10200   12750.
 100 
94. Value of the machine after 1 year = (100 – 20)% of ` 80000

 80 
 `  80000   ` 64000.
 100 
Value of the machine after 2 years = (100 – 20)% of ` 64000
 80 
 `  64000   ` 51200.
 100 
95. Let the original amount be ` x.
Amount left after depositing 20% in bank = (100 – 20)% of ` x
 80   4x 
 `  x   `  .
 100   5 
 4x 
Amount left after spending 20% of remainder = (100 – 20)% of `  
 5 
 80 4 x   16 x  .
 `    ` 
 100 5   25 
16 x 25
  4800  x  4800   7500.
25 16
96. Total population = 8000.
 80 
Literate population = 80% of 8000    8000   6400.
 100 
 40 
Number of literate women = 40% of 6400    6400   2560.
 100 
 required ratio = 2560 : 8000 = 8 : 25.
EXERCISE 11B
true.
1. 6.25% expressed as a decimal is equal to …… .
2. Tanya has 16 red bangles, 12 blue bangles, 8 green bangles and 20 yellow
bangles in her collection. The percentage of red bangles in her collection
is …… .
3. 25 mL is …… % of 5 litres.
4. If 33% of the population of a town are females then …… % of the
population are males.
5. A sample of fruit contains 84% water. Then, …… % of the fruit contains
pulp.
6. If 45% of the population of a town are men, 40% are women then the
percentage of children is …… .
Percentage 233
7. A drum contained 250 litres of kerosene. If 5 litres of kerosene leaks

from it then the percentage of kerosene left in the drum is …… .
8. If a quantity is increased by a% then its value becomes …… % of its
original value.
9. If a quantity is decreased by x% then its value becomes …… % of its
original value.
10. If A is increased by 150%, it equals B. Then, B is …… % of A.
11. If A is increased by 20%, it equals B. If B is decreased by 50%, it equals
C. Then, …… % of A is equal to C.
12. If 18% of x equals 72 then x is equal to …… .
13. If a is 50% of b then a is …… % of 2b.
14. If a  3b then b is …… % of a.
15. If x  5 y then x is …… % more than y.
16. If p  4q then p is …… % of q.
17. The sum of a number and its 80% is 279. The number is …… .
18. If a man pays for a bill of ` 2800 in cash, he gets a discount of ` 70. The
percentage of cash discount offered is …… .
19. 84% of x  56% of x = …… % of x.
20. If a quantity is first increased by 10% and then again increased by 10%
then the overall increase in its value is …… %.
true or false.
2 2
21.  66 %. ……
3 3
22. 0.08 is equivalent to 8%. ……
23. 0.018 is equivalent to 18%. ……
24. 120% of 10 is 12. ……
25. 50% more than 120 is 180. ……
1
26. 33 % of 500 is 150. ……
3
3
27. 0.375% expressed as a fraction is . ……
800
28. A man’s salary increased from ` 18000 to ` 20000. The percentage
increase in his salary was 20%. ……
29. 250 cm is 4% of 1 km. ……
30. 8 hours is 5% of 4 days. ……
31. If 25% of a journey is 600 km, the total distance of the journey is 2500 km.
……
32. A girl who obtains 96 marks out of 200 gets 48% marks. ……
33. If a quantity increases by 100%, it becomes twice of its original value.
……
34. When an improper fraction is converted into percentage then the answer
may be less than, equal to or greater than 100. ……
35. We can increase or decrease a quantity by 150%. ……
36. a% of p + b% of p  ( a  b)% of p. ……
37. a% of b  b% of a. ……
38. 20% of 56 = 40% of 28 = 10% of 112. ……
39. If 50% of x  80% of y then x : y = 5 : 8. ……
40. 1% of 100  100% of 1  0. ……
4
1. 0.0625 2. 28 % 3. 0.5% 4. 67%
7
5. 16% 6. 15% 7. 98% 8. (100 + a)
9. (100 – x) 10. 250% 11. 60% 12. 400
1
13. 25 14. 33 % 15. 400% 16. 400%
3
17. 155 18. 2.5% 19. 28% 20. 21%
33. True 34. False 35. False 36. True
 625   625 1  625

1. 6.25%   %      0.0625.
 100   100 100  10000
2. Number of red bangles = 16.
Total number of bangles = 16 + 12 + 8 + 20 = 56.
 16   200  4
 percentage of red bangles    100  %    %  28 %.
 56   7  7
 25 
3. Required percentage    100  %  0.5%.
 5000 
4. Percentage of males  (100  33)%  67%.
5. Percentage of pulp  (100  84)%  16%.
Percentage 235
6. Percentage of children  [100  ( 45  40)]%  (100  85)%  15%.

7. Quantity of kerosene left = (250 – 5) litres = 245 litres.
 245 
 percentage of kerosene left    100  %  98%.
 250 
10. B  (100  150)% of A  250% of A.
120 6A
11. B  (100  20)% of A  120% of A  A .
100 5
 50 6 A  3 A .
C  (100  50)% of B    
 100 5  5
C   3A 1 
 required percentage    100  %     100  %  60%.
A   5 A 
18 72  100
12. 18% of x  72   x  72  x   400.
100 18
50 b
13. a = 50% of b  b  .
100 2
 a  b 1 
 required percentage    100  %     100  %  25%.
 2b   2 2b 
14. a  3b.
b   b  1
 required percentage    100  %    100  %  33 %.
a   3b  3
15. x  5 y.
Difference  x  y  5 y  y  4 y.
 4y 
 y 
16. p  4q.
p   4q 
 required percentage    100  %    100  %  400%.
 q   q 
80
Then, x  80% of x  279  x   x  279
100
4x
 x   279
5
9x 5
           279   x  279   155.
5 9
 70 
18. Percentage of cash discount    100  %  2.5%.
 2800 
19. 84% of x  56% of x  (84  56)% of x = 28% of x.
20. Let the original quantity be 100.
 110 
Then, value after 10% increase  (100  10)% of 100    100   110.
 100 
 110 
Final value after second 10% increase  (100  10)% of 110    110   121.
 100 
Overall increase in value  (121  100)  21.
 21 
Overall increase %    100  %  21%.
 100 
2 2   200  2
21.    100  %    %  66 %.
3 3   3  3
22. 0.08  (0.08  100)%  8%.
23. 0.018  (0.018  100)%  1.8%.
 120 
24. 120% of 10    10   12.
 100 
 150 
25. 50% more than 120 = (100 + 50)% of 120    120   180.
 100 
1 100 1 500 2.
26. 33 % of 500    500   166
3 3 100 3 3
 375   375 1  3 .
27. 0.375%   %    
 1000   1000 100  800
28. Increase in salary = ` (20000 – 18000) = ` 2000.
 2000   100  1
 increase %    100  %    %  11 %.
 18000   9  9
 250  1
29. Percentage of 250 cm to 1 km    100  %  %.
 1000  100  4
30. 4 days  ( 4  24) hours = 96 hours.
 8   25  1
 percentage of 8 hours to 4 days    100  %    %  8 %.
 96   3  3
100
31. 25% of x  600  x  600   2400 km.
25
 96 
32. Percentage of marks    100  %  48%.
 200 
35. We cannot decrease a quantity beyond 100%.
38. 20  56  40  28  10  112.
So, 20% of 56 = 40% of 28 = 10% of 112.
50 80
39. 50% of x = 80% of y  x  y
100 100
x 4y x 8
     x : y = 8 : 5.
2 5 y 5
1 100
40. 1% of 100  100% of 1   100   1  1  1  0.
100 100

12 Profit and Loss
1. COST PRICE (CP) The price at which an article is purchased is called its cost
price.
2. SELLING PRICE (SP) The price at which an article is sold is called its selling
price.
3. OVERHEAD EXPENSES Additional expenses made after buying an article
are called overhead expenses. These may include charges on repair,
transportation, etc. Overhead expenses are added to CP.
4. PROFIT OR GAIN If SP > CP then the seller has a profit/gain given by:
Gain = SP – CP.
5. LOSS If SP < CP then the seller incurs a loss given by:
Loss = CP – SP.
6. Loss or gain is always reckoned on the cost price.
 Gain 
 gain %    100  %
 CP 
 Loss 
and loss%    100  %.
 CP 
7. If the profit/gain per cent is x% then
 100  x 
SP  (100  x )% of CP     CP.
 100 
If the loss per cent is y% then
 100  y 
SP  (100  y )% of CP     CP.
 100 
Thus, (i) if an article is sold at a gain of 20% then SP = 120% of CP;
(ii) if an article is sold at a loss of 20% then SP = 80% of CP.
100
8. CP   SP.
(100  gain%)
100
CP   SP.
(100  loss%)
237
EXERCISE 12A
1. Select the incorrect match.
SP (in ` ) CP (in ` ) Profit/Loss %
(a) 1526 1400 9% gain
(b) 6786 7812 13% loss
(c) 96 80 20% gain
1
(d) 7000 8000 12 % loss
2
2. A man buys an article for ` 27.50 and sells it for ` 28.60. His gain
per cent is
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 8% (d) 12%
3. A vendor purchased 70 kg of potatoes for ` 420 and sold the whole lot at
the rate of ` 6.50 per kg. What will be his gain per cent?
1 1 1
(a) 4 % (b) 6 % (c) 8 % (d) 20%
6 4 3
4. Anant purchased 20 dozen of toys at the rate of ` 375 per dozen. He sold
these toys at the rate of ` 33 per piece. What was his percentage profit?
(a) 3.5% (b) 4.5% (c) 5.6% (d) 6.5%
5. A farmer bought a buffalo for ` 44000 and a cow for ` 18000. He sold
the buffalo at a loss of 5% but made a profit of 10% on the cow. The net
result of the transaction is
(a) loss of ` 200 (b) profit of ` 200
(c) loss of ` 400 (d) profit of ` 400
6. A fruit seller bought 120 apples at ` 4 each. He sold 60% of the apples at
` 5 each and the remaining at ` 3.50 each. His profit or loss per cent is
1 1
(a) 7 % profit (b) 10% profit (c) 7 % loss (d) 10% loss
2 2
7. A trader purchased pens at the rate of ` 42 per dozen. If he earns a profit
2
of 14 %, the selling price of the pens per dozen is
7
(a) ` 45 (b) ` 48 (c) ` 52 (d) ` 54
8. 400 oranges were bought at ` 125 per hundred and were sold at a profit
of ` 100. The SP of the orange per dozen is
(a) ` 12 (b) ` 18 (c) ` 20 (d) ` 24
Profit and Loss 239
9. A trader buys some goods for ` 150. If the overhead expenses be 12% of
cost price then at what price should it be sold to earn 10%?
(a) ` 184.80 (b) ` 185.80 (c) ` 187.80 (d) ` 188.80
10. If an article is sold at 20% profit then the ratio of its cost price to its
selling price is
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 6
11. If the ratio of cost price and selling price of an article be 10 : 11, the
percentage of profit is
1 1
(a) 9 % (b) 10% (c) 11% (d) 11 %
11 9
1
12. A trader sells an article and loses 12 %. The ratio of cost price to the
2
selling price is
(a) 7 : 8 (b) 8 : 7 (c) 8 : 9 (d) 9 : 8
13. A person buys an article for ` p and sells it for ` q thereby gaining r%.
The selling price in terms of cost price may be written as
pr r (100  p)
(a) q  (b) q 
100 100
p (100  r ) p (100  r )
(c) q  (d) q 
100 100
14. Sanjay purchased 150 stools and 250 chairs @ ` 450 and ` 550 respectively.
What should be the overall average selling price of stools and chairs so
that 36% profit is earned?
(a) ` 663 (b) ` 697 (c) ` 612 (d) ` 748
15. A man purchased 10 dozen pens at the rate of ` 40 per dozen. On
checking, he found that 20 pens were not working. In order to earn 25%
profit, he should sell the remaining pens each at
(a) ` 4 (b) ` 4.40 (c) ` 5 (d) ` 5.50
16. Abhinav purchased 120 reams of paper at ` 80 per ream. He spent ` 280
on transportation, paid duty at the rate of 40 paise per ream and paid
` 72 to the coolie. If he wants to have a gain of 8%, what must be the
selling price per ream?
(a) ` 86 (b) ` 87.48 (c) ` 89 (d) ` 90
17. A person bought 20 litres of milk at the rate of ` 8 per litre. He got it
churned after spending ` 10 and 5 kg of cream and 20 litres of toned
milk were obtained. If he sold the cream at ` 30 per kg and toned milk at
` 4 per litre, his profit in the transaction is
(a) 25% (b) 35.3% (c) 37.5% (d) 42.5%
18. Jacob bought a scooter for a certain sum of money. He spent 10% of the
cost on repairs and sold the scooter for a profit of ` 1100. How much did
he spend on repairs if he made a profit of 20%?
(a) ` 400 (b) ` 440 (c) ` 500 (d) ` 550
19. By selling a bicycle for ` 3480, a person loses 25%. The CP of the bicycle is
(a) ` 4200 (b) ` 4320 (c) ` 4500 (d) ` 4640
20. By selling an article for ` 2850, a shopkeeper gains 14%. If the profit is
reduced to 8% then the selling price will be
(a) ` 2600 (b) ` 2700 (c) ` 2800 (d) ` 3000
21. By selling a shirt for ` 285, a shopkeeper loses 5%. At what price should
he sell the shirt to gain 15%?
(a) ` 295 (b) ` 300 (c) ` 325 (d) ` 345
22. When a television set is sold for ` 18700, the dealer loses 15%. At what
price must it be sold in order to gain 15%?
(a) ` 21000 (b) ` 22500 (c) ` 25300 (d) ` 25800
23. A property dealer sells a plot of land for ` 6,30,000 and in the bargain
makes a profit of 5%. Had he sold it for ` 5,00,000 then what percentage
of loss or gain he would have made?
1 1 2
(a) 2 % gain (b) 10% loss (c) 12 % loss (d) 16 % loss
4 2 3
24. In a furniture shop, 30 tables were bought at the rate of ` 400 per table.
The shopkeeper sold 18 of them at the rate of ` 600 per table and the
remaining at the rate of ` 500 per table. The gain or loss per cent of the
shopkeeper is
(a) 32.33% loss (b) 28.57% loss (c) 40% gain (d) 44% gain
25. A grocer bought 100 eggs for ` 180. Out of these, 16 eggs were found
to be broken and he sold the remaining eggs at the rate of ` 25.20 per
dozen. His gain or loss per cent is
(a) 2% gain (b) 2% loss (c) 4% loss (d) 5% loss
26. A shopkeeper sells one article for ` 840 at a gain of 20% and another for
` 960 at a loss of 4%. His total gain or loss per cent is
15 15 2
(a) 5 % loss (b) 5 % gain (c) 6 % gain (d) none of these
17 17 3
4
27. If the selling price of an article is of its cost price, the profit in the
3
transaction is
2 1 1 1
(a) 16 % (b) 20 % (c) 25 % (d) 33 %
3 2 2 3
Profit and Loss 241
28. The ratio between the SP and the CP of an article is 7 : 5. What is the ratio
between the profit and the CP of the article?
(a) 2 : 7 (b) 7 : 2 (c) 2 : 5 (d) 5 : 2
29. By selling a pen for ` 15, a man loses one sixteenth of what it costs him.
The CP of the pen is
(a) ` 16 (b) ` 18 (c) ` 20 (d) ` 21
30. 10% loss on selling price is what per cent loss on the cost price?
1 2 1
(a) 9 % (b) 9 % (c) 25% (d) 33 %
11 11 3
1
31. If loss is of SP, the loss percentage is
3
2 1
(a) 16 % (b) 20% (c) 25% (d) 33 %
3 3
32. Abhay buys an article at 20% discount on the list price and sells it at 20%
higher price than the list price. His percentage gain is
2
(a) 20% (b) 40% (c) 50% (d) 66 %
3
33. The profit earned after selling an article for ` 1754 is the same as loss
incurred after selling the article for ` 1492. The CP of the article is
(a) ` 1523 (b) ` 1589 (c) ` 1623 (d) ` 1689
34. The profit earned by selling an article for ` 832 is equal to the loss
incurred when the same article is sold for ` 448. What should be the
selling price for making 50% profit?
(a) ` 920 (b) ` 960 (c) ` 1060 (d) ` 1200
35. If the cost price of 15 books is equal to the selling price of 20 books, the
loss per cent is
(a) 16 (b) 20 (c) 24 (d) 25
36. If the cost price of 10 articles is equal to the selling price of 7 articles then
the gain or loss per cent is
6 6
(a) 35% loss (b) 42 % loss (c) 42 % gain (d) 51% gain
7 7
37. A man sold 18 cots for ` 16800, gaining thereby the cost price of 3 cots.
The cost price of a cot is
(a) ` 650 (b) ` 700 (c) ` 750 (d) ` 800
38. A shopkeeper bought 20 chairs for ` 12000 and sold them at a profit
equal to the selling price of 4 chairs. The selling price of 1 chair is
(a) ` 700 (b) ` 725 (c) ` 750 (d) ` 775
39. A vendor loses the selling price of 4 oranges on selling 36 oranges. His
loss per cent is
1
(a) 10% (b) 11% (c) 12 % (d) none of these
2
40. Ramlal bought a bicycle for ` 900 and sold it to Sohan at a profit of 5%
who used it for 2 years and later sold it to Madan at a loss of 20%. How
much did Madan pay for it?
(a) ` 684 (b) ` 1026 (c) ` 1134 (d) ` 756
41. A man bought apples at the rate of 8 for ` 34 and sold them at the rate of
12 for ` 57. How many apples should he sell to earn a net profit of ` 45?
(a) 90 (b) 100 (c) 135 (d) 150
42. Anand makes a profit of ` 110 if he sells a certain number of pencils he
has at the price of ` 2.50 per pencil and incurs a loss of ` 55 if he sells the
same number of pencils for ` 1.75 per pencil. How many pencils does
Anand have?
(a) 200 (b) 220
43. Vinay bought 1600 clips at ` 3.75 a dozen. He sold 900 of them at 2 for ` 1
and the remaining at 5 for ` 2. His gain per cent is
(a) 40% (b) 42% (c) 45% (d) 46%
44. Lemons are bought at 5 for ` 10 and sold at 6 for ` 15. The profit
per cent is
(a) 25% (b) 35% (c) 40% (d) 50%
45. A man sold 10 eggs for ` 5 and gained 20%. How many eggs did he buy
for ` 5?
25
(a) 12 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d)
12
46. A fruit seller buys lemons at 2 for a rupee and sells them at 5 for ` 3. His
profit per cent is
(a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25
47. A man bought pencils at the rate of 6 for ` 4 and sold them at the rate of
4 for ` 6. His gain in the transaction is
(a) 75% (b) 80% (c) 100% (d) 125%
48. A vendor bought toffees at 6 for a rupee. How many for a rupee must he
sell to gain 20%?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
49. Pens are bought at the rate of 8 for ` 100. To make a profit of 60%, these
must be sold at
(a) 5 for ` 100 (b) 6 for ` 100 (c) 9 for ` 200 (d) none of these
Profit and Loss 243
50. By selling 12 toffees for a rupee, a man loses 20%. How many for a rupee
should he sell to get a gain of 20%?
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 15
51. If 5% more is gained by selling an article for ` 350 than by selling it for
` 340, the cost of the article is
(a) ` 50 (b) ` 160 (c) ` 200 (d) ` 225
1
52. An increase of ` 3 in the selling price of an article turns a loss of 7 %
2
1
into a gain of 7 %. The cost price of the article is
2
(a) ` 10 (b) ` 15 (c) ` 20 (d) ` 25
1
53. A shopkeeper sells an article at 12 % loss. If he sells it for ` 92.50 more
2
then he gains 6%. The cost price of the article is
(a) ` 500 (b) ` 510 (c) ` 575 (d) ` 600
1
54. A dealer sold an article at a loss of 2 %. Had he sold it for ` 100 more,
2
1 1
he would have gained 7 %. To gain 12 %, he should sell it for
2 2
(a) ` 850 (b) ` 925 (c) ` 1080 (d) ` 1125
55. Rahul purchased 120 tables at a price of ` 110 per table. He sold 30 tables
at a profit of ` 12 per table and 75 tables at a profit of ` 14 per table. The
remaining tables were sold at a loss of ` 7 per table. What is the average
profit per table?
(a) ` 10.04 (b) ` 10.875 (c) ` 12.80 (d) ` 12.875
56. Hemant sold 10 articles for a total profit of ` 460 and 12 articles for a total
profit of ` 144. At what profit per article should he sell the remaining 20
articles so that he gets an average profit of ` 18 per article?
(a) ` 7.40 (b) ` 7.60 (c) ` 7.80 (d) ` 8
1
57. I purchased 120 exercise books at the rate of ` 3 each and sold of them
3
1
at the rate of ` 4 each, of them at the rate of ` 5 each and the rest at the
2
cost price. My profit per cent is
2 4
(a) 44% (b) 44 % (c) 44 % (d) 45%
3 9
58. A grocer bought 30 kg of wheat at the rate of ` 9.50 per kg and 40 kg of

wheat at the rate of ` 8.50 per kg and mixed them. He sold the mixture
at the rate of ` 8.90 per kg. His total profit or loss in the transaction was
(a) loss of ` 2 (b) profit of ` 2 (c) loss of ` 7 (d) profit of ` 7
59. A shopkeeper purchased 25 kg of rice at the rate of ` 32 per kg and 15 kg
of rice at the rate of ` 36 per kg. He mixed the two varieties of rice and
sold it at the rate of ` 40.20 per kg. What is the per cent profit earned?
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 40
60. A man purchased 30 kg of wheat at the rate of ` 11.50 per kg and 20 kg
of wheat at the rate of ` 14.25 per kg. He mixed the two and sold the
mixture. At what price per kg should he sell the mixture to make 40%
profit?
(a) ` 16.38 (b) ` 17.01 (c) ` 17.64 (d) ` 18.27
61. A tea merchant blends two varieties of tea in the ratio of 5 : 4. The
cost of first variety is ` 200 per kg and that of the second variety is
` 300 per kg. If he sells the blended tea at the rate of ` 275 per kg, the
profit or loss per cent is
1 1
(a) 10% profit (b) 10% loss (c) 12 % profit (d) 12 % loss
2 2
62. A shopkeeper sold two watches for ` 1955 each, gaining 15% on one
and losing 15% on the other. His gain or loss per cent in the whole
transaction is
1 1
(a) 2 % profit (b) 3% profit (c) 2 % loss (d) 3% loss
4 4
63. Prateek sold a music system to Kartik at 20% gain and Kartik sold it to
Sameer at 40% gain. If Sameer paid ` 10500 for the music system, what
amount did Prateek pay for the same?
(a) ` 6250 (b) ` 7500
64. A car worth ` 150000 was sold by X to Y at 5% profit. Y sold the car back
to X at 2% loss. In the entire transaction
(a) X gained ` 4350 (b) X lost ` 4350
(c) X gained ` 3150 (d) X lost ` 3150
65. A dealer sold three fourth of his articles at a gain of 20% and the remainder
at cost price. The gain earned by him in the whole transaction is
(a) 15% (b) 20% (c) 25% (d) 30%
66. A man bought goods worth ` 6000 and sold half of them at a gain of
10%. At what gain per cent must he sell the remainder so as to get a gain
of 25% on the whole?
(a) 25% (b) 30% (c) 35% (d) 40%
Profit and Loss 245
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (a) 55. (d) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (c)
61. (c) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (a) 66. (d)
1. (a) CP = ` 1400; SP = ` 1526.
Gain = ` (1526 – 1400) = ` 126.

 126 
 gain %    100  %  9%.
 1400 
(b) CP = ` 7812; SP = ` 6786.
Loss = ` (7812 – 6786) = ` 1026.
 1026   1425 
 loss %    100  %    %  13.44%.
 7812   106 
(c) CP = ` 80, SP = ` 96.
Gain = ` (96 – 80) = ` 16.
 16 
 gain %    100  %  20%.
 80 
(d) CP = ` 8000, SP = ` 7000.
Loss = ` (8000 – 7000) = ` 1000.
 1000   100  1
 loss %    100  %    %  12 %.
 8000   8  2
2. CP = ` 27.50, SP = ` 28.60.
Gain = ` (28.60 – 27.50) = ` 1.10.
 1.10 
 gain %    100  %  4%.
 27.50 
3. Total CP = ` 420.
Total SP = ` (70 × 6.50) = ` 455.
Gain = ` (455 – 420) = ` 35.
 35   25  1
 gain %    100  %    %  8 %.
 420   3  3
4. Total CP = ` (375 × 20) = ` 7500.
Total SP = ` (33 × 20 × 12) = ` 7920.
Profit = ` (7920 – 7500) = ` 420.
 420 
 profit %    100  %  5.6%.
 7500 
5. Total CP = ` (44000 + 18000) = ` 62000.

Total SP = (100 – 5)% of ` 44000 + (100 + 10)% of ` 18000
 95 110 
 `  44000   18000 
 100 100 
= ` (41800 + 19800) = ` 61600.
 loss = ` (62000 – 61600) = ` 400.
6. Total CP = ` (120 × 4) = ` 480.
Total SP = ` [(60% of 120) × 5 + (40% of 120) × 3.50]
= ` (72 × 5 + 48 × 3.50) = ` (360 + 168) = ` 528.
Profit = ` (528 – 480) = ` 48.
 48 
 profit %    100  %  10%.
 480 
7. CP per dozen = ` 42.
2
Profit %  14 %.
7
 2
 SP per dozen   100  14  % of ` 42
 7
 2 
  114 % of ` 42 
 7 
 800 1 
 `   42   ` 48.
 7 100 
 400 
8. CP of 400 oranges  `   125   ` 500.
 100 
SP of 400 oranges = ` (500 + 100) = ` 600.
 600 
 SP of oranges per dozen  `   12   ` 18.
 400 
9. CP = ` 150.
 12 
Overhead expenses = 12% of ` 150  `   150   ` 18.
 100 
Total cost = ` (150 + 18) = ` 168.
Profit % = 10%.
 110 
SP = (100 + 10)% of ` 168  `   168   ` 184.80.
 100 
10. Let CP of the article be ` 100.
Profit % = 20%.
 SP of the article = ` 120.
Hence, required ratio = 100 : 120 = 5 : 6.
11. Let CP = ` 10x and SP = ` 11x.

Profit = ` (11x – 10x) = ` x.
 x 
 profit %    100  %  10%.
 10 x 
Profit and Loss 247
12. Let CP of the article be ` 100.

1
Loss %  12 %.
2
1
 SP of the article  ` 87 .
2
1 175
Hence, required ratio  100 : 87  100 :
2 2
= 200 : 175 = 8 : 7.
13. CP = ` p, SP = ` q, gain% = r%.
(100  r ) p
 q  (100  r )% of ` p  .
100
14. Total CP of 150 stools and 250 chairs = ` (450 × 150 + 550 × 250)
= ` (67500 + 137500) = ` 205000.
Profit % = 36%.
Total desired SP = (100 + 36)% of ` 205000
 136 
 `  205000   ` 278800
 100 
 278800   278800 
 average SP per piece  `    `   ` 697.
 150  250   400 
15. Total CP = ` (40 × 10) = ` 400.
Number of pens left to be sold = (10 × 12 – 20) = (120 – 20) = 100.
Profit % = 25%.
Total desired SP = (100 + 25)% of ` 400
 125 
 `  400   ` 500.
 100 
 500 
 SP per pen  `    ` 5.
 100 
16. Total cost of 120 reams = ` (80 × 120 + 280 + 0.40 × 120 + 72)
= ` (9600 + 280 + 48 + 72) = ` 10000.
Gain % = 8%.
SP of 120 reams = (100 + 8)% of ` 10000
 108 
 `  10000   ` 10800.
 100 
 10800 
 SP per ream  `    ` 90.
 120 
17. Total CP = ` (20 × 8 + 10) = ` 170.
Total SP = ` (5 × 30 + 20 × 4) = ` (150 + 80) = ` 230.
Profit = ` (230 – 170) = ` 60.
 60   600 
 profit %    100  %    %  35.29%  35.3%.
 170   17 
18. Let the CP of the scooter be ` x.

 x   11x  .
Total cost including overheads = ` (x + 10% of x)  `  x    `  
 10   10 
11x 20 11x
 20% of  1100    1100
10 100 10
11x 1100  50
  1100  x   5000.
50 11
 10 
Hence, money spent on repairs = 10% of x  `   5000   ` 500.
 100 
19. SP = ` 3480, loss % = 25%.
 100 
 CP  `   3480   ` 4640.
 75 
20. SP = ` 2850, gain % = 14%.
 100 
CP  `   2850   ` 2500.
 114 
Now, CP = ` 2500, profit % = 8%.
 108 
 SP = (100 + 8)% of ` 2500  `   2500   ` 2700.
 100 
21. SP = ` 285, loss = 5%.
 100 
 CP  `   285   ` 300.
 95 
Now, CP = ` 300, gain = 15%.
 115 
 SP  `   300   ` 345.
 100 
22. SP = ` 18700, loss % = 15%.
 100 
 CP  `   18700   ` 22000.
 85 
Now, CP = ` 22000, gain % = 15%.
 115 
 SP  `   22000   ` 25300.
 100 
23. SP = ` 630000, profit = 5%.
 100 
CP  `   630000   ` 600000.
 105 
Now, CP = ` 600000, SP = ` 500000.
Loss = ` (600000 – 500000) = ` 100000.
 100000   50  2
 loss %    100  %    %  16 %.
 600000   3  3
24. Total CP = ` (400 × 30) = ` 12000.
Total SP = ` (600 × 18 + 500 × 12) = ` (10800 + 6000) = ` 16800.
Gain = ` (16800 – 12000) = ` 4800.
 4800 
 gain %    100  %  40%.
 12000 
Profit and Loss 249
25. Total CP = ` 180.

Remaining eggs = (100 – 16) = 84.
 25.20 
SP per egg  `    ` 2.10.
 12 
Total SP = ` (2.10 × 84) = ` 176.40.
Loss = ` (180 – 176.40) = ` 3.60.
 3.6 
 loss%    100  %  2%.
 180 
26. Total SP = ` (840 + 960) = ` 1800.
 100 100 
Total CP  `   840   960 
 120 96 
= ` (700 + 1000) = ` 1700.
Gain = ` (1800 – 1700) = ` 100.
 100   100  15
 gain %    100  %    %  5 %.
 1700   17  17
 4x 
27. Let CP = ` x. Then, SP  `   .
 3 
 4x  x
Profit  `   x   `  .
 3  3
x 1   100  1
 profit %     100  %    %  33 %.
3 x   3  3
28. Let SP = ` 7x and CP = ` 5x.
Profit = ` (7x – 5x) = ` 2x.
 required ratio = 2x : 5x = 2 : 5.
29. Let CP of the pen be ` x.
 x 
Then, loss  `   .
 16 
x 15 x
 x  15   15
16 16
15  16
 x  16.
15
30. Let SP be ` 100.
Then, loss = ` 10, CP = ` (100 + 10) = ` 110.
 10   100  1
 loss %    100  %    %  9 %.
 110   11  11
x
31. Let SP = ` x. Then, loss  `   .
3
 x  4x 
CP  `  x    ` .
 3  3 
x 3 
 loss %     100  %  25%.
 3 4x 
32. Let the list price of the article be ` 100.

Then, CP = ` 80, SP = ` 120.
Gain = ` (120 – 80) = ` 40.
 40 
 gain %    100  %  50%.
 80 
33. Let CP of the article be ` x. Then,
1754 – x = x – 1492  2x = 1754 + 1492 = 3246
 x = 1623.
34. Let CP of the article be ` x. Then,
832 – x = x – 448  2x = 832 + 448 = 1280
 x = 640.
Now, CP = ` 640, profit % = 50%.
 150 
 SP  `   640   ` 960.
 100 
35. Let the CP of 1 book be ` 1. Then,
CP of 20 books = ` 20.
SP of 20 books = CP of 15 books = ` 15.
Loss = ` (20 – 15) = ` 5.
 5 
 loss %    100  %  25%.
 20 
36. Let the CP of 1 article be ` 1. Then,
CP of 7 articles = ` 7,
SP of 7 articles = CP of 10 articles = ` 10.
Gain = ` (10 – 7) = ` 3.
3   300  6
 gain %    100  %    %  42 %.
7   7  7
37. SP of 18 cots – CP of 18 cots = CP of 3 cots
 SP of 18 cots = CP of 21 cots
 CP of 21 cots = ` 16800
 16800 
 CP of 1 cot  `    ` 800.
 21 
38. SP of 20 chairs – CP of 20 chairs = SP of 4 chairs
 SP of 16 chairs = CP of 20 chairs.
 SP of 16 chairs = ` 12000
 12000 
 SP of 1 chair  `    ` 750.
 16 
39. CP of 36 oranges – SP of 36 oranges = SP of 4 oranges
 CP of 36 oranges = SP of 40 oranges.
Let CP of each orange be ` 1. Then,
CP of 40 oranges = ` 40.
SP of 40 oranges = CP of 36 oranges = ` 36.
Profit and Loss 251
Loss = ` (40 – 36) = ` 4.

 4 
 loss %    100  %  10%.
 40 
40. CP of bicycle for Ramlal = ` 900.
CP of bicycle for Sohan = SP of bicycle for Ramlal
 105 
 `  900   ` 945.
 100 
CP of bicycle for Madan = SP of bicycle for Sohan
 80 
 `  945   ` 756.
 100 
41. LCM of 8 and 12 = 24.
 34 
CP of 24 apples  `   24   ` 102.
 8 
 57 
SP of 24 apples  `   24   ` 114.
 12 
Profit = ` (114 – 102) = ` 12.
To earn a profit of ` 12, apples sold = 24.
 24 
To earn a profit of ` 45, apples sold    45   90.
 12 
42. Suppose Anand has x pencils. Then,
2.50x – 110 = 1.75x + 55  2.50x – 1.75x = 165  0.75x = 165
 165  100 
 x   220.
 75 
 3.75 
43. Total CP of 1600 clips  `   1600   ` 500.
 12 
 900 2
Total SP of 1600 clips  `   700   = ` (450 + 280) = ` 730.
 2 5
Gain = ` (730 – 500) = ` 230.
 230 
 gain %    100  %  46%.
 500 
44. LCM of 5 and 6 = 30.
 10 
CP of 30 lemons  `   30   ` 60.
 5 
 15 
SP of 30 lemons  `   30   ` 75.
 6 
 profit = ` (75 – 60) = ` 15.
 15 
Profit %    100  %  25%.
 60 
45. SP of 10 eggs = ` 5. Gain = 20%.
 100   25 
CP of 10 eggs  `   5  ` .
 120   6 
 25 
For `   , number of eggs bought = 10.
 6 
 6 
For ` 5, number of eggs bought   10   5   12.
 25 
46. LCM of 2 and 5 = 10.
1 
CP of 10 lemons  `   10   ` 5.
2 
3 
SP of 10 lemons  `   10   ` 6.
5 
Profit = ` (6 – 5) = ` 1.
1 
 profit %    100  %  20%.
5 
47. LCM of 6 and 4 = 12.
4 
CP of 12 pencils  `   12   ` 8.
6 
6 
SP of 12 pencils  `   12   ` 18.
4 
Gain = ` (18 – 8) = ` 10.
 10 
 gain%    100  %  125%.
 8 
48. CP of 6 toffees = ` 1.
Profit % = 20%.
 120  6
SP of 6 toffees  `  ` .
 100  5
6
For ` , tofffees sold = 6.
5
 6 5
For ` 1, toffees sold   6    6   5.
 5 6
49. CP of 8 pens = ` 100. Profit = 60%.
 160 
SP of 8 pens  `   100   ` 160.
 100 
For ` 160, pens sold = 8.
 8 
For ` 100, pens sold    100   5.
 160 
50. SP of 12 toffees = ` 1. Loss % = 20%.
 100  5
CP of 12 toffees  `   1  `   .
 80  4
5
Now, CP of 12 toffees  `   , gain = 20%.
4
 120 5  3
 SP of 12 toffees  `     ` .
 100 4  2
Profit and Loss 253
3
For ` , toffees sold = 12.
2
 3  2
For ` 1, toffees sold   12     12    8.
 2  3
51. Let the CP of the article be ` x.
Then, 5% of x = 350 – 340  5% of x = 10
10  100
 x  200.
5
52. Let the CP of the article be ` x.
 1  1
Then,  100  7  % of x   100  7  % of x = 3.
 2  2
1 1
 107 % of x  92 % of x  3
2 2
 1 1
  107  92  % of x = 3
 2 2
3  100
 15% of x = 3  x   20.
15
53. Let the CP of the article be ` x. Then,
 1
(100 + 6)% of x   100  12  % of x = 92.50
 2
1
 106% of x  87 % of x = 92.50
2
 1
  106  87  % of x = 92.50.
 2
1
 18 % of x = 92.50
2
37 1 92.50  100  2
   x  92.50  x   500.
2 100 37
54. Let CP of the article be ` x.
 1  1
Then,  100  7  % of x   100  2  % of x = 100
 2  2
1 1
 107 % of x  97 % of x = 100
2 2
100  100
 10% of x = 100  x   1000.
10
1
Now, CP = ` 1000, gain %  12 %.
2
 1
SP   100  12  % of ` 1000.
 2
 225 1 
 `   1000   ` 1125.
 2 100 
55. CP of 120 tables = ` (110 × 120) = ` 13200.
SP of 120 tables = ` (122 × 30 + 124 × 75 + 15 × 103)
= ` (3660 + 9300 + 1545) = ` 14505.
Profit = ` (14505 – 13200) = ` 1305.
 1305 
 average profit per table  `    ` 10.875.
 120 
56. Total number of articles = 10 + 12 + 20 = 42.
Total desired profit = ` (18 × 42) = ` 756.
Total profit earned on 22 articles = ` (460 + 144) = ` 604.
Profit on remaining 20 articles = ` (756 – 604) = ` 152.
 152 
 profit per article  `    ` 7.60.
 20 
57. Total CP of 120 exercise books = ` (120 × 3) = ` 360.
Total SP of 120 exercise books = ` (40 × 4 + 60 × 5 + 20 × 3) = ` (160 + 300 + 60) = ` 520.
Profit = ` (520 – 360) = ` 160.
 160   400  4
 profit %    100  %    %  44 %.
 360   9  9
58. Total CP = ` (9.50 × 30 + 8.50 × 40) = ` (285 + 340) = ` 625.
Total SP = ` (8.90 × 70) = ` 623.
Loss = ` (625 – 623) = ` 2.
59. Total CP = ` (32 × 25 + 36 × 15) = ` (800 + 540) = ` 1340.
Total SP = ` (40.20 × 40) = ` 1608.
Profit = ` (1608 – 1340) = ` 268.
 268 
 profit %    100  %  20%.
 1340 
60. Total CP of mixture = ` (11.50 × 30 + 14.25 × 20) = ` (345 + 285) = ` 630.
Profit % = 40%.
 140 
Total SP of mixture  `   630   ` 882.
 100 
 882 
 SP per kg  `    ` 17.64.
 50 
61. Let 5 kg of first variety be mixed with 4 kg of second variety. Then,
CP of 9 kg of mixture = ` (200 × 5 + 300 × 4) = ` (1000 + 1200) = ` 2200.
SP of 9 kg of mixture = ` (275 × 9) = ` 2475.
Profit = ` (2475 – 2200) = ` 275.
 275  25 1
 profit %    100  %  %  12 %.
 2200  2 2
62. Total SP of two watches = ` (1955 × 2) = ` 3910.

 100 100 
Total CP of two watches  `   1955   1955  = ` (1700 + 2300) = ` 4000.
 115 85 
Loss = ` (4000 – 3910) = ` 90.
 90  9 1
 loss%    100  %    %  2 %.
 4000  4 4
Profit and Loss 255
63. Suppose Prateek bought the music system for ` x.

 120   6x 
Then, CP of music system for Kartik  `   x  ` 
 100   5 
 140 6 x   42 x 
CP of music system for Sameer  `     ` 
 100 5   25 
42 x 10500  25
  10500  x   ` 6250.
25 42
64. CP of car for X = ` 150000.
 105 
CP of car for Y = SP of car for X  `   150000   ` 157500.
 100 
 98 
SP of car for Y  `   157500   ` 154350.
 100 
 X sold the car for ` 157500 and bought it again for ` 154350.
Hence, X gained ` (157500 – 154350) = ` 3150.
65. Let the total CP of the articles be ` x.
 120 3 x x 
Then, total SP  `    
 100 4 4 
 360 x x   460 x   23 x  .
 `    `   ` 
 400 4   400   20 
 23 x   3x 
Gain  `   x  ` .
 20   20 
 3x 1 
 gain%     100  %  15%.
 20 x 
 125 
66. Total desired SP  `   6000   ` 7500.
 100 
 110 
SP of half of the goods  `   3000   ` 3300.
 100 
SP of remaining half of the goods = ` (7500 – 3300) = ` 4200.
Gain on remaining half of goods = ` (4200 – 3000) = ` 1200.
 1200 
 gain %    100  %  40%.
 3000 
EXERCISE 12B
true.
1. If I bought an article for ` 100 and sold it at a gain of ` 30 then my gain
per cent is …… .
2. If I sold an article for ` 100 and lost ` 30 then my loss per cent is …… .
3. A bicycle is purchased for ` 1800 and sold at a profit of 12%. Its selling
price is …… .
4. A cricket bat was purchased for ` 800 and sold for ` 1600. The profit
per cent is …… .
5. An article is sold at a price which is thrice its cost price. The profit earned
is …… %.
6. Abhay sells a toy for ` 75 and suffers a loss of ` 8. The loss per cent
is …… .
7. Anand bought a mobile phone for ` 12500 and sold it at a profit of 13%.
He sold it for …… .
8. If an article bought for ` 100 is sold at a loss of 5% instead of a gain of 5%
then the shopkeeper gets …… less.
9. Anita lost 20% by selling a washing machine for ` 13500. She had bought
the machine for …… .
10. If books bought at prices ranging from ` 300 to ` 450 are sold at prices
ranging from ` 400 to ` 525, the greatest possible profit that might be
made in selling 8 books is …… .
11. An article is sold for a price which is one third of its cost price. The loss
incurred is …… %.
1
12. If a man gains of the cost price of an article, his gain per cent is …… .
6
1
13. If a man gains of the selling price of an article, his gain per cent is …… .
3
14. A shopkeeper purchased 24 books at the rate of ` 450 each. If he sold 16
of them at the rate of ` 600 per book and the rest at the rate of ` 400 per
book, his gain or loss per cent is …… .
15. Rohan purchased a machine for ` 80000 and spent ` 5000 on repairs and
` 1000 on transport. On selling it for ` 107500, he earns a profit of ……
and …… %.

true or false.
16. If I bought an article for ` 100 and lost ` 30 on selling it then my loss
per cent is 30%. ……
17. If I sold an article for ` 100 and gained ` 30 then my gain per cent is 30%.
……
18. The CP of an article is ` 3300. If it is sold at a loss of 10% then its SP is
` 3000. ……
19. If the CP of 15 pens is equal to the SP of 20 pens, the shopkeeper incurs
a loss. ……
20. If a chair is bought for ` 2000 and is sold at a gain of 10% then the SP of
the chair is ` 2100. ……
Profit and Loss 257
21. By selling a book for ` 50, a shopkeeper suffers a loss of 10%. The cost
price of the book is ` 60. ……
22. If a bicycle was sold for ` 650 and bought for ` 585 then the percentage of
profit is 10. ……
23. Overhead expenses are added to the cost price of the article. ……
24. Profit or loss is always reckoned on the selling price. ……
25. A man sells two articles for ` 100 each. On one he gains 10% and on the
other he loses 10%. Thus, he neither gains nor loses in the deal. ……
26. A man buys two articles for ` 1225 each. On one he gains 18% and on the
other he loses 18%. Thus, he neither gains nor loses in the deal. ……
27. The list price of an article is ` 100. A dealer buys it at 5% less than the list
price and sells it at 5% more than the list price. Then, his gain per cent
is 10%. ……
28. If a vendor buys balloons at 3 for a rupee and sells them at 2 for a rupee
1
then he gains 33 %. ……
3
29. A vendor purchased 720 lemons at ` 120 per hundred. 10% of the
lemons were found rotten which he sold at ` 50 per hundred. If he sells
the remaining lemons at ` 125 per hundred then his profit will be 16%.
……
30. If A buys an article for ` 30 and sells it for ` 45 while B buys it for ` 50 and
sells it for ` 65 then both earn the same percentage of profit. ……
1
1. 30% 2. 23 % 3. ` 2016 4. 100%
13
53
5. 200% 6. 9 % 7. ` 14125 8. ` 10
83
2 2
9. ` 16875 10. ` 1800 11. 66 % 12. 16 %
3 3
14
13. 50% 14. 18 % 15. ` 21500, 25% 16. True
27
17. False 18. False 19. True 20. False
29. False 30. False

1. CP = ` 100, gain = ` 30.
 30 
 gain%    100  %  30%.
 100 
2. SP = ` 100, loss = ` 30,
CP = ` (100 + 30) = ` 130.
 30   300  1
 loss%    100  %    %  23 %.
 130   13  13
3. CP = ` 1800, profit = 12%.
 112 
SP  `   1800   ` 2016.
 100 
4. CP = ` 800, SP = ` 1600.
Profit = ` (1600 – 800) = ` 800.
 800 
 profit %    100  %  100%.
 800 
5. Let CP = ` x. Then, SP = ` 3x.
Profit  ` (3 x  x )  ` 2 x.
 2x 
 profit %    100  %  200%.
 x 
6. SP = ` 75, loss = ` 8.
CP = ` (75 + 8) = ` 83.
 8   800  53
 loss %    100  %    %  9 %.
 83   83  83
7. CP = ` 12500. Profit % = 13%.
 113 
 SP  `   12500   ` 14125.
 100 
8. Required difference = (100 + 5)% of ` 100 – (100 – 5)% of ` 100
= ` (105 – 95) = ` 10.
9. SP = ` 13500. Loss = 20%.
 100 
 CP  `   13500   ` 16875.
 80 
10. Greatest possible profit on selling 1 book = maximum SP – minimum CP
= ` (525 – 300) = ` 225.
 greatest possible profit on selling 8 books = ` (225 × 8) = ` 1800.
x
11. Let CP = ` x. Then, SP  ` .
3
 x 2x
Loss  `  x    ` .
 3 3
 2x 1   200  2
 loss %     100  %    %  66 %.
 3 x   3  3
 x .
12. Let CP = ` x. Then, gain = `  
6
x 1   50  2
 gain %     100  %    %  16 %.
6 x   3  3
Profit and Loss 259
x
13. Let SP = ` x. Then, gain = ` .
3
 x  2x 
CP  `  x    ` .
 3  3 
x 3 
 gain %     100  %  50%.
 3 2x 
14. Total CP of 24 books = ` (450 × 24) = ` 10800.
Total SP of 24 books = ` (600 × 16 + 400 × 8).
= ` (9600 + 3200) = ` 12800.
Gain = ` (12800 – 10800) = ` 2000.
 2000   500  14
 gain %    100  %    %  18 %.
 10800   27  27
15. Total cost of the machine = ` (80000 + 5000 + 1000) = ` 86000.
SP = ` 107500.
Profit = ` (107500 – 86000) = ` 21500.
 21500 
 profit %    100  %  25%.
 86000 
16. CP = ` 100; loss = ` 30.
 30 
 loss %    100  %  30%.
 100 
17. SP = ` 100, gain = ` 30.
CP = ` (100 – 30) = ` 70.
 30   300  6
 gain %    100  %    %  42 %.
 70   7  7
18. CP = ` 3300, loss = 10%.
 90 
SP  `   3300   ` 2970.
 100 
19. Let CP of each pen be ` 1. Then,
CP of 20 pens = ` 20,
SP of 20 pens = CP of 15 pens = ` 15.
Loss = ` (20 – 15) = ` 5.
20. CP = ` 2000, gain% = 10%.
 110 
SP  `   2000   ` 2200.
 100 
21. SP = ` 50, loss = 10%.
 100   500 
CP  `   50   `    ` 55.55.
 90   9 
22. SP = ` 650, CP = ` 585.
Profit = ` (650 – 585) = ` 65.
 65  1
 profit %    100  %  11 %.
 585  9
24. Profit or loss is always reckoned on the cost price.

25. Total SP of 2 articles = ` 200.
 100 100   1000 1000 
Total CP of 2 articles  `   100   100   `   
 110 90   11 9 
 9000  11000   20000  .
 `   ` 
 99   99 
 20000   20000  19800   200  .
 loss  `   200   `    ` 
 99   99   99 
26. Total CP = ` (1225 × 2) = ` 2450.
 118 82   200 
Total SP  `   1225   1225   `   1225   ` 2450.
 100 100   100 
Clearly, there is neither gain nor loss.
27. CP = ` 95, SP = ` 105.
Gain = ` (105 – 95) = ` 10.
 10   200  10
 gain %    100  %    %  10 %.
 95   19  19
28. LCM of 3 and 2 = 6.
1 
CP of 6 balloons  `  6  ` 2
3 
1 
SP of 6 balloons  `   6   ` 3.
2 
Gain = ` (3 – 2) = ` 1.
1 
 gain %    100  %  50%.
2 
 120 
29. CP of 720 lemons  `   720   ` 864.
 100 
Number of rotten lemons = 10% of 720 = 72.
 50 
SP of rotten lemons  `   72   ` 36.
 100 
 125 
SP of remaining 648 lemons  `   648   ` (5  162)  ` 810.
 100 
Total SP of 720 lemons = ` (36 + 810) = ` 846.
Loss = ` (864 – 846) = ` 18.
 15 
30. Profit % earned by A    100  %  50%.
 30 
 15 
Profit % earned by B    100  %  30%.
 50 

13 Simple Interest
1. PRINCIPAL The money borrowed is called the principal or sum, denoted

by P.
2. INTEREST The additional money paid by the borrower to the lender for
having used his money is called the interest.
3. AMOUNT The total money paid by the borrower to the lender is called
the amount, denoted by A.
Clearly, amount = principal + interest.
4. RATE The interest on ` 100 for 1 year is known as the rate per cent per
annum, denoted by R% p.a.
5. SIMPLE INTEREST If interest is calculated uniformly on the original
principal throughout the loan period is called simple interest, denoted
by SI.
6. Let principal = ` P, rate = R% p.a. and time = T years.
P  RT
Then, SI 
100
Also, we have
100  SI 100  SI 100  SI
(i) P  (ii) R  (iii) T 
RT P T PR
7. (i) If time is given in months, we convert it into years by using the
formula:
number of months .
Number of years 
12
(ii) If time is given in days, we convert it into years by using the formula:
number of days .
Number of years 
365
8. In calculating the number of days, we do not count the day on which the
money is deposited but the date of withdrawal is counted.
261
EXERCISE 13A
1. The interest on ` 5000 at the rate of 15% per annum for one month is
(a) ` 62.50 (b) ` 75 (c) ` 625 (d) ` 750
2. A farmer borrowed ` 3600 at 15% simple interest per annum. At the end
of 4 years, he cleared this account by paying ` 4000 and a cow. The cost
of the cow is
(a) ` 1000 (b) ` 1200 (c) ` 1550 (d) ` 1760
3. Amit borrows ` 520 from Gagan at a simple interest of 13% per annum.
What amount of money should Amit pay to Gagan after 6 months to
clear the debt?
(a) ` 353.80 (b) ` 453.80 (c) ` 552.80 (d) ` 553.80
4. A shopkeeper borrowed ` 15000 from a bank at 18% p.a. on Jan 8, 2019
and returned the money on June 3, 2019 so as to clear the debt. The
amount that he paid was
5. A person borrows ` 5000 for 2 years at 4% p.a. simple interest. He

1
immediately lends it to another person at 6 % p.a. for 2 years. His gain
4
in the transaction per year is
(a) ` 112.50 (b) ` 125 (c) ` 150 (d) ` 225
6. Equal sums of ` 7200 each were lent to A and B at 5% per annum for
a period of 4 years and 5 years respectively. Find the difference of the
interest paid by A and B.
(a) ` 140 (b) ` 260 (c) ` 360 (d) ` 560
7. For investing money in a firm, Ritesh and Mukesh get interest at the
rate of 18% per annum. What interest will they get after 6 years if they
deposit ` 10000 with the firm now and ` 5000 three years hence?
(a) ` 13500 (b) ` 14020 (c) ` 15062 (d) ` 16000
8. Find the value of q  p.
Principal (in ` ) Rate (% p.a.) Time (in years) SI (in ` )

1000 13 2 p
q 15 5 750
(a) 260 (b) 540 (c) 740 (d) 1000
Simple Interest 263
9. The simple interest on ` 10 for 4 months at the rate of 3 paise per rupee
per month is
(a) ` 1.20 (b) ` 1.60 (c) ` 2.40 (d) ` 3.60
3
10. At which sum the simple interest at the rate of 3 % per annum will be
4
1
` 210 in 2 years?
3
(a) ` 1580 (b) ` 2400 (c) ` 2800 (d) None of these
11. The sum of money that amounts to ` 332 in 9 months at the rate of 5%
p.a. is
(a) ` 300 (b) ` 312 (c) ` 315 (d) ` 320
12. A sum invested at 5% simple interest per annum grows to ` 504 in

1
4 years. The same sum at 10% simple interest per annum in 2 years
2
will grow to
(a) ` 420 (b) ` 450 (c) ` 525 (d) ` 550
13. In how many years will ` 900 yield an interest of ` 324 at 12% p.a.
simple interest?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1
14. In what time will ` 72 become ` 81 at 6 % p.a. simple interest?
4
(a) 2 years (b) 2 years 6 months
(c) 3 years (d) 4 years
15. How much time will it take for an amount of ` 450 to yield ` 81 as interest
1
at 4 % per annum simple interest?
2
1 1
2 2
1
16. A sum of ` 1600 lent at SI of 12 % per annum will become twice in
2
17. A businessman borrowed some money at 1% per month. After some
time, he settled the debt by paying ` 14750. If the total interest was
` 2950, find the time.
(a) 1 year 8 months (b) 2 years 1 month
1
(c) 2 years (d) 3 years
2
18. Deepak invested an amount of ` 21250 for 6 years. At what rate of simple
interest will he obtain the total amount of ` 26350 at the end of 6 years?
(a) 4% p.a. (b) 6% p.a. (c) 8% p.a. (d) 12% p.a.
19. Find the values of x, y and z.
Principal (in ` ) Rate (% p.a.) Time (in years) Amount (in ` )
1400 14 2 x
y 15 1 2300
54000 z 4 60480
x y z x y z
(a) 2500 1500 3 (b) 2500 2000 2
(c) 1792 2000 3 (d) 1792 2000 2
20. A sum of ` 1600 gives a simple interest of ` 252 in 2 years and 4 months.
The rate of interest per annum is
1 1 3
(a) 6% (b) 6 % (c) 6 % (d) 6 %
4 2 4
1
21. Nandini borrowed ` 8000 which amounts to ` 11640 in 3 years. What
2
1
would be the amount in 5 years?
2
(a) ` 3640 (b) ` 8500 (c) ` 13720 (d) ` 18000
22. If the simple interest on ` 600 for 4 years and on ` 600 for 2 years
combined together is ` 180 then the rate of interest is
1 1
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 5 % (d) 6 %
2 4
23. If ` 64 amounts to ` 83.20 in 2 years, what will ` 86 amount to in 4 years
at the same rate per cent per annum?
(a) ` 114.80 (b) ` 124.70 (c) ` 127.40 (d) ` 137.60
24. In 4 years, ` 6000 amounts to ` 8000. In what time at the same rate will
` 525 amount to ` 700?
25. ` 6200 amounts to ` 9176 in 4 years at simple interest. If the interest rate
is increased by 3% it would amount to how much?
(a) ` 8432 (b) ` 9820 (c) ` 9920 (d) ` 10920
26. ` 6000 becomes ` 7200 in 4 years at a certain rate of simple interest. If
the rate becomes 1.5 times of itself the amount of the same principal in
5 years will be
(a) ` 8000 (b) ` 8250 (c) ` 9000 (d) ` 9250
Simple Interest 265
27. Aditya borrowed a sum of money from Jayesh at the rate of 8% per
annum simple interest for the first four years, 10% per annum for the
next 6 years and 12% per annum for the period beyond 10 years. If he
pays a total of ` 12160 as interest only at the end of 15 years, how much
money did he borrow?
(a) ` 8000 (b) ` 9000 (c) ` 10000 (d) ` 12000
28. A sum of money lent out at simple interest amounts to ` 720 after 2 years
and to ` 1020 after a further period of 5 years. The sum is
(a) ` 500 (b) ` 600 (c) ` 700 (d) ` 710
29. A sum of money amounts to ` 5200 in 5 years and to ` 5680 in 7 years at
simple interest. The rate of interest per annum is
(a) 3% (b) 4% (c) 5% (d) 6%
30. At what rate per cent per annum will a sum of money double itself in
8 years?
1 1 1
(a) 10% (b) 11 % (c) 11 % (d) 12 %
2 3 2
31. The rate at which a sum becomes four times of itself in 15 years at SI,
will be
1
(a) 15% (b) 17 % (c) 20% (d) 25%
2
32. A sum of money at a simple rate of interest i1 , doubles in 5 years. At
another simple rate of interest i2 it becomes three times in 12 years.
Then, the two rates of interest i1 and i2 respectively are
2
(a) 10%, 16 % (b) 10%, 20%
3
2
(c) 20%, 16 % (d) 20%, 30%
3
33. If a sum of money invested at simple interest doubles in 16 years, how
much will it be in 8 years?
1 1 1 3
(a) 1 times (b) 1 times (c) 1 times (d) 1 times
2 3 4 4
34. A sum of money invested at simple interest triples itself in 8 years. How
many times will it become in 20 years’ time?
(a) 6 times (b) 7 times (c) 8 times (d) None of these
35. In how many years does a certain sum amount to three times the
2
principal at the rate of 16 %?
3
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16
36. At what rate per cent per annum will the simple interest on a sum of
2
money be of the amount in 10 years?
5
2 2
(a) 4% (b) 5 % (c) 6% (d) 6 %
3 3
37. In how much time would the simple interest on a certain sum be 0.125
times the principal at 10% per annum?
1 3 1 3
4 4 4 4
38. Aarti took a loan of ` 12000 with simple interest for as many years as the
rate of interest. If she paid ` 4320 as interest at the end of the loan period,
what was the time?
(a) 3.6 years (b) 6 years
(c) 12 years (d) Cannot be determined
1
39. The SI on a sum of money is of the principal and the number of years
9
is numerically equal to the rate per cent per annum. The rate per cent is
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 % (b) 3 % (c) 3 % (d) 4 %
3 3 2 2
9
40. The simple interest on a certain sum is of the principal. If the numbers
16
representing the rate of interest in per cent and time in years be equal
then the time for which the principal is lent out, is
1 1 1
2 2 2
4
41. The simple interest on a sum of money is of the principal. Find the rate
9
per cent and time, if both are numerically equal.
2 2
(a) 5 %, 5 years 8 months (b) 6 %, 6 years 8 months
3 3
2
(c) 7 %, 7 years 8 months (d) None of these
3
Simple Interest 267
42. Sachin borrowed ` 15000 at the rate of 12% and another amount at the
rate of 15% p.a. SI for 2 years. The total interest paid by him was ` 9000.
How much did he borrow?
(a) ` 18000 (b) ` 28000 (c) ` 31000 (d) ` 33000
43. What is the least number of years in which the simple interest on ` 2600
2
at 6 % will be an exact number of rupees?
3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
44. A lends ` 2500 to B and a certain sum to C at the same time at 7% p.a.
simple interest. If after 4 years, A altogether receives ` 1120 as interest
from B and C then the sum lent to C is
(a) ` 700 (b) ` 1500 (c) ` 4000 (d) ` 6500
45. Two equal sums of money were lent at simple interest at 11% p.a. for
1 1
3 years and 4 years respectively. If the difference in interests for two
2 2
periods was ` 412.50 then each sum is
(a) ` 3250 (b) ` 3500 (c) ` 3750 (d) ` 4250
1
46. If the simple interest on a certain sum for 15 months at 7 % per annum
2
1
exceeds the simple interest on the same sum for 8 months at 12 % per
2
annum by ` 32.50 then the sum is
(a) ` 3000 (b) ` 3060 (c) ` 3120 (d) ` 3250
47. A man invests a certain sum of money at 6% p.a. simple interest and
another sum at 7% p.a. simple interest. His income from interest after
2 years was ` 354. One fourth of the first sum is equal to one fifth of the
second sum. The total sum invested was
(a) ` 2600 (b) ` 2700 (c) ` 2880 (d) ` 2900
48. Peter invested an amount of ` 12000 at the rate of 10% p.a. simple
interest and another amount at the rate of 20% p.a. simple interest. The
total interest earned at the end of a year on the total amount invested
become 14% p.a. The total amount invested was
(a) ` 20000 (b) ` 22000 (c) ` 24000 (d) ` 25000
49. A money lender finds that due to a fall in the annual rate of interest
3
from 8% to 7 %, his yearly income diminishes by ` 61.50. His capital is
4
(a) ` 22400 (b) ` 23800 (c) ` 24600 (d) ` 26000
50. Vinay borrowed a total amount of ` 30000, part of it on simple interest

rate of 12% p.a. and remaining on simple interest rate of 10% p.a. If at
the end of 2 years he paid in all ` 36480 to settle the loan amount, what
was the amount borrowed at 12% p.a.?
(a) ` 12000 (b) ` 16000 (c) ` 17500 (d) ` 18000
1 1
51. A man invested of his capital at 7%; at 8% and the remainder at 10%.
3 4
If his annual income is ` 561 the capital is
(a) ` 5400 (b) ` 6000 (c) ` 6600 (d) ` 7200
52. Anita invests money in three different schemes for 6 years, 10 years and
12 years at 10% p.a., 12% p.a. and 15% p.a. simple interest respectively.
At the completion of each scheme she gets the same interest. What is the
ratio of her investments?
(a) 3 : 2 : 1 (b) 2 : 3 : 6 (c) 3 : 4 : 5 (d) 6 : 3 : 2
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (d)
1
1. P = ` 5000, R = 15% p.a., T = 1 month  year.
12
 5000  15 1   125 
 SI  `     `   ` 62.50.
 100 12   2 
2. P = ` 3600, R = 15% p.a., T = 4 years.
 3600  15  4 
SI  `    ` 2160.
 100 
Amount = ` (3600 + 2160) = ` 5760.
Cost of the cow = ` (5760 – 4000) = ` 1760.
1
3. P = ` 520, R = 13% p.a., T = 6 months  year.
2
 520  13 1   169 
 SI  `     `   ` 33.80.
 100 2  5 
Amount to be repaid = ` (520 + 33.80) = ` 553.80.
Simple Interest 269
4. P = ` 15000, R = 18% p.a.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
T = (23 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 3) days
 146  2
= 146 days    year  year.
 365  5
 15000  18 2 
 SI  `     ` 1080.
 100 5
Amount = ` (15000 + 1080) = ` 16080.
5. P = ` 5000, R1  4% p.a., T  2 years.

 5000  4  2 
SI  `    ` 400.
 100 
Amount paid = ` (5000 + 400) = ` 5400.
1 25
Now, P = ` 5000, R2  6 % p.a.  % p.a., T = 2 years.
4 4
 25 1 
SI  `  5000   2    ` 625.
 4 100 
Amount received = ` (5000 + 625) = ` 5625.
 gain in the transaction = ` (5625 – 5400) = ` 225.
6. Required difference = SI paid by B – SI paid by A

 7200  5  5   7200  5  4  
 `   
 100   100 
= ` (1800 – 1440) = ` 360.
7. Total interest received after 6 years

= SI on ` 10000 for 3 years + SI on ` 15000 for 3 years
 10000  18  3   15000  18  3  
 `   
 100   100 
= ` (5400 + 8100) = ` 13500.
8. CASE I P = ` 1000, R = 13% p.a., T = 2 years.

 1000  13  2 
 p = SI  `    ` 260.
 100 
CASE II R = 15% p.a., T = 5 years, SI = ` 750.
 750  100 
 q = principal  `    ` 1000.
 15  5 
So, q – p = ` (1000 – 260) = ` 740.
9. P = ` 10, R = 3 paise per rupee per month = 3% per month = 36% p.a.
4 1
T = 4 months  year  year.
12 3
 1 1 
 SI  `  10  36     ` 1.20.
 3 100 
3  15  1 7
10. SI = ` 210, R  3 % p.a.    % p.a., T  2 years  years.
4  4  3 3
 
 210  100   4 3
 sum/principal  `    `  210  100     ` 2400.
 15  7   15 7 
 4 3 
11. Let sum = ` x.
9 3
R = 5% p.a., T = 9 months  year  year.
12 4
 3 1   3x 
SI  `  x  5     `  .
 4 100   80 
 3 x   83 x  .
Amount  `  x    ` 
 80   80 
83 x 80
  332  x  332   320.
80 84
12. Let sum = ` x.
R = 5% p.a., T = 4 years.
 x5 4  x
SI  `    ` .
 100  5
 x  6x 
Amount  `  x    `   .
 5  5 
6x 5
  504  x  504   420.
5 6
1 5
Now, P = ` 420, R = 10% p.a., T  2 years  years.
2 2
 5 1 
SI  `  420  10     ` 105.
 2 100 
 amount = ` (420 + 105) = ` 525.
13. P = ` 900, SI = ` 324, R = 12% p.a.
 324  100 
 time    years = 3 years.
 900  12 
1  25 
14. P = ` 72, A = ` 81, SI = ` (81 – 72) = ` 9, R  6 % p.a.    % p.a.
4  4 
 
 9  100   9  100  4 
 T   years    years = 2 years.
 72  25   72  25 
 4 
1 9
15. P = ` 450, SI = ` 81, R  4 % p.a.  % p.a.
2 2
 
 81  100   81  100  2 
 450  9  450  9 
 2
Simple Interest 271
1 25
16. P = ` 1600, A = ` 3200, SI = ` (3200 – 1600) = ` 1600, R  12 % p.a.  % p.a.
2 2
 
 1600  100   2 
 T   years   100   years = 8 years.
 1600  25   25 
 2 
17. A = ` 14750, SI = ` 2950, P = ` (14750 – 2950) = ` 11800, R = 1% per month = 12% p.a.
 2950  100   25  1
 T   years    years  2 years = 2 years 1 month.
 11800  2   12  12
18. P = ` 21250, A = ` 26350, SI = ` (26350 – 21250) = ` 5100, T = 6 years.

 5100  100 
 R  %  4% p.a.
 21250  6 
19. CASE I P = ` 1400, R = 14% p.a., T = 2 years.
 1400  14  2 
SI  `    392.
 100 
 A = ` (1400 + 392) = ` 1792.
CASE II R = 15% p.a., T = 1 year, P = ` y, A = ` 2300, SI = ` (2300 – y).

y  15  1
  2300  y  15 y  230000  100 y
100
 115y = 230000  y = 2000.
CASE III P = ` 54000, T = 4 years, A = ` 60480.

SI = ` (60480 – 54000) = ` 6480.
 6480  100 
 zR  % p.a. = 3% p.a.
 54000  4 
Hence, x = 1792, y = 2000, z = 3.
20. P = ` 1600, SI = ` 252,

4 1 7
T = 2 years 4 months  2 years  2 years  years.
12 3 3
 
 252  100   252  100  3  27 3
 R  % p.a.    % p.a.  % p.a.  6 % p.a.
7
 1600    1600  7  4 4
 3 
21. P = ` 8000, A = ` 11640, SI = ` (11640 – 8000) = ` 3640,

1 7
T3 years  years.
2 2
 
 3640  100   3640  100  2 
R  % p.a.    % p.a. = 13% p.a.
 8000  7   8000  7 
 2 
1 11
Now, P = ` 80000, R = 13% p.a., T  5 years  years.
2 2
 11 1 
SI  `  8000  13     ` 5720.
 2 100 
Hence, amount = ` (8000 + 5720) = ` 13720.
22. Let the rate of interest be R% p.a. Then,
600  R  4 600  R  2
  180
100 100
180
 24R + 12R = 180  36R = 180  R   5.
36
23. P = ` 64, A = ` 83.20, T = 2 years.
SI = ` (83.20 – 64) = ` 19.20.
 19.20  100 
 R  % p.a. = 15% p.a.
 64  2 
Now, P = ` 86, R = 15% p.a., T = 4 years.
 86  15  4 
SI  `    ` 51.60
 100 
Amount = ` (86 + 51.60) = ` 137.60.
24. P = ` 6000, A = ` 8000, SI = ` (8000 – 6000) = ` 2000, T = 4 years.
 2000  100  25
R  %  % p.a.
 6000  4  3
25
Now, P = ` 525, R  % p.a., A = ` 700,
3
SI = ` (700 – 525) = ` 175.
 
 175  100   175  100  3 
 525  25   525  25 
 3 
25. P = ` 6200, A = ` 9176, SI = ` (9176 – 6200) = ` 2976,
T = 4 years.
 2976  100 
R  % p.a. = 12% p.a.
 6200  4 
Now, P = ` 6200, R = (12 + 3)% = 15% p.a., T = 4 years.
 6200  15  4 
SI  `    ` 3720.
 100 
 amount = ` (6200 + 3720) = ` 9920.
26. P = ` 6000, A = ` 7200, SI = ` (7200 – 6000) = ` 1200,

T = 4 years.
 1200  100 
 R  % p.a. = 5% p.a.
 6000  4 
15
Now, P = ` 6000, R = (5 × 1.5)% p.a. = 7.5% p.a.  % p.a.,
2
T = 5 years.
Simple Interest 273
 15 1 
SI  `  6000   5    ` 2250.
 2 100 
 amount = ` (6000 + 2250) = ` 8250.
27. Let the sum borrowed be ` x. Then,
x  8  4 x  10  6 x  12  5
   12160
100 100 100
32 x 60 x 60 x
    12160
100 100 100
12160  100
 152 x  12160  100  x   8000.
152
28. SI for 5 years = ` (1020 – 720) = ` 300.
 2
SI for 2 years  `  300    ` 120.
 5
 principal = ` (720 – 120) = ` 600.
29. SI for 2 years = ` (5680 – 5200) = ` 480.
 5
SI for 5 years  `  480    ` 1200.
 2
Principal = ` (5200 – 1200) = ` 4000.
Now, P = ` 4000, T = 5 years, SI = ` 1200.
 1200  100 
 R  % p.a. = 6% p.a.
 4000  5 
30. Let sum = ` x. Then,
P = ` x, A = ` 2x, SI = ` (2x – x) = ` x, T = 8 years.
 x  100  25 1
 R  %  %  12 % p.a.
 x8  2 2
31. Let sum = ` x. Then,
P = ` x, A = ` 4x, SI = ` (4x – x) = ` 3x, T = 15 years.
 3 x  100 
 R  %  20% p.a.
 x  15 
32. CASE I P = ` x, A = ` 2x, SI = ` (2x – x) = ` x, T = 5 years.
 x  100 
i1    %  20% p.a.
 x5 
CASE II P = ` x, A = ` 3x, SI = ` (3x – x) = ` 2x, T = 12 years.
 2 x  100   50  2
i2    %    %  16 % p.a.
 x  12   3  3
33. CASE I P = ` x, A = ` 2x, SI = ` (2x – x) = ` x, T = 16 years.
 x  100  25
R  %  % p.a.
 x  16  4
25
CASE II P = ` x, R  % p.a., T = 8 years.
4
 25 1  x
SI  `  x   8  ` .
 4 100  2
 x 3x 1
Amount  `  x    `  1 times.
 2 2 2
34. CASE I P = ` x, A = ` 3x, SI = ` (3x – x) = ` 2x, T = 8 years.
 2 x  100 
R  %  25% p.a.
 x8 
CASE II P = ` x, R = 25% p.a., T = 20 years.
 x  25  20 
SI  `    ` 5 x.
 100 
 amount = ` (x + 5x) = ` 6x = 6 times.
35. Let principal be ` x. Then,
2 50
P = ` x, R  16 % p.a.  % p.a., A = ` 3x,
3 3
SI = ` (3x – x) = ` 2x.
 
 2 x  100   2 x  100  3 
 x  50   x  50 
 3 
36. Let sum be ` x. Then,
 2x 
P = ` x, SI  `   , T = 10 years.
 5 
 2x 
  100 
 40 x 
 R 5 %    %  4% p.a.
 x  10   x  10 
 
37. Let principal be ` x. Then,
P = ` x, SI = ` (0.125x), R = 10% p.a.
 0.125 x  100  1
 T   years = 1.25 years  1 years.
 x  10  4
38. P = ` 12000, T = n years, R = n% p.a., S.I. = ` 4320.

12000  n  n 4320
  4320  n2   36  n  36  6.
100 120
x
39. P = ` x, SI  `
, T = n years, R = n% p.a.
9
xnn x 100 100 10 1
   n2   n  3 .
100 9 9 9 3 3
 9x 
40. P = ` x, SI  `   , T = n years, R = n% p.a.
 16 
x  n  n 9x 900 225 225 15 1
   n2    n  7 .
100 16 16 4 4 2 2
Simple Interest 275
 4x 
41. P = ` x, SI  `   , T = n years, R = n% p.a.
 9 
x  n  n 4x 400 400 20 2
   n2   n  6 .
100 9 9 9 3 3
2 2
So, rate  6 % p.a., Time  6 years = 6 years 8 months.
3 3
42. Let the second amount be ` x. Then,
15000  12  2 x  15  2
  9000.
100 100
3x 3x
 3600   9000   5400  x = 18000.
10 10
 total sum borrowed = ` (15000 + 18000) = ` 33000.
43. Let the required number of years be n.
2 20
Then, P = ` 2600, R  6 % p.a.  % p.a., T = n years.
3 3
 20 1   520 n  .
SI  `  2600   n    ` 
 3 100   3 
520n
For to be an exact number, it must be multiplied by 3.
3
44. Let the sum lent to C be ` x. Then,
2500  7  4 x  7  4
  1120
100 100
28 x 7x
 700   1120   420
100 25
25
 x  420   1500.
7
45. Let each sum be ` x. Then,
 9 1   7 1 
 x  11      x  11     412.50.
 2 100   2 100 
99 x 77 x
   412.50
200 200
82500
 22 x  412.50  200  x   3750.
22
46. Let the sum be ` x. Then,
 15 15 1   25 8 1 
x   x     32.50
 2 12 100   2 12 100 
225 x 200 x 25 x
   32.50   32.50
2400 2400 2400
x
  32.50  x  32.50  96  3120.
96
47. Let the two sums be ` x and ` y. Then,
x y 4y
  x .
4 5 5
x62 y72
Now,   354
100 100
4y  6  2 y  7  2 48 y 14 y
   354    354
5  100 100 500 100
 48 y  70 y  354  500  118 y  354  500
354  500
 y  1500.
118
4  1500
 x  1200.
5
Hence, total sum invested = ` (1200 + 1500) = ` 2700.
48. Let the amount invested at 20% p.a., SI be ` x.
12000  10  1 x  20  1 (12000  x )  14  1
Then,  
100 100 100
 120000 + 20x = (12000 + x) × 14 = 168000 + 14x
 20x – 14x = 168000 – 120000
 6x = 48000  x = 8000.
 total amount invested = ` (12000 + 8000) = ` 20000.
49. Let the total capital be ` x. Then,
3
8% of x  7 % of x  61.50
4
8 31 1
 x   x  61.50
100 4 100
32 x  31x
  61.50  x  61.50  400  24600.
400
50. Let the amount borrowed at 12% p.a. be ` x.
Then, amount borrowed at 10% p.a. = ` (30000 – x).
x  12  2 (30000  x )  10  2
   6480
100 100
24 x 600000 20 x 4x
    6480   6480  6000
100 100 100 100
x
  480  x  480  25  12000.
25
51. Let the total capital be ` x. Then,
x
capital invested at 7% p.a.  `   ,
3
x
capital invested at 8% p.a.  `   ,
4
  x x   7x   5x 
capital invested at 10%  `  x       `  x    ` .
  3 4    12   12 
x 1 x 1 5x 1
 7  8   10   561
3 100 4 100 12 100
7x 8x 50 x
    561
300 400 1200
Simple Interest 277
28 x  24 x  50 x 102 x 561  1200

  561   561  x   6600.
1200 1200 102
52. Let the money invested at 10% p.a., 12% p.a. and 15% p.a. be ` x, ` y and ` z respectively.
Then,
x  10  6 y  12  10 z  15  12
 
100 100 100
 60 x  120 y  180 z  x  2 y  3 z  k (say)
k k
 x  k, y  , z  .
2 3
k k 1 1 1  1 
 x : y : z  k : :  1 : :  (1  6) :   6  :   6   6 : 3 : 2.
2 3 2 3 2  3 
EXERCISE 13B
true.
1. The total money paid by the borrower to the lender to clear the debt is
called …… .
2. A man who had borrowed ` x on simple interest repaid his interest by
paying ` y and giving his wrist watch worth ` z. The interest paid by him
is ` …… .
1
3. The sum of money which yields ` 126 as interest in 3 years at the rate
of 6% p.a. is …… . 2
4. If a sum of money put at simple interest doubles in 12 years then the rate
of interest is …… .
5. Interest rate of 2 paise per rupee per month is equivalent to …… % p.a.
6. At the rate of 8% p.a. simple interest, the interest on a sum of money
equals half the sum in …… years …… months.
7. The sum on which the simple interest for 5 years 6 months at the rate of
6% p.a. is ` 1320, is …… .
1
8. A sum of ` 3600 yields a simple interest of ` 540 in 2 years at the rate of
2
…… p.a.
1
9. A sum of money put at 13 % SI will get tripled in …… years.
3
10. At 6% p.a. a sum of money put at simple interest becomes four times of
itself in …… years.
true or false.
11. If a person lends a sum of money on simple interest for 5 years then
he receives the same amount of interest during the first and the fourth
years. ……
12. Both the day on which a sum is deposited and the day on which the
amount is withdrawn are taken into account for calculation of interest.
……
P  RT
13. The amount of ` P at R% p.a. SI after T years is . ……
100
14. A rate of 12% p.a. SI is equivalent to a rate of 1 paise per rupee per
month. ……
15. The interest on ` 350 at 5% per annum for 73 days is ` 35. ……
16. The amount received after depositing ` 800 for a period of 3 years at the
rate of 12% per annum is ` 896. ……
17. A sum of ` 6400 was lent to each of the two persons A and B at 15% p.a.
1
for 3 years and 5 years respectively. The difference in the interests
2
paid by them is ` 150. ……
18. The annual rate of simple interest at which a sum of money gets doubled
in 25 years is 5%. ……

1
1. amount 2. ( y  z)  x 3. ` 600 4. 8 %
3
5. 24% 6. 6, 3 7. ` 4000 8. 6%
9. 15 10. 50 11. True 12. False
17. False 18. False
1 7
3. SI = ` 126, T  3 years  years, R = 6% p.a.
2 2
 
 126  100   126  100  2 
 P  `   `   ` 600.
 7 6   76 
 2 
4. P = ` x, A = ` (2x), SI = ` x, T = 12 years.
 x  100   25  1
 R  %    %  8 % p.a.
 x  12   3  3
5. 2 paise per rupee per month = 2% per month  (2  12)% p.a. = 24% p.a.
x
6. P = ` x, SI  `   , R = 8% p.a.
2
x 
 2  100   25  1
T   years    years  6 years = 6 years 3 months.
 x8   4  4
 
Simple Interest 279
1 11
7. SI = ` 1320, R = 6% p.a., T = 5 years 6 months  5 years  years.
2 2
 
 1320  100   1320  100  2 
 P  `   `   ` 4000.
 6 11   6  11 
 2 
1 5
8. P = ` 3600, SI = ` 540, T  2 years  years.
2 2
 
 540  100   540  100 
R %    %  6% p.a.
 3600  5   1800  5 
 2 
1 40
9. P = ` x, A = ` 3x, SI = ` (3x – x) = ` 2x, R  13 %  % p.a.
3 3
 
 2 x  100   2  3  100 
T   years    years = 15 years.
 x  40   40 
 3 
10. P = ` x, A = ` 4x, SI = ` (4x – x) = ` 3x, R = 6% p.a.
 3 x  100 
 T   years = 50 years.
 x6 
11. Since in simple interest the principal remains the same throughout the period so the
interest received for each year also remains constant.
12. For calculation of interest, the day on which the sum is deposited is not counted but
the day on which it is withdrawn is counted.
P RT
13. SI on ` P at R% p.a. SI for T years  .
100
P RT
Amount = P + SI  P  .
100
14. 1 paise per rupee per month = 1% per month  (1  12)% p.a. = 12% p.a.
 73  1
15. P = ` 350, R = 5% p.a., T  73 days    year  years.
 365  5
 1 1 
 SI  `  350  5     ` 3.50.
 5 100 
 800  12  3 
16. SI on ` 800 at 12% p.a. for 3 years  `    ` 288.
 100 
 amount = ` (800 + 288) = ` 1088.
 6400  15  5 7 1 
17. Difference in interests paid by A and B  `   6400  15   
 100 2 100 
= ` (4800 – 3360) = ` 1440.
18. P = ` x, A = ` 2x, SI = ` (2x – x) = ` x, T = 25 years.
 x  100 
 R  %  4% p.a.
 x  25 
.

14 Time and Distance
distance .
1. Speed 
time
distance
So, time  ; distance = speed × time.
speed
5
2. To convert a speed given in km/hr to m/sec, we multiply by .
18
 5 
a km/hr   a   m/sec.
 18 
18
3. To convert a speed given in m/sec to km/hr, we multiply by .
5
 18 
a m/sec   a   km/hr.
 5 
total distance travelled
4. Average speed  .
total time taken
5. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole/a tree/a standing
man/a signal post = time taken by the train to cover l metres.
6. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a tunnel/bridge/
platform of length b metres = time taken by the train to cover (l + b)
metres.
EXERCISE 14
1. A man riding his bicycle covers 150 metres in 25 seconds. What is his
speed in kilometre per hour?
(a) 20 (b) 21.6 (c) 23 (d) 25
2. A is travelling at 72 km/hr on a highway while B is travelling at a speed
of 25 m/sec. What is the difference between their speeds?
1
(a) 1 m/sec (b) 2 m/sec (c) 3 m/sec (d) 5 m/sec
2
280
Time and Distance 281
3. A motorist travelled between two towns 65 km apart, in 2 hours

10 minutes. His speed in metres per minute is
(a) 200 (b) 500 (c) 600 (d) 700
4. A person crosses a 600-m-long street in 5 minutes. His speed in km/hr is
(a) 3.6 (b) 7.2 (c) 8.4 (d) 10
5. A man covered a distance of 180 km in 4 hours on a bike. How much
distance will he cover on a bicycle in 8 hours if he rides the bicycle at
one sixth the speed of the bike?
(a) 54 km (b) 60 km (c) 72 km (d) 84 km
6. Car A travels at the speed of 65 km/hr and reaches its destination
in 8 hours. Car B travels at the speed of 70 km/hr and reaches its
destination in 4 hours. What is the ratio of the distance covered by car A
and car B respectively?
(a) 7 : 11 (b) 13 : 7 (c) 7 : 13 (d) 11 : 7
7. The average speed of a bus is one third of the speed of a train. The train
covers 1125 km in 15 hours. How much distance will the bus cover in
36 minutes?
(a) 12 km (b) 15 km (c) 21 km (d) 75 km
8. A train leaves Delhi at 4.10 p.m. and reaches Aligarh at 7.25 p.m. The
average speed of the train is 40 km/hr. What is the distance from Delhi
to Aligarh?
(a) 120 km (b) 130 km (c) 135 km (d) 140 km
9. Sheena rides her bike at an average speed of 30 km/hr and reaches her
destination in 6 hours. Preeti covers the same distance in 4 hours. If
Sheena increases her average speed by 10 km/hr and Preeti increases
her average speed by 5 km/hr, what would be the difference in their
time taken to reach the destination?
(a) 40 minutes (b) 45 minutes (c) 54 minutes (d) 1 hour
10. A monkey climbing up a pole ascends 6 metres and slips 3 metres in
alternate minutes. If the pole is 60 metres high, how long will it take the
monkey to reach the top?
(a) 31 min (b) 33 min (c) 35 min (d) 37 min
2
11. After travelling 33 km, Arun found that of his journey was still left.
5
The length of his whole journey is
(a) 45 km (b) 50 km (c) 55 km (d) 60 km
12. Every floor of a 25-storey building is 5 m high. If a lift moves 2 metres
every second, how long will it take to move from 3rd floor to 15th floor?
(a) 25 seconds (b) 30 seconds (c) 32 seconds (d) 40 seconds
13. A multistorey building has 35 floors above the ground level each of
height 7.5 m. It also has 3 floors in the basement each of height 5 m. A
lift in the building moves at a rate of 3 m/s. If a man starts from 20th
floor above the ground, how long will it take to reach at the 3rd floor of
basement?
1
(a) 45 sec (b) 38 sec (c) 55 sec (d) 57.5 sec
3
14. A car is driven at the speed of 100 km/hr and stops for 10 minutes at the
end of every 150 km. To cover a distance of 1000 km, it will take
(a) 9 hours (b) 10 hours (c) 11 hours (d) 12 hours
15. A truck covers a distance of 550 metres in 1 minute whereas a bus covers
a distance of 33 km in 45 minutes. The ratio of their speeds is
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 50 : 3
1
16. A train travels at an average of 50 km per hour for 2 hours and then
2
1
travels at a speed of 70 km per hour for 1 hours. How far did the train
2
travel in the entire 4 hours?
(a) 120 km (b) 150 km (c) 200 km (d) 230 km
2 9
17. A man performs of the journey by train, by bus and the remaining
15 20
10 km on cycle. His total journey is
(a) 24 km (b) 31.2 km (c) 32.8 km (d) 38.4 km
18. A boy goes three equal distances, each of length x km, with a speed of
3y 2y
y km/hr, km/hr and km/hr respectively. If the total time taken
5 5
is 1 hour then x : y is equal to
(a) 6 : 13 (b) 6 : 23 (c) 6 : 31 (d) 6 : 37
19. The speed of a car increases by 2 km after every one hour. If the distance
travelled in the first one hour was 35 km, what was the total distance
travelled in 12 hours?
(a) 456 km (b) 482 km (c) 552 km (d) 556 km
20. A bus started its journey from Ramgarh and reached Devgarh in
44 minutes at its average speed of 50 km/hr. If the average speed of the
bus is increased by 5 km/hr, how much time will it take to cover the
same distance?
(a) 31 min (b) 36 min (c) 38 min (d) 40 min
21. Gaurav left for city A from city B at 5.20 a.m. He travelled at the speed
of 80 km/hr for 2 hours 15 minutes. After that the speed was reduced to
60 km/hr. If the distance between two cities is 350 km, at what time did
Gaurav reach city A?
(a) 9.20 a.m. (b) 9.35 a.m. (c) 10.05 a.m. (d) 10.25 a.m.
22. An aeroplane covers a certain distance at a speed of 240 km/hr in 5 hours.

2
To cover the same distance in 1 hours it must travel at a speed of
3
(a) 300 km/hr (b) 360 km/hr (c) 600 km/hr (d) 720 km/hr
23. A salesman travels a distance of 50 km in 2 hours 30 minutes. How

much faster, in kilometres per hour, on an average, must he travel to
5
make such a trip in hour less time?
6
24. A person has to cover a distance of 6 km in 45 minutes. If he covers
one half of the distance in two thirds of the total time then to cover the
remaining distance in the remaining time his speed (in km/hr) must be
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 15
25. A motorcyclist completes a certain journey in 5 hours. He covers one
third distance at 60 km/hr and the rest at 80 km/hr. The length of the
journey is
(a) 180 km (b) 240 km (c) 300 km (d) 360 km
26. A train travels at a speed of 30 km/hr for 12 minutes and at a speed of
45 km/hr for the next 8 minutes. The average speed of the train for this
journey is
(a) 30 km/hr (b) 36 km/hr (c) 37.5 km/hr (d) 48 km/hr
27. A man on tour travels 160 km by car at 64 km/hr and another 160 km by
bus at 80 km/hr. The average speed for the whole journey is
(a) 35.55 km/hr (b) 36 km/hr (c) 71 km/hr (d) 71.11 km/hr
28. A car travels the first one third of a certain distance with a speed of
10 km/hr, the next one third distance with a speed of 20 km/hr, and the
last one third distance with a speed of 60 km/hr. The average speed of
the car for the whole journey is
29. With an average speed of 50 km/hr, a train reaches its destination in
time. If it goes with an average speed of 40 km/hr it is late by 24 minutes.
The total journey is
(a) 30 km (b) 40 km (c) 70 km (d) 80 km
1
30. A student walks to school at the rate of 2 km/hr and reaches 6 minutes
2
late. If he travels at the speed of 3 km/hr, he is 10 minutes early. The
distance to his school is
1 1
(a) 1 km (b) 3km (c) 3 km (d) 4 km
4 2
31. A car covers 650 km in 12 hours and another 850 km in 18 hours. The
average speed of the car is
32. A 100-m-long train is running at the speed of 30 km/hr. The time taken
by it to pass a telegraph pole is
(a) 8 sec (b) 10 sec (c) 12 sec (d) 14 sec
33. A train is moving at a speed of 132 km/hr. If the length of the train is
110 m, how long will it take to cross a railway platform 165 m long?
1
2
34. A man sitting in a train is counting the electricity poles. The distance
between two poles is 60 metres and the speed of the train is 42 km/hr.
In 5 hours, how many poles will he count?
35. A train 240 m long passed a pole in 24 seconds. How long will it take to
pass a platform 650 m long?
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b)
 150   18 
1. Speed    m/sec = 6 m/sec   6   km/hr
 25   5 
 108 
  km/hr = 21.6 km/hr.
 5 
 5 
2. 72 km/hr   72   m/sec = 20 m/sec.
 18 
 required difference  (25  20) m/sec = 5 m/sec.
3. Distance = 65 km = (65 × 1000) m = 65000 m.

Time taken = 2 hr 10 min  (2  60  10) min = 130 min.
 65000 
 speed    m/min = 500 m/min.
 130 
 600  3
4. Distance  600 m    km    km.
 1000  5
 5  1
Time = 5 min    hr  hr.
 60  12
3 1   3  12 
 speed     km/hr    km/hr
 5 12   5 
36
 km/hr = 7.2 km/hr.
5
 180 
5. Speed of bike    km/hr = 45 km/hr.
 4 
1   15 
Speed of bicycle    45  km/hr    km/hr.
6   2 
 distance covered = speed × time
 15 
   8  km = 60 km.
 2 
6. Distance covered by car A = (65 × 8) km = 520 km.
Distance covered by car B = (70 × 4) km = 280 km.
 required ratio = 520 : 280 = 13 : 7.
 1125 
7. Speed of train    km/hr = 75 km/hr.
 15 
1 
Speed of bus    75  km/hr = 25 km/hr.
3 
 36 
 distance covered by the bus in 36 min   25   km = 15 km.
 60 
1 13
8. Time taken = 3 hr 15 min  3 hr  hr.
4 4
 required distance = speed × time
 13 
  40   km = 130 km.
 4 
9. Distance = speed × time = (30 × 6) km = 180 km.

distance  180 
Preeti’s initial speed    km/hr = 45 km/hr.
time  4 
Sheena’s new speed = (30 + 10) km/hr = 40 km/hr.
Preeti’s new speed = (45 + 5) km/hr = 50 km/hr.
 180 180 
 difference between new times taken     hr = (4.5 – 3.6) hr
 40 50 
= 0.9 hr = (0.9 × 60) min = 54 min.
10. Net height ascended in 2 min = (6 – 3) m = 3 m.

3 
Net height ascended in 36 min    36  m  54 m.
2 
In the 37th min, the monkey ascends 6 m and reaches the top.
Hence, total time taken = 37 minutes.
11. Let the length of the journey be x km.
 2 3
Then, part of the journey completed by Arun   1    .
 5 5
3x 33  5
  33  x   55.
5 3
12. Total height covered by the lift from 3rd floor to 15th floor  (12  5) m = 60 m.
 60 
 total time taken    sec = 30 sec.
 2 
13. Total height travelled = (20 × 7.5 + 3 × 5) m = 165 m.
 165 
 time taken    sec  55 sec .
 3 
14. Time taken to cover 150 km including stoppage
 150 10  3 1
   hr     hr
 100 60  2 6
 9 1  10  5
  hr    hr  hr.
 6   6  3
5 
Time taken to cover (150 × 6), i.e., 900 km including stoppage    6  hr = 10 hr.
3 
Remaining 100 km is covered in 1 hour.
 total time taken = (10 + 1) hr = 11 hr.
 550 1 
15. Speed of the truck     km/hr = 33 km/hr.
 1000 60 
 45 
Speed of the bus   33   km/hr = 44 km/hr.
 60 
 ratio of speeds = 33 : 44 = 3 : 4.
 5 3
16. Total distance travelled   50   70   km = (125 + 105) km = 230 km.
 2 2
17. Let the total journey be x km.
 2 9 
Fraction of remaining journey  1    
 15 20 
 8  27  35 25 5
 1   1   .
 60  60 60 12
5 10  12
 x  10  x   24 km.
12 5
x x x
18.   1
y  3y   2y 
   
 5   5 
x 5x 5x 6 x  10 x  15 x
   1  1
y 3y 2y 6y
31x x 6
 1  
6y y 31
 x : y = 6 : 31.
19. Clearly, total distance travelled in 12 hours

= (35 + 37 + 39 + … up to 12 terms)
= (35 + 37 + 39 + … + 57)
= (1 + 3 + 5 + … + 57) – (1 + 3 + 5 + … + 33)
= sum of first 29 odd numbers – sum of first 17 odd numbers
 (29)2  (17 )2  841  289  522.
20. Length of journey = speed × time

 44   110 
  50   km    km.
 60   3 
New speed = (50 + 5) km/hr = 55 km/hr.
 110   110 1 
 time taken    55  hr     hr
 3   3 55 
2 2 
 hr    60  min = 40 min.
3 3 
1  9
21. Distance covered in 2 hr 15 min, i.e., 2 hr   80   km  180 km.
4  4
 350  180  17 5
Time taken to cover remaining distance    hr  hr  2 hr
 60  6 6
= 2 hr 50 min.
Total time taken = (2 hr 15 min + 2 hr 50 min) = 5 hr 5 min.
So, Gaurav reached city A 5 hr 5 min after 5.20 a.m., i.e., at 10.25 a.m.
22. Distance = (240 × 5) km = 1200 km.

2 5
Time taken  1 hr  hr.
3 3
 5  3
 required speed   1200   km/hr   1200   km/hr = 720 km/hr.
 3  5
 1 5 5 5
23. Time required   2   hr     hr
 2 6 2 6
 15  5  10 5
  hr  hr  hr.
 6  6 3
Distance = 50 km.
 5  3
Required speed   50   km/hr   50   km/hr = 30 km/hr.
 3  5
 5  2
Original speed   50   km/hr   50   km/hr = 20 km/hr.
 2  5
 difference in speed = (30 – 20) km/hr = 10 km/hr.
24. Remaining distance = 3 km.

1   15  1
Remaining time    45  min = 15 min    hr  hr
3   60  4
 1
 required speed   3   km/hr = 12 km/hr.
 4
25. Let the length of the journey be x km. Then,
x x  x 1  x
time taken to cover km at 60 km/hr    60  hr     hr  hr,
3 3   3 60  180
2x  2x   2x 1  x
time taken to cover km at 80 km/hr    80  hr     hr  hr.
3  3   3 80  120
x x 2x  3x 5x
  5  5   5  x = 360 km.
180 120 360 360
 12 8 
26. Total distance travelled   30   45   km  (6  6) km  12 km.
 60 60 
 20  1
Total time taken = (12 + 8) min = 20 min    hr  hr.
 60  3
 1
 average speed   12   km/hr = (12 × 3) km/hr = 36 km/hr.
 3
27. Total distance travelled = (160 + 160) km = 320 km.

 160 160  5  9
Total time taken     hr    2  hr  hr.
 64 80  2  2
 9  2
 average speed   320   km/hr   320   km/hr
 2  9
 640 
  km/hr = 71.11 km/hr.
 9 
28. Let the total distance be x km. Then,
x x   x 
time taken to cover km at 10 km/hr    10  hr    hr,
3 3   30 
x x   x 
time taken to cover km at 20 km/hr    20  hr    hr,
3 3   60 
x x   x 
time taken to cover km at 60 km/hr    60  hr    hr.
3 3   180 
 average speed 
total time taken
   
 x   x 
 km/hr   6 x  3 x  x  km/hr
x x x 
     
 30 60 180   180 
 180 
 x  km/hr  18 km/hr.
 10 x 
29. Let the total journey be x km. Then,

 x 
time taken to cover x km at 50 km/hr    hr,
 50 
 x 
time taken to cover x km at 40 km/hr    hr.
 40 
x x 24 5x  4x 2 2
      x   200  80 km.
40 50 60 200 5 5
30. Let the distance be x km. Then,
1  5  2x 
time taken to cover x km at 2 km/hr   x   hr    hr,
2  2  5 
x
time taken to cover x km at 3 km/hr    hr.
3
 16  4
Difference in time taken = (10 + 6) min = 16 min    hr  hr.
 60  15
2x x 4 6x  5x 4 x 4
        x  4 km.
5 3 15 15 15 15 15
31. Total distance travelled = (650 + 850) km = 1500 km.
Total time taken = (12 + 18) hours = 30 hours.
 1500 
 average speed    km/hr = 50 km/hr.
 30 
32. Distance covered in passing the pole = length of train = 100 m.
 5   25 
Speed of train = 30 km/hr   30   m/sec    m/sec.
 18   3 
 25   3 
 time taken   100   sec   100   sec = 12 sec.
 3   25 
33. Distance covered in crossing the platform = length of train + length of platform
= (110 + 165) m = 275 m.
 5   110 
Speed of train = 132 km/hr   132   m/sec    m/sec.
 18   3 
 110   3   15  1
 time taken   275   sec   275   sec    sec  7 sec .
 3   110   2  2
34. Distance covered in 5 hours = (42 × 5) km = 210 km = 210000 m.
 210000 
 number of poles    1   3501.
 60 
 240 
35. Speed of train    m/sec = 10 m/sec.
 24 
Now, distance covered in passing the platform = length of train + length of platform
= (240 + 650) m = 890 m.
 890 
 time taken to cross the platform    sec = 89 sec.
 10 

15 Lines and Angles
1. POINT A point is a mark of position.

A point has no length, breadth or thickness.
In the given figure, P is a point.
2. LINE SEGMENT The shortest distance between
two points A and B is called the line segment
AB.
3. LINE A line segment AB extended indefinitely in both directions is
called line AB.
4. RAY A line segment extended indefinitely in one direction is called

a ray.
In the given figure, AB is a ray.
5. COMPARISON OF LINE SEGMENT, LINE AND RAY
Line segment Line Ray
1. Has two end points Has no end point Has one end point
2. Has definite length Has no definite Has no definite

length length
3. Can be drawn on Cannot be drawn Cannot be drawn
paper on paper on paper
4. AB is same as BA AB is same as BA AB and BA are
different rays
6. INTERSECTING LINES Two lines having a
common point are called intersecting lines.

In the given figure, two lines AB and CD
intersect at point O.
290
Lines and Angles 291
7. CONCURRENT LINES Three or more lines

passing through the same point are said to
be concurrent.
In the given figure, lines l, m, n pass through
the same point P. So, the lines l, m, n are
concurrent.
8. PLANE A flat surface extending indefinitely in all directions is called a

plane.
Note Two lines meet in a point while two planes meet in a line.
9. ANGLE Two rays originating from the same

point form an angle. The rays forming the angle
are called the arms of the angle and the common
end point is called the vertex of the angle.
In the given figure, AOB is angle, written as
AOB, with arms OA and OB and vertex O. We
may write it as O. We denote angles by  , , 
or 1, 2 , 3 , etc.
10. MAGNITUDE OF AN ANGLE The magnitude of an angle is the amount of

rotation that the ray undergoes to form the angle.
An angle is measured using a protractor. The standard unit for
measuring an angle is degree (°).
1 degree = 60 minutes  1  60.

1 minute = 60 seconds  1  60.
11. TYPES OF ANGLES An angle of measure m is called

(i) a zero angle, if m  0.
(ii) an acute angle, if 0  m  90.
(iii) a right angle, if m  90.
(iv) an obtuse angle, if 90  m  180.
(v) a straight angle, if m  180.
(vi) a reflex angle, if 180  m  360.
(vii) a complete angle, if m  360.
12. (i) The sum of all the angles formed

on one side of a straight line is 180°.
In the given figure, AOB is a straight line.
 BOC  COD  DOE
EOF  FOA  180
i.e., 1  2  3  4  5  180.
(ii) The sum of all the angles around a point is
360°.
In the given figure, O is a point. OA, OB,
OC and OD are rays forming AOB  m,
BOC  n, COD  p and DOA  q.
Then, m  n  p  q  360.
13. COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES Two angles are said to be complementary, if the

sum of their measures is 90°.
Example Angles measuring 35° and 55° are complementary, as
35° + 55° = 90°.
14. SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES Two angles are said to be supplementary, if the
sum of their measures is 180°.
Example Angles measuring 110° and 70° are supplementary, as
110° + 70° = 180°.
15. (i)An angle which is equal to its complement is 45°.
(ii)An angle which is equal to its supplement is 90°.
(iii)Two complementary angles are always both acute.
(iv) Out of two supplementary angles, one is acute and the other one is
obtuse.
(v) Two right angles are always supplementary.
16. ADJACENT ANGLES Two angles in a plane are called

adjacent angles, if
(i) they have a common vertex,
(ii) they have a common arm,
(iii) their non-common arms lie on opposite sides of
the common arm.
In the given figure, AOB and BOC are adjacent angles as they have a
common vertex O, a common arm OB and the non-common arms OA
and OC are on the opposite sides of OB.
17. LINEAR PAIR OF ANGLES Two adjacent angles
are said to form a linear pair of angles if
their non-common arms are two opposite
rays.
In the given figure, AOB is a straight line
and OC is a ray forming adjacent angles AOC and BOC such that
AOC  BOC  180.
Thus, linear pair of angles are both adjacent and supplementary.
18. VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES Two angles are
called a pair of vertically opposite angles if
their arms form two pair of opposite rays.
In the given figure, two lines AB and CD
intersect at a point O, forming two pairs of
vertically opposite angles, namely
(AOC , BOD) and (AOD , BOC ).
Thus, AOC  BOD and AOD  BOC.
19. PARALLEL LINES Two lines in a plane are said to be parallel, if
(i) they have no point in common,
(ii) they do not meet however far, they are produced,
(iii) the distance between them always remains the same.
In the adjoining figure, lines l and m are parallel
and we write, l  m.
Examples of Parallel Lines
Railway tracks; Opposite edges of a ruler or a blackboard.
20. TRANSVERSAL A straight line which cuts two
or more straight lines at distinct points, is
called a transversal.
In the adjoining figure, line p is a
transversal, intersecting lines l and m at
points A and B respectively.
21. (i) Two lines in a plane are either parallel or intersecting.

(ii) Two line segments may not intersect and
may not be parallel at the same time.
In the given figure, AB and CD are line
segments which do not intersect and are not
parallel.
(iii) Two rays may not intersect and may not
be parallel at the same time.
In the given figure, AB and CD are the rays
which do not intersect and which are not
parallel.
22. EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR ANGLES When two lines are intersected by a
transversal, 8 distinct angles are formed.
The angles whose arms include the
segment of the transversal intercepted
between the lines, are called interior
angles.
In the adjoining figure, two lines l and m
are intersected by a transversal p forming
interior angles 3 , 4 , 5 and 6.
The angles whose arms do not include
the segment of the transversal intercepted between the lines, are called
exterior angles.
In the adjoining figure, 1, 2 , 7 and 8 are exterior angles.
23. ANGLES FORMED WHEN A TRANSVERSAL CUTS TWO
LINES If two lines l and m are cut by a
transversal t, following angles are formed:
(i) CORRESPONDING ANGLES (1, 5), (2 , 6),
(3 , 7 ) and (4 , 8) are called pairs
of corresponding angles.
(ii) ALTERNATE INTERIOR ANGLES (3 , 5) and
(4 , 6) are called pairs of alternate
interior angles.
(iii) ALTERNATE EXTERIOR ANGLES (2 , 8) and (1, 7 ) are called pairs of
alternate exterior angles.
(iv) CONSECUTIVE INTERIOR OR CO-INTERIOR ANGLES (3 , 6) and ( 4 , 5) are
called pairs of co-interior angles.
24. PROPERTIES OF ANGLES FORMED WHEN A TRANSVERSAL

CUTS TWO PARALLEL LINESIf two parallel lines
l and m are intersected by a transversal t
then
(i) corresponding angles are equal, i.e.,
1  5, 2  6, 3  7 and
4  8.
(ii) alternate interior angles are equal, i.e.,
3  5 and 4  6.
(iii) alternate exterior angles are equal, i.e., 1  7 and 2  8.
(iv) The sum of the co-interior angles is 180°, i.e., 3  6  180 and
4  5  180.
25. (i) Two lines which are parallel to the
same given line are parallel to each
other.
l  n and m  n  l  m.
26. Two lines in a plane which are
perpendicular to the same given line in the
plane are parallel to each other.
m  l and n  l  m  n.
EXERCISE 15A
1. In the adjoining figure, if l  m and 1  72
then for which of the following pairs of
angles is the sum of measures the least?
(a) 1 and a corresponding angle
(b) 1 and the corresponding co-interior
angle
(c) 1 and its complement
(d) 1 and its supplement
2. Of all the line segments that can be drawn to a given line from a
given point outside it, which angle of inclination among the following
alternatives has the shortest length?
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 75° (d) 90°
3. In the adjoining figure, FOB, GOC and HOE

are straight lines. Each of the following pairs
of angles forms a linear pair except
(a) GOA, DOA
(b) HOC , EOC
(c) FOC , BOC
(d) GOB, COB
4. When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then each of the
following pairs of angles are equal, except
(a) corresponding angles (b) alternate interior angles
(c) alternate exterior angles (d) co-interior angles
5. How many pairs of acute adjacent angles can you
find in the adjoining figure?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) more than 4
6. Consider the following pairs of angles in

the adjoining figure.
I. (2 , 7 ) II. (4 , 7 )
III. (4 , 8) IV. (1, 5)
V. (2 , 5) VI. (1, 2)
VII. (3 , 8) VIII. (5 , 8)
How many of the above pairs are adjacent
angles?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
7. In the above figure, how many pairs of adjacent angles are there which
form linear pairs?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8
Direction (Questions 8 to 13): These questions are based on the following figure.
8. How many pairs of adjacent complementary angles are there?

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
9. How many pairs of vertically opposite angles are there?
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
10. How many pairs of obtuse vertically opposite angles are there?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
11. How many pairs of equal supplementary angles are there?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
12. How many pairs of unequal supplementary angles are there?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
13. How many pairs of adjacent angles are there which do not form a linear
pair?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
14. In the adjoining figure, how many pairs of
vertically opposite angles are there?
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
15. In the above figure, how many pairs of adjacent angles are there?
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
16. In the adjoining figure, how many pairs of
adjacent angles are there?
(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 8 (d) 10
17. In the adjoining figure, l  m  n and t is a
transversal. How many pairs of
corresponding angles are there in all?
(a) 6 (b) 8
(c) 10 (d) 12
18. If the angles (2 p  10) and ( p  11) are complementary then the value of
p is
(a) 7 (b) 17 (c) 27 (d) 37
19. If two supplementary angles differ by 44° then one of the angles is
(a) 65° (b) 72° (c) 102° (d) 112°
20. In the adjoining figure, AOB and COD are

straight lines. Then, (x + y + z) is equal to
(a) 207° (b) 225°
(c) 285° (d) 315°
21. If P  (8 x  15) then the measure of the supplement of P is

(a) (195  8 x ) (b) (8 x  195) (c) (165  8 x ) (d) (8 x  165)
22. The points A, B, C and D lie on a straight

line. The ratio of the length of AB to the
length of BC is 3 : 4 and the ratio of the length of AC to the length of CD
is 2 : 1. The ratio of the length of BC to the length of AD is
(a) 5 : 6 (b) 8 : 21 (c) 1 : 21 (d) 21 : 8
23. In the adjoining figure, p  q and t is a
transversal. Then,
(i) 1 and 8
(ii) 2 and 8
(iii) 4 and 5
(iv) 3 and 6
represent respectively
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) alternate co-interior corresponding alternate
interior angles angles angles exterior
angles
(b) alternate co-interior corresponding corresponding
interior angles angles angles angles
(c) co-interior alternate alternate corresponding
angles interior angles exterior angles angles
(d) co-interior alternate alternate alternate
angles interior angles exterior angles exterior
angles
24. An angle which is 5° more than its supplement is

(a) 85° (b) 90° (c) 87.5° (d) 92.5°
25. In the given figure, POQ = 2QOR, POT

= 3QOR, SOT = 4QOR, ROS = 5QOR.
Then, the measure of (2POQ + 3QOR) is
(a) 122° (b) 124°
(c) 168° (d) 180°
26. In the given figure, if XOY is a straight line

then the difference between the measures of
POX and QOY is
(a) 11° (b) 12°
(c) 23° (d) 24°
27. In the given figure, PQ, RS and TU are three

straight lines intersecting at O. If y is thrice
of x then the value of y is
(a) 32.5° (b) 35°
(c) 97.5° (d) 98°
28. In the given figure, AOB, COD and EOF

are straight lines. If AOE = 40° and
BOD = 31° then BOC is equal to
(a) 71° (b) 101°
(c) 140° (d) 149°
29. In the adjoining figure, if p  q and t is a

transversal, find out how many of the
following statements are correct.
I. 2 = 7 II. 4 = 8
III. 3 = 6 IV. 4 = 6
V. 1 = 7 VI. 4 + 5 = 180°
VII. 5 = 2 VIII. 3 + 8 = 180°
(a) Three (b) Four (c) Five (d) Six
30. In the adjoining figure, AB  CD and EF is a

transversal. Then, n is equal to
(a) 57 (b) 61.5
(c) 123 (d) 246
31. In the given figure, AB  ED. Then, ( x  y  z) equals

(a) 180° (b) 225° (c) 270° (d) 360°
32. In the adjoining figure, l  m and t is a

transversal. If 1 : 2  4 : 5 then which of
the following is true?
(a) 1  6  100, 5  80
(b) 3  6  7  80
(c) 7  100, 4  100 and 3  80
(d) 8  5  80, 6  3  100
33. In the adjoining figure, l  m and t is a

transversal. Then, ( y  x ) equals
(a) 25° (b) 30°
(c) 35° (d) 45°
34. In the adjoining figure, l  m  n and

p is a transversal. If 6  54 then
(1  10  11) equals
(a) 162° (b) 234°
(c) 306° (d) 378°
35. In the adjoining figure, l  m  n and p is a

transversal. How many angles have the
same magnitude as 1?
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
36. In the adjoining figure, if AP  CQ then

ABC is equal to
(a) 45° (b) 60°
(c) 75° (d) 90°
37. In the adjoining figure, if l  m then

(x + y) is equal to
(a) 75° (b) 105°
(c) 205° (d) 255°
38. In the adjoining figure, p and q are two

parallel lines, each perpendicular to
line l and t is a transversal. If x = y then
the value of x is
(a) 30° (b) 35°
(c) 40° (d) 45°
39. In the adjoining figure, if m  n then the

value of x is
(a) 64° (b) 84°
(c) 52° (d) 106°
40. In the adjoining figure, PQ  BC  ST

and BA  QS  DC. If ABR = 80° then
RCD is equal to
(a) 80° (b) 100°
(c) 120° (d) 160°
41. In the given figure, AB  CD  EF. If

2  t
z = 75° and x  z, the value of  y   is
5  2
(a) 92°
(b) 112.5°
(c) 115°
(d) 135.5°
42. In the given figure, AB  DC  FE.

Then, ( p  q  r ) is equal to
(a) 215°
(b) 230°
(c) 315°
(d) 330°
43. Two angles ABC and DEF are such

that AB  DE and BC  EF, as shown
in the figure. Then, which of the
following statements is correct?
(a) ABC  DEF
(b) ABC  DEF  90
(c) ABC  DEF  180
(d) ABC  DEF
44. Two angles ABC and DEF are

such that AB  EF and BC  DE, as
shown in the figure. Then, which of
the following statements is correct?
(a) ABC  DEF
(b) ABC  DEF  90
(c) ABC  DEF  180
(d) ABC  DEF
45. In the adjoining figure, PQ  RS,

PAB = 55° and ACS = 110°.
Then, BAC measures
(a) 35° (b) 45°
(c) 55° (d) 65°
46. In the adjoining figure, CE  BA. If BAC = 50°

and ECD = 55° then which of the following is
true?
(a) ABC  75, ACB  55
(b) ABC  55, ACB  75
(c) ABC  ACB  65
(d) ABC  50, ACB  80
47. In the adjoining figure, AB  CD. If
1  (2 x  y ) and 6  (3 x  y ) then the
measure of 2 in terms of y is
(a) (2  y ) (b) (3  y )
(c) (180  y ) (d) (108  y )
48. If CD  AB and CE  FB then the value of

(8 p  2q) is
(a) 30° (b) 100°
(c) 650° (d) 660°
49. In which of the following cases is the line l not parallel to the line m?
50. In the adjoining figure, AOB is a

straight line. Which of the following is
incorrect?
(a) y  x  60
(b) x  40
(c) y  z  200
(d) x  y  z  220
51. In the given figure, if PQ  RS and

PR  OT then the value of ( x  y ) is
(a) 140° (b) 150°
(c) 160° (d) 180°
52. In the adjoining figure, AB  CD  EF

and AD  BE. Then, ( x  y  z) equals
(a) 208° (b) 212°
(c) 218° (d) 222°
Direction (Questions 53 to 57):

These questions are based on the
adjoining figure in which two sets
of four parallel lines each are shown,
i.e., l  m  n  p and q  r  s  t.
53. 9 is equal to each of the following except

(a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 16 (d) 22
54. If the measure of 27 is five times that of 10 then the measure of 15 is
(a) 30° (b) 150° (c) 45° (d) 120°
55. The sum of the measures of which of the following pairs of angles is not
equal to 180°?
(a) 20, 22 (b) 1, 14 (c) 14, 18 (d) 2, 24
(a) 1 = 13 = 21 (b) 2 = 9  18
(c) 13 + 16 = 16 + 25 (d) 7 + 16 = 19 + 23
57. If 2 = 45° then 27 is equal to
(a) 45° (b) 75°
(c) 135° (d) cannot be determined
58. In the adjoining figure, AB  CD and

BC  DE. Then, which of the following
relations between p and q holds true?
(a) p = q
(b) p + q = 90°
(c) p + q = 180°
(d) None of the above
59. How many pairs of parallel lines can you find in the given figure?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

60. In the given figure, l  m. The value

of x for which the lines PQ and RS
are parallel, is
(a) x  15
(b) x  20
(c) x  25
(d) x  28
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (d)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (d) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (d)
1. 1 + corresponding angle = (72° + 72°) = 144°.

1 + corresponding co-interior angle = 180°.
1 + its complement = 90°.
1 + its supplement = 180°.
2. From a given point to a given line, the length of perpendicular is the shortest length.
So, the required angle is 90°.
3. HOC + EOC = HOE = 180° [ HOE is a straight line],
FOC  BOC  FOB  180 [ FOB is a straight line],
GOB  COB  GOC  180 [ GOC is a straight line],
GOA  DOA  GOD  180 [ GOD is not a straight line].
4. When two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal then the co-interior angles are
supplementary.
5. The possible acute adjacent angles are (AOB, BOC), (AOB, BOD),
(AOC, COD), (BOC, COD). These are 4 pairs.
6. Out of the given pairs, the pairs of adjacent angles are (4, 7), (1, 2) and (5, 8).
These are 3 pairs.
7. Pairs forming linear pairs are (3, 6), (5, 8), (3, 5) and (6, 8). These are 4 in
number.
8. Pairs of adjacent complementary angles are (AOE, EOC) and (DOF, FOB). Thus,
2 pairs are there.
9. Pairs of vertically opposite angles are (AOD, COB), (AOC, BOD),

(AOE, BOF), (EOC, DOF), (EODCOF), (BOE, AOF). These are 6 pairs.
10. Pairs of obtuse vertically opposite angles are (EOB, AOF), (EOD, COF). These
are 2 pairs.
11. Pairs of equal supplementary angles are (AOC, AOD), (COB, BOD),
(AOC, BOC), (AOD, BOD). These are 4 pairs.
12. Pairs of unequal supplementary angles are (EOC, EOD), (FOC, FOD),
(AOF, BOF), (AOE, BOE). These are 4 pairs.
13. Pairs of adjacent angles not forming a linear pair are (EOA, EOC), (DOF, BOF),
(AOD, AOE), (EOC, BOC), (BOC, BOF), (DOF, DOA). There are 6 such
pairs.
14. Clearly, there are 6 pairs of vertically
opposite angles. (1, 3), (2, 4), (5, 7),
(6, 8), (9, 11), (10, 12).
15. Pairs of adjacent angles are (1, 4), (1, 2),
(2, 3), (3, 4), (5, 6), (6, 7), (7, 8),
(8, 5), (9, 10), (10, 11), (11, 12),
(12, 9).
16. Pairs of adjacent angles are (1, 2), (3, 4),

(5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10), (10, 11),
(11, 12), (12, 9). There are 8 such pairs.
17. Pairs of corresponding angles are (1, 5),

(5, 9), (1, 9), (4, 8), (8, 12), (4, 12),
(2, 6), (6, 10), (2, 10), (3, 7), (7, 11),
(3, 11). They are 12 in all.
18. (2 p  10)  ( p  11)  90  3 p  21  90
 3 p  111  p  37.
19. Let the angles be x° and (180  x ). Then,

x  (180  x )  44  2 x  180  44  224  x  112.
One angle is 112°. The other one is (180  112)  68.
20. z  45 [vertically opposite s]

2 x  3 x  z  180  5 x  45  180  5 x  135  x  27.
y  45  180  y  (180  45)  135.
 x  y  z  (27  135  45)  207.
21. Supplement of P  180  (8 x  15)  (180  15)  8 x  (195  8 x ).
22. Let AB  3 x and BC  4 x. Then,

AC 2 3x  4x 2 7x .
    CD 
CD 1 CD 1 2
BC 4x 4x 4x 8x
      8 : 21.
AD AB  BC  CD  7 x   21x  21x
 3 x  4 x    
 2   2 
23. (i) 1 and 8 are alternate interior angles.
(ii) 2 and 8 are co-interior angles.
(iii) 4 and 5 are corresponding angles.
(iv) 3 and 6 are alternate exterior angles.
24. Let the required angle be x. Then,
x  (180  x )  5  2 x  185  x  92.5.
25. POQ + QOR + ROS + SOT + POT = 360°
 2QOR + QOR + 5QOR + 4QOR + 3QOR = 360°
 15QOR  360  QOR  24.
 POQ  2QOR  (2  24)  48.
 2POQ  3QOR  (2  48  3  24)  (96  72)  168.
26. Since XOY is a straight line, we have

( x  28)  110  (2 x  15)  180  3 x  123  180  3 x  57  x  19.
 POX  (2  19  15)  23,
QOY  (19  28)  47.
Their difference  ( 47  23)  24.
27. QOS  POR  x [vertically opposite s]

POT  QOU  50 [vertically opposite s].
POQ is a straight line.
 x  y  50  180  x  3 x  130  4 x  130  x  32.5.
 y  3 x  (3  32.5)  97.5.
28. AOC  BOD  31 [vertically opposite angles]

BOF  AOE  40 [vertically opposite angles]
Let COF  DOE  x [vertically opposite angles].
 AOC  AOE  DOE  180
 31  40  x  180  x  71  180  x  109.
 BOC  (BOF  COF )  ( 40  109)  149.
29. 4  8 [corresponding s], 4  6 [alternate interior s],

1  7 [alternate exterior s], 4  5  180 [co-interior s]
3  6  180 and 6  8  3  8  180.
 II, IV, V, VI and VIII, i.e., five statements are correct.
30. EGB = GHD = 57° [corresponding angles]

AGE + EGB = 180° [linear pair]
 n  n
    57  180   (180  57 )  123  n  (123  2)  246.
2 2
31. Draw FC  AB  CD.
AB  FC and BC is a transversal.
 x  1  180 [co-interior angles].
FC  ED and CD is a transversal.
 y  2  180 [co-interior angles].
 x  1  y  2  360  x  y  z  360 [ 1  2  z].
32. Let 1  4x and 2  5x.

Then, 1  2  180  4 x  5 x  180  9 x  180  x  20.
 1  80 and 2  100
3  2  100, 4  1  80 [vertically opposite angles]
5  1  80, 6  2  100 [corresponding angles]
8  5  80, 7  6  100 [vertically opposite angles].
33. 5 x  20  3 x  40 [corresponding angles]

 2 x  60  x  30.
Also, 2y = 5x – 20 [vertically opposite angles]
 2y = (5 × 30 – 20) = 130  y = 65.
 (y – x) = (65 – 30) = 35.
34. 10 = 6 = 54° [corresponding angles]

11 = 10 = 54° [vertically opposite angles]
4 + 6 = 180° [co-interior angles]
 4 + 54° = 180°  4 = 126°.
1 = 4 = 126° [vertically opposite angles]
 1 + 10 + 11 = (126° + 54° + 54°) = 234°.
35. 1 = 5 = 9 [corresponding angles]

8 = 5, 12 = 9 [vertically opposite angles]
 1 = 8 = 12.
Also, 1 = 4 [vertically opposite angles]
 1 equals 4, 5, 8, 9, 12.
So, 1 equals five other angles.
36. Draw DBE  AP  CQ.

AP  BD  PAB + ABD = 180° [co-int. s]
 ABD = 70°.
CQ  BE  BCQ + CBE = 180° [co-int. s]
 CBE
Now, ABD + ABC + CBE = 180°
 70° + ABC + 50° = 180°  ABC = 60°.
37. 60° +  = 180°   = 120°.

l  m  x =  = 120° [alt. int. s]
l  m   = 45° [alt. int. s]
y +  = 180°  y = (180 – 45°) = 135°.
 (x + y) = (120 + 135)° = 255°.
38.  = y [vert. opp. s]

 = 90° [corresponding s]
 + x +  = 180° [angles of a triangle]
 y + x + 90 = 180
 y + x = 90
 2x = 90 [ y = x]
 x = 45°
39. Draw l  m  n.
128° +  = 180° [linear pair]
  = 52°.
148° +  = 180° [linear pair]
  = 32°.
l  m  1 =  = 52°.
l  n  2 =  = 32°.
 x = 1 + 2 = (52° + 32°) = 84°.
40. BA  DC and BC is the transversal.

 RCD = BCD = ABC = 80° [alternate interior s]
 2   2 
41. z = 75° (given), x   z     75   30.
5  5 
AB  EF  BAF = AFE [alternate interior s]
 x + y = z  30 + y = 75  y = 45°.
AB  CD  y + t = 180°
 t  (180  y )  (180  45)  135.
 t  135  
    y     45    ( 45  67.5)  112.5.
 2  2 
42. AB  DC  p = CAB = 135° [alternate interior s].
p + q + 130° = 360°  135° + q + 130° = 360°  q = (360° – 265°) = 95°.
DC  FE  q + r = 180°  r = (180° – 95°) = 85°.
 (p + q + r) = (135° + 95° + 85°) = 315°.
43. AB  DE  1 = 2 [corresponding s]
BC  EF  2 = 3 [corresponding s].
 1 = 3  ABC = DEF.
44. AB  EF and BC is a transversal

 1 = 2 [corresponding angles]
BC  DE and EF is a transversal.
 2 + 3 = 180° [co-interior s]
Now, 1 = 2 and 2 + 3 = 180°
 1 + 3 = 180°
 ABC + DEF = 180°.
45. PQ  RS and AB is a transversal.
 ABC = PAB = 55° [alternate interior s]
Since RS is a straight line, therefore
ACB = (180° – 110°) = 70°.
Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°, we have
BAC + ABC + ACB = 180°
 BAC + 55° + 70° = 180°  BAC = 55°.
46. CE  BA and BCD is a transversal.

 ABC = ECD = 55°.
Since the sum of the angles of a traingle is 180°, we have
BAC + ABC + ACB = 180°
 50° + 55° + ACB = 180°
 ACB = (180° – 105°) = 75°.
47. 3 = 1 = (2x + y)° [vertically opposite angles]
3 + 6 = 180° [co-interior angles]
 (2x + y)° + (3x – y)° = 180°
 5x = 180  x = 36.
 2 = 6 [corresponding angles]
 2 = (3x – y)° = (3 × 36 – y)° = (108 – y)°.
48. Produce CB to H and AB to K, as shown.
CE  BF and BC is the transversal.
 p = CBF = BCE = 90° [alt. int. s]
CD  AB and CBH is a transversal.
 BCD = HBK = 120° [corres. s]
 q = (120 – 90)° = 30°.
 (8p – 2q) = (8 × 90° – 2 × 30°)
= (720° – 60°) = 660°.
49. In figure (b) alternate interior angles are not equal as shown in the
adjoining figure.
So, l is not parallel to m.
50. 140° + x = 180°  x = 40°.

x + 40° + y = 180°  40° + 40° + y = 180°  y = 100°.
z = y = 100° [alternate interior s]
 (y – x) = (100° – 40°) = 60°,
(y + z) = (100 + 100)° = 200°
and (x + y + z) = (40° + 100° + 100°) = 240°, which is incorrect.
51. PR  OT and POQ is the transversal.

 QOT = OPR = 115° [corresponding angles]
ROT = MON = 20° [vertically opposite angles].
PR  OT and OR is the transversal.
 PRO = ROT = 20° [alternate interior angles].
PQ  RS and PR is the transversal.
 OPR + PRT = 180° [co-interior angles]
 115° + (20° + y) = 180°  y = 45°.
 (x + y) = (115 + 45)° = 160°.
52. AB  CD and AD is the transversal.
 ADC = BAD = 120°  y = 120° [alt. int. angles].
AD  BE and AB is the transversal.
 BAD + ABE = 180°  120° + (x + 32°) = 180°  x = (60 – 32)° = 28°.
AB  EF and BE is the transversal.
 ABE = BEF  z = x + 32 = (28 + 32)° = 60°.
 (x + y + z) = (28 + 120 + 60)° = 208°.
53. q  r  4 = 9 [alt. int. s]
l  p  2 = 4 [corresponding s]
 9 = 2.
q  r  2 = 8 [corresponding s]
and 8 + 7 = 180° [linear pair]
 2 + 7 = 180°  2  7.
r  s  17 = 9 [corresponding s]
l  p  16 = 17 [alt. int. s]
 9 = 16.
r  t  19 = 9
n  p  22 = 19
 9 = 22.
54. 11 = 10 [vertically opp. s]
r  t  11 + 19 = 180° [co-interior angles]
 10 + 27 = 180°  x + 5x = 180°  6x = 180°  x = 30°,
where 10 = x° and 27 = 5x°
s  t  15 + 27 = 180° [co-interior s]
 15 = 180° – 27 = (180° – 5x) = (180° – 150°) = 30°.
55. n  p  20 + 24 = 180° [co-interior s]

and 24 = 22 [vert. opp. s]
 20 + 22 = 180°.
q  s  1 + 14 = 180° [co-interior s]
and 17 + 18 = 180°. [linear pair]
 14 + 18 = 180°.
56. 13 + 16 = 180° [linear pair]
s  t  16 = 28 [corresponding s]
l  m  28 = 25 [alt. int. s]
 16 = 25.
Hence, 16 + 25  180°.
57. q  s  16 = 2 [corresponding s]
s  t  16 = 27 [alt. int. s]
 2 = 27 = 45
58. AB  CD  p = x [alt. int. s]
BC  DE  x = q [alt. int. s]
 p = q.
59. 1 = (180° – 46°) = 134°  p  q.

2 = (180° – 46°) = 134°.
 1 = 2  q  r
[ alt. int. s are equal]
p  q  3 = 44°
[corresponding s]
4 = (180° – 3)
= (180° – 44°) = 136°.
So, l  m [ corresponding s are equal]
 (p  q), (q  r), (p  r) and (l  m).
Hence, there are 4 pairs of parallel lines.
60. PQ  RS  4x – 10 = 3x + 18 [alt. ext. s]

 x = 28.
EXERCISE 15B
true.
1. A …… has two end points.
2. A …… is a line that intersects two or more lines at distinct points.
3. Two rays meeting at a point form an …… .
4. The arms of PQR are …… and …… .
5. When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, …… pairs of
corresponding angles are formed.
6. When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, …… pairs of alternate
interior angles are formed.
7. When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal …… pairs of co-interior
angles are formed.
8. If two adjacent angles are supplementary, they form a …… .
9. Two lines in a plane are either …… or …… .
10. The non-common arms of the angle of a linear pair are …… rays.
11. If OA is a ray standing on a line BC such that
AOB = AOC then the measure of AOB
is …… .
12. Two complementary angles are in the ratio 1 : 3. The bigger angle
measures …… .
13. Two supplementary angles are in the ratio 5 : 7. The smaller angle
measures …… .
14. When two lines are cut by a transversal, then the angles whose arms
include the line segment of the transversal between the two lines are
called …… angles while those which do not contain the segment of the
transversal between the two lines are called …… angles.
15. The complement of an angle of 65° is …… and its supplement is …… .
16. The supplement of an acute angle is an …… angle.
17. The angles of a linear pair are both …… and …… .
18. Two vertically opposite angles are supplementary. Then, their
magnitudes are …… and …… .
19. Parallel lines are always …… .
20. Two complementary angles are always …… .
21. The sum of all the angles at a point is …… .
22. In the adjoining figure, if AOB is a straight

line then the value of x is …… .
23. An angle which is half of its complement is …… .

24. An angle which is twice its supplement is …… .
25. If the complement of an angle is  then the supplement of that angle
is …… .
26. If the supplement of an angle is  then the complement of that angle
is …… .
27. An angle which is equal to five times its complement is …… .
28. An angle which is thrice its supplement is …… .
29. If A  ( 4 x  2) then the measure of its complement is …… .
7
30. The supplement of of a right angle is …… of a straight angle.
8
4
31. The complement of of a right angle is …… .
5
32. An angle which is 18° more than its complement is …… .
33. An angle which is 30° less than its supplement is …… .
34. If two supplementary angles differ by one right angle then their
measures are …… and …… .
35. An angle is 30° more than half of its complement. The angle is …… .
true or false.
36. Rays BA and BO are the arms of AOB. ……
37. Two pairs of adjacent angles are formed when two lines intersect in a
point. ……
38. In the adjoining figure, there are 8 pairs of adjacent
angles of which 4 form a linear pair. ……
39. The adjoining figure shows two pairs of vertically

opposite angles. ……
40. If two lines in a plane do not intersect, they are parallel. ……

41. Two rays in a plane are either parallel or intersecting. ……
42. Two line segments in a plane are either parallel or intersecting. ……
43. Two supplementary angles can both be acute. ……

44. Two supplementary angles can both be obtuse. ……
45. Two supplementary angles can both be right angles. ……
46. In the adjoining figure, POS and QOS are
adjacent angles as they share a common vertex O
and a common arm OS . ……
47. Alternate interior angles lie on opposite sides of the transversal while
corresponding lines lie on the same side. ……
48. Angles forming a linear pair are supplementary. ……
49. Vertically opposite angles can form a linear pair. ……
50. If l  m and l  n, then m  n. ……
51. Vertically opposite angles are either both acute angles or both obtuse
angles. ……
1. line segment 2. transversal 3. angle 4. QP , QR

5. four 6. two 7. two 8. linear pair
9. parallel, intersecting 10. opposite 11. 90°
12. (67.5)° 13. 75° 14. interior, exterior
15. 25°, 115° 16. obtuse 17. adjacent, supplementary
18. 90°, 90° 19. equidistant 20. acute 21. 360°
22. x = 14 23. 30° 24. 120° 25. 90° + 
26. (  90) 27. 75° 28. 135° 29. (88  4 x )
9
30. 31. 18° 32. 54° 33. 75°
16
34. 45°, 135° 35. 50° 36. False 37. False
38. True 39. True 40. True 41. False
46. False 47. True 48. True 49. False
50. False 51. False
11. Since BOC is a straight line, AOB + AOC = 180°.

But, AOB = AOC.
 AOB = AOC = 90°.
12. Let the angles be x° and (3x)°.

Then, x + 3x = 90  4x = 90  x = 22.5.
 measure of bigger angle  (3  22.5)  67.5
13. Let the angles be (5x ) and (7x ). Then,

5 x  7 x  180  12 x  180  x  15.
Measure of smaller angle  (5  15)  75.
15. Complement of an angle of 65  (90  65)  25.
Supplement of an angle of 65  (180  65)  115.
16. Let the acute angle be . Then,   90.
Its supplement  (180  ).
Since   90, we have (180  )  90.
 supplement of an acute angle is an obtuse angle.
17. The angles of a linear pair are adjacent and supplementary.
18. Let the two angles be  and . Then,
    180 [supplementary s]
and    [vertically opposite s]
     90.
19. Parallel lines are always equidistant.
20. Let the two complementary angles be  and . Then,
    90    90 and   90   and  are acute.
22. AOB is a straight line
 AOD  DOC  BOC  180
 (7 x  18)  (2 x  4)  (3 x  2)  180
 12 x  12  180  12 x  168  x  14.
23. Let the required angle be . Then, its complement is 2.

   2  90  3  90    30.
.
24. Let the required angle be . Then, its supplement is
2
 3
   180   180  3  360    120.
2 2
25. Let the required angle be x. Then,   90  x.
Supplement of the angle  180  x  90  (90  x )  90  .
26. Let the required angle be x. Then,   (180  x ).

Complement of the angle  (90  x )  180  x  90  (  90).
x.
27. Let the required angle be x. Then, its complement 
5
x 6x  90  5  
 x  90   90  x     75.
5 5  6 
x.
28. Let the required angle be x. Then, its supplement 
3
x 4x  180  3  
 x  180   180  x     135.
3 3  4 
29. A  ( 4 x  2)  its complement  90  ( 4 x  2)  (88  4 x ).
7 7
30. of a right angle  of a straight angle.
8 16
 7  9
 its supplement   1   of a straight angle  of a straight angle.
 16  16
4 4 
31. of a right angle    90   72.
5 5 
 its complement  (90  72)  18.
32. Let the required angle be x°. Then, its complement  ( x  18).
 x  x  18  90  2 x  108  x  54.
33. Let the required angle be x°. Then, its supplement  ( x  30).
 x  x  30  180  2 x  150  x  75.
34. Let the two angles be x° and ( x  90). Then,
x  ( x  90)  180  2 x  90  x  45.
35. Let the required angle be x°. Then, its complement  (90  x ).
 90  x  90  x  60
Then, x    30   x 
 2  2
 2 x  150  x  3 x  150  x  50.
36. Arms of AOB are OA and OB.
37. When two lines intersect, four pairs of adjacent angles

are formed (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4) and (4, 1).
38. Clearly, there are 8 pairs of adjacent angles (1, 2),

(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 1), (5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10),
(11, 12).
Of these only first four form a linear pair.
39. Clearly, there are 2 pairs of vertically opposite angles

(1, 3) and (2, 4).
41. Two rays in a plane may not be parallel or intersecting,

as shown in the diagram AB and CD .
42. Two line segments in a plane may not be parallel

or intersecting. AB and CD are neither parallel nor
intersecting.
43.   90,   90  (  )  (90  90)

 (  )  180.
44.   90,   90  (  )  (90  90)
 (  )  180.
46. POS and QOS have a common vertex O and a common arm OS , but their non-
common arms lie on the same side of the common arm.
So, they are not adjacent angles.
49. Vertically opposite angles do not form a linear pair.
50. l  m and l  n  m  n.
51. Vertically opposite angles may be both acute or obtuse or right angles.

16 Triangles
1. TRIANGLE A simple closed figure formed by

joining three noncollinear points is called a
triangle.
A CABC has six parts or elements, namely
(i) three sides, AB, BC and CA.
(ii) three angles, BAC, ABC and BCA or
A, B and C respectively.
2. In a CABC, BC is the side opposite to A; CA is the side opposite to B
and AB is the side opposite to C.
3. TRIANGULAR REGION The interior of CABC together with itself is called the
triangular region ABC.
4. TYPES OF TRIANGLES ON THE BASIS OF SIDES
(i) EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE A triangle in which all the sides are equal is
called an equilateral triangle.
A triangle in which two sides are equal is called
(ii) ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
an isosceles triangle.
(iii) SCALENE TRIANGLE A triangle in which all the three sides are of
different lengths is called a scalene traingle.
5. ANGLE PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE
(i) Each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°.

(ii) The angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles
triangle are equal.
In CABC, we have
AB = AC  ACB = ABC.
(iii) All the angles of a scalene triangle are of different measures.

(iv) A scalene triangle may be acute-angled, right-angled or obtuse-
angled.
(v) An isosceles triangle may be acute-angled, right-angled or obtuse-
angled.
321
6. TYPES OF TRIANGLES ON THE BASIS OF ANGLES
I. ACUTE-ANGLED TRIANGLE If each angle of a triangle

is less than 90° then it is called an acute-angled
triangle.
If each angle of a triangle is less than the sum of
the other two then it is an acute-angled triangle.
II. RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE A triangle, one of whose

angles measures 90°, is called a right-angled
triangle or a right triangle.
(i) In a right triangle, one angle measures
90°. The other two angles are acute and
complimentary, i.e., their sum is 90°.
(ii) In a right triangle, the side opposite to the right angle is called
its hypotenuse and it is the longest side.
(iii) The two sides of a right triangle containing the right angle are
called its legs.
In the given figure, CABC is right-angled at B.
So, AC is its hypotenuse while AB and BC are its legs.
III. OBTUSE-ANGLED TRIANGLE A triangle having
one obtuse angle is called an obtuse-angled
triangle or simply an obtuse triangle.
In an obtuse triangle, one angle is obtuse
and each one of the other two angles is
acute.
7. ANGLE SUM PROPERTY OF A TRIANGLE The sum of the angles of a triangle is

180°. Thus, in a CABC, we have A  B  C  180.
8. If two triangles are joined to form a star-shaped
figures, as shown in the adjoining figure, then
the sum of the angles at the vertices of the star is
360°.
Triangles 323
9. (i) EXTERIOR ANGLE PROPERTY If one side

of a triangle is produced then the
exterior angle so formed is equal
to the sum of two interior opposite
angles.
In the given figure, the side BC of
CABC has been produced to point D.
 4 = 1 + 2.
(ii) Since BCD is a straight line, we have 3  4  180.
(iii) If the sides of a CABC are produced
in order then the sum of the exterior
angles so formed is 360°.
Thus, in the adjoining figure, we have
1  2  3  360.
10. MEDIAN The line segment joining a vertex of a

given triangle to the midpoint of its opposite side
is called a median.
In the given figure, D, E and F are the midpoints of
sides BC, AC and AB of CABC respectively.
So, AD, BE and CF are its medians.
(i) The point of intersection of the medians of a triangle is called its
centroid.
The medians AD, BE and CF of CABC intersect at a point G.
Therefore, G is the centroid of CABC.
(ii) All the three medians of an equilateral triangle are equal.
(iii) The medians drawn to the two equal sides of an isosceles triangle
are equal.
(iv) All the medians of a triangle lie in its interior.
11. ALTITUDE The perpendicular line segment drawn
from a vertex of a triangle to the opposite side is
called its altitude.
In the given figure, in CABC we have drawn
AL  BC, BM  AC and CN  AB. Therefore AL, BM
and CN are the three altitudes of CABC.
(i) The point of intersection of the altitudes of a triangle is called its
orthocentre.
In the given figure AL, BM and CN are the altitudes of CABC. These
altitudes intersect at a point O.
Therefore, O is the orthocentre of CABC.
(ii) The orthocentre of an acute triangle lies in its interior.
(iii) The orthocentre of a right triangle lies on its hypotenuse.
(iv) The orthocentre of an obtuse triangle lies in its exterior.
12. ANGLE BISECTORS OF A TRIANGLE
The point of concurrence of the three angle

bisectors of a triangle is called its incentre.
In the given figure, AP, BQ and CR are the
bisectors of A, B and C of CABC. Therefore
AP, BQ and CR are the angle bisectors of CABC.
These angle bisectors intersect at a point I. Therefore, I is the incentre of
CABC.
13. PERPENDICULAR BISECTORS OF CABC
The point of concurrence of the perpendicular

bisectors of a CABC is called its circumcentre.
In the given figure, the perpendicular bisectors
of the sides BC, CA and AB of CABC meet at
the point D. Hence, D is the circumcentre of
CABC.
The circumcentre of a triangle always lies
inside the triangle.
14. (i) INCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE The circle which lies inside
a triangle and touches its three sides is called the
incircle of the triangle.
(ii) The incentre of a triangle is the centre of the
incircle.
Clearly, the incentre of a triangle is a point
equidistant from the sides of the triangle.
(iii) CIRCUMCIRCLE OF A TRIANGLE The circle which lies outsides a triangle
and passes through its three vertices, is called the circumcircle of
the triangle.
(iv) The circumcentre of a triangle is the centre of the circumcircle.
Thus, the circumcentre of a triangle is the point equidistant from
the vertices of the triangle.
15. INEQUALITIES IN A TRIANGLE
(i) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the
third side.
Triangles 325
Thus, in a CABC, we have

AB + BC > AC,
BC + AC > AB,
AB + AC > BC.
(ii) The difference of any two sides of a triangle is always less than the
third side.
(iii) In a triangle, the greater angle has longer side opposite to it and vice
versa.
Thus, in CABC, if B > C then AC > AB.
16. PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM In a right-angled triangle,
the square on the hypotenuse equals the sum
of the squares on its remaining two sides.
In a CABC, right-angled at B, we have
AC 2  AB2  BC 2 .
17. PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLET Three positive integers a, b, c taken in this order are
said to form a Pythagorean triplet, if c 2  a2  b 2 .
Thus, each of the triplets (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (7, 24, 25), (8, 15, 17) and
(12, 35, 37) is a pythagorean triplet.
18. SHORTEST DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE Of all the
line segments that can be drawn to a given line
from a given point outside it, the perpendicular
line segment is the shortest.
19. (i) CONVERSE OF PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM If the square of the longest side of
a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides
then the triangle is right-angled.
(ii) If the square of the longest side of a triangle is greater than the sum
of the squares of the other two sides then the triangle is obtuse-
angled.
(iii) If the square of the longest side of a triangle is smaller than the sum
of the squares of the other two sides then the triangle is acute-angled.
20. CONGRUENT FIGURES If two figures have exactly the same shape and size,
they are said to be congruent.
For congruence, we use the symbol ‘’.
The method of superposition is used to check whether the given figures
are congruent or not.
21. (i) Two line segments are congruent if they have the same length.
(ii) Two angles are congruent if they have the same measure.
(iii) Two squares are congruent if they have the same side length.
(iv) Two rectangles are congruent if their lengths and breadths are equal.
(v) Two circles are congruent if they have equal radii.
(vi) Two triangles are congruent if all the pairs of corresponding sides
and corresponding angles are equal.
Thus, CABC  CDEF , if
I. AB  DE , BC  EF and AC  DF and
II. A  D, B  E and C  F.
The matching parts of two congruent triangles are called their
corresponding parts.
22. CONDITIONS FOR CONGRUENCE OF TWO TRIANGLES
(i) SSS-CRITERION Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one
triangle are respectively equal to the three sides of another triangle.
Two triangles are congruent if the two sides and the
(ii) SAS-CRITERION
included angle of one are respectively equal to the two sides and the
included angle of the other.
(iii) ASA-CRITERIONTwo triangles are congruent if the two angles and the
included side of the one are respectively equal to two angles and the
included side of the other.
Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse
(iv) RHS–CRITERION
and one side of the first triangle are respectively equal to the
hypotenuse and one side of the second.
Note In two triangles, if the three angles of the one are respectively equal to the
three angles of the other then the triangles are not necessarily congruent.
23. Two congruent figures are always equal in area. But, two figures which
are equal in area may not be congruent.
EXERCISE 16A
1. In the adjoining figure, (a  b  c  d )
equals
(a) 240° (b) 280°
(c) 290° (d) 360°
Triangles 327
2. The vertical angle of an isosceles triangle measures (5 x  18) and one of

the base angles measures 3x. The value of x is
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 24
3. In the adjoining figure, we can say that
(a) p  q  1  2  3
(b) p  q  180  1
(c) p  q  2 (2  3)
(d) p  q  1
4. In a CABC, if B  3 x , A  x, C  y and 3 y  5 x  30 then the triangle is
(a) isosceles (b) equilateral
(c) right-angled (d) obtuse-angled
5. The sum of the base angles of a triangle is 140° and their difference is
40°. The angles of the triangle are
(a) 90°, 50°, 40° (b) 100°, 40°, 40° (c) 80°, 40°, 60° (d) 130°, 30°, 20°
6. In a CABC, if 2A  3B  6C then A : B : C equals
(a) 2 : 3 : 6 (b) 6 : 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 : 3
7. In a CABC, if 3A  4B  6C then the measure of B is
(a) 40° (b) 60° (c) 70° (d) 80°
8. In the adjoining figure, what is the measure of PQT ?
(a) 15°
(b) 30°
(c) 45°
(d) 65°
9. In the adjoining figure, the value of x is

(a) 15° (b) 20°
(c) 25° (d) 30°
10. In a CABC, if A  B  150 and B  C  75 then B  ?

(a) 35° (b) 45°
(c) 55° (d) 25°
11. In a CABC, if A  B  33 and B  C  18 then B  ?
(a) 35° (b) 45°
(c) 55° (d) 65°
12. In the adjoining figure, mPQR  27 and

mPRT  x. Then, the value of x is
(a) 27° (b) 54°
(c) 58° (d) 72°

(a) 10°
(b) 15°
(c) 20°
(d) 25°
14. The measures of three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. Then,
the triangle is
(a) obtuse-angled (b) right-angled
(c) equilateral (d) isosceles
15. How many different triangles do you find in the
adjoining figure?
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8
16. How many triangles can you count in the

adjoining figure?
(a) 7 (b) 8
(c) 9 (d) 10
17. In the adjoining figure, if AB  CD

then the values of p and q are
(a) p = 24°, q = 48°
(b) p = 34°, q = 68°
(c) p = 24°, q = 68°
(d) p = 34°, q = 48°
Triangles 329
18. In the given figure, PQRS is a straight

line and SR = ST. The value of x is
(a) 25°
(b) 35°
(c) 45°
(d) 55°
19. In the given figure, RS  QP. Then,

b=?
(a) 40°
(b) 60°
(c) 80°
(d) 120°
20. In the given figure, PQ = PR. What is

the relation between a and b?
(a) a > b
(b) a < b
(c) a = b
(d) a = 2b
21. An exterior angle of a triangle measures 135° and its interior opposite
angles are in the ratio 1 : 4. Then, the triangle is
(a) right-angled (b) acute-angled
(c) obtuse-angled (d) any of these
22. In a CABC, if A  2B and C  3B then the triangle is
(a) acute-angled (b) right-angled
(c) obtuse-angled (d) equilateral
23. In the adjoining figure, the value of

x is
(a) 75°
(b) 85°
(c) 95°
(d) 105°

(a) 15
(b) 20
(c) 18
(d) 24
25. The adjoining figure consists of equilateral

CPQR and isosceles CPRT. Then, the value of
x is
(a) 30° (b) 45°
(c) 60° (d) 120°
26. Identify the sum of x, y and z from

the adjoining figure. It is
(a) 70°
(b) 80°
(c) 180°
(d) 190°
27. In the given figure, AD = CD = BC and

AB = BC. If ABC  x then the value of x is
(a) 13°
(b) 15°
(c) 36°
(d) 40°
28. In the given figure, QP  RS and CPTQ is an

isosceles triangle. Then, ( x  y ) is equal to
(a) 110°
(b) 120°
(c) 140°
(d) 150°
29. In the adjoining figure, ACE and BCD are

straight lines. The value of ( p  q  r  s) is
(a) 180°
(b) 200°
(c) 280°
(d) 360°
Triangles 331
30. In the adjoining figure, if l  m then which of the

following holds true?
(a) z  x  y
(b) z  x  y
(c) z  180  x  y
(d) z  180  x  y
31. If AB  BC , BD  AC , CE bisects C and A  30 then

CED  ?
(a) 30°
(b) 45°
(c) 60°
(d) 65°
32. In a triangle, if one angle is the average of the other two and the
difference between the greatest and least angles is 60° then the angles of
the triangle are in the ratio
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 : 5 (c) 1 : 4 : 13 (d) 5 : 7 : 11
33. In the given figure, PST is an isosceles triangle;

QPR is a right-angled triangle; NQP and PRS
are equilateral triangles. If PST  45 and
PQR  52 then x is equal to
(a) 38° (b) 40°
(c) 44° (d) 60°
34. The number of independent measures required to construct a triangle is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
35. In the adjoining figure, if DE  AC then ( p  q  r )

is equal to
(a) 180° (b) 190°
(c) 230° (d) 240°
36. In the adjoining figure, x is equal to

(a) 25°
(b) 35°
(c) 45°
(d) 55°
37. Look at the adjoining figure. Which of the

following relations between x and y holds
true?
(a) x = y (b) x > y
(c) x < y (d) x + y = 90°
38. The side QR of CPQR has been produced to a point T such that
PRT  140. If Q  2P then P measures
(a) 100° (b) 60° (c) 80° (d) 90°
39. The adjoining figure shows an equilateral

triangle PQR inside a rectangle ABCD. Then,
(x + y) is equal to
(a) 45° (b) 60°
(c) 75° (d) 90°
40. In the adjoining figure, the values of x and y

are respectively
(a) 75°, 35°
(b) 70°, 40°
(c) 78°, 32°
(d) 72°, 38°
41. In the adjoining figure, BO and CO are the

bisector of B and C respectively of CABC. If
A  70 then BOC is equal to
(a) 70°
(b) 95°
(c) 105°
(d) 125°

(a) 126°
(b) 134°
(c) 144°
(d) 156°
Triangles 333
43. In the adjoining figure, ABE is a straight

line. If AB = AD and DBC  CBE then
(ADB  CBE) is equal to
1
(a) 7  (b) 10°
2
1
(c) 12  (d) 15°
2
44. In the adjoining figure, ADC is a right-
angled triangle; ABC is an isosceles
triangle with AB = AC. Also ACG,
EAB and FAD are straight lines. The
values of x and y are respectively
(a) 85°, 70° (b) 75°, 80°
(c) 80°, 70° (d) 85°, 75°
45. Which of the following are nonconcurrent?

(a) The three sides of a triangle
(b) The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle
(c) The medians of a triangle
(d) The perpendiculars drawn from the vertices on the opposite sides
of the triangle
46. Which of the following may be outside or on the triangle?
I. Circumcentre II. Centroid III. Orthocentre IV. Incentre
(a) I and II only (b) I and III only
(c) III only (d) I, II and III only
47. If two sides of an isosceles triangle are 3 cm and 8 cm then the length of
the third side can be
(a) 3 cm only (b) 8 cm only
(c) either 3 cm or 8 cm (d) none of these
48. In a CABC, A  50, B  60 and C  70. Then, the longest side of
CABC is
(a) AB (b) BC
(c) AC (d) cannot be determined
49. ABC is a triangle in which A  70, B  60 and
C  50. P is a point inside it. Then, which of the
following statements is not true?
(a) AP + PC > AB (b) BP + PC > BC
(c) AP + PB > AB (d) AP + PB < BC
50. O is a point in the exterior of CABC. Then, which

of the following statements is true?
(a) OA + OB + OC > AB + BC + AC
1
(b) OA + OB + OC > (AB + BC + AC)
2
(c) OA + OB + OC > 2 (AB + BC + AC)
(d) OA + OB + OC < AB + BC + AC
51. In a CDEF, D  E  F. If the measure of the sides are 13 cm, 9 cm
and 15 cm, the measure of side EF must be
(a) 9 cm (b) 13 cm (c) 15 cm (d) any of these
52. In a CABC, A > B > C. If AB = 31 cm and AC = 50 cm then the
measure of BC could be
(a) 26 cm (b) 32 cm (c) 42 cm (d) 80 cm
53. The sides of a triangle are 9 cm, 13 cm and k cm, where k is a positive
integer. For how many values of k is the triangle obtuse?
(a) 6 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 15
54. The longest segment shown in the given
figure is
(a) AB (b) BD
(c) DC (d) BC
55. If x is an integer and 3 < x < 8, how many different triangles are possible
with sides of length 3, 8 and x?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
56. In a CABC, if AB + BC = 12 cm, BC + CA = 14 cm and CA + AB = 18 cm,
what is the sum of the lengths of its sides?
(a) 21 cm (b) 22 cm (c) 23 cm (d) 24 cm
57. In the adjoining figure,
C ABC  CPRQ. Then, the values
of x and y are
(a) 67° and 44°
(b) 64° and 47°
(c) 48° and 66°
(d) cannot be determined
58. CABC and CPQR may not be congruent when
(a) AB = PQ, AC = PR and A  P
(b) AB = PQ, AC = PR and B  Q  90
(c) B  Q, AC = PR and C  R
(d) A  P, B  Q and AB = PQ
Triangles 335
59. Which is the correct congruence relation which

holds true for the adjoining figure?
(a) CABC  CCDA
(b) C ABC  CDCA
(c) C ABC  CCAD
(d) C ABC  CDAC
60. Which of the following congruence criterion is used to prove that
CPQR  CDEF?
(a) SSS (b) ASA

(c) SAS (d) Any of these
61. In the given figure, if COXM  COYN then

which of the following is not true?
(a) XO = YO
(b) XM = YN
(c) MO = YO
(d) XMO  YNO
I. If three sides of a triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle
then the triangles are congruent.
II. If three angles of a triangle are respectively equal to three angles of
another triangle then the triangles are congruent.
Of these statements,
(a) I is true and II is false. (b) both I and II are true.
(c) both I and II are false. (d) I is false and II is true.
63. In the adjoining figure, C ABC  C ADC by which of

the following axioms?
(a) SSS
(b) SAS
(c) ASA
(d) RHS
64. In the adjoining figure, AB  CD and AB = CD. Then,

which of the following is true?
(a) C AOB  CCOD by SSS-axiom
(b) C AOB  CCOD by ASA-axiom
(c) C AOB  CDOC by SSS-axiom
(d) C AOB  CDOC by ASA-axiom
65. Which of the following criteria does not hold for congruence of two
triangles?
(a) SSS (b) AAA (c) ASA (d) AAS
66. In CABC and CDEF, if AC = DF and BC = DE then for the two triangles
to be congruent by SAS-congruency criterion, which of the following is
true?
(a) A  D (b) B  E (c) B  F (d) C  D
67. In CPQR and CXYZ, if P = Z and R = X, then for the two triangles
to be congruent by ASA-congruence criterion, which of the following is
true?
(a) PR = ZX (b) PR = XY (c) PQ = XZ (d) QR = YZ
68. In CABC and CDEF, B = D = 90° and BC = DF. What additional
information is needed to make CABC  CEDF by RHS-congruency
condition?
(a) AB = ED (b) A  F (c) C  F (d) AC = EF
69. CEFG and CLMN are congruent to each other, if
(a) EFG = LMN, FEG = MLN and FGE = MNL
(b) EF = LM, EG = LN and EFG = LMN
(c) EF = LM, EFG = LMN and FEG = LNM
(d) FG = MN, EG = LN and EGF = LNM
70. Which of the following statements
regarding the congruence relation
between the two triangles is true?
(a) CLMN  CPQR by RHS-axiom
(b) CLMN  CPQR by ASA-axiom
(c) CLMN  CRQP by RHS-axiom
(d) CLMN  CRQP by ASA-axiom
Triangles 337
71. AD is the altitude of an isosceles CABC in which

AB = AC. Then, C ADB  C ADC by which of the
following congruence axioms?
(a) SSS (b) ASA
(c) RHS (d) SAS
72. Match the columns and choose the correct combination.

Column I Column II
I. P  Y  90, R  X, PQ = YZ (A) CQPR  CXYZ, ASA
II. QR = XZ, QP = XY, R  Z  90 (B) CQPR  CXYZ, RHS
III. PR = XY, PQ = XZ, P  X (C) CRPQ  CXYZ, ASA
IV. P  Y , Q  X , QR = XZ (D) CPRQ  CXYZ, SAS
I II III IV I II III IV
(a) B C A D (b) C B D A
(c) A B D C (d) A D B C
73. CPQR  CSRQ by SAS-axiom. Which of the following is not a matching
part?
(a) PQ = SR (b) PQR  SRQ
(c) PQ = SQ (d) QR = RQ
74. In the adjoining figure, AB = AC and
AD = AE. Which of the following statements
is not true?
(a) BE = DC
(b) C ACE  C ABD
(c) C AEC  C ABD
(d) CAE  DAB
75. In the adjoining figure, BAC  CDB  90
and AC = BD. Then,
(a) CABC is not congruent to CDCB
(b) C ABC  CDCB by SAS-axiom
(c) C ABC  CDCB by RHS-axiom
(d) C ABC  CDCB by ASA-axiom
76. Which two triangles are congruent and by
which congruence axiom?
(a) C AOB  CCOD , SSS
(b) C AOB  CCOD , SAS
(c) C AOB  CDOC , SAS
(d) C AOB  CDOC , ASA
77. In the adjoining figure, OP  AB and OQ  BC

are drawn such that OP = OQ. Then,
COPB  COQB by which of the following
congruence axioms?
(a) SAS (b) ASA
(c) SSS (d) RHS
78. In the adjoining figure, we can say that

(a) CABC is not congruent to CDCB
(b) CABC is congruent to CDCB by ASA-axiom
(c) CABC is congruent to CDCB by RHS-axiom
(d) CABC is congruent to CDCB by SSS-axiom
79. If CLMN  CPRQ, LM = 6 cm, MN = 8 cm and LN = 5.5 cm then PQ is

equal to
(a) 6 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 5.5 cm (d) 11.5 cm
80. Two congruent triangles can differ in
(a) perimeter (b) area (c) orientation (d) shape
81. Aditya wants to prove that CLMN  CPQR using RHS-axiom. He knows
that LM = PQ and LN = PR. What additional information does he need?
(a) M  Q  90 (b) L  Q  90
(c) L  P  90 (d) R  N  90
82. In the adjoining figure, if AD  BC then which
of the following conditions will make
C ABD  C ACD?
(a) DB = DC
(b) AB = AC
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) None of the above
83. A ladder 15 m long reaches a window which is 9 m above the ground
on one side of the street. Keeping its foot at the same point, the ladder is
turned to the other side of the street to reach a window 12 m high. The
width of the street is
(a) 15 m (b) 18 m (c) 21 m (d) 24 m
84. In a CPQR, if PQ2  QR 2  PR 2 then the right angle is at
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) any vertex
Triangles 339
85. Which of the following sets of lengths of sides does not relate to that of
a right triangle?
(a) 3, 4, 5 (b) 5, 12, 13 (c) 7, 24, 25 (d) 9, 12, 16
86. The two legs containing the right angle of a right-angled triangle
measure 16 cm and 30 cm. The length of the hypotenuse is
(a) 34 cm (b) 36 cm (c) 38 cm (d) 42 cm
87. What is the perimeter of the rectangle whose length is 60 cm and a
diagonal is 61 cm?
(a) 120 cm (b) 122 cm (c) 71 cm (d) 142 cm
88. The diagonals of a rhombus measure 16 cm and 30 cm. The perimeter of
the rhombus is
(a) 60 cm (b) 68 cm (c) 72 cm (d) 76 cm
89. A man leaves from his house to go to office. From his house, he goes
west 25 m, then due north 60 m, then due east 80 m and finally due
south 12 m. The distance between his starting and finishing point is
(a) 73 m (b) 77 m (c) 83 m (d) 103 m
90. The distance between the tops of two trees 20 m and 28 m high is 17 m.
The horizontal distance between the trees is
(a) 9 m (b) 11 m (c) 15 m (d) 31 m
91. The lengths of the sides of certain triangles are given below. Which of
the following is a right triangle?
(a) 4 cm, 5.2 cm, 7 cm, (b) 2.4 cm, 3.2 cm, 4 cm
(c) 5 cm, 5.25 cm, 6.25 cm (d) None of these
92. A 10.10-m-long ladder is placed against a wall. The ladder reaches a
window at a height of 9.9 m from the ground. The distance of the foot of
the ladder from the wall is
(a) 1.6 m (b) 2 m (c) 2.4 m (d) 2.7 m
93. In a CABC, B = 60° and C = 30°. Then, which of the following is true?
(a) AC 2  AB2  BC 2 (b) AB2  BC 2  AC 2
2 2 2
(c) BC  AB  AC (d) Cannot say
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (d)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (b) 66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (d) 69. (c) 70. (d)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (b) 79. (c) 80. (c)
81. (a) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (c) 85. (d) 86. (a) 87. (d) 88. (b) 89. (a) 90. (c)
91. (b) 92. (b) 93. (c)
1. We know that the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.

 c  a  38  180 and b  d  32  180.
 ( a  b  c  d )  (38  32)  360
 (a + b + c + d) = (360 – 70)° = 290°.
2. (5 x  18)  3 x  3 x  180  11x  198  x = 18.
3. 1  2  q and 1  3  p.
 p + q = (1 + 2 + 3) + 1 = 180° + 1.
(30  5 x )
4. 3y – 5x = 30  y  .
3
 A + B + C = 180°  x + 3x + y = 180°
(30  5 x )
 x  3x   180  12x + 30 + 5x = 540°  17x = 510°  x = 30°.
3
(30  5  30)
 A = 30°, B  (3  30)  90 and C   60.
3
Hence, CABC is right-angled.
5. Let the given triangle be CABC. Then,
B + C = 140° and B  C  40.
 2B = 180°  B = 90° [adding]
2C = 100°  C = 50° [subtracting].
 A  180  (90  50)  40.
So, the angles are 90°, 50°, 40°.
6. Let 2A  3B  6C  x (say).
x x x
Then, A  , B  and C  .
2 3 6
x x x 1 1 1
 A : B : C  : :  : :  3 : 2 : 1.
2 3 6 2 3 6
7. Let 3A  4B  6C  x (say)
x x x
Then, A  , B  and C  .
3 4 6
x x x
 A  B  C  180     180  4 x  3 x  2 x  (180  12)
3 4 6
 9 x  (180  12)  x  (20  12)  240.
x  240  
 B      60.
4  4 
Triangles 341
8. TQ = TR  TQR  TRQ  x (say).

x + x + 60 = 180 [sum of the s of CTQR]
 2x = 120  x = 60.
PQ = PR  PQR = PRQ = y° (say).
y  y  30  180 [sum of the s of CPQR].
 2y = 150  y = 75.
 PQT  ( y  x )  (75  60)  15.
9. Since the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite
angles, so
50° + y = 125°  y  (125  50)  75.
Now, 80  y  x  180 [straight angle]
 80  75  x  180  x  25.
10. (A  B)  (B  C )  (150  75)  225
 B  (A  B  C )  225  B  180  225  B  (225  180)  45.
11. A  B  33  A  B  33.
B  C  18  C  B  18.
 A  C  (B  33)  (B  18)
 A + B + C = (B + 33°) + B + (B – 18°)
 180  3B  15 [A  B  C  180]
 3B = 165°  B = 55°.
12. TQ = TR  TRQ  TQR  27.
 QTR  180  (27  27)  (180  54)  126.
 RTP  (180  126)  54.
RT = RP  RPT  RTP  54.
 54  54  x  180 [s of CTPR]
 x  (180  108)  72.
13. AD = BD  ABD  BAD  y (say).
Then, y  y  100  180  2 y  80  y  40.
ABC  ( 40  20)  60  x + 40° + 130° = 180°  x = 180° – 170°
 ( x  y )  60  70  180  x  10.
14. Let the angles of the given triangle be x, 2x and 3x. Then,
x  2 x  3 x  180  6 x  180  x = 30.
So, the angles are 30°, 60° and 90°.
Hence, the triangle is right-angled.
15. Different triangles are
CABC, CDEF, CPUF, CPBQ, CQDR,
CRCS, CSET and CTAU.
So, there are 8 triangles in all.
16. Various triangles are

CABD, CABE, CABF, CABC,
CADE, CADF, CADC,
CAEF, CAEC and CAFC.
They are 10 in number.
17. BXY  AXE  121 [vertically opposite s]
AB  CD  BXY  DYX  180 [co-interior s]
 121  DYX  180 [ BXY  121]
 DYX = (180° – 121°) = 59°  p  25  59  p  59  25  34.
In CXYZ, we have p  q  78  180.
 34  q  78  180  q  (180  112)  68.
Hence, p = 34° and q = 68°.
18. SR = ST  STR  SRT  y [say]
In CSRT, y  y  50  180  2 y  130  y  65.
SQT  PQU  40. [vertically opposite angles]
In CSQT, we have ( x  65)  40  50  180.
 x  155  180  x  (180  155)  25.
19. In CPQR, 2 a  3 a  4 a  180
 9 a  180  a  20.
 P  40, Q  60 and R  80.
RS  PQ and PR is a transversal.
 PRS  QPR  2 a  40.
 PRT  (2 a  3 a)  5 a  (5  20)  100.
 b  (PRT  PRS)  (100  40)  60.
20. PQ = PR  PQR  PRQ  x (say).
 a  x  b  x  180. Hence, a  b.
21. Let the given interior opposite angles be x and ( 4x ).
Then, x  4 x  135  5 x  135  x  27.
So, the given angles are 27° and ( 4  27 )  108.
Hence, the given triangle is obtuse-angled.
22. Let B  x. Then, A  2B  2 x and C  3B  3 x.
 A  B  C  180.  2 x  x  3 x  180  6 x  180  x  30.
 B  x  30, A  2 x  60 and C  3 x  90.
Hence, the given triangle is right-angled.
23. In CABC, A  B  C  180
 35  110  C  180
 C  (180  145)  35.
In CDEF, D  E  F  180
 30  100  F  180
 F  (180  130)  50.
Triangles 343
In CKFC, K  F  C  180
 K  50  35  180
 K  (180  85)  95.
 AKD  FKC  x  95 [vertically opposite s].
24. Since DBC is a straight line, we have
ABD + ABC = 180°  7x + ABC = 180°
 ABC = (180° – 7x)  B = (180° – 7x).
Also, BCE is a straight line.
 ACE + ACB = 180°  100° + ACB = 180°
 ACB = (180° – 100°) = 80°  C
   ABC  3x + (180 – 7x) + 80 = 180
 4x = 80  x = 20.
25. Since CPQR is equilateral, each of its angles is 60°.
 PRQ = 60°.
PRQ + PRT = 180°  60° + PRT = 180°  PRT = (180° – 60°) = 120°.
PR = RT  RTP = RPT = x°.
In CPRT, P + R + T = 180°.
 x + 120 + x = 180  2x = 60  x = 30.
26. Clearly, ABE = (150° – x).
ABE + EBC = 180°  (150° – x) + 70° = 180°  x = (220° – 180°) = 40°.
 y = x = 40 [alt. int s as AE  BD].
z = ABE = (150° – x) = (150° – 40°) = 110°.
 (x + y + z) = (40 + 40 + 110)° = 190°.
27. In CABC, AB = AC  ACB = ABC = x°.
 CAD = (ABC + ACB) = (x° + x°) = 2x°.
AD = CD  ACD = CAD = 2x°.
In CBCD, BC = CD  BDC = DBC = x°
 ADC = x° [ BDC = ADC].
In CACD, ACD + CAD + ADC = 180°
 2x + 2x + x = 180°  5x = 180°  x = 36°.
28. In CPTR, 10° + 30° + PTR = 180°  PTR = 140°.
 PTQ = (180° – 140°) = 40°.
TP = TQ  TPQ = TQP = x°.
In CPQT, TPQ + TQP + PTQ = 180°.
 x + x + 40 = 180  2x = 140  x = 70°
QP  RS and PR is a transversal.
 y = PRS = QPR [alt. int. s]

= TPQ + TPR = (x + 10°) = (70° + 10°) = 80°.
Hence, (x + y) = (70 + 80)° = 150°.
29. PCQ = (180° – 100°) = 80°.
In CCPQ, PCQ + CPQ + PQC = 180°
 80° + r + s = 180°  r + s = 100°.
In CCAB, ACB + CAB + ABC = 180°
 PCQ + CAB + ABC = 180°
 80 + p + q = 180°  p + q = 100°
 (p + q + r + s) = (p + q) + (r + s) = (100° + 100°) = 200°.
30. l  m  1 = y.
But, 2 = 1 [vert. opp. s].
 2 = y.
Now, x + 2 + z = 180° [s of a C]
 x + y + z = 180  z = 180 – x – y.
31. ABC = 90° and A = 30°.
In CABC, A + ABC + C = 180°.
 30 + 90 + C = 180°  C = 60°.
Since CE bisects C, we have BCE = DCE = 30°.
In CCED, CED + DCE + CDE = 180°
 CED + 30 + 90 = 180°  CED = 60°.
32. Let the smallest angle be x°. Then, the largest angle is (x + 60)°.
Third angle = average of x° and (x + 60)°
x  ( x  60) (2 x  60)
   ( x  30).
2 2
 x  ( x  60)  ( x  30)  180  3x = 90  x = 30.
Required Ratio = x : (x + 30) : (x + 60)
= 30 : 60 : 90 = 1 : 2 : 3.
33. In CPST, PS = PT  PTS = PST = 45°.
 SPT = 180° – (45° + 45°) = 90°.
TPN = x°.
NPQ = 60° [angle of an equilateral C]
QPR = 90° [given]
RPS = 60° [ CRPS is equilateral].
 90° + x + 60° + 90° + 60° = 360° [angles around a point]
 x = (360° – 300°) = 60°.
Triangles 345
34. Three independent measures are required to construct a triangle.

The possible cases are
(i) when all three sides are given;
(ii) when two sides and included angles are given;
(iii) when a side and two angles are given.
35. We know that the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
In CABC, 40° + r + 50° = 180°  r = 90°.
Now, DE  AC  q = r = 90° [corr. s]
and p = 50° [corr. s]
 (p + q + r) = (50° + 90° + 90°) = 230°.
36. In CABD, 50 + 100 + y = 180  y = 30°.
In CABC, 50° + 65 + (x + y) = 180  (x + y) = (180° – 115°) = 65°
 x + 30° = 65°  x = 35°.
37. In CABC, 50 + 90 + x = 180  x = 40°.
In CCED, x + 100 + y = 180  40 + 100 + y = 180°  y = 40°
 x = y.
38. We know that an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
the sum of its interior opposite angles.
 PRT = P + Q
2
 140  P  P
5
7  5
 P  140  P   140    100.
5  7
39. We know that each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°.
 RPQ = RQP = 60°.
Now, AB  DC and PQ is the tranversal.
 BQP + CPQ = 180°
 (BQR + RQP) + (CPR + RPQ) = 180°.
 (x + 60°) + (y + 60°) = 180°
 (x + y) = (180° – 120°) = 60°.
40. In CCPE, CPE = 180° – (CEP + ECP)
= 180° – (34° + 36°) = (180° – 70°) = 110°.
In CBQD, BQD = 180° – (QBD + BDQ)
= 180° – (32° + 38°) = (180° – 70°) = 110°.
APC is a straight line.
 CPE = (180° – APE)  110° = 180° – x  x = 70°.
AQD is a straight line.
 AQP + BQD = 180°
 AQP + 110° = 180°  AQP = 70°.

In CAPQ, x + y + AQP = 180°
 70° + y + 70° = 180°  y = (180° – 140°) = 40°.
 x = 70° and y = 40°.
41. In CABC, A + B + C = 180°.
 70° + B + C = 180°
 B + C = 110°
1 1 1
 (B  C )  55  B  C  55.
2 2 2
1 1
In COBC, B  C  BOC  180
2 2
 55  BOC  180
 BOC  (180  55)  125.
42. Join BD and produce it to a point E. Since an exterior
angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of interior
opposite angles, so
ADE = ABE + BAD = ABE + 36°
CDE = CBE + BCD = CBE + 50°
 ADE + CDE = (ABE + CBE) + 86°
 x = (48° + 86°) = 134°.
43. AB = AD  ADB = ABD = x° (say).
 50° + ABD + ADB = 180°  x + x = 130°  2x = 130  x = 65.
 ADB = ABD = 65°.
Since ABE is a straight line, we have
ABD + DBC + CBE = 180°
 65° + 2CBE = 180°[ DBC = CBE]
1
 2CBE = 115°  CBE  57 .
2
 1  1
Hence, (ADB – CBE)   65  57    7 .
 2  2
44. In CABC, AB = AC  ACB = ABC = x.

 30 + x + x = 180°  2x = 150°  x = 75°.
ACG is a straight line.
 ACD + DCG = 180°  ACD + 140° = 180°  ACD = 40°.
In CACD, CAD + 40° + 90° = 180°  CAD = 50°.
 y = EAF = BAD = (40° + 50°) = 80°.
Hence, x = 75° and y = 80°.
45. Since the three sides of a triangle do not meet at one point, so the three sides of a
triangle are not concurrent.
46. The point of concurrence of the three altitudes of a triangle is called its orthocentre.
In case of right triangle, the orthocentre lies on the triangle and that of an obtuse-
angled triangle, it lies outside the triangle.
Triangles 347
47. The sides cannot be 3 cm, 3 cm and 8 cm, as (3  3)  6 , which is not greater than 8. So,
the third side is 8 cm.
48. The largest side of CABC is opposite to the largest angle C  70. So, the largest side
is AB.
49. A  B  C  BC > AC > AB.
We know that the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater
than the third side.
 AP + PC > AC and AC > AB
 AP + PC > AB.
Also, BP + PC > BC is true.
And, AP + PB > AB is true.
But AP + PB > AB and AB < BC.
So, we cannot conclude that AP + PB < BC.
50. In COAB, OA + OB > AB.
In COBC, OB + OC > BC.
In COAC, OA + OC > AC.
Adding, 2(OA + OB + OC) > (AB + BC + AC)
1
 (OA + OB + OC)  (AB + BC + AC).
2
51. D  E  F  EF > DF > DE.

So, the longest side is EF whose measure is 15 cm.
52. A  B  C  BC > AC > AB.
 BC must be the longest side.
So, its measure must be greater than 50 cm, i.e., 80 cm.
53. Clearly, k must be greater than (13  9)  4 and less than (13 + 9) = 22.
CASE 1. When the longest side is of length k. Then,
k 2  (13)2  92  k 2  (169  81)
 k 2  250  k  250  k  15.8.
 k = 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21.
CASE 2. When the longest side is of length 13 cm. Then,
(13)2  92  k 2  (169  81)  k 2  k 2  88  k  88   k  9.38.
      k = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Hence, there are (6 + 5) = 11 possible values of k.
54. In CABD, A + B + D = 180°
 60 + 60 + D = 180  D = 60
   BD = AB = AD [ CABD is equilateral].
 C = 180° – (40° + 85°) = (180° – 125°) = 55°.
In CDBC, B = 85° is the largest.
Hence, the side opposite to B, i.e., DC is the largest.
55. Clearly, x  (8  3), i.e., x > 5. Also, x  (8  3), i.e., x  11.  5  x  11

So, five possible value of x are 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
56. Adding, we get 2 ( AB  BC  CA)  (12  14  18) cm  44 cm.
1 
Hence, ( AB  BC  CA)    44  cm = 22 cm.
2 
57. CABC  CPRQ  A  P, B  R and C  Q.
 x  12  55 and y  8  52
 x  67 and y  44.
58. (a) C ABC  CPQR [by SAS-criterion].
(b) CABC is not congruent to CPQR because equal angles are not included between
the equal sides.
(c) C ABC  CPQR [by AAS-criterion].
(d) C ABC  CPQR [by ASA-criterion].
59. In CABC and CCDA, we have
AB = CD = 3.6 cm, AC = CA and BAC  DCA  47.
 C ABC  CCDA.
60. Since all corresponding sides and all corresponding angles of CPQR and CDEF are
equal, so any of the given criterian may be used to prove their congruence.
61. Since COXM  COYN , we have XO = YO, XM = YN and XMO  YNO. Clearly,
MO = YO is not true.
62. Clearly, SSS-criterion holds for congruence of triangles but AAA-criterion does not
hold.
63. In CABC and CADC, we have
AB = AD, BC = DC and AC = AC [common].
 C ABC  C ADC [by SSS-criterion].
64. In CAOB and CDOC, we have

AB = DC [given]
BAO = CDO [alt. int. s as AB  CD]
AOB = DOC [vertically opposite s].
 C AOB  CDOC [by ASA-axiom].
65. The criteria AAA does not hold for congruence of triangles.
66. Given AC = DF and BC = DE. Clearly, the angle

included between the equal sides must be
equal. So, we must have C = D.
67. Clearly P  Z and R  X. So, we must have Q  Y.

 CPQR  CZYX.
Hence, PR = ZX.
Triangles 349
68. C ABC  CEDF , B  D  90 and

BC = DF. So, we must have
hypotenuse AC = hypotenuse EF.
69. (a) CEFG is not congruent to CLMN as AAA-criterion is not true for congruence.
(b) CEFG is not congruent to CLMN as two corresponding sides are equal but the
included angles are not equal.
(c) CEFG is not congruent to CLMN as EF = LM, EFG  LMN. But FEG  MLN.
(d) CEFG  CLMN by SAS-criterion.
70. L  R  30, M  Q  90 and LM = RQ.
 CLMN  CRQP by ASA-axiom.
71. In CADB and CADC, we have
ADB  ADC  90,
hypotenuse AB = hypotenuse AC and AD = AD.
 C ADB  C ADC by RHS-axiom.
72. I. Clearly, P  Y , R  X , Q  Z.
 CRPQ  CXYZ by ASA.
II. Clearly, Q  X , R  Z, P  Y.
 CQPR  CXYZ by RHS.
III. Clearly, P  X , R  Y , Q  Z.
 CPRQ  CXYZ by SAS.
IV. Clearly, P  Y , Q  X , R  Z.
 CQPR  CXYZ by ASA
 I  C, II  B, III  D and IV  A.
73. CPQR  CSRQ  P  S, Q  R and R  Q.

 PQ = SQ is not a matching part, as PQ = SR.
74. AB = AC  ABC = ACB  ABD = ACE
AD = AE  ADE = AED
 180  ADE  180  AED
 ADB = AEC.
In CABD and CACE, we have
AB = AC, AD = AE and BAD = CAE
[ ABD = ACE, ADB = AEC  BAD = CAE].
 C ABD  C ACE [SAS-criterion].

So, CAE = DAB and BD = CE.
 BD + DE = DE + CE  BE = CD.
75. In CABC and CDCB, we have
BAC = CDB = 90°
BC = CB [common]
AC = DB.
 C ABC  CDCB by RHS-axiom.
76. In CAOB and CDOC, we have
OA = OD [given]
OB = OC [given]
AOB = DOC [vertically opposite s].
 C AOB  CDOC by SAS-axiom.
77. In COPB and COQB, we have
OPB = OQB = 90°,
hypotenuse OB = hypotenuse OB,
OP = OQ [given]
 COPB  COQB [RHS-axiom].
78. In CABC and CDCB, we have
ABC = DCB = 90°
ACB = DBC = 50°
BC = CB [common]
 C ABC  CDCB [ASA-axiom].
79. CLMN  CPRQ  PQ = LN = 5.5 cm.
80. Two congruent triangles can differ in orientation only.
81. In right triangles CLMN and and CPQR,
we have LM = PQ and LN = PR.
So, we must have M = Q = 90°.
82. If DB = DC then C ABD  C ACD by SAS-congruency.

If AB = AC then C ABD  C ACD by RHS-congruency.
83. Let AB and A’B be the two positions of the
ladder. Then,
AB = A’B = 15 m,
AC = 9 m and A’D = 12 m.
In right-angled CACB, we have
BC 2  ( AB2  AC 2 )  {(15)2  (9)2 } m 2
 (225  81) m 2  144 m 2 .

Triangles 351
 BC  144 m  12 m.
In right-angled CADB, we have
BD 2  ( AB)2  ( AD)2  {(15)2  (12)2 } m 2  (225  144) m 2  81 m 2 .
 BD  81 m  9 m.
 width of the street  CD  (BC  BD)  (12  9) m  21 m.
84. Clearly, PQ is the hypotenuse and angle opposite to PQ is the right angle. Therefore,
R is the right angle.
85. (a) 3 2  4 2  (9  16)  25  5 2.

(b) 5 2  (12)2  (25  144)  169  (13)2 .
(c) 7 2  (24)2  ( 49  576)  625  (25)2 .
(d) 92  (12)2  (81  144)  (225)  (15)2  (16)2 .
86. Let the length of the hypotenuse be x cm. Then,

x 2  [(16)2  (30)2 ] cm 2  (256  900) cm 2  1156 cm 2
 x  1156 cm  34 cm.
87. Let the breadth of the rectangle be x cm. Then,

x 2  (60)2  (61)2  x 2  (61)2  (60)2  (61  60) (61  60)  121
 x  121  11.
 perimeter  2 (l  b)  2 (60  11) cm = 142 cm.
88. We know that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other

at right angles.
1 
 OA    16  cm = 8 cm,
2 
1 
OB    30  cm  15 cm.
2 
 AB2  (OA)2  (OB)2  {(8)2  (15)2 } cm 2
 (64  225) cm 2  (289) cm 2
 AB  289 cm  17 cm.
Hence, perimeter of the rhombus  ( 4  17 ) cm  68 cm.
89. The man’s movements are as

shown in the figure.
(A to B, B to C, C to D and D to E)
 AB  25 m, BC = 60 m, CD = 80 m
and DE = 12 m.
Draw AP  CD and EQ  BC,
meeting AP at X. Then,
AX  ( AP  PX )
 (BC  PX )  (BC  DE)
 (60 m  12 m )  48 m,
EX  (EQ  XQ)  (CD  AB)  (80  25) m  55 m.

In right CEXA, we have
AE 2  ( AX 2  EX 2 )  [( 48)2  (55)2 ] m 2  (2304  3025) m 2  5329 m 2 .
 AE  5329 m  73 m.
 required distance = 73 m.
90. Let AB and CD be the two trees such that AB = 20 m
and CD = 28 m.
Draw AE  CD. Then, DE = AB = 20 m and CE = 8 m.
In right CAEC, we have
AE 2  ( AC 2  EC 2 )  {(17 )2  (8)2 } m 2
 (289  64) m 2  225 m 2 .
 AE  225 m  15 m.
 BD  AE  15 m.
Hence, the horizontal distance between the trees
is 15 m.
91. (2.4)2  (3.2)2  (5.76  10.24)  16  ( 4)2 .

 (2.4, 3.2, 4) is a pythagorean triplet and so 2.4 cm, 3.2 cm and 4 cm are the sides of
a right triangle.
92. Let AB be the wall and CB be the ladder.
Then, CA2  (CB)2  ( AB)2  {(10.10)2  (9.9)2 } m 2
 {(10.1  9.9) (10.1  9.9)} m 2
 (20  0.2) m 2  4.
 CA  4 m  2 m.
Hence, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the
wall is 2 m.
93. A  180  (60  30)  90.

 CABC is a right triangle with hypotenuse BC.
 BC 2  AB2  AC 2 is true.
EXERCISE 16B
true.
1. A triangle is formed by three …… points.
2. In a CPQR, sides ……, …… and …… lie opposite to P, Q and R
respectively.
3. If the base angle of an isosceles triangle is 55°, the size of the vertical
angle is …… .
Triangles 353
4. In a CABC, if A  C then the two equal sides of the triangle are ……

and …… .
5. In a CABC, if A  ( x  30), B  (3 x  30) and C  ( 4 x  60) then
CABC is …… .
6. In a CABC, if A  70 and B  40 then CABC is …… .
7. In the adjoining figure, x = …… and
y = …… .
8. The sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is …… .

9. The alternate sides of a hexagon are produced
so as to form a star-shaped figure. The sum of
the angles at the vertices of the star is …… right
angles.
10. A triangle with angles 50, 60 and 70 is …… and …… .

11. A right-angled triangle can never be …… .
12. An obtuse-angled triangle can either be …… or …… .
13. An equilateral triangle is always …… .
14. If one angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the other two then the
triangle is …… .
15. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5 then the triangle is …… .
16. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 2 : 5 then the triangle is ……
and …… .
17. Each of the two equal angles of an isosceles triangle is twice the third
angle. Then, the measure of the smallest angle of the triangle is …… .
18. An exterior angle of a triangle and adjacent interior angle are …… .
19. If each exterior angle of a triangle measures 120° then the triangle
is …… .
20. When two angles of a triangle are complimentary then the triangle must
be …… .
21. If one angle of a triangle is greater than the sum of the other two, the
22. If each angle of a triangle is less than the sum of the other two, the
23. Each acute angle of an isosceles right-angled triangle equals …… .
24. The incentre of a triangle is determined by the …… .
25. The circumcentre of a triangle is the point of concurrence of the …… of
the sides.
26. Orthocentre of a triangle is determined by the …… of the triangle.
27. Centroid of a triangle is the point of concurrence of its …… .
28. If all the medians of a triangle are equal then the triangle is …… .
29. If H is the orthocentre of CABC then BH is perpendicular to the line
containing the side …… .
30. If CABC is right-angled at B then two of the altitudes of the triangle
are …… and …… and its orthocentre is …… .
31. In the given figure, if ABD  ACE
then CABC is …… .
32. A triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm is both …… and …… .

33. In the given figure, CABC is right-angled at
B. Then, 2  3  …… .
34. CABC is a right-angled triangle with right angle at B and AB = BC. Then,
B : C : A = …… .
35. In a/an …… triangle, the three altitudes are different in length.
36. If AB = 7 cm, BC = 24 cm and AC = 25 cm then the triangle is right-
angled at …… .
37. In a right-angled triangle with sides measuring 1.5 cm, 2 cm and 2.5 cm,
the right angle lies between the sides measuring …… and …… .
38. To examine the congruency of plane figures, the …… method is used.
39. Two line segments are congruent if they have the same …… .
40. Two angles are congruent if they have the same …… .
41. Two circles are congruent if they have equal …… .
Triangles 355
42. Two congruent figures have the same …… and …… .

43. If C ABC  CQRP then AB = ……, BC = …… and CA = …… .
44. The …… parts of the congruent triangles are …… .
45. Of all the line segments that can be drawn to a given line from a given
point outside it, the …… is the shortest.
46. If two sides of a triangle are 5 cm and 12 cm, the third side should be
necessarily more than …… .
47. In the adjoining figure, the correct congruence
relation which holds true is …… .
48. In the adjoining figure, if AB  DC and

AD  BC then the correct congruence
relation which holds true is …… .
49. If two sides of a triangle are 3 cm and 6 cm then the third side can have
…… possible integral values.
50. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 6 cm and 9 cm. The length of
the third side can be any value between …… and …… .
Direction (Questions 51 to 99): State whether each of the following statements is true
or false.
51. The interior of a triangle includes its vertices. ……
52. The triangular region includes the vertices of the corresponding
triangle. ……
53. In a right-angled triangle, the two acute angles are complementary.
……
54. A triangle should have at least two acute angles. ……
55. Every equilateral triangle is isosceles. ……
56. Every right triangle is scalene. ……
57. Each acute-angled triangle is equilateral. ……
58. An obtuse-angled triangle can never be an equilateral triangle. ……
59. An isosceles triangle may be acute-angled, right-angled or obtuse-
angled. ……
60. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than each of the interior opposite
angles. ……
61. In a CPQR, if P  ( x  42), Q  ( 4 x  12) and R  (3 x  6) then

CPQR is equilateral. ……
62. If the measures of two exterior angles of a triangle are given then we can
determine the three interior angles of the triangle. ……
63. Two exterior angles of a triangle measures 102° and 76° respectively.
……
64. If the exterior angles of a triangle are equal then the triangle is
equilateral. ……
65. A triangle can have at the most one acute exterior angle. ……
66. A triangle can have all three exterior angles obtuse. ……
67. The sum of any two angles of a triangle is always greater than the third
angle. ……
68. The altitudes of a triangle always lie in its interior. ……
69. The medians of a triangle always lie in its interior. ……
70. It is possible to draw a unique triangle if all its three angles are given.
……
71. It is possible to construct a triangle with sides 3.4 cm, 5.6 cm and 9 cm.
……
72. The hypotenuse of a right-angled CABC, right-angled at C is AC. ……
73. Two congruent triangles have all sides and all angles equal. ……
74. If the three angles of one triangle are respectively equal in measure to the
three angles of another triangle then the two triangles are congruent.
……
75. If two sides and one angle of a triangle are equal to the corresponding
two sides and angle of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
……
76. If two angles and any side of a triangle are equal to the corresponding
angles and the side of another triangle then the triangles are
congruent. ……
77. If the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the hypotenuse of another
right triangle then the triangles are congruent. ……
78. All squares are congruent. ……
79. Two angles have the same measure but unequal arm lengths. Then, the
angles are not congruent. ……
80. Both CABC and CPQR are equilateral triangles having each angle 60°.
Then, CABC  CPQR. ……
81. Two congruent figures have equal area. ……
82. If two figures have equal areas, they are congruent. ……
83. Two triangles are congruent if they have equal perimeters. ……
84. Two congruent triangles have equal perimeters. ……
85. Two circles having the same perimeter are congruent. ……
Triangles 357
86. Two circles having equal circumferences are congruent. ……

87. Two circles having same area are congruent. ……
88. Two squares having the same area are congruent. ……
89. Two rectangles having the same area are congruent. ……
90. A rhombus ABCD is congruent to rhombus PQRS, if they have the same
side length. ……
91. In the adjoining figure, if AOB  COD then
AOC  BOD. ……
92. Two circles are said to be congruent if they have the same centre and the
same radius. ……
93. Two triangles having same measures of their sides are congruent while
two quadrilaterals having same measures of their corresponding sides
are not congruent. ……
94. It is possible to draw a traingle whose sides are 5.5 cm, 6.5 cm and
12 cm. ……
95. If CABC  CPRQ then CBAC  CPQR. ……
96. In a CABC, A = 105°, B = 45°, C = 30°. Then, the largest side of
CABC is AC. ……
97. In a CPQR, P = 110°, Q = 40° and R = 30°. The shortest side of
CPQR is PQ. ……
98. If each angle of a triangle is less than the sum of the other two then the
triangle is acute-angled. ……
99. If one angle of a triangle is greater than the sum of the other two then
the triangle is obtuse-angled. ……
1. noncolinear 2. QR, PR, PQ 3. 70° 4. AB, BC

5. equilateral 6. isosceles 7. 75°, 105° 8. 360°
9. 4 10. scalene, acute-angled 11. equilateral
12. scalene, isosceles 13. acute-angled 14. right-angled
15. right-angled 16. isosceles, obtuse-angled 17. 36°
18. supplementary 19. equilateral 20. right-angled
21. obtuse-angled 22. acute-angled 23. 45° 24. angle bisectors
25. perpendicular bisectors 26. altitudes 27. medians

28. equilateral 29. AC 30. AB, BC, B 31. isosceles
32. scalene, right-angled 33. 270° 34. 2 : 1 : 1
35. scalene 36. B 37. 1.5 cm, 2 cm 38. superposition
39. length 40. measure 41. radii 42. shape, size
43. RQ, QP, PR 44. corresponding, equal 45. perpendicular
46. 7 cm 47. CADC  CCBA 48. CDCA  CBAC
49. 5 50. 3 cm, 15 cm 51. False 52. True
53. True 54. True 55. True 56. False
57. False 58. True 59. True 60. True
65. True 66. True 67. False 68. False
69. True 70. False 71. False 72. False
73. True 74. False 75. True 76. True
81. True 82. False 83. False 84. True
85. True 86. True 87. True 88. True
93. True 94. False 95. False 96. False
97. True 98. True 99. True
3. Since the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal and the sum of all angles of a
triangle is 180°, therefore vertical angle  (180  2  55)  70.
4. We know that the sides opposite to equal angles are equal.
 A  C  BC  AB.
5. A  B  C  180
 ( x  30)  (3 x  30)  ( 4 x  60)  180
 8 x  60  180  8 x  240  x  30.
 A  (30  30)  60, B  (3  30  30)  60 and C  ( 4  30  60)  60.
Hence, CABC is equilateral.
6. C  180  (70  40)  70.
 A  C  CABC is isosceles.
Triangles 359
7. We know that an exterior angle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles.
 x  (30  45)  75.
Also, y  (30  x )  (30  75)  105.
 x  75 and y  105.
8. Sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 360°.
9. Required sum  (A  B  C )  (D  E  F )  (180  180)  360.
10. All the angles of the given triangle are different and each angle is acute. So, the given
triangle is scalene and acute.
11. A right triangle can never be equilateral.
12. An obtuse-angled triangle is scalene or isosceles.
13. An equilateral triangle is always acute-angled.
14. Let A  B  C. Then, 2A  A  B  C  180.
 A  90.
15. Let the angles be (2x ), (3x ) and (5x ). Then,
2x + 3x + 5x = 180  10x = 180  x = 18.
So, the angles measure 36°, 54° and 90°.
16. Let the angles of the given triangle be (2x)°, (2x)° and (5x)°.
Then, 2x + 2x + 5x = 180  9x = 180  x = 20.
So, the angles are 40°, 40° and 100°.
Hence, the given triangle is isosceles and obtuse-angled.
17. Let the angles of the triangle be x°, (2x)° and (2x)°.
Then, x + 2x + 2x = 180  5x = 180  x = 36.
 smallest angle of the triangle is 36°.
19. Each interior angle of the triangle = (180° – 120°) = 60°.
Hence, the given triangle is equilateral.
29. Since orthocentre is the point of concurrence of the altitudes of
a triangle, so BH is the altitude drawn to the side AC.
30. The orthocentre of a right-angled triangle is the vertex

containing the right angle, i.e., B and its legs AB and BC
are two of its altitudes.
31. ABD  ACE

 180  ABD  180  ACE
 ABC = ACB  CABC is isosceles.
32. (3, 4, 5) is a pythagorean triplet, as 3 2  4 2  5 2.

So, the triangle is right-angled.
33. 1  (180  90)  90.
We know that the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 360°.
 1  2  3  360.
 2  3  (360  1)  (360  90)  270.
34. Clearly, B  90.

Now, AB = BC  A = C = 45°.
 B : C : A = 90° : 45° : 45°
= 2 : 1 : 1.
36. Clearly, AB2  BC 2  {7 2  (24)2 } cm 2

 ( 49  576) cm 2  625 cm 2  (25)2 cm 2  AC 2 .
So, AC is the hypotenuse and the right angle is at B.

37. Clearly, the right angle lies between two shorter sides, i.e., 1.5 cm and 2 cm.
43. CBAC  CQRP  B  Q, A  R and C  P.
46. We know that the difference between any two sides of a triangle is less than the third
side. So, the third side must be more than (12 – 5) cm, i.e., 7 cm.
47. In CADC and CCBA, we have
AD = CB [given], DC = BA [given] and AC = CA [common].
 C ADC  CCBA [SSS-congruence].
48. In CDCA and CBAC, we have
DCA = BAC [alt. int. s, DC  AB]
DAC = BCA [alt. int. s, AD  BC]
AC = CA [common].
 CDCA  CBAC [ASA-congruence].
49. Clearly, the length of the third side must be greater than (6 – 3) cm, i.e., 3 cm and less than
(6 + 3) cm, i.e., 9 cm.
Thus, it can have five possible integral values, namely 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm and 8 cm.
50. Clearly, the length of the third side can be any value between (9 – 6) cm and (9 + 6) cm,
i.e., between 3 cm and 15 cm.
Triangles 361
51. The interior of a triangle includes the area enclosed by it. The vertices lie on the
triangle.
52. The triangular region includes all the points on or inside the triangle.
54. A triangle can have at most one right angle or one obtuse angle. In both the cases, the
remaining two angles are acute.
56. A right-angled triangle may be scalene or isosceles.
57. An acute-angled triangle may be scalene, isosceles or equilateral.
58. The measure of each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°, which is not possible in an
obtuse-angled triangle.
61. P + Q + R = 180°
 ( x  42)  ( 4 x  12)  (3 x  6)  180
 8 x  36  180  8 x  144  x  18.
 P  (18  42)  60, Q  ( 4  18  12)  60 and R  (3  18  6)  60.
Hence, CPQR is equilateral.
62. We know that the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 180°. So, if two exterior
angles are given then the third can be determined. Since each exterior angle and
interior adjacent angle are supplementary, so each interior angle can be determined.
63. Third exterior angle  360  (102  76)
 (360  178)  182  180, which is not possible.
360
64. Measure of each exterior angle   120.
3
 measure of each interior angle  (180  120)  60.
So, the triangle is equilateral.
65. If two exterior angles of a triangle are acute then the measure of the third exterior
angle will be greater than 180°, which is not possible.
66. All the three exterior angles of an acute-angled triangle are obtuse.
67. In a right-angled triangle, the sum of two acute angles is equal to the third angle.
In an obtuse-angled triangle, the sum of two acute angles is less than the third angle.
68. Two altitudes of a right-angled triangle lie on the triangle, while the altitudes of an
obtuse-angled triangle lie outside it.
70. With three angle measures, an unlimited number of triangles can be built with varying
side lengths.
71. (3.4 + 5.6) cm = 9 cm.
But the sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side.
So, it is not possible to construct a triangle with sides of given lengths.
72. Hypotenuse is the side opposite to the vertex containing the right angle. The side
opposite to C is AB.
74. AAA-criterion does not hold for congruence of triangles.
75. SAS-criterion holds true for congruence of triangles.
76. ASA-criterion or AAS-criterion holds true for congruence of triangles.
77. For two right triangles to be congruent by RHS-criterion, the hypotenuse and one of
the other two sides must be equal.
78. Squares having sides of equal length are congruent.

79. Two angles having the same measures are congruent.
80. For CABC and CPQR to be congruent, the lengths of their corresponding sides must be
equal.
83. Triangles with equal perimeters may have sides of different lengths.
84. Since the corresponding sides of congruent triangles are equal, so their perimeters are
equal.
85. Circles having the same perimeter (circumference) have equal radii. So, they are
congruent.
87. Circles having the same area have equal radii. So, they are congruent.
88. Squares having the same area have sides of equal lengths. So, they are congruent.
89. Rectangles having the same area may have different lengths and different breadths.
90. Even if two rhombuses have their corresponding sides equal, their corresponding
angles may not be equal.
91. AOB  COD  m (AOB)  m (COD)

 m (AOB)  m (BOC )  m (BOC )  m (COD)
 m (AOC )  m (BOD).
Hence, AOC  CBOD.
92. Two congruent circles may not have the same centre.
93. Even if two quadrilaterals have their corresponding sides equal, their corresponding
angles may not be equal.
94. It is possible to draw a triangle with given lengths of sides only when the sum of two
lengths is always greater than the third.
Here, 5.5 cm + 6.5 cm = 12 cm. So, not possible.
95. CABC  CPRQ  A  P , B  R and C  Q.
 CBAC  CPQR is not true.
96. Largest angle has the largest side opposite to it.
Largest angle is A. So, the largest side is BC.
97. The shortest angle of CPQR is R. So, the shortest side is opposite to R, i.e., PQ.
98. In an acute-angled triangle, each angle is less than the sum of the other two.
.
17 Symmetry
1. LINEAR OR REFLECTION SYMMETRY A figure is said to possess linear symmetry

about a line l if on being folded along the line l, the two parts of the
figure coincide. The line l is called the line or axis of symmetry.
Linear symmetry is also called reflection symmetry as the two parts of
the symmetrical figure on either side of the line of symmetry are mirror
images of each other.
2. ROTATION
(i) Rotation means turning an object about a fixed point, called the
centre of rotation.
(ii) The angle by which an object is rotated is the angle of rotation.
(iii) Rotation may be clockwise or anticlockwise. Rotating a figure p°
clockwise is the same as rotating it (360 – p)° anticlockwise and
vice versa.
(iv) A half-turn means rotation by 180°, while a quarter-turn means
rotation by 90°.
3. ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
(i) If after a rotation, a figure or an object coincides with the original

position we say that it has a rotational symmetry.
(ii) In a complete turn (of 360°), the number of times the figure coincides
with its original position is called its order of rotational symmetry.
(iii) Every figure has a rotational symmetry of order 1, i.e., a rotational
symmetry of angle 360°. In such a case, it is considered that the
figure has no rotational symmetry.
4. (i) Letters of the English alphabet having only one line of symmetry
363
(ii) Letters of the English alphabet having 2 lines of symmetry
(iii) Letters of the English alphabet having no line of symmetry
(iv) Letters of the English alphabet showing rotational symmetry
5. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS
(i) A polygon of n sides has n lines of symmetry

and rotational symmetry of order n,
 360  
with   as the angle of rotation. For
 n 
example, a regular pentagon has 5 lines
of symmetry and rotational symmetry of
 360  
order 5, with   , i.e., 72° as angle of
rotation.  5 
A regular hexagon has 6 lines of symmetry
and rotational symmetry of order 6, with

 360  
  , i.e., 60° as angle of rotation.
 6 
(ii) If each interior angle of a regular polygon is n° then for the polygon
to display rotational symmetry, it must be rotated through
(180  n).
(iii) If a figure has two or more lines of symmetry, it must have rotational
symmetry of order more than 1.
(iv) For a shape or figure to have rotational symmetry, it is not necessary
to have line symmetry.
For example, a parallelogram has no line of symmetry but has
rotational symmetry of order 2.
6. SYMMETRY IN GEOMETRICAL FIGURES
Number of Order of
Linear Rotational Centre of Angle of
Geometrical figure lines of Nature of lines of symmetry rotational
symmetry symmetry rotation rotation
symmetry symmetry
(i) Line segment Yes 1 Perpendicular bisector Yes 2 Midpoint 180°
(ii) Angle Yes 1 Bisector No — — —
(iii) Scalene triangle No 0 — No — — —
(iv) Isosceles triangle Yes 1 Bisector of vertical angle No — — —
(v) Equilateral triangle Yes 3 Medians Yes 3 Centroid 120°
(vi) Quadrilateral No 0 — No — — —
Point of intersec-
(vii) Parallelogram No 0 — Yes 2 180°
tion of diagonals
Lines joining midpoints of Point of intersec-
(viii) Rectangle Yes 2 Yes 2 180°
opposite sides tion of diagonals
Symmetry
Diagonals and lines joining Point of intersec-

(ix) Square Yes 4 Yes 4 90°
midpoints of opposite sides tion of diagonals
Point of intersec-
(x) Rhombus Yes 2 Diagonals Yes 2 180°
tion of diagonals
(xi) Trapezium No 0 — No — — —
Line joining midpoints of
(xii) Isosceles trapezium Yes 1 No — — —
parallel sides
(xiii) Kite Yes 1 One of the diagonals No — — —
(xiv) Circle Yes Infinite Diameters Yes Infinite Centre Any angle
Perpendicular bisector of
(xv) Semicircle Yes 1 No — — —
diameter
365
EXERCISE 17A
1. Which of the following is not a symmetrical figure?
2. How many letters of the English alphabet show rotational symmetry?

(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 7 (d) 8
3. Choose the odd letter with respect to the number of lines of symmetry.
(a) M (b) A
(c) T (d) H
4. The adjoining figure has rotational symmetry of

order
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
5. The adjoining figure has …… lines of symmetry

and rotational symmetry of order …… .
(a) 2, 4 (b) 2, 2
(c) 4, 2 (d) 4, 4
6. The order of rotational symmetry in the

adjoining figure is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) infinitely many
Symmetry 367
7. How many of the following figures possess line symmetry?
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8

8. How many of the figures given above in Question 7 show rotational
symmetry?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
(a) has one line of symmetry and rotational
symmetry of order 2
(b) has 2 lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry

of order 2
(c) has 4 lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry

of order 4
(d) has 2 lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry of

order 2
10. The adjoining figure has rotational symmetry of

the order
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
11. The adjoining figure has …… lines of symmetry

and rotational symmetry of order …… .
(a) 2, 2 (b) 2, 4
(c) 4, 6 (d) 6, 6
12. Match the following two columns and choose the correct combination.
Figure Nature of symmetry
(A) (i) Neither linear nor rotational

symmetry
(B) (ii) Only linear symmetry but no

rotational symmetry
(C) (iii) Rotational symmetry of order 4
(D) (iv) Rotational symmetry of order 2
A B C D A B C D
(a) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv) (b) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
(c) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv) (d) (i) (iv) (ii) (iii)
Symmetry 369
13. The card
(a) has no linear symmetry but has rotational symmetry of order 2.

(b) has no linear or rotational symmetry
(c) has 1 line of symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 2.
(d) has 2 lines of symmetry but no rotational symmetry.
14. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a square
with BC = 4 units. Points P, Q and R are
different points on a line (not shown)
that is parallel to AD. Points P and Q are
symmetric about line AB and points Q
and R are symmetric about line CD. The
length of PR is
(a) 6 units (b) 8 units
(c) 10 units (d) 12 units
15. Which of the following figures possess rotational symmetry?
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) I and III (d) I and IV
16. After rotating by 60° about a centre, a figure looks exactly the same as its
original position. It possesses rotational symmetry of order
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
17. A figure has a rotational symmetry of order more than 1. The angle of
rotation can be
(a) 22° (b) 24° (c) 25° (d) 28°
18. Look at Figure A and Figure B shown below.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

I. Figure A has 2 lines of symmetry while Figure B has 4 lines of
symmetry.
II. Figure A has 4 lines of symmetry while Figure B has 8 lines of
symmetry.
III. Figure A has rotational symmetry of order 2 while Figure B has
IV. Figure A has rotational symmetry of order 4 while Figure B has
V. Both Figure A and Figure B have rotational symmetry of order 4.
(a) I and V (b) II and IV (c) II and III (d) I and III
19. The adjoining figure possesses rotational
symmetry of order
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 6
20. In the adjoining figure, what is the

minimum number of squares that must be
shaded so that XY is a line of symmetry of
the figure so obtained?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
Symmetry 371
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c)
1.
2. Letters H, I, N, O, S, X and Z show rotational symmetry.
3.
4. The given figure has rotational symmetry of order 4 (90°, 180°, 270°, 360°).
5.
4 lines of symmetry
Rotational symmetry of order 4 (90°, 180°, 270°, 360°).
6. The figure has rotational symmetry of order 2 (180°, 360°).

7. Figures A, B, C, E, H, I have lines of symmetry as shown under
8. Figures D, E, F and H possess rotational symmetry of order 2 (180°, 360°); Figure B

possesses rotational symmetry of order 4 (90°, 180°, 270°, 360°) and Figure I possesses
rotational symmetry of order 3 (120°, 240°, 360°).
9.
1 line of symmetry; No
rotational symmetry
2 lines of symmetry; Rotational

symmetry of order 2 (180°, 360°)
4 lines of symmetry; Rotational 2 lines of symmetry; Rotational

symmetry of order 4 (90°, symmetry of order 2 (180°, 360°)
180°, 270°, 360°)
10. The given figure has rotational symmetry of order 8 (45°, 90°,
135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315°, 360°).
Symmetry 373
11. The given figure has 6 lines of symmetry and rotational

symmetry of order 6 (60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, 300°, 360°).
12. (A) (B)
No line of symmetry; Rotational

1 line of symmetry; symmetry of order 2(180°, 360°)
No rotational symmetry
(C) (D)
No line of symmetry; No line of symmetry; Rotational symmetry

No rotational symmetry of order 4 (90°, 180°, 270°, 360°)
13. The given card has no line of symmetry but it has rotational
symmetry of order 2 (180°, 360°).
14. Clearly, P, Q, R lie in the same straight line such

that PT = TQ and QX = XR.
 PR = PT + TQ + QX + XR
= TQ + (TQ + QX) + QX
= 2 (TQ + QX)
= 2TX = 2BC = (2 × 4) units = 8 units.
15.
Rotational symmetry of No rotational Rotational symmetry No rotational

order 4 (90°, 180°, 270°, 360°) symmetry of order 2 (180°, 360°) symmetry
360
16. Order of symmetry   6.
60
17. The angle of rotation must be a factor of 360.
18.
4 lines of symmetry; Rotational 8 lines of symmetry; Rotational symmetry

symmetry of order 4 (90°, 180°, of order 8 (45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°,
270°, 360°) 315°, 360°)
19. The given figure possesses rotational symmetry of order 4 (90°, 180°, 270°, 360°).
20. Clearly, if the squares marked S are shaded, the line
XY becomes a line of symmetry of the whole figure.
EXERCISE 17B
true.
1. A …… triangle has no lines of symmetry.
2. A/an …… triangle has a line of symmetry but lacks rotational symmetry.
3. A …… is a figure which has a rotational symmetry of infinite order.
4. The number of letters in the word MATHS which show rotational
symmetry is …… .
5. An equilateral triangle displays rotational symmetry each time it is
rotated through an angle of …… .
Symmetry 375
6. The order of rotational symmetry of a rectangle is …… .

7. Only a/an …… trapezium has a line of symmetry.
8. The order of rotational symmetry of a ceiling fan with three blades
is …… .
9. A line of symmetry creates two congruent figures that are …… images
of each other.
10. A quadrilateral which has both line and rotational symmetry of order
more than 2 is a …… .
11. The number 0 has …… lines of symmetry and has rotational symmetry
of order …… .
12. A letter of the English alphabet which has no line of symmetry but has
rotational symmetry of order 2 is …… .
13. A regular pentagon has …… lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry
of order …… .
14. After rotating a figure by 120° about its centre, the figure coincides with
its original position. Clearly, it possesses a rotational symmetry of order
…… .
15. A figure has rotational symmetry of order 5. The minimum angle by
which the figure must be rotated to look exactly the same is …… .
16. A bicycle wheel with 32 spokes has rotational symmetry of order …… .
17. The order of rotational symmetry for the figure is …… and
for the figure is …… .
18. In an isosceles right triangle, the number of lines of symmetry is …… .

19. A rhombus has …… lines of symmetry and a rotational symmetry of
order …… .
20. The figure has a rotational symmetry of order …… while the
figure has a rotational symmetry of order …… .


true or false.
21. A circle has two lines of symmetry. ……
22. An angle has two lines of symmetry. ……
23. Each diagonal of a rectangle is a line of symmetry. ……
24. An isosceles trapezium has rotational symmetry of order 2. ……
25. A figure having n lines of symmetry has rotational symmetry of order n.
……
26. A circle has rotational symmetry about its centre for any angle. ……
27. The figure has rotational symmetry of order 2. ……
28. Every letter in the English alphabet has one or more lines of symmetry.
……
29. A parallelogram possesses neither reflection nor rotational symmetry.
……
30. has rotational symmetry of order 3. ……
31. A quadrilateral has neither linear symmetry nor rotational symmetry.

……
32. A semicircle has linear symmetry but no rotational symmetry. ……
33. The figure has rotational symmetry of order 4.

……
34. If a shape possesses rotational symmetry, it must surely have line

symmetry. ……
35. The figure has rotational symmetry of order 4. ……
36. A regular polygon of n sides has n lines of symmetry and a rotational
symmetry of order n. ……
37. Both square and rhombus possess line symmetry about each of their
diagonals and rotational symmetry about the point of intersection of the
diagonals. ……
38. A regular pentagon displays rotational symmetry each time it is turned
through an angle of 60°. ……
39. If a figure has two or more lines of symmetry, it should have rotational
symmetry of order more than 1. ……
Symmetry 377
40. If the interior angle of a regular polygon is n° then the angle of rotation
for the polygon to display rotational symmetry is (360  n). ……
1. scalene 2. isosceles 3. circle 4. 2 (H, S) 5. 120°

6. 2 7. isosceles 8. 3 9. mirror 10. square
11. 2, 2 12. S 13. 5, 5 14. 3 15. 72°
16. 32 17. 4, 2 18. 1 19. 2, 2 20. 2, 4
21. False 22. Fasle 23. False 24. False 25. False
26. True 27. False 28. False 29. False 30. False
31. True 32. True 33. False 34. False 35. False
36. True 37. True 38. False 39. True 40. False
8. Rotational symmetry of order 3 (120°, 240°, 360°).
360
14. Order of rotational symmetry   3.
120
 360  
15. Required angle     72.
 5 
18.
21. A circle has an infinite number of lines of symmetry.

22. An angle has only one line of symmetry namely, its bisector.
24. An isosceles trapezium has no rotational symmetry.
27. The given figure has no rotational symmetry.
28. There are 10 letters in the English alphabet, which have no line of symmetry.
29. A parallelogram has no reflection symmetry but it has rotational symmetry.
30. The given figure has rotational symmetry of order 4.
40. Required angle of rotation  (180  n).

18 Common Sense and Observation Test
EXERCISE 18
1. Which of the following shapes can tessellate?
A B C D
(a) B only (b) C only

(c) B and C only (d) All of these
2. Square tiles are arranged to make patterns as shown below:
Pattern 1
4 tiles
Pattern 2
7 tiles
Pattern 3
10 tiles
How many tiles will there be in the 30th pattern?
(a) 119 (b) 118 (c) 99 (d) 91
3. Study the following pattern carefully:
A B C D E F G H
1 2 3 4
8 7 6 5
9 10 11 12
16 15 14 13
If the pattern continues, under which letter would the number 199
appear?
(a) B (b) C (c) F (d) G
378
Common Sense and Observation Test 379
4. What is the minimum number of colours required to paint the faces of a

cube such that only one pair of adjacent faces have the same colour?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
5. Some guests are to arrive at Mr Rao’s house for dinner. Mrs Rao has
to prepare a three-course meal comprising starter, main course and
dessert. She has a choice of tomato or corn soup for the starter. For the
main course, she may opt for Indian, Chinese or continental menu. For
the dessert, she may prepare custard, pudding or sweets. How many
different combinations of dinner does she have to choose from?
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 24
6. Five teams of different countries are to take part in a tennis tournament.
Every team has to play every other team. How many games must they
play in all?
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 24 (d) 30
7. In a basket, the number of apples is five times the number of oranges
and the number of bananas is six times the number of oranges. Which
of the following can be the number of total fruits in the box?
(a) 136 (b) 140 (c) 156 (d) 200
8. The following are English letters turned through the same angle. Which
one is an exception?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9. In a post office, stamps of three different denominations ` 7, ` 8 and

` 10 are available. The exact amount for which one cannot buy stamps is
(a) ` 19 (b) ` 20 (c) ` 23 (d) ` 29
10. A man fills a basket with eggs in such a way that the number of eggs
added on each successive day is the same as the number already present
in the basket. This way the basket gets completely filled in 24 days.
1
After how many days was the basket full?
4
(a) 22 (b) 26 (c) 8 (d) 12
11. There are 15 lamp posts placed at equal distance apart along a straight
road. The distance between the first and fifth lamp posts is 10 metres.
Then, the distance between the first and 15th lamp posts is
(a) 28 m (b) 30 m (c) 35 m (d) 37.5 m
12. In a school drill, a number of children are asked to stand in a circle. They
are evenly spaced and the 6th child is diametrically opposite to the 16th
child. How many children are made to stand in the circle?
13. A carpenter takes 6 minutes to saw a wooden plank into 3 equal pieces.
How long would he take to saw the same wooden plank into 12 equal
pieces?
(a) 24 minutes (b) 27 minutes (c) 30 minutes (d) 33 minutes
14. A restaurant charges ` 65 per person for a meal. For every 4 persons, one
of them dines for free. How much will a group of 17 persons have to pay
for a meal at the restaurant?
(a) ` 810 (b) ` 780 (c) ` 845 (d) ` 910
15. As per the information given in Question 14, each of the following
groups of persons will have the same percentage saving due to the offer,
except
(a) Group A  22 persons (b) Group B  60 persons
(c) Group C  36 persons (d) Group D  44 persons
16. The figure below shows 3 parcels X, Y and Z on a balance scale:
X Z
Y
The mass of parcel X is 12 kg. What is the average mass of the three
parcels?
(a) 6 kg (b) 8 kg (c) 12 kg (d) 18 kg
17. Sumohanty wrote his name repeatedly in the following pattern:
S U M O H A N T Y S U M O H A N T Y S U M ...
Which letter would come at the 103rd position in the above pattern?
(a) M (b) O (c) N (d) T
18. A man weighed himself on the weighing 80
85
scale. What is the reading indicated on 75
the scale?
(a) 82.5 kg (b) 80.5 kg kg
(c) 83 kg (d) 81.5 kg

19. Riya has enough money to either buy 30 oranges or 40 bananas. If
Riya has already bought 12 oranges, what is the maximum number of
bananas she can buy with the rest of her money?
(a) 20 (b) 24 (c) 28 (d) 18
20. 12 buckets of water fill a tank when the capacity of each bucket is
13.5 litres. How many buckets will be needed to fill the same tank if
the capacity of each bucket is 9 litres?
(a) 8 (b) 15 (c) 16 (d) 18
4
21. An engine can run 12 hours when its tank is full. How long will it run
1 5
when the tank is full?
3
(a) Less than 2 hours (b) 3 hours
(c) 4 hours (d) 5 hours
22. Arun wants to hang four different pictures in a striaght line on the wall.
In how many different ways can he arrange the pictures?
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 18 (d) 24
1
23. Some trees are planted km apart along a straight road which measures
8
3
3 km. How many trees are there on the road including the one at the
4
start?
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 31 (d) 32
24. The table given below shows the parking charges at a car park. Shobhit
parked his car from 2.50 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. How much did he have
to pay?
Duration of Parking Charges (`)
1st hour 12
Every additional half hour or part thereof 7
(a) ` 26 (b) ` 33 (c) ` 40 (d) ` 47
3
25. A movie started at 9.15 p.m. and lasted for 2 hours. What time did the
5
movie end?
(a) 12.03 p.m. (b) 11.36 p.m. (c) 11.51 p.m. (d) 12.00 a.m.
26. When it is 12 20 in Country A, it is 10 52 in Country B. At 23 05 in
Country A, a man makes a phone call to his friend in Country B. The
time in Country B then was
(a) 22 03 (b) 21 37 (c) 21 53 (d) 21 47
27. Mr X has 2 pairs of identical blue socks, 3 pairs of identical black socks
and 4 pairs of identical white socks. What is the minimum number of
socks that he must take out in the dark so as to ensure that he gets at
least one matching pair?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 10
28. In the grid shown here, how many possible

paths are there from A to X if the only ways
to move are down and to the right?
(a) 8 (b) 9
(c) 10 (d) 12
29. A table can seat 4 students. When joined together, they can seat the
students as shown below.
How many pupils can be seated if 45 tables are joined together?

(a) 47 (b) 90 (c) 92 (d) 134
30. Sonam bought 72 beads. She wanted to pack these beads equally into
packets. She wanted to have at least 4 packets and also at least 3 beads
in each packet. How many different ways can she pack the beads?
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
31. The houses on a street are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., on one side of the
street, then the numbers continue consecutively on the other side of the
street and work their way back to be opposite number 1. If House No.
12 is opposite House No. 29, how many houses are there on both sides
of the street?
(a) 32 (b) 36 (c) 40 (d) 44
32. In a group of buffaloes and ducks, the number of legs is 24 more than
twice the number of heads. The number of buffaloes in the group is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
33. A man fenced up his square garden using some poles. He used 59 poles
on each side of the square. How many poles did he use altogether?
(a) 228 (b) 230 (c) 232 (d) 236
34. Sumit’s age was square of a number last year and it will be cube of a
number next year. How long must he wait before his age will be again
the cube of a number?
35. In a garden there are 10 rows and 12 columns of mango trees. The
distance between the two trees is 2 metres and a distance of 1 metre
is left from all sides of the boundary of the garden. The length of the
garden is
(a) 20 m (b) 22 m (c) 24 m (d) 26 m
36. A man takes 8 minutes to type a page. If 1710 pages are to be typed
in the afternoon between 2 o’clock and 3 o’clock, how many men are
required?
(a) 221 (b) 228 (c) 249 (d) 256
37. A man earns ` 20 on the first day and spends ` 15 on the next day. He
again earns ` 20 on the third day and spends ` 15 on the fourth day. If he
continues to save like this, how soon will he have ` 60 in hand?
(a) On 17th day (b) On 27th day (c) On 30th day (d) On 40th day
38. In a family, each daughter has the same number of brothers as she has
sisters. Each son has twice as many sisters as he has brothers. How
many children are there in the family?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
39. A caterpillar climbed up a pole that is 5 m high. It climbed up 2 m in
every 40 minutes but slid 0.5 m downwards in the next 20 minutes. At
this rate, how long did the caterpillar take to reach the top of the pole?
(a) 2 hr 40 min (b) 2 hr 50 min
(c) 3 hr 05 min (d) 3 hr 20 min
40. The figure given below shows two stacks of identical glasses:
44 cm
32 cm
The height of the first stack of 8 glasses is 44 cm while that of the second
stack of 5 glasses is 32 cm. What is the maximum number of glasses that
you can put in a single stack in a shelf of height 60 cm?
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
41. 320 muffins were bought by a school from ABC confectioners which
had the following two promotional offers:
Offer 1 Offer 2
Buy 3 and get Buy 5 and get

another 1 free! another 2 free!
Usual price: ` 12 per muffin
The least amount paid by the school is

(a) ` 2760 (b) ` 2748 (c) ` 2832 (d) ` 2880
42. Ajay bought 2 toffees, 3 marbles and 2 erasers from a shop. His pen
leaked and some ink smudged his receipt. If the cost of each marble was
` 2 after rounding off to the nearest rupee, what was the highest possible
cost of each eraser?
ABC STORE
Bill No. ××××
Dated ××××
2 × Toffees ` 2.20
3 × Marbles `
2 × Erasers `
Total ` 17.95
(a) ` 4.55 (b) ` 4.85 (c) ` 5.55 (d) ` 5.85

43. A stairway 10 ft high is such that each step accounts for half a foot
upward and one foot forward. What distance will an ant travel if it
starts from ground level to reach the top of the stairway?
(a) 10 ft (b) 29 ft (c) 30 ft (d) 33 ft
44. The chairs in a school auditorium were previously arranged in rows
such that there were exactly 15 chairs in each row for a concert. After
the concert, the school attendants removed 6 chairs from the auditorium
and rearranged the remaining chairs for a meeting. There are now
exactly 12 chairs in each row and 9 more rows than before. How many
chairs were there in the auditorium for the meeting?
(a) 570 (b) 564 (c) 540 (d) 534
45. The total strength of a school is 1360. For every 15 boys, there is a girl.
The number of girls in the school is
(a) 75 (b) 80 (c) 85 (d) 90
46. When Reena made necklaces of either 16 beads, 30 beads or 36 beads,
not a single bead was left over. What could be the least number of beads
Reena had?
(a) 700 (b) 720 (c) 750 (d) 780
47. Suman paid ` 77 for 6 bananas and 4 apples. With the same amount of
money, she could buy 14 bananas. If she had decided to buy apples
only, how many apples could she buy with ` 198?
(a) 11 (b) 9
48. Natasha reads 350 pages of a book in a week. If she reads 5 more pages
than the previous day then the number of pages she reads on the last
day is
(a) 35 (b) 50 (c) 55 (d) 65
49. Aryan used matchsticks to make the following patterns:
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3
Which pattern would use 362 matchsticks in all?

(a) Pattern 60 (b) Pattern 51 (c) Pattern 57 (d) Pattern 63
50. In the above question, which of the following cannot denote the exact
number of matchsticks used in a pattern?
(a) 61 (b) 159 (c) 415 (d) 635
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (c)
1.
B C
2. Clearly, 3 tiles are added at each step.

So, number of tiles in nth pattern  3n  1.
In Pattern 1, number of tiles  3  1  1  4.
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
3. Number in column A B C D E F G H
Remainder on
0 1 7 2 6 3 5 4
dividing by 8
199 when divided by 8, leaves remainder 7. So, it will appear under letter C.
4. If we paint one pair of adjacent faces with the same colour, we are left with one pair of
opposite faces and one pair of adjacent faces unpainted. The two opposite faces may
be painted with the same colour and the two adjacent faces with 2 different colours.
5. Mrs Rao has 2 options for the starter, 3 options for the main course and 3 options for
the dessert.
 total number of combinations  2  3  3  18.
6. We will consider the following matches:
(i) matches of first team with other 4 teams;
(ii) matches of second team with 3 teams other than first;
(iii) matches of third team with 2 teams other than first and second;
(iv) match of fourth team with 1 team other than first three.
 total number of matches  4  3  2  1  10.
7. Let the number of oranges be x.
Then, number of apples = 5x
and number of bananas = 6x.
 total number of fruits  x  5 x  6 x  12 x.
Clearly, the total number of fruits must be a multiple of 12.
8. The image of F is inverted upside down, while all other letters have been rotated
through 180°.
9. 20 = 10 + 10; 23 = 8 + 8 + 7; 29 = 8 + 7 + 7 + 7.
10. Clearly, the number of eggs in the basket is doubled each day.
The basket was full in 24 days.
1 1
So, the basket was full in 23 days and it was full in 22 days.
2 4
11. There are 4 gaps between 1st and 5th lamp posts. So, gap between two consecutive
 10 
lamp posts    m  2.5 m.
 4 
Now, there are 14 gaps between 1st and 15th lamp posts.
So, distance between 1st and 15th lamp posts  (14  2.5) m  35 m.
12. Clearly, there are 9 children (from 7th to 15th) standing

between the 6th and 16th children along one semicircle.
So, there must be 9 children along the other semicircle
as well. Five of these are from 1st to 5th. So, there are
four more children after 16th child.
 number of children  16  4  20.
13. Number of cuts required to divide the plank into 3
pieces = 2.
Time required for 2 cuts = 6 min.
Time required for 1 cut = 3 min.
 time required to saw the plank into 12 pieces
= time required for 11 cuts
 (11  3) min = 33 min.
14. Since one out of every 4 persons dines for free, so charges for meal of 4 persons
 `(65  3) = ` 195.
Charges for meal of 16 persons = ` (195 × 4) = ` 780.
 charges for meal of 17 persons = ` (780 + 65) = ` 845.
15. 60, 36 and 44 are all multiples of 4. So, they will get the maximum offfer.
16. X  Y  Z  12 kg.
 X  Y  Z  (12  12) kg  24 kg.
X  Y  Z  24 
 average mass     kg  8 kg.
3  3 
17. SUMOHANTY has 9 letters.
So, each position in the pattern which is a multiple of 9, has the letter Y.
Thus, the letter at 99th position is Y.
 the letter at 103rd position is O.
... S U M O H A N T Y S U M O H A N T Y ...
99th 103rd
position position
18. There are 10 small divisions between 80 kg and 85 kg.
 85  80 
Value of each small division    kg  0.5 kg.
 10 
The pointer is 3 small divisions or (3  0.5), i.e., 1.5 kg ahead of 80 kg.
 reading on the scale  (80  1.5) kg  81.5 kg.
19. 30 oranges  40 bananas.

4
 1 orange  banana.
3
Reena can buy 18 oranges more.
4 
And, 18 oranges    18  bananas = 24 bananas.
3 
20. Capacity of the tank  (12  13.5) litres = 162 litres.
Capacity of each bucket = 9 litres.
 162 
 number of buckets needed     18.
 9 
4
21. tank is sufficient for 12 hours.
5
 5
Full tank is sufficient for  12    15 hours.
 4
1 1 
tank is sufficient for   15   5 hours.
3 3 
22. Number of ways to arrange 4 pictures  4  3  2  24.
 3 1   15 
23. Number of gaps between trees   3      8   30.
 4 8  4 
Total number of trees = 30 + 1 = 31.
24. Charge from 2.50 p.m. to 3.50 p.m. (first 1 hour) = ` 12.
Charge from 3.50 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. (4 slots of half hour or part)
= ` (4 × 7) = ` 28.
 total parking charges = ` (12 + 28) = ` 40.
3 3 
25. Duration of movie  2 hours = 2 hr   60  min = 2 hr 36 min.
5 5 
 the movie ended 2 hr 36 min after 9.15 p.m., i.e., at 11.51 p.m.
26. Clearly the time in country B is behind the time in country A.
Time difference = difference between 12 20 hours and 10 52 hours = 1 hr 28 min.
 required time is 1 hr 28 min behind 23 05 hours, i.e., 21 37 hours.
27. Since there are socks of 3 colours, so if the man picks up 4 socks, at least two of them
are of the same colour.
28. We label the figure as shown. Then, the possible paths are:
(1) AI  IX
(2) AE  EF  FJ  JX
(3) AE  EG  GK  KX
(4) AE  EH  HX
(5) AB  BJ  JX
(6) AB  BF  FG  GK  KX
(7) AB  BF  FH  HX
(8) AC  CK  KX
(9) AC  CG  GH  HX
(10) AD  DX
So, there are 10 possible paths.
29. Clearly, at each step, 1 table and 2 new seats are added.
So, if there are n tables, there are (2n  2) seats.
 required number  2  45  2  90  2  92.
30. The factors of 72 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 72.
Since there must be at least 3 beads in each packet and at least 4 packets, so beads can
be packed in the following ways:
(1) 4 packets of 18 beads each
31. Number of houses after House No. 29 = number of houses after House No. 12 on the
opposite side = 11.
 total number of houses  29  11  40.
32. Let the number of buffaloes be x and the number of ducks be y.
Then, number of heads  x  y; number of legs  4 x  2 y.
4 x  2 y  2 ( x  y )  24  2 x  24  x  12.
33. Total number of poles used  (59  4  4)  236  4  232.
34. Sumit’s present age is 26 years [ 25  5 2 and 27  3 3 ].

Sumit’s age will be cube of a number when he will be 64 years old.
So, required time  (64  26) years = 38 years.
35. Each row contains 12 plants.
12 plants have 11 gaps between them.
So, total length of gaps  (11  2) m and 1 m is left on each side.
 length of garden  (22  2) m  24 m.
 60 
36. Number of pages typed by 1 man in 1 hour     7.5.
 8 
 1710 
 number of men required     228.
 7.5 
37. Money earned in 2 days = ` (20 – 15) = ` 5.
5 
Money earned in 16 days  `   16   ` 40.
2 
On 17th day, money in hand = `(40 + 20) = `60.
38. Let there be x daughters in the family.

Then, each daughter has ( x  1) sisters and hence (x – 1) brothers.
So, number of sons  ( x  1).
Number of brothers each son has  ( x  2).
Number of sisters each son has  x.
 x  2 ( x  2)  x  2 x  4  x  4.
Hence, there are 4 daughters and 3 sons, i.e., 7 children in all.
39. Height climbed in 1 hour  (2  0.5) m  1.5 m.
Height climbed in 2 hours  (1.5  2) m  3 m.
In the next 40 minutes, it climbs 2 m to reach the top.
 total time taken = 2 hr 40 min.
40. Let the height of each glass be x cm and the height of each glass to be y cm.
Then, 2 x  6 y  44 cm. ... (i)
And, 2 x  3 y  32 cm. ... (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
3 y  12 cm  y  4 cm.
Putting y  4 in (i), we get
2 x  20 or x  10 cm.
Now, height of 1 glass + height of n glass tops = 60 cm
 10  4n  60
   4n  50   n  12.5.
So, required number of glasses  1  12  13.
41. Clearly, offer 2 is better.
Under offer 2, money paid for 7 muffins = ` (12 × 5) = ` 60.
 60 
Money paid for 315 muffins  `   315   ` 2700.
 7 
Now, next 4 muffins will be bought under offer 1.
Under offer 1, money paid for 4 muffins = `(12 × 3) = ` 36.
Money paid for last muffin = ` 12.
 total money paid  ` (2700  36  12)  ` 2748.
42. Total cost of 3 marbles and 2 erasers = `(17.95 – 2.20) = `15.75.
For highest possible cost of each eraser, the cost of each marble must be minimum.
The minimum value of marble, which has 5 at the second decimal place and can be
rounded to ` 2 is ` 1.55.
So, cost of 3 marbles = ` (3 × 1.55) = ` 4.65.
Total cost of 2 erasers = ` (15.75 – 4.65) = 11.10.
 11.10 
 cost of 1 eraser  `    ` 5.55.
 2 
 1
43. Number of steps   10    10  2  20.
 2
To reach the top, the ant covers the height of 20 steps and the width of 19 steps because
the moment it ascends the height of 20th step it reaches the top.
 1  
 distance travelled by the ant    20   (1  19) ft
 2  
= (10 + 19) ft = 29 ft.
44. Let there be n rows in the original arrangement.
Then, number of rows in the final arrangement  (n  9).
Total number of chairs in the original arrangement = 15 n.
Total number of chairs in the final arrangement  12 (n  9).
 15n  6  12 (n  9)  15n  6  12n  108
 3n  114  n  38.
 required number of chairs  15n  6  15  38  6
 570  6  564.
45. Clearly, out of every 16 students, there is one girl.
1360
So, number of girls   85.
16
46. Least number of beads = LCM of 16, 30 and 36
2 16, 30, 36
 223 453
2 8, 15, 18
= 720.
3 4, 15, 9
4, 5, 3
77
47. 14B  77  B   5.50.
14
6B  4 A  77  6  5.5  4 A  77
 4 A  77  33  44  A  11.
 198 
 number of apples bought for ` 198  `    ` 18.
 11 
48. Let the number of pages read on the first day be n. Then,
n  (n  5)  (n  10)  (n  15)  (n  20)  (n  25)  (n  30)  350
7 n  105  350  7 n  245  n  35.
Hence, number of pages read on the last day  n  30  35  30  65.
49. Clearly, 7 matchsticks are added at each step.
So, number of matchsticks in nth pattern  7 n  5.
Now, 7 n  5  362  7 n  357  n  51.
So, Pattern 51 will use 362 matchsticks in all.
50. 61  7  8  5 ; 159  7  22  5 ; 635  7  90  5.
415 cannot be expressed in the form 7 n  5.

19 Area and Perimeter
1. RECTANGLE
(i) Area of a rectangle = length × breadth.

 area  .
(ii) Length of a rectangle   
 breadth 
 area 
(iii) Breadth of a rectangle   .
 length 
(iv) Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (length + breadth).
(v) Diagonal of a rectangle  (length )2  ( breadth )2 .
2. SQUARE
1
Area of a square  (side)2   (diagonal)2 .
2
3. TRIANGLE
1
(i) Area of a triangle   base × height.
2
(ii) Area of a triangle with sides a, b and c  s ( s  a) ( s  b) ( s  c ),
abc
where s  is the semiperimeter.
2
3
(iii) Area of an equilateral triangle   (side)2 .
4
4. PARALLELOGRAM
Area of a parallelogram = base × height.

5. TRAPEZIUM
Area of a trapezium
1
  sum of parallel sides × distance between them (height).
2
6. RHOMBUS
1
(i) Area of a rhombus   d1  d2 , where d1 and d2 are lengths of
2
diagonals of the rhombus.
1 2
(ii) Each side of the rhombus  d1  d22 .
2
392
Area and Perimeter 393
(iii) Property of rhombus used in finding the length of side and diagonal
from the given data—The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
at right angles.
7. CIRCLE For a circle of radius r, we have
(i) Area of circle  r 2 .

(ii) Circumference  2r.
r 2 .
(iii) Area of semicircle 
2
(iv) Circumference of semicircle  r.
(v) Perimeter of semicircle   (r  2).
r 2 .
(vi) Area of quadrant 
4
8. IMPORTANT FACTS
(i) A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of equal
area.
(ii) The diagonal of a square inscribed in a circle is
equal to the diameter of the circle.
(iii) The diameter of a circle inscribed in a square is

equal to the side of the square.
(iv) Any regular polygon can be inscribed inside a circle.

(v) The largest possible circle that can be inscribed
inside a rectangle has a diameter equal to the
shorter side of the rectangle.
(vi) The circumference of a circular wheel gives the distance travelled

by the wheel in 1 revolution.
(vii) If the sides of two squares are in the ratio a : b then the ratio of their
perimeters is a : b and the ratio of their areas is a2 : b 2 .
(viii) If the radii of two circles are in the ratio a : b then the ratio of their
circumferences is a : b and the ratio of their areas is a2 : b 2 .
(ix) The area of the triangle formed by joining the

midpoints of the three sides of a triangle is one
fourth the area of the original triangle.
If D, E, F are the midpoints of sides of a CABC
then
area of CAFE = area of CFBD = area of CDEF
1
= area of CDCE   area of C ABC.
4
(x) The perimeter of the triangle formed by joining the midpoints of
the three sides of a triangle is half of the perimeter of the original
triangle.
1 1 1
DE  AB, FE  BC , DF  AC
2 2 2
1
and so, perimeter of CDEF   perimeter of C ABC.
2
9. (i) 1 hectare (ha)  10000 m 2 .
(ii) 1 km 2  100 ha.
EXERCISE 19A
1. A reactangular field is 80 m long and 60 m wide. If fence posts are placed
at the four corners and are 10 m apart along the four sides of the field,
how many posts are needed to completely fence the field?
(a) 24 (b) 27 (c) 28 (d) 29
2. A rectangular field has length and breadth in the ratio of 16 : 9. If its
perimeter is 750 m, its area is
(a) 14000 m 2 (b) 14400 m 2 (c) 32400 m 2 (d) 75000 m 2
3. A wire in the form of a square of side 18 m is bent in the form of a
rectangle whose length and breadth are in the ratio 3 : 1. The area of the
rectangle is
(a) 81 m 2 (b) 144 m 2 (c) 243 m 2 (d) 324 m 2
4. The breadth of a rectangular field is 60% of its length. If the perimeter of
the field is 800 m then its area is
(a) 18750 m 2 (b) 37500 m 2 (c) 40000 m 2 (d) 48000 m 2
5. The length of a rectangular plot is 20 metres more than its breadth. If the
cost of fencing the plot at the rate of ` 26.50 per metre is ` 5300, the length
of the plot is
(a) 60 m (b) 50 m
(c) 120 m (d) data inadequate
6. The area of a square and that of a rectangle are equal. If the side of the
square is 50 cm and the breadth of the rectangle is 30 cm then the length
and perimeter of the rectangle are respectively
(a) 18 cm and 96 cm (b) 18 cm and 136 cm
(c) 83.3 cm and 226.6 cm (d) 83.3 cm and 266.6 cm
7. Ayush cut a rectangle A from a sheet of paper. A smaller rectangle is then
cut off from the large rectangle A to produce Figure B. In comparing A
to B, we can say that
(a) the area and perimeter both decrease

(b) the area decreases and the perimeter increases
(c) the area and perimeter both increase
(d) the area decreases and the perimeter remains the same
8. The cost of carpeting a room 13 m long and 9 m broad at the rate of
` 12.40 per sq m is
9. The ratio between the length and perimeter of a rectangular plot is 1 : 3.
What is the ratio between the length and breadth of the plot?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 3 : 2 (d) Data inadequate
10. The ratio between the length and breadth of a rectangle is 3 : 2
respectively. The respective ratio of the numerical values of its perimeter
and area is 5 : 9. What is the breadth of the rectangle?
(a) 6 m (b) 8 m (c) 9 m (d) 13 m
11. An artist has completed one fourth of a rectangular oil painting. When
he will paint another 100 sq cm of the painting he would complete three
quarters of the painting. If the height of the painting is 10 cm the length
of the oil painting is
(a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 25 cm
12. A door of dimensions 3 m by 2 m is fitted in a wall. The dimensions of

the whole wall are 10 m by 9 m. The cost of whitewashing the wall at
the rate of ` 16 per sq metre is
(a) ` 1000 (b) ` 1100 (c) ` 1260 (d) ` 1344
13. The perimeter of a rectangular garden is 1.2  10 5 km and its length is
0.2  10 5 km. The area of the garden in standard form is
(a) 8  106 km 2 (b) 0.8  106 km 2 (c) 8.0  108 km 2 (d) 80  108 km 2
14. The length and breadth of a rectangular hall in a model are 0.4 m and
30 cm respectively. The distance between the opposite corners of the
wall in the model is
(a) 34.16 m (b) 50 m (c) 34.16 cm (d) 50 cm
15. The perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 28 cm and diagonal is
35 cm, is
(a) 45 cm (b) 89 cm (c) 90 cm (d) 98 cm
16. The area of a rectangular plot one side of which is 48 m and diagonal is
50 m, is
(a) 576 m 2 (b) 672 m 2 (c) 700 m 2 (d) 768 m 2
17. The cost of carpeting a room 18 m long with a carpet 75 cm wide at ` 45
per metre is ` 8100. The breadth of the room is
(a) 7 m (b) 7.5 m (c) 8 m (d) 8.5 m
18. A room 5 m × 8 m is to be carpeted leaving a margin of 10 cm from each
wall. If the cost of the carpet is ` 18 per sq metre the cost of carpeting the
room will be
(a) ` 673.92 (b) ` 682.46 (c) ` 691.80 (d) ` 702.60
19. The length of the side of a square whose area is four times the area of a
square with side 25 m, is
(a) 12.5 m (b) 50 m (c) 100 m (d) 125 m
20. The area of a square is 1024 sq cm. What is the ratio of the length to the
breadth of a rectangle whose length is twice the length of the side of the
square and breadth is 12 cm less than the side of this square?
(a) 5 : 18 (b) 16 : 5 (c) 14 : 5 (d) 32 : 5
21. The area of a rectangle is thrice that of a square. If the length of the
3
rectangle is 40 cm and its breadth is times that of the side of the square
then the side of the square is 2
(a) 15 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 60 cm
22. How many 5 cm square tiles are needed to cover the floor of a square
room of side 0.4 m?
(a) 48 (b) 64 (c) 72 (d) 84
23. 50 square stone slabs of equal size were needed to cover a floor area of
72 sq m. The length of each stone slab is
(a) 102 cm (b) 120 cm (c) 201 cm (d) 210 cm
1
24. A room is 12 m long and 7 m wide. The maximum length of a square
4
tile to fill the floor of the room with a whole number of tiles should be
(a) 125 cm (b) 150 cm (c) 175 cm (d) 200 cm
25. If the length of diagonal AC of a square ABCD is 5.2 cm then the area of
the square is
(a) 10.52 sq cm (b) 11.52 sq c m (c) 12.52 sq cm (d) 13.52 sq cm
26. A man walking at the speed of 4 kmph crosses a square field diagonally
in 3 minutes. The area of the field is
(a) 18000 m 2 (b) 19000 m 2 (c) 20000 m 2 (d) 25000 m 2
27. The ratio of the areas of two squares, one having its diagonal double
than the other, is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 4 : 1
28. A rectangular lawn 55 m × 35 m has two roads each 4 m wide running in
the middle of it, one parallel to length and the other parallel to breadth.
The cost of gravelling the roads at ` 75 per square metre is
(a) ` 25450 (b) ` 25800 (c) ` 26250 (d) ` 27000
29. The side of a square plot is 80 m. Two paths of 4 m width, parallel to the
sides of the square, are constructed in the middle of the plot. The area of
the path is
(a) 139 m 2 (b) 264 m 2 (c) 512 m 2 (d) 624 m 2
30. A rectangular grass plot 80 m × 60 m has two roads each 10 m wide
running in the middle of it, one parallel to length and the other parallel
to breadth. The area of the plot, which is not occupied by the roads, is
(a) 3300 m 2 (b) 3400 m 2 (c) 3500 m 2 (d) 3600 m 2
31. A rectangular grassy lawn measuring 30 m by 28 m is to be surrounded
externally by a path 2 m wide. The area of the path is
(a) 246 m 2 (b) 248 m 2 (c) 1088 m 2 (d) 1348 m 2
32. A rectangular park 300 m by 210 m has a path 5 m wide all around it, on
the inside. The cost of constructing the path at ` 75 per 10 m 2 is
(a) ` 18937.50 (b) ` 19312.50 (c) ` 37500 (d) ` 59062.50
33. A path 7 m wide runs along inside a sqaure park of side 92 m. The cost
of cementing it at the rate of ` 260 per 10 m 2 is
(a) ` 59480 (b) ` 61540 (c) ` 61880 (d) ` 65430
34. A park, square in shape, has a 3-m-wide road inside it, running along its
sides. The area occupied by the road is 1764 sq m. What is the perimeter
along the outer edge of the road?
(a) 576 m (b) 600 m (c) 670 m (d) None of these
35. What will be the cost of gardening 1-m-broad boundary around

a rectangular plot having a perimeter of 340 m at the rate of ` 22
per sq metre?
(a) ` 3740 (b) ` 7480
36. A rectangular garden 60 m × 40 m is surrounded by a road of width
2 m, the road is covered by tiles and the garden is fenced. If the total
expenditure is ` 51600 and the rate of fencing is ` 50 per metre then the
cost of covering 1 sq m of road by tiles is
(a) ` 10 (b) ` 50 (c) ` 100 (d) ` 150
37. A garden is 24 m long and 14 m wide. There is a path 1 m wide outside
the garden along its sides. If the path is to be constructed with square
marble tiles of size 20 cm × 20 cm, the number of tiles required to cover
the path is
(a) 200 (b) 1800 (c) 2000 (d) 2150
38. If each side of a rectangle is increased by 50%, its area will increase by
(a) 50% (b) 125% (c) 150% (d) 200%
39. The length of a rectangle is halved, while its breadth is tripled. What is
the percentage change in area?
(a) 25% increase (b) 50% increase
(c) 50% decrease (d) 75% decrease
40. If each side of a square is increased by 10% its area will be increased by
(a) 10% (b) 21% (c) 44% (d) 100%
41. The length and breadth of a square are increased by 40% and 30%
respectively. The area of the resulting rectangle exceeds, the area of the
square by
(a) 35% (b) 42% (c) 62% (d) 82%
42. The adjoining figure contains three
squares with areas of 100, 16 and 49 sq
units, lying side by side as shown. By how
much should the area (in sq units) of the
middle square be reduced in order that the
total length AB is 19 units?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 12
43. Three plots having areas 110, 130 and 190 sq metres are to be subdivided
into flower beds of equal size. If the breadth of a bed is 2 m, the maximum
length of a bed can be
(a) 5 m (b) 11 m (c) 13 m (d) 19 m
44. Three squares are lined up horizontally

as shown. The area of the first square is
9 cm 2 , the area of the second square is
16 cm 2 and the area of the third square
is 25 cm 2. The length of XY is
(a) 7 cm (b) 8 cm
(c) 13 cm (d) 17 cm
45. The area of the adjoining
figure is
(a) 84 cm 2
(b) 94 cm 2
(c) 100 cm 2
(d) 200 cm 2
46. The perimeter and area

of the adjoining figure are
respectively
(a) 156 m and 740 m 2
(b) 166 m and 740 m 2
(c) 329 m and 297 m 2
(d) 329 m and 547 m 2
47. The adjoining figure is made up of 3 squares.

If the side of each square is a whole number
and the total area of the whole figure is
170 cm 2 then the perimeter of the figure is
(a) 62 cm
(b) 64 cm
(c) 68 cm
(d) 72 cm
48. Rajan folded a square piece of paper two times. The area of the portion
of paper was reduced by half with each fold. At the end of the second
fold the portion of paper had an area of 9 cm 2 . What was the perimeter
of the square paper at first?
(a) 16 cm (b) 24 cm (c) 36 cm (d) 48 cm
49. A rectangular piece of paper
was folded to form the shape
shown in the adjoining figure.
What was the area of the
rectangular piece of paper
before it was folded?
(a) 272 cm 2
(b) 336 cm 2
(c) 400 cm 2
(d) 464 cm 2
50. 36 unit squares are joined to form a rectangle with the least perimeter.
The perimeter of the rectangle is
(a) 12 units (b) 24 units (c) 26 units (d) 36 units
51. The adjoining figure is made up of 8
identical squares and a rectangle. The
total area of the 8 squares is 200 cm 2 .
The perimeter of the whole figure is
(a) 100 cm (b) 110 cm
(c) 115 cm (d) 130 cm
52. The adjoining figure PQRS is made up of 5

identical rectangles. If the perimeter of the
whole figure is 54 cm then its area is
(a) 45 cm 2
(b) 180 cm 2
(c) 360 cm 2
(d) 720 cm 2
53. In the adjoining figure, a rectangle with

perimeter 264 cm is divided into five
congruent rectangles. The perimeter of each of
the rectangles is
(a) 84 cm (b) 96 cm
(c) 112 cm (d) 120 cm
54. The adjoining figure is made up of

three squares. The area of the shaded
part of the figure is
(a) 24 cm 2 (b) 36 cm 2
(c) 48 cm 2 (d) 50 cm 2
55. The adjoining figure shows 3

identical rectangles X, Y and Z and 2
shaded areas of the same size. Given
2
that of rectangle X is shaded, what
5
is the ratio of the shaded areas to the
area of the whole figure?
(a) 4 : 11 (b) 3 : 8 (c) 2 : 5 (d) 4 : 7
56. A rectangle is divided into a square A and
3 smaller rectangles B, C and D. The areas
of A, B and C are 9 cm 2 , 15 cm 2 and 40 cm 2
respectively. The area of D is
(a) 18 cm 2 (b) 24 cm 2
(c) 28 cm 2 (d) 32 cm 2
57. The rectangle shown in the adjoining figure
is divided into 4 rectangles P, Q, R and S. The
area of rectangle S is 12 cm 2 . The ratio of the
areas of P, Q and S is 12 : 5 : 2 respectively.
The area of R is
(a) 5 cm 2 (b) 6 cm 2 (c) 8 cm 2 (d) 12 cm 2
58. In a CPQR, if PQ + QR = 10 cm, QR + PR = 12 cm, PR + PQ = 16 cm, what
is the perimeter of CPQR?
(a) 17 cm (b) 19 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 38 cm
59. The sides of a triangle are consecutive integers. The perimeters of the
triangle is 120 cm. The length of the greatest side is
(a) 39 cm (b) 40 cm (c) 41 cm (d) 42 cm
60. In the adjoining figure, the ratio of the
areas of CABC, CACD and CADE is
(a) 3 : 2 : 1 (b) 4 : 3 : 2
(c) 4 : 3 : 4 (d) 5 : 3 : 4
61. Out of a square of side 8 cm, a triangle is drawn with base as one side
of the square and the third vertex at any point on the opposite side of
the square. What is the area of the remaining portion of the square if the
triangle is taken out?
(a) 16 cm 2 (b) 32 cm 2
(c) 64 cm 2 (d) Cannot be determined
62. What will be the ratio between the area of a rectangle and the area of a
triangle with one of the sides of the rectangle as base and a vertex on the
opposite side of the rectangle?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 3 : 1 (d) Data inadequate
63. If the area of a square with side a is equal to the area of a triangle with
base a then the altitude of the triangle is
a
(a) (b) a (c) 2a (d) 4a
2
64. In the adjoining figure, if the areas of the
triangles LDC, BMC and AMC are denoted
by x, y and z respectively then
(a) x = y = z (b) x = 2y = 2z
(c) y = 2x = 2z (d) z = 2x = 2y
65. If the area of a triangle is 1176 cm 2 and base : corresponding altitude

is 3 : 4 then the altitude of the triangle is
(a) 42 cm (b) 52 cm (c) 54 cm (d) 56 cm
66. The adjoining figure is made up
of 6 identical rectangles, each of
dimensions 3 cm × 2 cm. The area
of the shaded region is
(a) 12 cm 2 (b) 18 cm 2 (c) 24 cm 2 (d) 30 cm 2
67. The adjoining figure is made up of 3
equilateral triangles each of side 18 cm. The
perimeter of the figure is
(a) 126 cm (b) 144 cm
(c) 108 cm (d) 162 cm
68. The three sides of a triangular field are 20 m, 21 m and 29 m long

respectively. The area of the field is
(a) 210 m 2 (b) 215 m 2 (c) 230 m 2 (d) none of these
69. If three sides of a triangle are 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm then the altitude of
the triangle corresponding to the largest side of the triangle, is
(a) 4.4 cm (b) 4.8 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 8 cm
70. The sides of a triangle are 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm. The area (in cm2) of the
triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of this triangle is
3 3
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 6
4 2
71. The sides of a CABC are 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm. If
D, E and F are the midpoints of sides of CABC
then the perimeter of CDEF is
(a) 6 cm (b) 9 cm
(c) 12 cm (d) 18 cm
72. In the adjoining figure, CABC is right-angled at B. If
AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm and BD  AC then the length
of BD is
(a) 1.2 cm (b) 2.4 cm
(c) 3.6 cm (d) 4.8 cm
73. The hypotenuse of a right-angled isosceles triangle is 5 cm. The area of
the triangle is
(a) 5 cm 2 (b) 6.25 cm 2 (c) 6.5 cm 2 (d) 12.5 cm 2
74. The legs of a right triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 and its area is 1014 sq cm.
The length of its hypotenuse is
(a) 56 cm (b) 63 cm (c) 65 cm (d) 69 cm
75. ABCD is a rectangle. E and F are the
midpoints of AD and BC respectively. If
DP = PQ = QC then the ratio of the areas of
CDFQ, CDEF and CADB is
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 2 : 3 : 4
(c) 3 : 4 : 5 (d) 2 : 3 : 6
76. The ratio of the bases of two triangles is m : n and that of their areas is
p : q. Then, the ratio of their corresponding altitude will be
p q m q
(a) pm : qn (b) : (c) pn : qm (d) :
m n p n
77. The adjoining figure shows two
squares of side 5 cm and 3 cm
respectively. The area of the
shaded region is
(a) 15 cm 2 (b) 18 cm 2
(c) 22 cm 2 (d) 24 cm 2
78. The total area of the shaded

region in the adjoining figure is
(a) 484 cm 2 (b) 542 cm 2
(c) 576 cm 2 (d) 676 cm 2
79. In the adjoining figure, E and F are

the midpoints of sides AD and BC
respectively of rectangle ABCD. Then,
the ratio of the area of the shaded parts
to the area of rectangle ABFE is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 3
(c) 3 : 4 (d) 1 : 3
80. If A is the area of an equilateral triangle of height h then
(a) A  3 h 2 (b) 3A  h (c) 3 A  h2 (d) 3 A  h 2
81. In the adjoining figure, the

area of the quadrilateral
PQUT is
(a) 117 cm 2 (b) 123 cm 2
(c) 127 cm 2 (d) 133 cm 2
82. Anu bent a piece of wire

of length 1.8 m to form the
adjoining figure composed
of 4 squares and 4 equilateral
triangles. If the length of PQ is
25 cm how much wire did he
have left with him?
(a) 25 cm (b) 30 cm (c) 60 cm (d) 150 cm
83. The adjoining figure shows a rectangle
ABCD divided into four regions—P, Q,
R and S. R is thrice the size of P and half
the size of S. Q is twice the size of P. What
fraction of the whole figure is the sum of Q
and S?
1 2 4 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 5 5
84. ABCD is a rectangle. E and F are the

midpoints of side AB and diagonal BD
respectively. Then, the ratio of the sum of
the areas of CDFC and CFEB to the area of
rectangle ABCD is
(a) 3 : 8 (b) 5 : 8
(c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4
85. The adjoining figure consists of 16 identical
small rectangles. The ratio of the area of
the shaded portion to that of the unshaded
portion is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 5 : 2
(c) 5 : 3 (d) 7 : 3
86. If a rectangle and a parallelogram have the same base and height then
(a) area of rectangle = area of parallelogram
(b) area of rectangle < area of parallelogram
(c) area of rectangle > area of parallelogram
(d) area of rectangle and parallelogram cannot be compared
87. If a parallelogram with area P, a rectangle with area R and a triangle
with area T are all constructed on the same base and all have the same
altitude then which of the following statements is false?
1
(a) P = R (b) P + T = 2R (c) P = 2T (d) T  R
2
88. A rectangle and a parallelogram have equal areas. If the sides of the
rectangle are 10 cm and 12 cm, and the base of the parallelogram is
20 cm then the altitude of the parallelogram is
(a) 3 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 7 cm
89. A parallelogram has sides 30 m and 14 m, and one of its diagonals is
40 m long. Then, its area is
(a) 168 m 2 (b) 336 m 2 (c) 372 m 2 (d) 480 m 2
90. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram.
Then, the ratio of the areas of CABD, CBCD
and parallelogram ABCD is
(a) 1 : 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 2 : 3
(c) 2 : 2 : 3 (d) cannot be determined
91. One diagonal of a parallelogram is 70 cm and the perpendicular distance
of this diagonal from either of the outlying vertices is 27 cm. The area of
the parallelogram (in sq cm) is
(a) 1800 (b) 1836 (c) 1890 (d) 1980
92. The two parallel sides of a trapezium are 1.5 m and 2.5 m respectively.
If the perpendicular distance between them is 6.5 m, the area of the
trapezium is
(a) 10 m 2 (b) 13 m 2 (c) 20 m 2 (d) 26 m 2
93. If the area of the trapezium whose parallel sides are 6 cm and 10 cm is
32 sq cm then the distance between the parallel sides is
(a) 2 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 8 cm
94. The adjoining figure shows a trapezium
ABCD. If the area of the trapezium is
72 cm 2 then x is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
95. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram.

CE  AB and CF  AD. If AB = 18 cm,
AD = 12 cm and CF = 10 cm then CE is equal to
1
(a) 6 cm (b) 6 cm
2
2 3
(c) 6 cm (d) 6 cm
3 4
96. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a rectangle.
EC = 16 cm, FG = FB = 8 cm, AF = 20 cm and
1
FG  AB. If BC  DC then the area of the
2
shaded region (in cm 2 ) is
(a) 220 (b) 225
(c) 320 (d) 325
97. The perimeter of a rhombus is 56 m and its height is 5 m. Its area is
(a) 64 sq m (b) 70 sq m (c) 78 sq m (d) 84 sq m
98. If the diagonals of a rhombus are 24 cm and 10 cm, the area and
perimeter of the rhombus are respectively
(a) 120 cm 2 , 52 cm (b) 120 cm 2 , 64 cm
2
(c) 240 cm , 52 cm (d) 240 cm 2 , 64 cm
99. A rhombus has each side of length 13 cm and one diagonal of length
24 cm. Its area is
(a) 96 cm 2 (b) 108 cm 2 (c) 120 cm 2 (d) 144 cm 2
100. The length of a diagonal of a rhombus is 6 cm. If its area is 24 cm 2 then
the length of each side of the rhombus is
(a) 5 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 8 cm
101. If a circle of radius 2 cm is cut-out from a square piece of a metal sheet

of side 6 cm, the area of the remaining sheet is (take   3.14)
(a) 23.44 cm 2 (b) 26.54 cm 2 (c) 78.5 cm 2 (d) 87.92 cm 2
102. If the circumference of a circle is 16 cm, what is its area?
(a) 32  cm 2 (b) 64  cm 2 (c) 128  cm 2 (d) 256  cm 2
103. If the circumference of a circle is 704 cm then its area is
(a) 32672 cm 2 (b) 37184 cm 2 (c) 39424 cm 2 (d) 49324 cm 2
104. A rectangular garden has a circular pond inside it. The area of the
2
circular pond is 224 m 2 which is of the area of the garden. Then, the
9
area of the garden which is not covered by the pond is
(a) 676 m 2 (b) 756 m 2 (c) 784 m 2 (d) 842 m 2
105. What is the maximum number of circles of radius 4 cm each that can
be cut from a piece of cardboard measuring 80 cm by 90 cm?
(a) 110 (b) 120 (c) 132 (d) 144
106. The area of a circle is equal to the area of a rectangle with dimensions
14 cm and 11 cm. The radius of the circle is
(a) 7 cm (b) 10.5 cm (c) 14 cm (d) 21 cm
107. A wire is bent to form a square of side 22 cm. If the wire is rebent to
form a circle its radius is
(a) 7 cm (b) 11 cm (c) 14 cm (d) 22 cm
108. The area of a square inscribed in a circle of radius 7 cm is
(a) 84 cm 2 (b) 92 cm 2 (c) 98 cm 2 (d) 108 cm 2
109. The circumference of a circle exceeds the diameter by 30 cm. The
radius of the circle is
(a) 3.5 cm (b) 7 cm (c) 10.5 cm (d) 14 cm
110. If A is the area and C is the circumference of a circle then its radius is
A 2A 3A 4A
(a) (b) (c) (d)
C C C C
111. The area of a circular field is equal to the area of a rectangular field.
The ratio of the length and breadth of the rectangular field is 14 : 11
respectively and perimeter is 100 metres. The diameter of the circular
field is
(a) 14 m (b) 22 m (c) 24 m (d) 28 m
112. The perimeters of a circular field and a square field are equal. If the
area of the square field is 12100 m 2 , the area of the circular field will be
(a) 15200 m 2 (b) 15400 m 2 (c) 15600 m 2 (d) 15800 m 2
113. If the ratio between the areas of two circles is 4 : 1 then the ratio between
their radii will be
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 4 : 1
114. The ratio of the circumferences of two circles is 2 : 3. What is the ratio
of their areas?
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 4 : 9
(c) 9 : 4 (d) None of these
115. The circumferences of two circles are 44 m and 88 m respectively. The
difference in their areas is
(a) 142 m 2 (b) 426 m 2 (c) 462 m 2 (d) 642 m 2
116. The circumferences of two concentric circles are 88 cm and 66 cm
respectively. The width between the rings is
(a) 1.5 cm (b) 2.5 cm (c) 3.5 cm (d) 4 cm
117. The adjoining figure consists of two
identical circles which just fit inside a
rectangle. P and Q are the centres of
the two circles. The area of the shaded
portion is
(a) 236 cm 2 (b) 300 cm 2
2
(c) 330 cm (d) 336 cm 2
118. If the radius of the circle in the adjoining figure is
7 cm then the area of the shaded portion is
(a) 117 cm 2 (b) 128 cm 2
(c) 129.5 cm 2 (d) 135 cm 2
119. In the adjoining figure, a square of area

50 sq units is inscribed in a circle with centre O.
Which of the following is the circumference of
the circle?
(a) (10) units (b) (25) units
(c) (50) units (d) (100) units
120. The diameter of a scooter wheel is 56 cm. How much distance will it
cover in 10 revolutions?
(a) 1560 cm (b) 1660 cm (c) 1760 cm (d) 1875 cm
121. The diameter of a wheel of a car is 70 cm. The number of complete
revolutions it will make to travel 8.8 km, is
(a) 3600 (b) 3850 (c) 4000 (d) 4050
122. A circular disc of diameter 70 cm is

rolled from pole P to pole Q. If the
wheel takes 6 revolutions to reach
pole Q, what is the distance between
the two poles?
(a) 11 m (b) 11.7 m
(c) 13.2 m (d) 13.9 m
123. A circular ground whose diameter is 35 metres, has a 1.4 m broad
garden around it. What is the area of the garden?
(a) 160.16 sq m (b) 176.16 sq m
(c) 196.16 sq m (d) Data inadequate
124. A circular grassy plot of land, 42 m in diameter, has a path 3.5 m wide
running around it outside. The cost of gravelling the path at ` 4 per
square metre is
(a) ` 1002 (b) ` 1802 (c) ` 2002 (d) ` 3002
125. A semicircular shaped window has diameter of 63 cm. Its perimeter
equals
(a) 126 cm (b) 162 cm (c) 198 cm (d) 251 cm
126. What will be the area of a semicircle whose perimeter is 36 cm?
(a) 154 cm 2 (b) 168 cm 2
(c) 308 cm 2 (d) None of these
127. If a wire is bent into the shape of a circle the area of the circle is 154 cm2.
Then,
(i) the length of the wire is …… .
(ii) if it is rebent into the shape of a square its area will be …… .
(iii) if it is rebent into a semicircular shape the radius of the semicircle
will be …… .
The values that will substitute the blanks in (i), (ii) and (iii) are
respectively
(i) (ii) (iii)
2
(a) 28 cm 49 cm 5.44 cm
2
(b) 44 cm 121 cm 8.56 cm
2
(c) 36 cm 81 cm 7 cm
(d) 48 cm 144 cm 2 9.33 cm
128. The circumference of the circle inscribed in a square of area 81 cm 2 , is
2 2 2 9
(a) 7 cm (b) 14 cm (c) 28 cm (d) 63 cm
7 7 7 14
129. P and Q are the centres of two circles

as shown in the figure. The area of the
square is
(a) 5 cm 2
(b) 9 cm 2
(c) 16 cm 2
(d) 25 cm 2
130. The adjoining figure shows two identical small

circles within a big circle. AB is the diameter
of the big circle while X and Y are the centres
of the small circles. The ratio of the area of the
shaded part to that of the big circle is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 3
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 4
131. The hour hand of a clock is 4.5 cm long, what distance does its tip
cover in 12 hours?
(a) 28.28 cm (b) 28 cm (c) 336 cm (d) 339.4 cm
132. The ratio of the shaded part of the triangle to
the unshaded part of the triangle is 1 : 3. If the
ratio of the unshaded part of the circle to the
shaded part of the circle is 2 : 1, the total area of
the unshaded part of the figure is
(a) 20 cm 2 (b) 30 cm 2
(c) 36 cm 2 (d) 60 cm 2
133. Semicircular lawns are attached to the edges of a rectangular field

measuring 42 m × 35 m. The area of the total field is
(a) 1358 m 2 (b) 3818.5 m 2 (c) 5813 m 2 (d) 8318 m 2
134. A piece of wire is bent to form 6 similar semi-
circles as shown in the adjoining figure. If the
area of the enclosed rectangle is 200 cm 2 , the
length of the piece of wire is (take  = 3.14)
(a) 88.4 cm (b) 92.6 cm
(c) 94.2 cm (d) 98.8 cm
135. The adjoining figure is made up of an equilateral

triangle and two semicircles of diameter 3 cm. The
perimeter of the figure is (take  = 3.14)
(a) 9.42 cm (b) 21.42 cm
(c) 30.84 cm (d) 36.84 cm
136. The adjoining figure consisting of 9 identical

parts, has been cut out of a circle of diameter
28 cm. The area of the remaining part is
(a) 142 cm 2 (b) 154 cm 2
(c) 168 cm 2 (d) 176 cm 2
137. The adjoining figure is made up of two quarter

circles in a square of side 14 cm. The perimeter of
the shaded area is
(a) 11 cm (b) 44 cm
(c) 56 cm (d) 88 cm
138. The adjoining figure is made up of three

semicircles each of radius 14 cm. The
perimeter of the figure is
(a) 88 cm (b) 132 cm
(c) 174 cm (d) 216 cm
139. The adjoining figure is made up of a
square ABCD of side 10 cm and a semi-
circle BRC. P and Q are the midpoints of
AB and BC respectively. The area of the
shaded part is
(a) 56 cm 2 (b) 62.5 cm 2
(c) 75 cm 2 (d) 125 cm 2
140. In the adjoining figure the square ABCD is made

up of two parts, P and Q. The part P is formed by
a semicircle and line DC. The perimeter of area P
is 36 cm and the perimeter of area Q is 64 cm. The
perimeter of square ABCD and the area of shaded
part Q are respectively.
(a) 56 cm, 119 cm 2 (b) 56 cm, 129 cm 2
(c) 58 cm, 119 cm 2 (d) 58 cm, 129 cm 2
141. In the adjoining figure, ABC is a right-

angled triangle in which AB = 7 cm and
BC = 10 cm. Given that AEB and BCD
are quadrants, the area of the shaded
region is
1 1
(a) 57 cm 2 (b) 75 cm 2
7 7
1
(c) 82 cm 2 (d) 85 cm 2
7
142. In the adjoining figure, each quadrant has a radius
of 7 cm. The perimeter and area of the shaded parts
are respectively.
(a) 44 cm and 42 cm 2
(b) 22 cm and 44 cm 2
(c) 54 cm and 48 cm 2
(d) 44 cm and 48 cm 2
143. In the adjoining figure, O is the centre
of the circle with a diameter of 14 cm.
The perimeter of the figure is
(a) 98 cm (b) 125 cm
(c) 134 cm (d) 148 cm
144. The adjoining figure is made up of 5 semicircles

each of radius 10 cm. The length of the wire
needed to form the figure is (take  = 3.14)
(a) 100 cm (b) 157 cm
(c) 189 cm (d) 257 cm
145. A belt runs over four circular pulleys each of

diameter 28 cm. The length of the belt and the
area enclosed in between the belt and pulleys
(shaded area) are respectively
(a) 180 cm, 384 cm 2 (b) 192 cm, 496 cm 2
2
(c) 200 cm, 504 cm (d) 204 cm, 536 cm 2
146. The adjoining figure shows a square field with

each side of length 28 m. Then, the area over
which a cow tied with a 7-m-long rope can
graze, is
(i) …… m 2 , if the cow is tied at point A
(ii) …… m 2 , if the cow is tied at point B
(iii) …… m 2 , if the cow is tied at point C
The values that will substitute the blanks in (i), (ii) and (iii) respectively
are
(i) (ii) (iii)
(a) 42 84 168
(b) 38.5 77 154
(c) 49 98 196
(d) 45.5 91 182
147. In the above question, if rope of any length is available then the
maximum area over which the cow can graze, is
(i) …… m2, if the cow is tied at point A
(ii) …… m2, if the cow is tied at point B
(iii) …… m2, if the cow is tied at point C
The values that will substitute the blanks in (i), (ii) and (iii) respectively
are
(i) (ii) (iii)
(a) 154 308 616
(b) 308 616 616
(c) 616 308 616
(d) 616 308 154
148. The perimeters of a quadrant, a semicircle and a circle each of radius

3.5 cm will be, respectively
(a) 5.5 cm, 11 cm, 22 cm (b) 6.5 cm, 13 cm, 26 cm
(c) 9 cm, 18 cm, 22 cm (d) 12.5 cm, 18 cm, 22 cm
149. Each of the figures shown below depicts a triangle and a circle enclosed
in a square.
The difference between the area of the shaded parts in Figure A and
the area of the shaded parts in Figure B is x cm 2 . Then,
(a) 0 < x < 50 (b) 50 < x < 100
(c) 100 < x < 150 (d) 150 < x < 200
150. The following cut-outs have been made from identical paper sheets
with identical cuts.
Choose the incorrect statement

(a) I and V have the same perimeter but different areas.
(b) IV has the largest perimeter.
(c) II has the least area.
(d) I, III and IV have the same area.
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b)

10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (d)
28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c)
37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b) 41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (c)
46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (b)
55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d) 61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (c)
64. (b) 65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (b) 71. (b) 72. (d)
73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (a) 80. (c) 81. (b)
82. (b) 83. (b) 84. (a) 85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (b) 88. (c) 89. (b) 90. (a)
91. (c) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (c) 96. (a) 97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (c)
100. (a) 101. (a) 102. (b) 103. (c) 104. (c) 105. (a) 106. (a) 107. (c) 108. (c)
109. (b) 110. (b) 111. (d) 112. (b) 113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (c) 116. (c) 117. (d)
118. (c) 119. (a) 120. (c) 121. (c) 122. (d) 123. (a) 124. (c) 125. (b) 126. (d)
127. (b) 128. (c) 129. (d) 130. (a) 131. (a) 132. (b) 133. (b) 134. (c) 135. (b)
136. (b) 137. (b) 138. (d) 139. (b) 140. (a) 141. (d) 142. (a) 143. (c) 144. (d)
145. (c) 146. (b) 147. (c) 148. (d) 149. (b) 150. (c)
perimeter of field 2 (80  60) 280

1. Number of posts     28.
distance between posts 10 10
2. Let length = 16x m and breadth = 9x m. Then,
2 (16x + 9x) = 750  25x = 375  x = 15.
So, length = (16 × 15) m = 240 m and breadth = (9 × 15) m = 135 m.
 area of the field  (240  135) m 2  32400 m 2 .
3. Length of the wire = perimeter of the square = (18 × 4) m = 72 m.
Perimeter of the rectangle = 72 m.
Let length of the rectangle be (3x) m and breadth be (x) m. Then,
2(3x + x) = 72  4x = 36  x = 9.
So, length = (3 × 9) m = 27 m and breadth = 9 m.
Area of the rectangle  (27  9) m 2  243 m 2 .
4. Let length of the field be x metres.
 60   3x 
Then, breadth = (60% of x) metres   x  m    m.
 100   5 
 3x  8x 400  5
 2 x    800   400  x   250.
 5  5 8
 3  250 
So, length = 250 m and breadth    m  150 m.
 5 
 area of the field  (250  150) m 2  37500 m 2 .
5. Let breadth of the plot be x metres.
Then, length of the plot = (x + 20) m.
 5300 
Perimeter of the plot    m  200 m.
 26.50 
 2 [x  ( x  20)]  200  2x + 20 = 100  2x = 80  x = 40.
Hence, length of the plot = (40 + 20) m = 60 m.
6. Let length of the rectangle be x cm. Then,

area of the square = area of the rectangle
 50  50  x  30
50  50 250
 x    83.3.
30 3
  So, length of the rectangle = 83.3 cm.
   perimeter of the rectangle = 2(83.3 + 30) cm = (2 × 113.3) cm = 226.6 cm.
7. Perimeter of Figure A = 2(6 + 8) cm = 28 cm.
Area of Figure A  (8  6) cm 2  48 cm 2 .
Perimeter of Figure B  (6  4  1  4  5  8) cm
 28 cm.
Area of Figure B  [( 4  1)  (8  5)] cm 2

 44 cm 2 .
Clearly, the area decreases and the perimeter
remains the same.
8. Area of the room  (13  9) m 2  117 m 2 .

 cost of carpeting = ` (117 × 12.40) = ` 1450.80.
9. Let l and b represent the length and breadth respectively, of the plot.
l 1 l 2
Then,   3l  2l  2b  l = 2b   .
2 (l  b ) 3 b 1
l 3
10.  .
b 2
2 (l  b ) 5 18b
  18l  18b  5lb  18   5b
lb 9 l
2  30 
       5b  18  18   18  12  30   b     6 m.
3  5 
11. Let the area of the painting be x cm 2 . Then,
3 1 x
x  x  100   100  x = 200.
4 4 2
 200 
 length of the painting    cm  20 cm.
 10 
12. Area to be whitewashed = area of the wall – area of the door
 [(10  9)  (3  2)] m 2  (90  6) m 2  84 m 2 .
 cost of whitewashing = ` (84 × 16) = ` 1344.
13. Let the breadth of the garden be x km. Then,
2 (0.2  10 5  x )  1.2  10 5
 0.2  10 5  x  0.6  10 5  x  0.6  10 5  0.2  10 5  x  0.4  10 5.

So, breadth of the garden  0.4  10 5 km.
 Area of the garden  (0.2  10 5  0.4  10 5 ) km 2  (0.08  1010 ) km 2  (8  108 ) km 2 .

14. Length, l  0.4 m  40 cm ; breadth, b  30 cm.

 distance between opposite corners = length of diagonal
 l 2  b 2  ( 40)2  (30)2 cm
 2500 cm  50 cm.
15. Length, l = 28 cm.
Let the breadth be b cm.
Diagonal = 35 cm  l 2  b 2  35  l 2  b 2  (35)2  1225
       b  1225  (28)2  1225  784
2
 b 2  441  b  441  21.

So, breadth = 21 cm.
 perimeter  2 (l  b)  2 (28  21) cm  (2  49) cm  98 cm.
16. One side, l = 48 m.
Let the other side be b metres.
Diagonal = 50 m  l 2  b 2  50  l 2  b 2  (50)2  2500
 b 2  2500  ( 48)2  2500  2304
 b 2  196  b  196  14.
 other side = 14 m.
 area of the plot  ( 48  14) m 2  672 m 2 .
 8100 
17. Length of carpet    m  180 m.
 45 
Area of the room = area of the carpet  (180  0.75) m 2  135 m 2 .
 135 
 breadth of the room    m  7.5 m.
 18 
18. Length of carpet  (8  0.1  2) m  7.8 m.
Breadth of carpet  (5  0.1  2) m  4.8 m.
Area of the carpet  (7.8  4.8) m 2  37.44 m 2 .
 cost of carpeting = ` (37.44 × 18) = ` 673.92.
19. Let the length of each side of the square be a metres. Then,
a2  4  (25)2  a2  4  625  2500  (50)2  a  50.
   length of each side of the square = 50 m.
20. Side of the square  1024 cm  32 cm.
Length of the rectangle  (2  32) cm  64 cm.
Breadth of the rectangle  (32  12) cm  20 cm.
64 16
 required ratio    16 : 5.
20 5
21. Let the side of the square be x cm.
3 
Then, breadth of the rectangle   x  cm.
2 
Area of the rectangle  3  area of the square

3
 40  x  3 x 2  60 x  3 x 2  x  20.
2
 Side of the square = 20 cm.
area of the floor  40  40 
22. Number of tiles     64.
area of each tile  5  5 
 72 
23. Area of each slab    m 2  1.44 m 2 .
 50 
144  12 
 length of each slab  1.44 m  m    m  1.2 m  (1.2  100) cm  120 cm.
100  10 
24. Required length = (HCF of 1225 and 700) cm 7 0 0) 1 2 2 5 (1
= 175 cm. –700
5 2 5) 7 0 0 (1
–525
1 7 5) 5 2 5 (3
–525
×
1  1 
25. Area of the square    (5.2)2  cm 2    5.2  5.2  cm 2  (2.6  5.2) cm 2  13.52 cm 2 .
2  2 
26. Length of diagonal = distance covered by the man in 3 minutes
 3  1 1 
  4   km  km    1000  m  200 m.
 60  5 5 
1 2 2 1  2
 area of the field    (200)  m    40000  m  20000 m 2 .
2  2 
27. Let the length of diagonal of the second square be x units.
Then, length of diagonal of the first square = (2x) units.
1
 (2 x )2
4x2
 ratio of areas  2  2  4 : 1.
1 2 x
x
2
28. Total area of the roads  [(55  4)  (35  4)  ( 4  4)] m 2
 (220  140  16) m 2  (360  16) m 2  344 m 2 .
 cost of gravelling = ` (344 × 75) = ` 25800.
29. Area of the path  [(80  4)  (80  4)  ( 4  4)] m 2

 (320  320  16) m 2  624 m 2 .
30. Total area of the roads

 [(80  10)  (60  10)  (10  10)] m 2
 (800  600  100) m 2  1300 m 2 .
Area of the rectangle  (80  60) m 2  4800 m 2 .
 area not occupied by the roads
 ( 4800  1300) m 2  3500 m 2 .
31. Outer length  (30  2  2) m  34 m.

Outer breadth = (28 + 2 × 2) m
= 32 m.
Area of the path  [(34  32)  (30  28)] m 2
 (1088  840) m 2  248 m 2 .
32. Outer length = 300 m.

Outer breadth = 210 m.
Inner length = (300 – 5 × 2) m = 290 m.
Inner breadth = (210 – 5 × 2) m = 200 m.
Area of the path
 [(300  210)  (290  200)] m 2
 (63000  58000) m 2  5000 m 2 .
 cost of constructing the path
 5000 
 `  75  = ` 37500.
 10 
33. Inner side length  (92  7  2) m  78 m.
Area of the path  [(92)2  (78)2 ] m 2
 (92  78) (92  78) m 2
 (170  14) m 2  2380 m 2 .
 2380 
 cost of cementing the path  `   260 
 10 
= ` 61880.
34. Let the length of each side of the square park be

x metres.
Then, inner side length  ( x  3  2) m  ( x  6) m.
Area of the road  [x 2  ( x  6)2 ] m 2 .
 x 2  ( x  6)2  1764
 x 2  ( x 2  36  12 x )  1764
 12x – 36 = 1764  12x = 1800  x = 150.
 perimeter along the outer edge of road = 4x
= (4 × 150) m = 600 m.
35. Let the length and breadth of the plot be l and b metres respectively.
Then, 2 (l  b)  340  l + b = 170  b = (170 – l) m.
Outer length  (l  1  2) m  (l  2) m.
Outer breadth  (170  l  2) m  (172  l) m.
Area in which gardening is to be done
 [(l  2) (172  l)  l (170  l)] m 2
 (172 l  l 2  344  2 l  170 l  l 2 ) m 2  344 m 2 .
 cost of gardening = ` (344 × 22) = ` 7568.
36. Length of fence = 2(60 + 40) m = 200 m.
Cost of fencing = ` (200 × 50) = ` 10000.
Area of the road  [(64  44)  (60  40)] m 2  (2816  2400) m 2  416 m 2 .
Let the cost of tiling the road be ` x per sq m.
 416 x  10000  51600  416 x  41600  x = 100.
37. Area of the path  [(26  16)  (24  14)] m 2  ( 416  336) m 2  80 m 2 .
 number of tiles required to cover the path
area of the path  80  100  100 
    2000.
38. Let original length = l units and original breadth = b units. Then,
 150   3l 
new length = (100 + 50)% of l    l     units
 100   2 
 150   3b 
and new breadth = (100 + 50)% of b    b     units.
 100   2 
Original area = (lb) sq units.
 3l 3b   9lb 
New area     sq units    sq units.
2 2   4 
 9lb   5lb 
Increase in area    lb  sq units    sq units.
 4   4 
 5lb 1 
 increase %     100  %  125%.
 4 lb 
39. Let original length = l units and original breadth = b units.
l
New length  units, new breadth = (3b) units.
2
Original area = (lb) sq units.

l   3lb 
New area    3b  sq units    sq units.
2   2 
 3lb   lb 
Increase in area    lb  sq units    sq units.
 2  2
 lb 1 
 increase %     100  %  50%.
 2 lb 
40. Let original length of side be a units.
 110   11a 
Then, new length of side = (100 + 10)% of a units    a  units    units.
 100   10 
Original area  ( a2 ) sq units.
2
 11a   121a2 
New area    sq units    sq units.
 10   100 
 121a2   21a2 
Increase in area    a2  sq units  
  100  sq units.
 100   
 21a2 1 
 increase %    2  100  %  21%.

 100 a 
41. Let the original length of side be a units. Then,
 140   7a 
length of the rectangle = (100 + 40)% of a units    a  units    units
 100   5 
 130   13 a 
and breadth of the rectangle = (100 + 30)% of a units    a  units    units.
 100   10 
Original area of the square  ( a2 ) sq units.
 7 a 13 a   91a2 
Area of the rectangle     sq units    sq units.
 5 10   50 
 91a2   41a2 
Increase in area    a2  sq units  
  50  sq units.
 50   
 41a2 1 
 increase %    2  100  %  82%.

 50 a 
42. AB  100  16  49  10  4  7  21 units.

Side of middle square  16  4 units.
Reduction in AB  (21  19)  2 units.
New side of middle square  ( 4  2) units = 2 units.
 reduction in area of middle square  ( 4 2  2 2 ) sq units
 (16  4) sq units = 12 sq units.
43. Maximum possible size of a flower bed
= (HCF of 110, 130, 190) sq m = 10 sq m.
 10 
 maximum possible length    m  5 m.
 2 
44. XP  ( 9  16  25 ) cm
 (3  4  5) cm  12 cm.
PY  side of third square
 25 cm  5 cm.
XY  XP 2  PY 2  (12)2  5 2 cm
 169 cm = 13 cm.
45. We divide the given figure into parts and calculate the area of each part as shown
under:
 area of the whole figure = (36 + 40 + 12 + 12) cm 2 = 100 cm 2.

46. We divide the given figure into parts and calculate the area of each part as shown
under:
Area of the given figure = (200 + 150 + 390) m 2 = 740 m 2 .

Perimeter of the give figure = (20 + 10 + 5 + 15 + 10 + 13 + 30 + 13 + 10 + 15 + 5 + 10) m
= 156 m.
47. We need to find 3 perfect square numbers

whose sum is 170.
Now, 170 = 81 + 64 + 25.
Clearly, the areas of squares A, B and C are
64 cm 2 , 81 cm 2 and 25 cm 2 respectively.
So, side of the square A  64 cm  8 cm,
side of the square B  81 cm  9 cm,
side of the square C  25 cm  5 cm.
 perimeter of the whole figure
= (8 + 8 + 8 + 1 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 9 + 9) cm
= 62 cm.
48. Area of the paper after 2nd fold  9 cm 2 .
Area of the paper after 1st fold  (9  2) cm 2  18 cm 2 .
Area of the original piece of paper  (18  2) cm 2  36 cm 2 .
Side of the square paper  36 cm  6 cm.

Perimeter of the square paper  ( 4  6) cm  24 cm.
49. Length of the paper strip when unfolded

= AC + CD + EF
 ( AB  BC )  CD  (ED  DF )
 [(8  8)  18  (8  8)] cm
= 50 cm.
Breadth of the paper strip = AG = 8 cm.
 area of the paper strip
 (50  8) cm 2  400 cm 2 .
50. Clearly, area of the rectangle = 36 sq units.

For area to be 36 sq units, the possible values of length, breadth and perimeter are as
under:
Length and breadth Perimeter
36 units and 1 units 74 units
 least possible perimeter = 24 units.
 200  2 2
51. Area of each square    cm  25 cm .
 8 
Side of each square  25 cm  5 cm.
Perimeter of the whole figure
 (5  10  2.5  2.5  25  20) cm
= 100 cm.
52. Let the length of each rectangle be l and its

breadth be b. Then,
PS = QR  l = 4b.
Perimeter of figure PQRS
 PQ  QR  RS  PS
 (l  b )  4 b  (l  b )  l
 3l  6b  3  4b  6b = 18b.
54
 18b  54 cm  b  cm  3 cm
18
 l  4b  ( 4  3) cm  12 cm.
 PQ  l  b  (12  3) cm  15 cm; PS  l  12 cm.
 area of the figure  PQ  PS  (15  12) cm 2  180 cm 2 .
53. Let the length of each rectangle be l and its breadth

be b. Then,
AB = DC  2l = 3b.
Perimeter of figure ABCD = 4l + 5b
= 2 × 2l + 5b
= 2 × 3b + 5b = 11b.
264
 11b = 264 cm  b  cm  24 cm.
11
Now, 2l  3b  3  24 cm  72 cm
72
 l cm  36 cm.
2
Perimeter of each of the rectangles = 2 (l + b)
= 2(36 + 24) cm = (2 × 60) cm = 120 cm.
54. Area of the shaded part = area of CABD

1
  AB  CD
2
1 
   (8  4)  6  cm 2
2 
 36 cm 2 .
55. Let the shaded area of the rectangle X be (2a) sq units and its unshaded area be
(3a) sq units.
Then, total area of each of the rectangles X, Y and Z = (2a + 3a) sq units = (5a) sq units.
Total shaded area of the whole figure = (2a + 2a) sq units = (4a) sq units.
Total area of the whole figure
= area of the rectangle X + area of the rectangle Z
+ unshaded area of the rectangle Y
= (5a + 5a + a) sq units = (11a) sq units.
 required ratio = 4a : 11a = 4 : 11.
56. Area of the square A  9 cm 2 .
Side of the square A  9 cm  3 cm.
 PT = RT = 3 cm.
Area of the rectangle B  15 cm 2 , RT = 3 cm.
 15 
 TQ    cm  5 cm.
 3 
Area of rectangle C  40 cm 2 , TQ = 5 cm.
 40 
 TS    cm  8 cm.
 5 
 area of the rectangle D  PT  TS  (3  8) cm 2  24 cm 2
57. Let the areas of P, Q and S be (12x) cm 2 , (5x) cm 2

and (2 x ) cm 2 respectively.
Then, 2x = 12  x = 6.
So, area of the rectangle P  (12  6) cm 2  72 cm 2 ,
area of rectangle Q  (5  6) cm 2  30 cm 2 .
 AE × CE = 72 cm 2 and AE × DE = 30 cm 2.
So, AE = HCF of 30 cm 2 and 72 cm 2 = 6 cm.
 72   30 
CE    cm  12 cm and DE    cm  5 cm
 6   6 
2 12 cm 2  12 
CE × BE = 12 cm  BE     cm  1 cm.
CE  12 
Hence, area of rectangle R  BE  DE  (1  5) cm 2  5 cm 2 .
58. PQ  QR  10 cm,
QR  PR  12 cm,
PR  PQ  16 cm.
Adding the above three equations, we get
2 (PQ + QR + PR) = 38 cm  PQ + QR + PR = 19 cm.
59. Let the lengths of sides be x cm, (x + 1) cm and (x + 2) cm. Then,
x  ( x  1)  ( x  2)  120  3 x  3  120  3 x  117  x  39.
 length of greatest side  ( x  2) cm  (39  2) cm  41 cm.
60. Required ratio = (area of CABC) : (area of CACD) : (area of CADE)

1 1 1
  BC  AC :  CD  AC :  DE  AC
2 2 2
 BC : CD : DE  5 : 3 : 4.
61. Area of remaining portion
= (area of square ABCD) – (area of CAEB)
1
 8 2 cm 2   AB  EF
2
 1 
  8 2   8  8  cm 2
 2 
 (64  32) cm 2  32 cm 2 .
62. Required ratio

= (area of rect. ABCD) : (area of CAEB)
1
 AB  BC :  AB  EF
2
= 2BC : EF = 2BC : BC [ BC = EF]
= 2 : 1.
63. Let the altitude of the triangle be h units. Then,

area of the square = area of the triangle
1 2 a2
 a2   ah  h   2 a.
2 a
1
64. x = area of CLDC   DC  LM.
2
1 1 1 1
y = area of CBMC   MC  BC   DC  LM  x.
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
z = area of CAMC   MC  LM   DC  LM  x.
2 2 2 2
 x = 2y and x = 2z, i.e., x  2 y  2 z.
65. Let base = 3x and altitude = 4x. Then,
1
 3 x  4 x  1176 cm 2  6 x 2  1176 cm 2  x 2  196 cm 2  x  14 cm.
2
So, altitude  ( 4  14) cm  56 cm.
1 1
66. Area of the shaded triangle   base × height   (2  6)  3 cm 2  18 cm 2 .
2 2
67. Perimeter of the figure = (18 × 7) cm = 126 cm.
68. a = 20 m, b = 21 m, c = 29 m.
a  b  c  20  21  29 
 s   m  35 m.
2  2 
 area of the triangle  s ( s  a) ( s  b) ( s  c )

 35  (35  20)  (35  21)  (35  29) m 2  35  15  14  6 m 2
 7  5  5  3  7  2  2  3 m 2  (7  5  3  2) m 2  210 m 2 .
69. a = 6 cm, b = 8 cm, c = 10 cm.
a  b  c  6  8  10  24
 s   cm  cm  12 cm.
2  2  2
 area of the triangle  s ( s  a) ( s  b) ( s  c )  12  (12  6)  (12  8)  (12  10) cm 2
 12  6  4  2 cm 2  6  2  6  2  2  2 cm 2
 (6  2  2) cm 2  24 cm 2 .
Let the length of the required altitude be h.
1 24
Then,  10 cm  h  24 cm 2  h  cm  4.8 cm.
2 5
70. a = 3 cm, b = 4 cm, c = 5 cm.
abc 345 12
 s  cm  cm  6 cm.
2 2 2
Area of the triangle  s ( s  a) ( s  b) ( s  c )
 6  (6  3)  (6  4)  (6  5) cm 2  6  3  2 cm 2  6 cm 2 .
 area of the triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of the original
1  3
triangle    6  cm 2  cm 2 .
4  2
71. Perimeter of CABC = (5 + 6 + 7) cm = 18 cm.
1 1 
 perimeter of CDEF   perimeter of CABC    18  cm  9 cm.
2 2 
72. By Pythagoras theorem:
AC  AB2  BC 2  6 2  8 2 cm  100 cm  10 cm.
1 1
Area of CABC   AB  BC   AC  BD
2 2
1 1 68
  6  8 cm 2   10 cm  BD  BD  cm  4.8 cm.
2 2 10
73. Let the length of each of the two equal sides of the triangle be
x cm. Then,
25 .
x 2  x 2  5 2  2 x 2  25  x 2 
2
1 1  1 25 
Area of the triangle   x cm  x cm  x 2 cm 2     cm 2
2 2 2 2 
 25  2 2
   cm  6.25 cm .
 4 
74. Let the lengths of the legs of the right triangle be 3x and 4x respectively. Then,
1
 3 x  4 x  1014 cm 2  6 x 2  1014 cm 2  x 2  169 cm 2  x  13 cm.
2
 So, the lengths of the two legs are 39 cm and 52 cm.
 length of hypotenuse  (39)2  (52)2 cm  1521  2704 cm  4225 cm  65 cm.
1 1 2 1 1
75. Area of CDFQ   DQ  FC   DC  BC   DC  BC.
2 2 3 2 6
1 1 1 1
Area of CDEF   EF  DE   DC  BC   DC  BC.
2 2 2 4
1 1
Area of CADB   AB  AD   DC  BC.
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
 required ratio   DC  BC :  DC  BC :  DC  BC  : :  2 : 3 : 6.
6 4 2 6 4 2
76. Let their bases be mx and nx and their altitudes be h1 and h2 respectively. Then,
1
 mx  h1 p p n pn
2 h .
  1   
1 q h q m qm
 nx  h2 2
2
77. Area of the shaded region
= area of CACD – area of CBCE
1 1
  AC  CD   BC  CE
2 2
 1  1 
   8  5     5  2   cm 2
 2  2 
 (20  5) cm 2  15 cm 2 .
78. The given figure consists of four units of

the type as shown in the adjoining figure.
So, required area
 4  area of CACB
 4  [area of CAOB – area of CBOC]
1 1 
 4    OA  OB   OB  OC 
2 2 
1 1 
 4    35  16   16  17  cm 2
2 2 
 4  (280  136) cm 2  ( 4  144) cm 2  576 cm 2 .
79. Area of shaded parts
= area of CEGK + area of CKHF
1 1
  EK  DE   KF  AE
2 2
1 1
  EK  AE   KF  AE [ AE = DF]
2 2
1 1
  AE  (EK  KF )   AE  EF.
2 2
Area of the rectangle ABFE = AE × EF.
1 1
 required ratio   AE  EF : AE  EF  : 1  1 : 2.
2 2
80. Let each side of the equilateral triangle be a units and its area be A sq units. Then,
1 2A .
A   ah  a 
2 h
2
3 2 3  2A  3 4 A2
And, A  a      2
4 4  h  4 h
3 A2
 A  3 A  h2 .
h2
81. UR = RS – SU = (21 – 9) cm = 12 cm.
ST = PS – PT = QR – PT = (10 – 4) cm = 6 cm.
Area of quad. PQUT = area of rectangle PQRS – (area of CUST + area of CQRU)
1 1 
 (PQ  QR)    SU  ST   UR  QR 
2 2 
 1 1 
 (21  10)    9  6   12  10   cm 2
 2 2 
 [210  (27  60)] cm 2  (210  87 ) cm 2  123 cm 2 .
PQ  25 
82. Side of each square = side of each triangle     cm.
4  4 
Length of wire used in forming the figure
 PQ   25 
  20   PQ    20   25  cm  (125  25) cm  150 cm.
 4   4 
 length of wire left = [(1.8 × 100) – 150] cm  (180  150) cm  30 cm.
83. Let the area of region P be x sq units.
Then, P = x, R = 3x, S = 2R = 2 × 3x = 6x.
 Q = 2P = 2x.
QS 2x  6x 8x 2 .
 required fraction    
P  Q  R  S x  2 x  3 x  6 x 12 x 3
1 1 1 1
84. Area of CDFC + area of CFEB   DC  BC   BE  BC
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
  AB  BC   AB  BC
4 2 2 2
1 1
  AB  BC   AB  BC
4 8
 1 1 3
     AB  BC   AB  BC.
4 8 8
Area of rect. ABCD = AB × BC.
3 3
Required ratio   AB  BC : AB  BC  : 1  3 : 8.
8 8
85. Let the area of each of the 16 small rectangles be a sq
units. Then,
area of shaded portion
= area of CDAB + area of CFEB + area of CPGS
1 1
  area of rect. ABCD   area of rect. BCFE
2 2
1
  area of rect. PQRS
2
1 1 1 
   8 a   8 a   4 a  sq units
2 2 2 
= (4a + 4a + 2a) sq units = (10a) sq units.
Area of whole figure = (16a) sq units.
Area of unshaded portion = (16a – 10a) sq units = (6a) sq units.
 required ratio = 10a : 6a = 5 : 3.
86. Area of rectangle ABCD = AB × BC.
Area of gm ABFE = AB × BC.
87. Let the base of each be b and altitude of each be h. Then,

1
P = bh, R = bh, T  bh.
2
1
Clearly, P = R, P = 2T, T  R.
2
1 3
But P  T  bh  bh  bh  2 R.
2 2
88. Let the altitude of the parallelogram be h cm. Then,
area of the rectangle = area of gm
10  12
 10  12  20  h  h   6.
20
 altitude of the parallelogram = 6 cm.
89. Clearly, area of gm ABCD
 2  area of CADB.
For CADB : a = 30 m, b = 14 m, c = 40 m.
a  b  c 30  14  40
 s  m  42 m.
2 2
Area of CADB  s ( s  a) ( s  b) ( s  c )
 42 ( 42  30) ( 42  14) ( 42  40) m 2
 42  12  28  2 m 2  7  6  6  2  7  4  2 m 2
 (7  6  2  2) m 2  168 m 2 .
 area of gm ABCD  (2  168) m 2  336 m 2 .
90. Let DE  AB. Then,
required ratio
= area of CABD : area of CBCD : area of gm ABCD
1 1
  AB  DE :  DC  DE : AB  DE
2 2
1 1
  AB  DE :  AB  DE : AB  DE
2 2
1 1
 : : 1  1 : 1 : 2.
2 2
91. Clearly, AC = 70 cm, BE = DF = 27 cm,

where BE  AC and DF  AC.
 area of gm ABCD
= area of CABC + area of CADC
1 1
  AC  BE   AC  DF
2 2
1 1 
   70  27   70  27  cm 2  (945  945) cm 2  1890 cm 2 .
2 2 
1  1 
92. Area of the trapezium    (1.5  2.5)  6.5  m 2    4  6.5  m 2  13 m 2 .
2  2 
93. Let the distance between the parallel sides be x cm.
1 1
Then,  (6  10)  x  32   16  x  32  x = 4.
2 2
 distance between the parallel sides = 4 cm.
1
94.  [4 x  (3 x  10)]  6  72  7x + 10 = 24  7x = 14  x = 2.
2
95. AB × CE = AD × CF
12  10 20 2
 18 cm × CE = 12 cm × 10 cm  CE  cm  cm  6 cm .
18 3 3
96. AB = AF + FB = (20 + 8) cm = 28 cm.
1 1 1 
AD  BC  DC  AB    28  cm  14 cm.
2 2 2 
EC = 16 cm.
DE = DC – EC = (AB – EC) = (28 – 16) cm = 12 cm.
Area of shaded region
= area of rectangle ABCD – (area of CADE + area of trap. FBCG)
 1 1 
 ( AB  BC )    AD  DE   ( FG  BC )  FB
  2 2 
  1 1 
 (28  14)    14  12   (8  14)  8 cm 2
 2 2 
 [392  {84  88}] cm 2  (392  172) cm 2  220 cm 2 .
 56 
97. Base of the rhombus    m  14 m.
 4 
 area of the rhombus = base × height  (14  5) m 2  70 m 2 .
1 
98. Area of the rhombus    24  10  cm 2  120 cm 2 .
2 
1 1
OA  AC  12 cm; OB  BD  5 cm.
2 2
In right-angled CAOB, we have
AB  OA2  OB2  (12)2  5 2 cm
 144  25 cm  169 cm  13 cm.
Perimeter of the rhombus  ( 4  13) cm  52 cm.
1
99. AB = 13 cm; OA  AC  12 cm.
2
Let OB = x cm.
Then, (12)2  x 2  (13)2
 x 2  (169  144)  25  x = 5.
So, BD = 2OB = 2x = 10 cm.
1 1 
 area of the rhombus   AC  BD    24  10  cm 2  120 cm 2 .
2 2 
1 1
100.  d1  d2  24 cm 2   6 cm  d2  24 cm 2  d2  8 cm.
2 2
Clearly, OA = OC = 4 cm and OB = OD = 3 cm.
In right angled CAOB,
AB  OA2  OB2  4 2  3 2 cm  25 cm = 5 cm.

101. Area of remaining sheet = area of the square metal sheet – area of the circle
 [(6  6)  (3.14  2  2)] cm 2
 (36  12.56) cm 2  23.44 cm 2 .
102. Let the radius of the circle be r cm.
Then, 2 r  16   r = 8.
 area  r 2  (  8 2 ) cm 2  (64 ) cm 2 .
103. Let the radius of the circle be r cm.
22  704  7 
Then, 2 r  704 cm 2  2   r cm  704 cm 2  r    cm  112 cm.
7  2  22 
 22 
 area  r 2    112  112  cm 2  39424 cm 2 .
 7 
104. Let the area of the garden be x m 2 . Then,
2 224  9
x  224  x   1008.
9 2
 area of the garden not covered by the pond  (1008  224) m 2  784 m 2 .
105. Diameter of each circle  (2  4) cm  8 cm.
 80  90  
Required number of circles    greatest integral value of     (10  11)  110.
8  8 
106. Let the radius of the circle be r cm. Then,
22 2 14  11  7
 r cm 2  14  11 cm 2  r 2   7  7  r  7.
7 22
 radius of the circle = 7 cm.
107. Length of the wire = perimeter of the square  ( 4  22) cm  88 cm.
Let the radius of the circle be r cm. Then,
circumference of the circle = 88 cm
22 88  7
 2 r  88  2   r  88  r   14.
7 2  22
108. Diagonal of inscribed square = diameter of the circle

 (2  7 ) cm  14 cm.
1
 area of the square   (diagonal)2
2
1 
   14  14  cm 2  98 cm 2 .
2 

 22 
2 r  2r  30  2r (  1)  30  2r   1   30
 7 
15 7 1
 2r   30  r  30    7.
7 15 2
A r 2 r 2A .
110.    r
C 2 r 2 C
111. Let the length and breadth of the rectangular field be (14x) and (11x) metres
respectively. Then,
2 (14 x  11x )  100  50 x  100  x = 2.
So, length  (14  2) m  28 m , breadth  (11  2) m  22 m.
Let the radius of circular field be r metres.
22 2
Then, r 2  28  22   r  28  22
7
7
 r 2  28  22 
22
 r  28  7  7  2  2  7  14.
 diameter  (2 r ) m  (2  14) m  28 m.
112. Let each side of the square field be x metres and the radius of the circular field be r
metres.
Then, x 2  12100  x  12100  110.
 side of the square = 110 m.
Now, Circumference of circular field = perimeter of square field
 2 r  4  110
7 1
 r  440    70.
22 2
 radius of the circular field, r = 70 m.
 22 
 area of circular field    70  70  m 2  15400 m 2 .
 7 
2 2
r12 4 r  4 2 r 2
113. 2
   1       1   r1 : r2  2 : 1.
r2 1  r2  1 1 r2 1
2
2 r1 2 r 2 r2  2  4 r 2 4
114.   1   12      12  .
2 r2 3 r2 3 r2  3  9 r2 9
115. Let the radii of the two circles be r1 and r2 .

2 r1  44 m and 2 r2  88 m.
44  7 88  7
 r1  m  7 m and r2  m  14 m.
22  2 22  2
22
 difference in areas  r22  r12   (r22  r12 )   [(14)2  (7 )2 ] m 2
7
 22   22 
   (196  49) m 2    147  m 2  462 m 2 .
7   7 
116. Let their radii be r1 and r2 .
Then, 2 r1  66 cm and 2 r2  88 cm
66  7 21 88  7
 r1  cm  cm and r2  cm  14 cm.
22  2 2 22  2
 21  7
 width between the rings  r2  r1   14   cm  cm  3.5 cm.
 2  2
117. Diameter of each circle = 28 cm.
So, width of rectangle = 28 cm and length of rectangle = (2 × 28) cm = 56 cm.
Area of the shaded portion
= area of the rectangle – 2 × Area of a circle of radius 14 cm
  22 
 (56  28)   2   14  14   cm 2  (1568  1232) cm 2  336 cm 2 .
  7 
118. Clearly, OA = OB = radius of the circle = 7 cm.
 area of shaded portion
= area of the circle – area of CAOB
1
 r 2   OA  OB
2
 22  1 
   7  7     7  7   cm 2
 7  2 
 1   49 
 154    7  7   cm 2   154   cm 2
 2   2 
 (154  24.5) cm 2  129.5 cm 2 .
119. Clearly,
1
 ( AC )2  50 sq units
2
 ( AC )2  100 sq units  (10)2 sq units
 AC = 10 units.
1 1 
So, radius of the circle AC    10  units  5 units.
2 2 
 circumference  (2   5) units = (10) units.
120. Radius of the wheel, r = 28 cm.
Distance covered in 1 revolution
 22 
= circumference of the wheel   2   28  cm  176 cm.
 7 
 distance covered in 10 revolutions = (176 × 10) cm = 1760 cm.
121. Radius of the wheel, r = 35 cm.

Distance covered in 1 revolution = circumference of the wheel
 22 
 2 r   2   35  cm  220 cm.
 7 
 number of revolutions 
distance covered in 1 revolution
8.8  1000  100
  4000.
220
122. Radius of disc, r = 35 cm.
Distance covered in 1 revolution = circumference of the disc
 22 
  2   35  cm  220 cm.
 7 
Distance between the two poles
= distance covered in 6 revolutions + diameter of disc
 (220  6  70) cm  (1320  70) cm
= 1390 cm = 13.9 m.
 35 
123. Clearly, R1    m  17.5 m, R2  (17.5  1.4) m  18.9 m.
 2 

Area of the garden  R22  R12   R22  R12 
  (R2  R1 ) (R2  R1 )
 22 
   (18.9  17.5)  (18.9  17.5) m 2
7 
 22  2
   36.4  1.4  m  160.16 m 2 .
 7 
 42 
124. Clearly, R1    m  21 m, R2  (21  3.5) m  24.5 m.
 2 
Area of the path  R22  R12   (R22  R12 )
 (R2  R1 ) (R2  R1 )
 22 
   (24.5  21) (24.5  21) m 2
7 
 22 
   45.5  3.5  m 2  500.5 m 2 .
 7 
 cost of gravelling = ` (500.5 ×4) = ` 2002.
63
125. Radius of the semicircle  cm.
2
Perimeter = diameter + length of the semicircular arc
2 r
 2r   2r  r
2
 63 22 63 
  2     cm  (63  99) cm  162 cm.
 2 7 2 
126. Let the radius of the semicircle be r cm.
Then, perimeter = 36  2r  r  36
 22  36 36  7
 r  2    36  r  36  r   7.
 7  7 36
  So, radius of the semicircle, r = 7 cm.
r 2  22 1 
   required area      7  7  cm 2  77 cm 2 .
2  7 2 
7
r 2  154  r 2  154   49  r = 7.
22
(i) Length of the wire = circumference of the circle
 22 
 2 r   2   7  cm  44 cm.
 7 
(ii) Perimeter of the square = length of the wire = 44 cm.
 44 
 length of each side    cm  11 cm.
 4 
So, area of the square  (11)2 cm 2  121 cm 2.
(iii) Let the radius of the semicircle be R cm.
 22   36 
Then, perimeter  2 R  R  R (2  )  R  2     R  cm.
 7   7 
36 R 44  7 77
  44  R    8.56.
7 36 9
So, radius of the semicircle = 8.56 cm.
128. Area of the square  81 cm 2 .
Side of the square  81 cm  9 cm.
Diameter of the inscribed circle = side of the square = 9 cm.
9
Radius of the inscribed circle, r  cm.
2
 22 9   198  2
Circumference  2 r   2    cm    cm  28 cm.
 7 2  7  7
129. Side of the square = diameter of circle with centre Q + radius of circle with centre P
= (4 + 1) cm = 5 cm.
 area of the square  (5  5) cm 2  25 cm 2 .
130. Let the radius of each of the small circles be r units.
Then, radius of big circle = (2r) units.
Area of big circle  [  (2r )2 ] sq units  ( 4 r 2 ) sq units.
Area of shaded part = area of big circle – 2 × area of each small circle
 ( 4 r 2  2  r 2 ) sq units  (2 r 2 ) sq units.
 required ratio  2 r 2 : 4 r 2  1 : 2.
131. Radius, r = 4.5 cm.
Number of rounds covered by hour hand in 12 hours = 1.
 required distance = distance covered in 1 round

= circumference of the circle traced by tip of the hour hand
 22   198 
 2 r   2   4.5  cm    cm  28.28 cm.
 7   7 
132. Let the area of the shaded part of triangle be a cm 2 .
Then, area of unshaded part of triangle  (3 a) cm 2 .
Area of the shaded part of circle  a cm 2
Area of the unshaded part of circle  (2 a) cm 2 .
1
Now, a  3 a   6  8  4 a  24  a = 6.
2
 total area of unshaded part of the figure  (3 a  2 a) cm 2  (5 a) cm 2 .
 (5  6) cm 2  30 cm 2 .
133. Area of total field
= area of a rectangle of dimensions 42 m × 35 m
+ area of 2 semicircles each of radius 21 m
35
+ area of 2 semicircles each of radius m
2
 22 22 35 35 
  42  35   21  21     m 2
 7 7 2 2 
 (1470  1386  962.5) m 2  3818.5 m 2 .
134. Let diameter of each semicircle be x cm.

Then, length of enclosed rectangle = (2x) cm
and breadth of enclosed rectangle = x cm.
Now, 2 x  x  200  2 x 2  200  x 2  100  x = 10.
 diameter of each semicircle = 10 cm.
Length of wire = circumference of 6 semicircles each of radius 5 cm
 (6  3.14  5) cm  94.2 cm.
135. Side of equilateral triangle = (3 × 2) cm = 6 cm.
  3 
Perimeter of the figure  (2  6)   2  3.14    cm = (12 + 9.42) cm = 21.42 cm.
  2 
136. Sum of angles subtended at the centre by cut-out pieces  (30  9)  270.
Angle subtended at the centre by remaining part = (360 – 270)° = 90°.
 22 90  2 2
 area of remaining part    14  14   cm  154 cm .
 7 360 
137. Perimeter of shaded area = 2 × length of arc of quadrant with radius 14 cm
 1 22 
  2   2   14  cm  44 cm.
 4 7 
 22   36 
138. Perimeter of each semicircle  2r  r  r  2      14  cm  72 cm.
 7   7 
 perimeter of the figure = (3 × 72) cm = 216 cm.
139. Clearly, PBRQ is a parallelogram and DQRC is a trapezium.

1 1 1
Now, PB  AB  5 cm; QB  BC  AB  5 cm
2 2 2
QR = QB = 5 cm; DC = AB = 10 cm; QC = QB = 5 cm.
So, area of shaded part = area of gm PBRQ + area of trap. DQRC
1
 PB  QB   (QR  DC )  QC
2
 1 
 (5  5)   (5  10)  5  cm 2
 2 
 75   125 
  25   cm 2   2 2
 cm  62.5 cm .
 2   2 
140. Let the radius of the semicircle P be r cm. Then,
2r  r  36
36 7
 r (2  )  36  r  36  r  36   7.
7 36
So, DC = 2r cm = 14 cm.
Perimeter of the square = (4 × 14) cm = 56 cm.
r 2  1 22 
Area of the semicircle P      7  7  cm 2  77 cm 2 .
2 2 7 
Area of square  (14  14) cm 2  196 cm 2 .
 area of the shaded part Q  (196  77 ) cm 2  119 cm 2 .
141. Area of the shaded region

= 2 × (area of quadrant AEB – area of CAEB)
+ 2 × (area of quadrant BCD – area of CBCD)
  22 1 1   22 1 1 
  2    7  7    7  7   2    10  10    10  10   cm 2
  7 4 2   7 4 2 
  77 49   550   200 
 2      2    50   cm 2   2  14  2   cm
2
  2 2   7   7 
 400  2  596  2 1 2
  28   cm    cm  85 cm .
 7   7  7
142. Perimeter of the shaded part = 4 × length of arc of a quadrant with radius 7 cm
= circumference of a circle with radius 7 cm
 22 
  2   7  cm  44 cm.
 7 
Area of the shaded part
= area of square with side 14 cm – 4 × area of quadrant with radius 7 cm
= area of square with side 14 cm – area of circle with radius 7 cm
  22 
 (14  14)    7  7   cm 2  (196  154) cm 2  42 cm 2 .
  7 
143. Perimeter of the figure

= [(35 + 7 + 28 + 7 + 14 + 14 + 7) cm
+ circumference of semicircle
with radius 7 cm]
 22 
  112   7  cm  134 cm.
 7 
144. Length of each side of pentagon = (2 × 10) cm = 20 cm.

Length of wire = 5 × length of each side of pentagon
+ 5 × circumference of each semicircle
 (5  20  5  3.14  10) cm  (100  157 ) cm
= 257 cm.
145. Clearly, length of the belt
= 4 × diameter of each pulley
+ 4 × length of arc of quadrant with radius 14 cm
 22 
  4  28  2   14  cm
 7 
= (112 + 88) cm = 200 cm.
Area of central shaded region
= (area of square with side 28 cm – area of 4 quadrants each of radius 14 cm)
 22 
  28  28   14  14  cm 2  (784  616) cm 2  168 cm 2 .
 7 
Area of 4 outer shaded regions
= 4 × (area of rectangle with dimensions 28 cm × 14 cm
– area of 2 quadrants each of radius 14 cm)
  22 1 
  4   28  14   14  14    cm 2  [4  (392  308)] cm 2  336 cm 2 .
  7 2 
 total area of shaded region  (336  168) cm 2  504 cm 2 .
146. (i) Required area = area of a quadrant with radius 7 m
 1 22 
    7  7  m 2  38.5 m 2 .
4 7 
(ii) Required area = area of a semicircle with radius 7 m
 1 22 
    7  7  m 2  77 m 2 .
2 7 
(iii) Required area = area of a circle with radius 7 m
 22 
   7  7  m 2  154 m 2 .
 7 
147. (i) Required area = area of a quadrant with radius 28 m
 1 22 
    28  28  m 2  616 m 2 .
4 7 
(ii) Required area = area of a semicircle with radius 14 m.

 1 22 
    14  14  m 2  308 m 2 .
2 7 
(iii) Required area = area of a circle with radius 14 m
 22 
   14  14  m 2  616 m 2 .
 7 
148. Radius, r = 3.5 cm.
r  22 3.5 
(i) Perimeter of quadrant  2r    2  3.5    cm
2  7 2 
= (7 + 5.5) cm = 12.5 cm.
 22 
(ii) Perimeter of semicircle  2r  r   2  3.5   3.5  cm
 7 
= (7 + 11) cm = 18 cm.
 22 
(iii) Perimeter of circle  2 r   2   3.5  cm = 22 cm.
 7 
149. Area of shaded part in Figure A
= 2 × area of triangle with base 16 cm and height 32 cm
+ area of circle with radius 8 cm
 1 22 
  2   16  32   8  8  cm 2
 2 7 
 (512  201.14) cm 2  713.14 cm 2 .
Area of shaded part in Figure B
= area of square with side 32 cm
– (area of triangle with base 32 cm and height 16 cm
+ area of circle with radius 7 cm)
 1 22 
 (32  32)    32  16   7  7   cm 2
 2 7 
 [1024  (256  154)] cm 2  (1024  410) cm 2  614 cm 2 .
 x  (713.14  614) cm 2  99.14 cm 2 .
150. Clearly, Figure V has the least area.
EXERCISE 19B
true.
1. The number of squares of side 3 cm each required to cover a rectangle
measuring 33 cm by 12 cm is …… .
2. The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio 3 : 2. If its area is
216 cm 2 then its perimeter is …… .
3. The perimeter of the triangle shown in the

adjoining figure is …… .
4. The floor of a rectangular room 15 m × 8 m is to be laid with tiles

measuring 50 cm × 25 cm. The number of tiles required is …… .
5. …… squares of each side 1 m make a square of side 5 km.
6. …… squares of each side 1 mm make a square of side 1 cm.
7. 1 hectare = …… cm 2 .
8. 1 km 2 = …… ha.
9. 1 dm 2 = …… mm 2 .
10. The area of a rectangle 144 cm long is the same as that of a square of side
84 cm. The width of the rectangle is …… .
11. The ratio of the areas of two squares is 4 : 25. If the side of smaller square
is 6 cm then the side of the bigger square is …… .
12. 1 m 2  …… mm 2 .
13. 1 km 2 = …… m 2 .
14. The area of a square of side 6 m is equal to the area of …… squares of
each side 1 cm.
15. The radius of the largest possible circle that can be cut-out of a rectangle
of length l and breadth b is …… .
16. The area of the largest square that can be cut-out of a circle of radius
10 cm is …… cm 2 .
17. The area of a square is equal to the area of a circle. The ratio between the
side of the square and the radius of the circle is …… .
18. If the circumference of a circle is 44 cm, its area is …… .
19. The area of a rhombus is 42 cm 2 . If its perimeter is 24 cm, its altitude
is …… .
20. The area of a right-angled triangle is 40 times its base. Its height is ……
units.
21. If the circumference of a bicycle wheel is 198 cm, the length of its spoke
is …… .
22. The perimeter of a quadrant of a circle with radius r is …… .
23. If the area of a square with side x units is equal to the area of a triangle
with base x units then the altitude of the triangle is …… .
24. If the area of a circle is 25 sq units then its radius is …… and
circumference is …… .
25. If the diameter of a circle is equal to the diagonal of a square then the
ratio of their areas is …… .
26. The ratio of the area of a square of side a and that of an equilateral
triangle of side a is …… .
27. If each side of the adjoining square is 12 cm then the
shaded area of the figure is …… .
28. The area of a circle with circumference p units is …… sq units.

29. The area of a square is 100 cm 2 . The circumference (in cm) of the largest
circle that can be cut-out of it is …… .
30. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a
parallelogram and DE  AB. If the area
of CDAE is 9 sq cm then the area of
parallelogram ABCD is …… .
31. Two cross-roads, each of width 10 m, cut at right angles through the
centre of a rectangular park of length 700 m and breadth 300 m and
parallel to its sides. The area of the roads is …… hectares.
32. If a wire in the shape of a square is rebent into a rectangle then the ……
of both shapes remain the same but …… may vary.
33. If the radius of a circle is doubled then its circumference becomes ……
times and its area becomes …… times.
34. A 3-metre-wide path runs around a rectangular park of length 125 m
and breadth 65 m. The area of the path is
(i) …… m 2 , if the path runs outside the park.
(ii) …… m 2 , if the path runs inside the park.
35. If the ratio of the diameters of two circles is 1 : 3 then the ratio of their
perimeters is …… and the ratio of their areas is …… .
36. The adjoining sides of a parallelogram are 36 cm and 27 cm in length. If
the perpendicular distance between the shorter sides is 12 cm then the
distance between the longer sides is …… .
37. A rectangular sheet of paper measures 30 cm by 20 cm. A strip 4 cm
wide is cut from it all around. The area of the strip cut-out is …… .
38. The area of a rectangular field is 0.25 ha. If one side is 12.5 m, the length
of its other side is …… .
39. A circular table cloth with a circumference of 220 cm is laid on a circular
table with diameter 50 cm. The length of tablecloth hanging down on
each side of the table is …… .
40. Circular discs of radius 7 cm each are cut-out from a metal sheet of
dimensions 56 cm by 33 cm. Then,
(i) the maximum possible number of discs that can be cut-out is …… .
(ii) the area of the remaining sheet is …… .
41. In the above question, if the radius of each circular disc be 10.5 cm then
(i) the maximum possible number of discs that can be cut-out is …… .
(ii) the area of the remaining sheet is …… .
42. Two congruent circles are draw inside a
rectangle such that they touch each other.
If the sum of the areas of the two circles is
308 cm 2 then the perimeter of the rectangle
is …… .
43. A rope by which a goat is tied is increased in length from 12 m to 23 m.
Then, the additional area over which it can now graze is …… m 2 .
true or false.
44. Two congruent triangles are equal in area. ……
45. Triangles which are equal in area are congruent to each other. ……
46. The area of any parallelogram ABCD is AB × BC. ……
47. 1 hectare = 10000 m 2 . ……
48. Any increase in the perimeter of a figure always increases the area of the
figure. ……
49. Two figures can have the same area but different perimeters. ……
50. The area of a triangle gets doubled if each of its base and height is
doubled. ……
51. If a circle of a diameter d has a circular path of width m all around it
on the outside then the diameter of the outer circle is (d  m). ……
52. If both the length and breadth of a rectangle are doubled then the area
of the rectangle also gets doubled. ……
53. The area of circle A is 25 times the area of circle B. Then, the circumference
of circle A is 5 times the circumference of circle B. ……
C2 .
54. The area of a circle of circumference C is ……
4
55. 10 cm 2  100 mm 2 . ……
56. If the base of a triangle is doubled and the height is halved then the area
of the triangle remains unchanged. ……
57. The area of a circular path d units wide around a circular garden of
radius r units is (d 2  r 2 ). ……
58. The length of a lane 5 m wide which can be covered by 40000 bricks of
size 22 cm by 15 cm is 264 m. ……
59. If the circumference and area of a circle are numerically equal then the
diameter of the circle is 2 units. ……
60. Two small circular parks of diameters 16 m and 12 m are to be replaced
by a bigger circular park with area equal to the sum of the areas of the
smaller parks. The radius of the bigger park will be 14 m. ……
1. 44 2. 60 cm 3. (4p + 8q – 3) units 4. 960

5. 25000000 6. 100 7. 100000000 8. 100 9. 10000
10. 49 cm 11. 15 cm 12. 1000000 13. 1000000 14. 360000
b 2 2
15. 16. 400 cm 17.  :1 18. 154 cm 19. 7 cm
2
1 r(  4)
20. 80 21. 31 cm 22. units 23. (2x) units
2 2
2
24. 5 units, (10 ) units 25.  : 2 26. 4 : 3 27. 54 cm
p2 2
28. 29. (10) cm 30. 42 cm 31. 0.99
4
32. perimeter, area 33. 2, 4 34. (i) 1176 (ii) 1104
2
35. 1 : 3, 1 : 9 36. 9 cm 37. 336 cm 38. 200 m 39. 10 cm
2 2
40. (i) 8 (ii) 616 cm 41. (i) 2 (ii) 1155 cm 42. 84 cm
43. 1210 44. True 45. False 46. False 47. True
53. True 54. True 55. False 56. True 57. False
58. True 59. False 60. False
area of the rectangle 33  12

1. Required number    11  4  44.
area of each square 33
2. Let the length of the rectangle be (3x) cm and its breadth be (2x) cm. Then,
216
3 x  2 x  216  6 x 2  216  x 2   36  x  36  6.
6
 So, length  (3  6) cm  18 cm; breadth  (2  6) cm  12 cm.
 perimeter = 2 (18 + 12) cm = (2 × 30) cm = 60 cm.
3. Perimeter = AB + BC + AC
= [(9q – p) + (3p – 2) + (2p – q – 1)] units
= (4p + 8q – 3) units.
area of floor  1500  800 

4. Number of tiles    = 960.
5. Area of bigger square  (5  5) km 2  (5000  5000) m 2 .
Area of smaller square  (1  1) m 2  1 m 2 .
(5000  5000)
 number of squares   25000000.
1
6. Area of bigger square  (1  1) cm 2  (10  10) mm 2  100 mm 2 .
Area of smaller square  (1  1) mm 2  1 mm 2 .
 100 
 number of squares     100.
 1 
7. 1 ha  10000 m 2  (100  100) m 2  (10000  10000) cm 2  100000000 cm 2 .
 1000000 
8. 1 km 2  (1000  1000) m 2  1000000 m 2    ha  100 ha.
 10000 
9. 1 dm 2  (1  1) dm 2  (100  100) mm 2 [ 1 dm = 100 mm]
2
 10000 mm .
10. Let the width of the rectangle be x cm. Then,
area of the rectangle = area of the square
84  84
 144  x  84  84  x   49.
144
 width of the rectangle = 49 cm.
11. Let the side of the bigger square be a cm. Then,
area of the smaller square 4 62 4 36  25
  2   a2   225
area of the bigger square 25 a 25 4
 a  225  15.
 side of the bigger square = 15 cm.
12. 1 m 2  1 m  1 m  (1000 mm  1000 mm )  (1000  1000) mm 2  1000000 mm 2 .
13. 1 km 2  1 km  1 km  (1000 m  1000 m )  (1000  1000) m 2  1000000 m 2 .
600  600
14. Required number of squares   360000.
1 1
15. Diameter of the circle = breadth of the rectangle = b.
b
 radius of the circle  .
2
16. Diagonal of largest square = diameter of the circle

= (2 × 10) cm = 20 cm.
 area  (20) cm  400 cm 2 .
2 2
17. Let the area of each of the circle and square be a sq units. Then,
side of the square  a units,
a
radius of the circle  units.

a 1
 required ratio  a :  1:   : 1.
 
22
18. C = 44 cm  2r = 44 cm  2   r  44 cm
7
44  7
 r cm  7 cm.
2  22
 22 
 area  r 2    7  7  cm 2  154 cm 2 .
 7 
 24 
19. Base of the rhombus    cm  6 cm.
 4 
Let the altitude be h cm. Then,
 42 
6 × h = 42  h     7.
 6 
 altitude of the rhombus = 7 cm.
20. Let the base of the triangle be x units and its height be y units. Then,
area of the triangle = (40x) sq units.
1 y
  x  y  40 x   40  y = (40 × 2) = 80 units.
2 2
21. Let the length of spoke be r cm. Then,
22 198  7 63 1
2r = 198  2   r  198  r    31 .
7 2  22 2 2
1
 length of spoke  31 cm.
2
circumference of the circle
22. Length of arc of the quadrant 
4
2 r r .
 
4 2
r r
 perimeter of the quadrant  rr   2r
2 2
r  4r r (  4)
  units.
2 2
23. Let the altitude of the triangle be h units. Then,
area of the square = area of the triangle
1 2x2
 xx  xh  h   2 x units.
2 x
24. Let the radius of the circle be r units. Then,
r 2  25   r 2  25  r = 5 units.
Circumference = 2r = (2 × 5) units = 10 units.
25. Let diameter of the circle = diagonal of the square = x units. Then,
2
x 1 x 2 x 2
ratio of their areas      :  x 2  : =  : 2.
2 2 4 2
3 2 3
26. Required ratio  a2 : a  1:  4 : 3.
4 4
27. Clearly, the square is divided into 8 equal parts, of which 3 parts are shaded.
3
So, shaded area   area of the square
8
3 
   12  12  cm 2  54 cm 2 .
8 
28. Let the radius of the circle be r units.
p
Then, 2r = p  r  .
2
2
 p  p2 p2
 area  r 2         2  .
 2  4 4
29. Area of the square  100 cm 2

 side of the square  100 cm = 10 cm.
Diameter of the largest circle = side of square = 10 cm.
Radius of circle = 5 cm.
 circumference = 2r = (2 × 5) cm = (10) cm.
1 1
30. Area of CDAE   AE  DE   3 cm  DE.
2 2
3  9 2
  cm   DE  9 cm 2  DE  cm  6 cm.
2  3
Area of gm ABCD = AB × DE  (7  6) cm 2  42 cm 2 .
31. Area of roads = [(700 × 10) + (300 × 10) – (10 × 10)] m 2
 (7000  3000  100) m 2  9900 m 2
 9900 
  ha  0.99 ha.
 10000 
32. The length of the wire and hence the perimeter of the two shapes remains the same but
the areas enclosed by them differ.
33. Let original radius = r.
Then, new radius = 2r.
Original circumference = 2r.
New circumference  (2   2r )  2  2 r = 2 × original cirumference.
Original area  r 2 .
New area    (2r )2    4r 2  4 r 2  4  original area.
34. (i) When the path runs outside the park:
Outer length = (125 + 6) m = 131 m.

Outer breadth = (65 + 6) m = 71 m.
Innter length = 125 m.
Inner breadth = 65 m.
 area of the path  [(131  71)  (125  65)] m 2  (9301  8125) m 2  1176 m 2 .
(ii) When the path runs inside the park:
Outer length = 125 m.
Outer breadth = 65 m.
Inner length = (125 – 6) m = 119 m.
Inner breadth = (65 – 6) m = 59 m.
 area of the path
 [(125  65)  (119  59)] m 2
 (8125  7021) m 2  1104 m 2 .
35. Ratio of radii = ratio of diameter = 1 : 3.
Let the radii of the circles be r and 3r respectively.
2 r 1
Then, ratio of their perimeters    1 : 3.
2   3r 3
  r2 r 2 1
And, ratio of their areas  2
   1 : 9.
  ( 3r ) 9r 2 9
36. Let the distance between the longer sides be x cm. Then,
27  12
36  x  27  12  x   9 cm.
36
37. Outer length = 30 cm.
Outer breadth = 20 cm.
Inner length = (30 – 8) cm = 22 cm.
Inner breadth = (20 – 8) cm = 12 cm.
 area of the strip
= [(30 × 20) – (22 × 12)] cm 2
 (600  264) cm 2  336 cm 2 .
38. Area of the field = 0.25 ha = (0.25 × 10000) m 2  2500 m 2 .

One side = 12.5 m.
 2500 
Other side    m  200 m.
 12.5 
39. Let the radius of tablecloth be r cm. Then,
22 220  7
2r = 220  2   r  220  r   35.
7 2  22
 radius of tablecloth = 35 cm.
 50 
Radius of table    cm  25 cm.
 2 
 required length = (35 – 25) cm = 10 cm.
40. (i) Diameter of each disc = 14 cm.
56  33 
 maximum possible number of discs    greatest integral value of 
14  14 
= 4 × 2 = 8.
 22 
(ii) Total area of 8 discs   8   7  7  cm 2  1232 cm 2 .
 7 
Area of metal sheet  (56  33) cm 2  1848 cm 2 .
 area of remaining sheet  (1848  1232) cm 2  616 cm 2 .

41. (i) Diameter of each disc = (10.5 × 2) cm = 21 cm.
 maximum possible number of discs
 56   33 
  greatest integral value of  ×  greatest integeral value of 
 21   21 
= (2 × 1) = 2.
 22 
(ii) Total area of 2 discs   2   10.5  10.5  cm 2  693 cm 2 .
 7 
Area of remaining sheet  (1848  693) cm 2  1155 cm 2 .
 308  2 2
42. Area of each circle    cm  154 cm .
 2 
Let the radius of each circle be r cm.
22 2 154  7
Then, r 2  154   r  154  r 2   49  r = 7.
7 22
 radius of each circle = 7 cm.
Diameter of each circle = (2 × 7) cm = 14 cm.
So, length of rectangle = (2 × 14) cm = 28 cm.
breadth of rectangle = 14 cm.
 perimeter of rectangle = 2(28 + 14) cm = (2 × 42) cm = 84 cm.
43. Additional area = (area of a circle of radius 23 m)

– (area of a circle of radius 12 m)
 [{  (23)2 }  {  (12)2 }] m 2
 [  {(23)2  (12)2 }] m 2
 22 
   (23  12) (23  12) m 2
7 
 22  2
   35  11  m  1210 m 2 .
 7 
50. If each of the base and height are doubled the area of the triangle becomes four times.
d
51. Radius of circle  .
2
d 
Radius of outer circle    m  .
2 
d 
Diameter of outer circle  2   m   (d  2m).
2 
52. If both the length and breadth of a rectangle are doubled then the area of the rectangle
becomes four times.
2
rA2 25 r 2 25  r   5 2 r 5 2 rA rA 5
53. 2
  A2    A     A     .
rB 1 rB 1  rB   1  rB 1 2 rB rB 1
54. Let the radius of the circle be r.

C
Then, C = 2r  r  .
2
2
C  C2 C2
 area  r 2         2  .
2
  4 4
55. 10 cm 2  10 cm  1 cm  100 mm  10 mm  1000 mm 2 .
1 h 1
56.  2b    b  h  original area.
2 2 2
57. Radius of inner circle = r units.
Radius of outer circle  (r  d ) units.
 area of circular path    (r  d )2    r 2   [(r  d )2  r 2 ]
=  (r + d + r) (r + d – r) = d (2r + d).
total area covered by bricks  40000  22  15 
58. Required length    cm
width of lane  500 
 26400 cm  264 m.
2
59. 2 r  r  r = 2  d = 4.
60. Let the radius of the bigger park be x metres. Then,
  x 2    8 2    6 2  x 2  8 2  6 2  100  x  100  10.
 radius of the bigger park = 10 m.

20 Volume and Surface Area
1. CUBOID Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then,

(i) volume of cuboid  (l  b  h) cubic units.
(ii) total surface area of cuboid  2 (lb  bh  lh) square units.
(iii) diagonal  l 2  b 2  h 2 units.
(iv) lateral surface area of cuboid  [2 (l  b)  h] square units.
Note Area of four walls of a room = its lateral surface area
 [2 (l  b)  h] sq units.
2. CUBE Let the length of each edge of a cube be a units. Then,
(i) volume of cube  a3 cubic units.
(ii) total surface area of cube  (6 a2 ) sq units.
(iii) diagonal  3a units.
(iv) lateral surface area of cube  ( 4 a2 ) sq units.
3. CONVERSION OF UNITS
(i) 1 m 3  1000 litres

(ii) 1 dm 3  1 litre
(iii) 1000 cm 3  1 litre
EXERCISE 20
1. A rectangular water tank is 8 m high, 6 m long and 2.5 m wide. How
many litres of water can it hold?
(a) 120 L (b) 1200 L (c) 12000 L (d) 120000 L
2. The dimensions of a cuboid are 7 cm, 11 cm and 13 cm. The total surface
area is
(a) 311 cm 2 (b) 622 cm 2 (c) 1001 cm 2 (d) 2002 cm 2
451
3. The dimensions of a room are 15 m, 10 m and 8 m. The volume of a bag

is 2.25 m 3 . The maximum number of bags that can be accommodated in
the room is
(a) 531 (b) 533 (c) 535 (d) 550
4. A water tank is 30 m long, 20 m wide and 12 m deep. It is made of iron
sheet which is 3 m wide. The tank is open at the top. If the cost of the
iron sheet is ` 10 per metre then the total cost of the iron sheet required
to build the tank, is
(a) ` 6000 (b) ` 8000 (c) ` 9000 (d) ` 10000
5. The breadth of a room is twice its height and half its length. The volume
of the room is 512 cu m. The length of the room is
(a) 16 m (b) 18 m (c) 20 m (d) 32 m
6. The volume of a rectangular block of stone is 10368 dm 3 . Its dimensions
area in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. If its entire surface is polished at ` 2 per dm 2
then the total cost will be
(a) ` 3150 (b) ` 3168 (c) ` 6300 (d) ` 6336
7. How many bricks, each measuring 25 cm × 11.25 cm × 6 cm, will be
needed to build a wall 8 m × 6 m × 22.5 cm?
(a) 5600 (b) 6000 (c) 6400 (d) 7200
8. A hall is to be built to accommodate 60 persons so as to allow 2.5 m 2 of
floor and 12 m 3 space for each person. If the room be 15 metres long,
what must be its breadth and height?
(a) 8 m, 5 m (b) 9 m, 4.5 m (c) 10 m, 4.8 m (d) 10 m, 4.5 m
9. A room is 12 metres long, 9 metres broad and 8 metres high. The length
of the longest pole that can be kept in it, is
(a) 15 m (b) 16 m (c) 17 m (d) 18 m
10. How many bricks, each measuring 24 cm × 12 cm × 8 cm are required to
construct a wall 24 m long, 8 m high and 60 cm thick, if 10% of the wall
is filled with mortar?
(a) 42000 (b) 44000 (c) 45000 (c) 50000
11. A rectangular sheet of paper, 10 cm long and 8 cm wide, has squares of
side 2 cm cut from each of its corners. The sheet is then folded to form a
tray of depth 2 cm. The volume of the tray so formed is
(a) 160 cm 3 (b) 96 cm 3 (c) 64 cm 3 (d) 48 cm 3
12. The total surface area of a cube whose side is 0.5 cm, is
1 1 3 3
(a) cm 2 (b) cm 2 (c) cm 2 (d) cm 2
4 8 4 2
Volume and Surface Area 453
13. If the volume of a cube is 1331 cm 3 then the surface area of the cube
will be
(a) 484 cm 2 (b) 616 cm 2 (c) 726 cm 2 (d) 784 cm 2
14. The surface area of a cube is 1176 cm 2 . Its volume is
(a) 1728 cm 3 (b) 2197 cm 3 (c) 2744 cm 3 (d) 4096 cm 3
15. The dimensions of a piece of iron in the shape of a cuboid are
270 cm × 100 cm × 64 cm. If it is melted and recast into a cube then the
surface area of the cube will be
(a) 14400 cm 2 (b) 44200 cm 2 (c) 57600 cm 2 (d) 86400 cm 2
16. The cost of painting the whole surface area of a cube at the rate of `13
per sq cm is ` 34398. The volume of the cube is
(a) 8500 cm 3 (b) 9000 cm 3 (c) 9250 cm 3 (d) 9261 cm 3
17. V1 , V2 , V3 and V4 are the volumes of four cubes of side lengths x cm,
2x cm, 3x cm and 4x cm respectively. Some statements regarding these
volumes are given below:
I. V1  V2  2V3  V4
II. V1  4V2  V3  V4
III. 2 (V1  V3 )  V2  V4
Which of the following statements are correct?
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
18. From a cube of side 8 m, a square hole of 3 m side is hollowed from end
to end. What is the volume of the remaining solid?
(a) 440 m 3 (b) 480 m 3 (c) 508 m 3 (d) 520 m 3
19. How many cubes of 10 cm edge can be put in a cubical box of 1 m edge?
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 1000 (d) 10000
20. A 4 cm cube is cut into 1 cm cubes. The total surface area of all the small
cubes is
(a) 24 cm 2 (b) 96 cm 2 (c) 384 cm 2 (c) none of these
3
21. A rectangular block with a volume of 250 cm was sliced into two cubes
of equal volume. How much greater (in sq cm) is the combined surface
area of the two cubes than the original surface area of the rectangular
block?
(a) 48.64 (b) 50 (c) 56.25 (d) 84.67
22. A rectangular box measures internally 1.6 m long, 1 m broad and 60 cm
deep. The number of cubical blocks each of edge 20 cm that can be
packed inside the box is
(a) 30 (b) 53 (c) 60 (d) 120
23. How many cubes of 3 cm edge can be cut out of a cube of 18 cm edge?
(a) 36 (b) 216 (c) 218 (d) 432
24. How many small cubes, each of 96 cm 2 surface area, can be formed from
the material obtained by melting a larger cube of 384 cm 2 surface area?
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 800 (d) 8000
25. The volume of a cuboid is twice that of a cube. If the dimensions of the
cuboid are 9 cm, 8 cm and 6 cm, the total surface area of the cube is
(a) 72 cm 2 (b) 108 cm 2
(c) 216 cm 2 (d) 432 cm 2
26. A cuboidal block of 6 cm × 9 cm × 12 cm is cut up into an exact number
of equal cubes. The least possible number of cubes will be
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 24 (d) 30
27. An iron cube of side 10 cm is hammered into a rectangular sheet of
thickness 0.5 cm. If the sides of the sheet are in the ratio 1 : 5, the sides are
(a) 10 cm, 50 cm (b) 20 cm, 100 cm
(c) 40 cm, 200 cm (d) none of these
28. There is a cube of volume 216 cm 3 . It is to be moulded into a cuboid
having one edge equal to 6 cm. The number of ways that it can be done
so that the edges have different integral values is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
29. Three solid cubes of sides 1 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm are melted to form a new
cube. The edge of the new cube so formed is
(a) 5 cm (b) 7 cm (c) 9 cm (d) 10 cm
30. A larger cube is formed from the material obtained by melting three
smaller cubes of side 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm. The ratio of the total surface
areas of the smaller cubes and the larger cube is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 25 : 18 (d) 27 : 20
31. Five equal cubes, each of side 5 cm, are placed adjacent to each other.
The volume of the new solid formed will be
(a) 125 cm 3 (b) 625 cm 3
(c) 15525 cm 3 (d) none of these
32. If each edge of a cube is doubled then its volume
(a) is doubled (b) becomes 4 times
(c) becomes 6 times (d) becomes 8 times
33. 1 litre of water weighs 1 kg. How many cubic millimetres of water will
weigh 0.1 g?
(a) 0.1 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) 100
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (d)
1. Volume of tank  (8  6  2.5) m 3  120 m 3

 (120  1000) litres [ 1 m 3  1000 L]
 120000 litres
2. Surface area  2 (lb  bh  lh)  2 [7  11  11  13  7  13] cm 2
 2 (77  143  91) cm 2  (2  311) cm 2  622 cm 2 .
volume of the room 15  10  8
3. Required number of bags    533.33  533.
volume of each bag 2.25
4. Since the tank is open at the top, we have
area of sheet required = surface area of the tank
= lb + 2(bh + lh)
 [30  20  2 (20  12  30  12)] m 2
 (600  1200) m 2  1800 m 2 .
 area   1800 
Length of sheet required     m  600 m.
 width   3 
 cost of the sheet = ` (600 × 10) = ` 6000.
5. Let the height of the room be x metres.
Then, breadth = 2x metres and length = 4x metres.
 volume of the room  ( 4 x  2 x  x )  8 x 3 .
So, 8 x 3  512  x 3  64  x  3 64  4.
 length of the room = (4 × 4) m = 16 m.
6. Let the dimensions of the block be 3x dm, 2x dm and x dm respectively. Then,
3x × 2x × x = 10368  6 x 3  10368
10368
 x 3   1728  x  3 1728  12.
6
So, the dimensions of the block are 36 dm, 24 dm and 12 dm respectively.
 surface area  2 (36  24  24  12  36  12) dm 2
 [2  144 (6  2  3)] dm 2  3168 dm 2 .
Cost of polishing = ` (2 × 3168) = ` 6336.
volume of wall  800  600  22.5 
7. Number of bricks     6400.
volume of 1 brick  25  11.25  6 
8. Let the breadth and height of the room be b and h metres respectively.
Then, area of the floor  (15b) m 2 .
2.5  60
 15b  2.5  60  b   10.
15
Volume of the room  (15  10  h) m 3  (150 h) m 3 .
12  60 24
 150 h  12  60  h    4.8 m.
150 5
9. Length of the longest pole = length of diagonal
 (12)2  92  8 2 m  144  81  64 m  289 m  17 m.
10. Volume of bricks in the wall = 90% of the volume of the wall
 90 
  (2400  800  60) cm 3
 100 
 (54  2400  800) cm 3 .
Volume of 1 brick  (24  12  8) cm 3 .
54  2400  800
 number of bricks   45000.
24  12  8
11. Length of tray  (10  2  2) cm  6 cm.
Breadth of tray  (8  2  2) cm  4 cm.
Depth of tray = 2 cm.
 volume of tray  (6  4  2) cm 3  48 cm 3 .
 1 2
2 3 2
12. Surface area of the cube  6     cm  cm .
  2   2
13. Let the edge of the cube be a cm. Then,

a3  1331  (11)3  a = 11.
 surface area  6 a2  [6  (11)2 ] cm 2  (6  121) cm 2  726 cm 2 .
14. Let the edge of the cube be a cm. Then,
1176
6 a2  1176  a2   196  (14)2  a = 14.
6
 volume of cube  (14)3 cm 3  2744 cm 3 .
15. Volume of the cube  (270  100  64) cm 3 .

 edge of the cube  3 (270  100  64) cm
 3 27  1000  64 cm  (3  10  4) cm  120 cm.
Surface area  6 a2  (6  120  120) cm 2  86400 cm 2 .
total cost of painting  34398  2 2

16. Surface area    cm  2646 cm .
rate of painting per sq cm  13 
 6 a2  2646  a2  441  (21)2  a = 21.
Volume  (21  21  21) cm 3  9261 cm 3 .
17. V1  ( x 3 ) cm 3 , V2  (2 x )3 cm 3  (8 x 3 ) cm 3 ,
V3  (3 x )3 cm 3  (27 x 3 ) cm 3 , V4  ( 4 x )3 cm 3  (64 x 3 ) cm 3 .
I. V1  V2  2V3  ( x 3  8 x 3  2  27 x 3 )  63 x 3  V4 .
II. V1  4V2  V3  ( x 3  4  8 x 3  27 x 3 )  60 x 3  V4 .
III. 2 (V1  V3 )  V2  2( x 3  27 x 3 )  8 x 3  56 x 3  8 x 3  64 x 3  V4 .
18. Volume of the remaining solid
= volume of the cube – volume of the cuboid cut-out from it
 [(8  8  8)  (3  3  8)] m 3  (512  72) m 3  440 m 3 .
volume of cubical box
19. Number of cubes 
volume of each small cube
100  100  100
  10  10  10  1000.
10  10  10
volume of bigger cube 4 4 4
20. Number of small cubes formed    64.
volume of each small cube 1  1  1
Surface area of each small cube  (6  12 ) cm 2  6 cm 2 .
Total surface area of smaller cubes  (64  6) cm 2  384 cm 2 .
21. Clearly, when the rectangular block was cut into 2 identical cubes, two new faces were
formed, one on each cube along the line of the cut.
So, the difference in surface areas is equal to the total surface area of the newly formed
faces.
 250  3 3
Volume of each cube    cm  125 cm .
 2 
Edge of each cube  3 125 cm  5 cm.
Hence, difference in surface areas  (2  5 2 ) cm 2  50 cm 2 .
volume of rectangular box
22. Number of blocks 
volume of each cubical block
 160  100  60 
   120.
 20  20  20 
18  18  18
23. Number of cubes   216.
333
24. Let each edge of the smaller cube be a1 cm and that of the larger cube be a2 cm.
Then, 6 a12  96  a12  16  4 2  a1  4 cm.
And, 6 a2 2  384  a2 2  64  8 2  a2  8 cm.
volume of larger cube  888 
 number of cubes     8.
volume of each small cube  4  4  4 
25. Volume of cuboid  (9  8  6) cm 3  432 cm 3 .
1 
Volume of cube    432  cm 3  216 cm 3 .
2 
Let each edge of the cube be a cm.
Then, a3  216  6 3  a  6.
 total surface area  6 a2  (6  6 2 ) cm 2  216 cm 2 .
26. Volume of the block  (6  9  12) cm 3  648 cm 3 .

Side of the largest cube = (HCF of 6, 9, 12) cm = 3 cm.
Volume of this cube  (3  3  3) cm 3  27 cm 3 .
 648 
 number of cubes     24.
 27 
27. Let the sides of the sheet be x and 5x.
Then, volume of the sheet = volume of the cube
1
 x  5 x   10  10  10  5 x 2  2000   x 2  400  (20)2  x  20.
2
So, the sides of the sheet are 20 cm and 100 cm.
28. Let the other two dimensions of the cuboid be x cm and y cm respectively.
Then, volume of the cuboid  (6  x  y ) cm 3  (6 xy ) cm 3 .
 6 xy  216  xy  36.
The possible values of (x, y) are (1, 36), (2, 18), (3, 12) and (4, 9).
29. Let the edge of the new cube be a cm.
Then, volume of the new cube = sum of volumes of the three small cubes.
 a3  13  6 3  8 3  1  216  512  729  (9)3  a = 9.
 edge of the new cube = 9 cm.
30. Let the edge of the larger cube be a cm.
Then, volume of the larger cube = sum of volumes of three smaller cubes
 a3  3 3  4 3  5 3  27  64  125  216  6 3  a = 6.
 edge of the larger cube = 6 cm.
6 (3 2  4 2  5 2 )
6  50 25
Now, required ratio    .
6  62 6  36 18
31. The new solid formed is a cuboid of length 25 cm, breadth 5 cm and height 5 cm.
 volume  (25  5  5) cm 3  625 cm 3 .
32. Let original edge = a. Then, original volume  a3 .
New edge = 2a. New volume  (2 a)3  8 a3 .
 volume becomes 8 times.
33. 1 litre  1 kg  1000 cm 3  1000 g [ 1000 cm 3  1 litre ]
 1 cm 3  1 g
 1000 mm 3  1 g [ 1 cm 3  1000 mm 3]
 1000  3  1 
   mm    g
 10   10 
 100 mm 3  0.1 g.

21 Data Handling
1. DATA A collection of numerical figures giving some particular type of

information, is called data.
2. RAW DATA Data obtained in the original form is called raw data.
3. ARRAY Arranging the numerical figures of a data in ascending or

descending order is called an array.
4. TABULATION OF DATA Arranging the data in a systematic form in the form
of a table is called tabulation of data.
5. OBSERVATION Each numerical figure in a data is called an observation.
6. FREQUENCY OF AN OBSERVATION The number of times a particular observation

occurs, is called its frequency.
7. TALLY MARKS The frequency of an observation is indicated by tally marks
which are drawn in bundles of 5 as||||.
8. STATISTICS The branch of mathematics which deals with the collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data is called
statistics.
9. RANGE OF DATA The range of a data set is the difference between the
largest and the smallest observations. Range is the simplest measure of
dispersion as it depends on the two extreme observations.
sum of given observations .
10. Mean of raw (ungrouped) data 
number of given observations
 ( f i  xi )
11. Mean of tabulated data  ,
 fi
where f1 , f 2 , f 3 , ..., fn are the frequencies of observations x1 , x2 , x3 , …, xn
respectively.
12. MEDIAN After arranging the given data in ascending or descending
order of magnitude the value of the middle most observation is called
the median of the data.
Median thus divides the observations into two equal parts—one part
comprising values greater than and other all values less than the median.
If the total number of observations be n then after arranging them in
increasing or decreasing order,
459
 1
 value of 2 (n  1)th observation, when n is odd

median  
 1  n  th observation   n  1  th observation  ,
 2  2  2  
when n is even.
13. MODE Mode is the value of the variable which occurs most frequency.
14. Mode = 3 median – 2 mean.

15. BAR GRAPH A bar graph is a pictorial representation of numerical data in
the form of rectangles (or bars) of uniform width and varying heights,
the height being proportional to the frequency they represent. The bars
are separated by equal gaps.
16. DOUBLE BAR GRAPH A double bar graph is a graphical display of
information using two bars beside each other at various heights. A
double bar graph is mainly used to compare two types of related data.
17. PIE CHART A pie chart is a graphical representation of data in the form of
a circle, wherein the sectors depict different components.
Central angle of a component
 value of the component 
  360  .
 sum of values of all the components 
EXERCISE 21A
1. A footwear dealer wishes to place an order for the size of shoes which
sells the most at his counter. What measure of central tendency would
be most appropriate to consider?
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Any of these
2. Which measures of central tendency get affected if the extreme
observations on both the ends of the data arranged in descending order
are removed?
(a) Mean and mode (b) Mean and median
(c) Mode and median (d) Mean, mode and median
3. Suppose we are given the data pertaining to the weights of 31 students
of a class, then which of the following statements is not true?
(a) Range of the data gives the difference between the weights of the
heaviest and lightest students.
(b) Mean of the data gives the average weight of the students.
Data Handling 461
(c) Mode of the data gives the weight which most students in the class
have.
(d) Median of the data gives the weight of the student who occupies
the middle position on arranging the students in ascending or
descending order of their weights.
(e) All are correct.
(a) Mean of a data set is the value which divides the data values into
two equal parts.
(b) To find out the most popular sport among the students of a class,
we need to find the mode of the data pertaining to the number of
students playing different sports.
(c) The mode of 36, 31, 33, 31, 37, 31, 35 is 31, because it has the highest
frequency.
(d) The median of a data having even number of observations is the
mean of the two middle observations.
5. Which of the following is a positional measure of central tendency?
(a) Range (b) Mean (c) Median (d) Mode
6. The mean and median of 32, 47, 59, 43, 49, 60, 61, 35, 53 are respectively
(a) 46.87 and 49 (b) 48.69 and 43
(c) 48.77 and 49 (d) 49 and 47
7. The median of the data 98, 77, 182, 226, 95, 104, 91, 100, 197, 78, 488, 84 is
(a) 97 (b) 98 (c) 99 (d) 100
8. The heights of 10 students (in cm) are 145, 156, 164, 153, 167, 150, 137,
136, 140, 148. How many students have height more than the mean
height?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
9. Which of the following sets of data has the same mean, median and
mode?
(a) 4, 6, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4 (b) 2, 3, 8, 3, 7, 3, 2
(c) 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 4 (d) 1, 4, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6
10. The table below gives the weights (in kg) of 50 students of class 7.
Weight (in kg) 48 49 50 51 52
Number of students 6 8 9 14 13
Their mean weight is
(a) 48 kg (b) 49 kg (c) 50.4 kg (d) 52 kg
11. Study the following data.

Weight (in kg) 0 1 2 3 4
Number of students p 4 3 2 1
If the mean marks obtained by the students is 1 then the value of p is
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
12. The mean of the data x1 , x2 , ..., xn is m. Then, the mean of the data x1  m,
x2  m, …, xn  m is
(a) m (b) m2 (c) 2m (d) m (n  1)
13. The weights of 9 girls (in kg) of a group are 40, 46, 41, 36, 41, 37, 36,
35, 36.
Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the above
data?
(a) Mean < Mode < Median (b) Mean < Median < Mode
(c) Mode < Median < Mean (d) Mode < Mean < Median
14. Adding on each of the given values to the data 19, 18, 19, 19, 9, 18, 20
will not affect the mode, except
(a) 9 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20
15. Find the mean of the following data.
x 10 15 20 30 40
f 15 20 30 5 10
(a) 15 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 24
16. In the above question, the mode of the given data is
(a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 40
17. The data given below is missing an observation labelled as m:
65, 40, 100, 98, m, 85, 96, 104.
If the median of the data is 95 then m equals
(a) 94 (b) 95
(c) 97 (d) no definite value
18. The range, mean, median and mode of the data 180, 80, 610, 200, 75, 98,
100, 75, 102, 270, 200, 98, 75, 100, 75, 94, 96 are respectively.
(a) 195, 150.29, 99, 75 (b) 535, 132.2, 97, 200
(c) 535, 148.70, 98, 75 (d) 355, 160, 100, 100
19. The data 27, 33, 46, 52, 2x, 2x + 4, 70, 76, 88, 97 is in ascending order and
has median 68. The value of x is
(a) 33 (b) 34 (c) 16 (d) 66
Data Handling 463
20. Which value must be deleted from the data 32, 40, 45, 42, 40, 36, 40, 47 to
make the mean, mode and median the same?
(a) 36 (b) 40 (c) 42 (d) 45
21. To change the mode of the following data to 11, what least number of
times do we need to add on the observation 11?
12, 11, 2, 11, 12, 13, 12.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
22. If the mode of the data 8, p, 5, 2, 3, 8, 7, 5, 3, 5 is 5, which of the following
cannot be the value of p?
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
23. The mean of 3 numbers a, b and c is 8 and the mean of 5 numbers a, b, c,
d and e is 15. Then, the mean of d and e is
(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 25.5 (d) 51
24. The mean of x numbers is p and the mean of another y numbers is q. The
mean of all the numbers taken together is
pq pq xp  yq xp  yq
(a) (b) (c) (d)
xy xy xy pq
25. A company sells a line of 25 products with a mean retail price of ` 1200.
If none of these products sell for less than ` 420 and exactly 10 of the
products sell for less than `1000 each, then what is the greatest possible
selling price of the most expensive product?
(a) ` 2600 (b) ` 3900 (c) ` 7800 (d) ` 11800
26. The mean of p, q and r is 14. Twice the sum of q and r is 30. Then, p
equals
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 20 (d) 27
27. The mean age of 30 students in a class is 15 years. If 6 students of this
class have the mean age of 16 years then the mean age of the remaining
24 students would be
(a) 14 years (b) 14 years 3 months
(c) 14 years 6 months (d) 14 years 9 months
28. The mean of 10 numbers is 40.2. Later it is found that two numbers have
been wrongly added. The first is 18 greater than the actual number and
the second number added is 13 instead of 33. The correct mean is
(a) 40.2 (b) 40.4 (c) 40.6 (d) 40.8
29. The mean marks obtained by 22 candidates in an examination are 45.
The mean marks of the first ten are 55 and that of the last eleven are 40.
The marks obtained by the 11th candidate are
(a) 0 (b) 45 (c) 47.5 (d) 50
30. The mean age of the mother and her six children is 12 years which is
reduced by 5 years if the age of the mother is excluded. How old is the
mother?
Direction (Questions 31 and 32): Study the following information carefully and
answer the given questions.
The following bar graph shows the number of rotten oranges in 7 boxes
containing 100 oranges each.
31. What fraction of the total number of oranges are rotten?

1 6 1 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
28 175 20 125
32. How many boxes have more rotten oranges than the mean number of
rotten oranges per box?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Direction (Questions 33 to 37): Study the following information carefully and
The following bar graph shows the production of cars by a company in
8 months.
Data Handling 465
33. In how many months was the production of cars more than the average
production of the given months?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
34. The average production of February and March was exactly equal to the
average production of which of the following groups of months?
(a) January, June and July
(b) January, May, June and August
(c) April and July
(d) May, June and July
35. What was the percentage decline in the production of cars from March
to April?
1
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 33 %
3
36. In which month was the percentage increase in production as compared
to the previous month the maximum?
(a) February (b) March (c) May (d) July
37. What was the percentage increase in production of cars in August
compared to that in January?
(a) 150% (b) 200% (c) 220% (d) 300%
Direction (Questions 38 to 42): Study the following bar graph carefully and
Number (in lakhs) of students studying in different universities in a year
38. The number of male students in university B is what per cent of the total
number of students in university D?
(a) 62 (b) 64 (c) 65 (d) 66
39. The most popular university among the students is

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
40. The ratio of the total number of female students in universities A and
B together to the number of male students in universities C and E
together, is
(a) 25 : 28 (b) 28 : 27 (c) 27 : 28 (d) 27 : 32
41. The mean number of male students in each university is
(a) equal to 33 lakh
(b) equal to the mean number of female students in each university
(c) equal to half the mean number of students in each university
(d) all of the above
42. What is the ratio of the number of students studying in university A to
that in university D?
(a) 25 : 27 (b) 27 : 25 (c) 23 : 25 (d) 25 : 23
Direction (Questions 43 to 45): These questions are based on the information
given below.
A medicine was administered to a patient at 11 a.m. for reducing the
heart rate and the data of the observations made on the heart rates of the
patient during the day was registered and plotted on a graph as shown
below.
43. After how much time the effect of the medicine started?
(a) 1 hour (b) 2 hours
44. Up to how much time the effect of the medicine lasted?
(a) 2 hours (b) 3 hours
Data Handling 467
45. If the heart rate of the patient rose by p% from 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. and the
medicine brought down the heart rate at the most by q% then
2 2
(a) p = 20, q  16 (b) p  16 , q = 20
3 3
2 2
(c) p  16 , q  16 (d) p = 20, q = 20
3 3
given below.
The following line graph depicts the number of toys produced by
a company during the first 8 months of a certain year. Study the graph
carefully and answer the questions that follow.
46. The average number of toys produced per month is

(a) 4250 (b) 4350 (c) 4375 (d) 4500
47. The percentage increase in production of toys from April to May is
1 2 2
(a) 10% (b) 12 % (c) 14 % (d) 16 %
2 7 3
48. The range of the given data is
(a) 1000 (b) 1500 (c) 2000 (d) 2500
49. In how many months the quantity of toys produced was below the
average production?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
50. By what percentage the production in August was more than that in
April?
4 2 1
(a) 36 % (b) 42 % (c) 57 % (d) 50%
11 5 7
51. The production during the last four months expressed as a fraction of
the production during the first four months is
9 12 18 37
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 11 17 33

given below.
The following pie chart gives the marks scored by a student in an
examination in five subjects: English, Hindi, mathematics, science and
social science. The total marks obtained by the student in the examination is
450. Answer the following questions based upon the information provided
in the pie chart.
52. What per cent of the total marks were obtained by the student in science?
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 35%
53. In which of the following subjects did the student score 100 marks?
(a) Hindi (b) Mathematics (c) Science (d) Social Science
54. The difference between the marks obtained in mathematics and social
science is the same as that between
(a) mathematics and Hindi (b) Hindi and science
(c) English and Hindi (d) science and English
55. The marks scored by the student in social science and science together
exceed the marks obtained by him in Hindi and English together, by
(a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 60
56. The aggregate marks obtained by the student averaged over the five
subjects is
(a) 72 (b) 80 (c) 90 (d) 95
1
57. In which subject did the student score 18 % of the total marks?
18
(a) English (b) Mathematics (c) Hindi (d) Social science
58. The marks obtained in three subjects Hindi, English and mathematics
together is what per cent of the total marks?
4 5 2 1
(a) 44 % (b) 55 % (c) 62 % (d) 65 %
9 9 9 9
59. The range of marks obtained by the student in different subjects is
(a) 43.75 (b) 45 (c) 47.5 (d) 42.5
Data Handling 469
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a)
2. Median, being the middle value, is not affected by the removal of extreme observations
on both the ends of the data.
4. Median of a data set is the value which divides the data values into two equal parts.
6. Number of observations = 9, which is odd.
32  47  59  43  49  60  61  35  53 439
Mean of the data    48.77.
9 9
The observations arranged in ascending order are 32, 35, 43, 47, 49, 53, 59, 60, 61.
 median = 5th observation = 49.
7. The observations arranged in ascending order are 77, 78, 84, 91, 95, 98, 100, 104, 182,
197, 226, 488.
Number of observations = 12, which is even.
98  100 198
 median = mean of 6th and 7th observations    99.
2 2
145  156  164  153  167  150  137  136  140  148 1496
8. Mean    149.6.
10 10
Clearly, students with heights 156 cm, 164 cm, 153 cm, 167 cm, 150 cm have height
more than the mean height.
9. (a) Arranging in ascending order: 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6.
3  3  4  4  4  4  6 28
Mean    4.
7 7
Median = 4th observation = 4.
Mode = 4.
(b) Arranging in ascending order: 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 7, 8.
2  2  3  3  3  7  8 28
Mean    4.
7 7
Mode = 3.
(c) Arranging in ascending order: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4.
1  2  2  2  3  3  4 17 3
Mean   2 .
7 7 7
Mode = 2.
(d) Arranging in ascending order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6.

1  2  3  4  4  5  6 25 4
Mean   3 .
7 7 7
Mode = 4.
10. Weight (xi ) Number of students (fi ) xi × f i

48 6 288
49 8 392
50 9 450
51 14 714
52 13 676
fi  50  fi xi  2520
 2520 
 mean weight    kg  50.4 kg.
 50 
11. Marks (xi ) Number of students (fi ) xi × f i

0 p 0
1 4 4
2 3 6
3 2 6
4 1 4
fi  10  p  fi xi  20
20 .
Mean marks 
10  p
20
  1  10 + p = 20  p = 10.
10  p
x1  x2  ...  xn
12. Original mean 
n
x1  x2  ...  xn
 m .
n
( x1  m)  ( x2  m)  ...  ( xn  m)
New mean 
n
x1  x2  ...  xn
( x1  x2  ...  xn )  n 
( x1  x2  ...  xn )  nm n
 
n n
( x  x2  ...  xn )  ( x1  x2  ...  xn ) 2 ( x1  x2  ...  xn )
 1   2 m.
n n
Data Handling 471
13. The weights in ascending order: 35, 36, 36, 36, 37, 40, 41, 41, 46.
Number of observations = 9, which is odd.
35  36  36  36  37  40  41  41  46 348 116 2
Mean     38 .
9 9 3 3
Median = 5th observation = 37. Mode = 36.
 mode < median < mean.
14. The mode of the given data is 19, since it occurs the highest number of times, i.e., 3.
18 occurs 2 times and if 18 is added to the data then 18 will also be the mode of the data.
15. xi fi xi × f i
10 15 150
15 20 300
20 30 600
30 5 150
40 10 400
fi  80  fi xi  1600
1600
 mean   20.
80
16. The observation 20 has the highest frequency. So, mode = 20.
17. Median of the data is 95 which is not in the given data. Also, the number of observations
is 8, which is even. So, m occurs before 96. Arranging the given data in ascending
order, we have: 40, 65, 85, m, 96, 98, 100, 104.
m  96 .
 median = mean of 4th and 5th observations 
2
m  96
So,  95  m + 96 = 190  m = 190 – 96 = 94.
2
18. Arranging the data in ascending order, we have: 75, 75, 75, 75, 80, 94, 96, 98, 98, 100,
100, 102, 180, 200, 200, 270, 610.
Range = highest observation – lowest observation = 610 – 75 = 535.
Number of observations = 17.
75  75  75  75  80  94  96  98  98  100  100
 102  180  200  200  270  6100 2528
Mean    148.70.
17 17
Median = 9th observation = 98. Mode = 75.
19. Number of observations = 10, which is even.
2x  2x  4
Median = mean of 5th and 6th observations   2 x  2.
2
 2x + 2 = 68  2x = 66  x = 33.
20. Arranging the given data in ascending order, we have: 32, 36, 40, 40, 40, 42, 45, 47.
Mode = 40.
32  36  40  40  40  42  45  47 322
Mean    40.25.
8 8
40  40 80
Median = mean of 5th and 6th observations    40.
2 2
Let x be removed. Then,
322  x
 40  322 – x = 280  x = 322 – 280 = 42.
7
21. Arranging the given data in ascending order, we have: 2, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13.
Mode = 12, which occurs 3 times.
To change the mode to 11, the frequency of 11 must be greater than that of 12.
Thus, 11 must be added 2 more times.
22. In the given data, 5 occurs 3 times while 8 occurs 2 times. So, p  8, since adding
another 8 would result in 8 also becoming the mode of the data.
abc abcde
23.  8 and  15
3 5
 a + b + c = 8 × 3 = 24 and a + b + c + d + e = 15 × 5 = 75
 d + e = 75 – 24 = 51.
d  e 51
 mean of d and e    25.5.
2 2
24. Mean of x numbers = p.
Sum of x numbers = xp.
Mean of y numbers = q.
Sum of y numbers = yq.
 sum of (x + y) numbers = xp + yq.
xp  yq
Required mean  .
xy
25. Total SP of all 25 products = ` (1200 × 25) = ` 30000.
For the greatest possible SP of the most expensive product, the SP of all other products
must be minimum, i.e., ` 420 each for 10 products and ` 1000 each for other 14 products.
 greatest possible SP of the most expensive product
= ` [30000 – (420 × 10 + 1000 × 14)]
= ` (30000 – 18200) = ` 11800.
pqr
26.  14  p + q + r = 14 × 3 = 42.
3
30
2(q + r) = 30  q  r   15.
2
 p = 42 – 15 = 27.
27. Sum of the ages of all 30 students = (15 × 30) = 450 years.
Sum of the ages of 6 students = (16 × 6) = 96 years.
Sum of the ages of remaining 24 students = (450 – 96) years = 354 years.
 354   59  3
Mean age    years    years  14 years
 24   4  4
 3 
= 14 years   12  months = 14 years 9 months.
4 
Data Handling 473
28. Calculated sum of 10 numbers = 40.2 × 10 = 402.

Correct sum = 402 – 18 + (33 – 13) = 404.
404
 correct mean   40.4.
10
29. Sum of marks of all 22 candidates = 45 × 22 = 990.
Sum of marks of first 10 candidates = 55 × 10 = 550.
Sum of marks of last 11 candidates = 40 × 11 = 440.
 marks obtained by 11th candidate = 990 – (550 + 440) = 0.
30. Sum of ages of (mother + 6 children) = (12 × 7) years = 84 years.
Sum of ages of 6 children = (7 × 6) years = 42 years.
 mother’s age = (84 – 42) years = 42 years.
31. Number of rotten oranges = (7 + 5 + 9 + 3 + 1) = 25.
Total number of oranges = (100 × 7) = 700.
25 1 .
 fraction of rotten oranges  
750 28
25 4
32. Mean number of rotten oranges per box  3 .
7 7
Clearly, boxes 1, 2 and 4 have more rotten oranges than the mean number of rotten
oranges per box.
 25  40  60  45  65  50  75  80  440
33. Average production per month     55.
 8  8
Clearly, production in March, May, July and August exceeded 55 cars.
 40  60 
34. Average production of February and March     50.
 2 
 25  50  75  150
Average production of January, June and July     50.
 3  3
35. Production in March = 60.
Production in April = 45.
Decline in production = (60 – 45) = 15.
 15 
 percentage decline    100  %  25%.
 60 
36. Percentage increase in the production in given months can be calculated as under:
 40  25   15 
February    100  %    100  %  60%.
 25   25 
 60  40   20 
March    100  %    100  %  50%.
 40   40 
 65  45   20   400  4
May    100  %    100  %    %  44 %.
 45   45   9  9
 75  50   25 
July    100  %    100  %  50%.
 50   50 
37. Production in August = 80.
Production in January = 25.
Increase in production = (80 – 25) = 55.

 55 
 increase %    100  %  220%.
 25 
38. Number of male students in university B = 40 lakhs.
Total number of students in university D = (25 + 37.5) lakhs = 62.5 lakhs.
 40 
 62.5 
Male students Female students Total number of

39. University
(in lakhs) (in lakhs) students (in lakhs)
A 30 37.5 67.5
B 40 30 70
C 42.5 25 67.5
D 25 37.5 62.5
E 27.5 35 62.5
Clearly, the most popular university is that in which the total number of students is
maximum, i.e., B.
40. Required ratio = (37.5 + 30) : (42.5 + 27.5) = 67.5 : 70 = 675 : 700 = 27 : 28.
30  40  42.5  25  27.5
41. Mean number of male students per university 
5
165
  33 lakhs.
5
37.5  30  25  37.5  35
Mean number of female students per university 
5
165
  33 lakhs.
5
165  165 330
Mean number of students    66 lakhs.
5 5
42. Required ratio = 67.5 : 62.5 = 675 : 625 = 27 : 25.
43. The medicine was administered at 11 a.m. and the heart rate declined from 1 p.m.
onwards. So, the effect of the medicine started after 2 hours.
44. The heart rate declined from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. and then again began to rise.
So, the effect of the medicine lasted for 4 hours.
 90  75   15 
45. p    100  %    100  %  20%.
 75   75 
 90  75   15  50 2
q  100  %    100  %  %  16 %.
 90   90  3 3
46. Average number of toys produced per month
4000  5000  4500  3500  4000  4000  4500  5500 35000
   4375.
8 8
Data Handling 475
47. Percentage increase in production from April to May

 4000  3500   500   100  2
  100  %    100  %    %  14 %.
 3500   3500   7  7
48. Range of the given data = highest production – lowest production
= 5500 – 3500 = 2000.
49. The quantity of toys produced was below 4375 in January (4000), April (3500),
May (4000) and June (4000).
50. Production in August = 5500.
Production in April = 3500.
 5500  3500   2000   400  1
 required percentage   %    100  %    %  57 %.
 3500   3500   7  7
4000  4000  4500  5500 18000 18 .
51. Required fraction   
4000  5000  4500  3500 17000 17
Questions 52 to 59
Central angle of the sector depicting marks in social science
= 360° – (90° + 80°+ 65° + 55°) = 360° – 290° = 70°.
Thus, the student’s marks in various subjects may be calculated as under:
Subject Central angle Marks

90
Science 90°  450  112.5
360
65
English 65°  450  81.25
360
55
Hindi 55°  450  68.75
360
80
Mathematics 80°  450  100
360
70
Social science 70°  450  87.5
360
 90 
52. Required percentage    100  %  25%.
 360 
53. The student scored 100 marks in mathematics.
54. Difference between marks obtained in mathematics and social science
= (100 – 87.5) = 12.5.
Difference between marks obtained in English and Hindi = (81.25 – 68.75) = 12.5.
55. Required difference = (87.5 + 112.5) – (68.75 + 81.25) = 200 – 150 = 50.
total marks 450
56. Required average    90.
number of subjects 5
1 335 1 325
57. 18 % of 450    450   81.25 , which is the students score in English.
18 18 100 4
58. Sum of marks obtained in Hindi, English and mathematics

= (68.75 + 81.25 + 100) = 250.
 250   500  5
 450   9  9
59. Range of marks obtained = (112.5 – 68.75) = 43.75.
EXERCISE 21B
true.
1. The most common representative value of a group of data is the …… .
2. When the raw data is arranged in ascending or descending order it
forms a/an …… .
3. In a data pertaining to the ages of certain teachers in a school, we are
asked to find out the difference between the ages of the oldest and the
youngest teachers. Thus, we have to determine the …… of the data.
4. The observation which has the highest frequency is the …… .
5. The observation which is exactly in the middle of the observations when
they are arranged in ascending order of their values is the …… .
6. The median of the data 15, 7, 8, 5, 14, 3, 17, 12 is …… .
7. The mean of the first five prime numbers is …… .
8. The mean of the first eight composite numbers is …… .
9. The median is one of the observations in the data if the number of
observations is …… .
10. The number of times an observation occurs in a data is called the ……
and it is represented by …… .
11. The median of first 10 odd natural numbers is …… .
12. The mean of first five multiples of 8 is …… .
13. The range of the numbers from 1 to 8 is …… .
14. The value of x for which the mode of the data 6, 14, 7, 7, 14, 6, 7, x, 14 is
14, is …… .
15. If the mean of 5 consecutive odd numbers is 11 then the mean of first
three of these numbers is …… .
16. If the mean of 5 numbers is 8 and the mean of another 6 numbers is 19
then the mean of all the 11 numbers is …… .
17. If 10 is added to each observation in a given data the range of the data
would increase by …… .
Data Handling 477
18. The mean of the squares of first 7 natural numbers is …… .

19. The mean of m numbers is p. If n is added to every number then the new
mean will be …… .
20. If the mean of 6, 8, 18, 10 and (2p + 10) is 6 then p is equal to …… .
21. The mode of the data 11, 10, 9, 10, 9, 8, 9, 8, 7, 8, 7, 6 and x is 9. The value
of x is …… .
22. To change the mode of the data 29, 28, 18, 28, 30, 29, 29 to 30, we must
add on 30 at least …… times to the given data.
23. The value that can be added to the data set 93, 95, 99, 95, 91, 100, 92, so
that the mean, median and mode are the same, is …… .
24. The mean, median and mode of four numbers is 8. If the smallest
number is 7 then the other three numbers are ……, …… and …… .
25. The mean of 3 numbers is 40. All the three numbers are distinct natural
numbers. If the smallest is 19 the highest possible number out of the
remaining two numbers is …… .
true or false.
26. The mean of the data is always from the given data. ……
27. Median of the data may or may not be from the given data. ……
28. Mode of the data is always from the give data. ……
29. Range of the data is always from the given data. ……
30. Mean can never be a fraction. ……
31. Mean, median and mode may be the same for some data. ……
32. If a car company has to decide which colour of the car it should produce
the most the company would consider the median of the sale of cars of
different colours. ……
33. We can have two modes of a set of data. ……
34. The data 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 has every observation as mode. ……
35. The median of a set of even numbers is always even. ……
36. To study the variation in rainfall over different parts of the country, we
need to find the range of the data pertaining to rainfall. ……
37. The mode of a data is the value of the point around which the items tend
to be most heavily concentrated. ……
38. The value of median changes if the values in a data set are arranged in
ascending order instead of descending order. ……
67 .
39. The median of the data 4, 5, 9, 2, 6, 8, 7 is   ……
 2 
40. Mean of the observations can be lesser than each of the observations.
……
41. The mode of the data is usually the central value of the data. ……
42. The median of a data containing 15 observations is equal to the 8th
observation. ……
43. If the mode of the data 5, 3, 7, 2, 4, 5, 7, 2, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, x, 7 is 7 then the
value of x may be 2 or 5. ……
44. The range of a given data would decrease by 2 if 2 is subtracted from
each of the observations. ……
45. 11 students were made to stand in ascending order of their heights. If no
two students have the same height then the height of the sixth student
from either end gives the mean height of the group. ……
46. The mean of first 6 natural numbers is the same as their median. ……
47. The mean of first 9 natural numbers is the same as their median. ……
48. The mean, mode and median of the data 13, 12, 10, 10, 5 are equal. ……
1. mean 2. array 3. range 4. mode 5. median

6. 10 7. 5.6 8. 9.75 9. odd
10. frequency, tally marks 11. 10 12. 24 13. 7
14. 14 15. 6 16. 14 17. 0 18. 20
19. p + n 20. –11 21. 9 22. 3 23. 0
24. 8, 8, 9 25. 81 26. False 27. True 28. True
29. False 30. False 31. True 32. False 33. True
34. True 35. False 36. True 37. True 38. False
39. False 40. False 41. False 42. True 43. False
44. False 45. False 46. True 47. True 48. True
6. Arranging the data in ascending order: 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17.

Number of observations = 8, which is even.
 8  12  20
 median = mean of 5th and 6th observations     10.
 2  2
2  3  5  7  11 28
7. Required mean    5.6.
5 5
4  6  8  9  10  12  14  15 78
8. Required mean    9.75.
8 8
Data Handling 479
 n 1
9. Median of n observations    th observation, when n is odd.
 2 
11. First 10 odd natural numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19.
Number of observations = 10, which is even
9  11
 median = mean of 5th and 6th observations   10.
2
8 (1  2  3  4  5) 8  15
12. Required mean    24.
5 5
13. Range = 8 – 1 = 7.
14. Both 7 and 14 occur 3 times in the given data.
Since mode is 14, so 14 must occur the highest number of times. Hence, x = 14.
15. Let the five consecutive odd numbers be x, x + 2, x + 4, x + 6 and x + 8. Then,
x  ( x  2)  ( x  4)  ( x  6)  ( x  8)
 8  5x + 20 = 40  5x = 20  x = 4.
5
x  x  2  x  4 3x  6
 mean of first 3 numbers    x  2  4  2  6.
3 3
16. Sum of 11 numbers = 8 × 5 + 19 × 6 = 40 + 114 = 154.
154
 mean of 11 numbers   14.
11
17. Since 10 is added to each observation, so each of the largest and smallest observations
will increase by 10. Thus, the range would remain the same.
12  2 2  3 2  4 2  5 2  6 2  7 2
18. Mean of the squares of first 7 natural numbers 
7
1  4  9  16  25  36  49 140
   20.
7 7
19. Initial sum of m numbers = mp.
New sum of m numbers = mp + mn = m (p + n).
m ( p  n)
 new mean   p  n.
m
6  8  18  10  (2 p  10)
20.  6  52 + 2p = 30  2p = –22  p = –11.
5
21. Both 9 and 8 occur 3 times in the given data. Since mode is 9, so 9 must occur the
highest number of times. Hence, x = 9.
22. The mode of the data is 29, since it occurs 3 times in the given data. To change the
mode to 30, it must occur at least 4 times. So, 30 must be added at least 3 times.
91  92  93  95  95  99  100 665
23. Mean of given data    95.
7 7
Arranging the data in ascending order: 91, 92, 93, 95, 95, 99, 100.
So, median = 4th observation = 95. Mode = 95.
Mean, median and mode are already the same. On adding 0, they continue to remain
the same.
24. Mean = 8  sum of 4 numbers = 8 × 4 = 32
 sum of remaining 3 numbers = 32 – 7 = 25.
Mode = 8  8 occurs at least 2 times

 2 of the remaining 3 numbers are each equal to 8.
 third number = 9.
25. Sum of 3 numbers = 40 × 3 = 120. Smallest number = 19.
For the highest possible number, we may take second number to be 20, as the smallest
number is 19.
 required number = 120 – (19 + 20) = 120 – 39 = 81.
26. Mean is a central value, which may or may not be from the given data.
27. Median is from the given data when number of observations is odd.
28. Mode is the observation with the highest frequency. So, it is from the given data.
32. The company would consider the mode as they need to know which colour sells the
most.
35. The median of a set of even number is
(i) even, if number of numbers is odd;
(ii) odd, if number of numbers is even.

38. The median is the middle value which remains the same whether the data is arranged
in ascending or descending order.
39. Arranging in ascending order: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Number of observations = 7, which is odd.
 median = 4th observation = 6.
43. 7 occurs 4 times in the given data, while each of 2 and 5 occurs 3 times. So, none of
them can substitute x.
45. Height of 6th student = median height.
46. First six natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
1  2  3  4  5  6 21
Mean    3.5.
6 6
34
Median = Mean of 3rd and 4th observations   3.5.
2
47. First 9 natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 45
Mean    5.
9 9
13  12  10  10  5 50
48. Mean    10.
5 5
Arranging the data in ascending order: 5, 10, 10, 12, 13.
Median = 3rd observation = 10. Mode = 10.

22 Probability
1. EXPERIMENT An operation which can produce some well-defined

outcomes is called an experiment.
2. RANDOM EXPERIMENT An experiment in which all possible outcomes are
known and the exact. Output cannot be predicted in advance is called a
random experiment.
Example Rolling an unbiased die, tossing a fair coin, drawing a card
from a pack of well-shuffled cards, picking up a ball of a certain colour
from a bag containing balls of different colours.
3. EVENT Each outcome or a group of outcomes of a random experiment is
called an event.
4. POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF SOME COMMONLY ASKED EXPERIMENTS
Number of possible
Experiment Possible outcomes
outcomes
Rolling an
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 6
unbiased die
Tossing a fair H, T
2
coin (H = Head, T = Tail)
Tossing 2 coins
HT, TH, HH, TT 4
simultaneously
Rolling 2 dice (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4),
simultaneously (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2),
(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),
(3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), 36
(4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4),
(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2),
(6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
Tossing 3 coins HHH, HHT, HTH,
simultaneously THH, HTT, THT, 8
TTH, TTT
481
5. PACK OF CARDS
(i) A pack of cards has 52 cards.
(ii) It has 13 cards of each of the four suits: spades (), clubs (),
hearts () and diamonds ().
(iii) Cards of spades and clubs are black cards. Cards of hearts and
diamonds are red cards. So, there are 26 black cards and 26 red
cards.
(iv) There are 4 honours of each suit: aces (A), kings (K), queens (Q)
and jacks (J). Kings, queens and jacks are called face cards.
(v) There are 6 black face cards and 6 red face cards, i.e., 12 face cards
in all.
6. Probability of occurrence of an event
number of favourable outcomes .

total number of possible outcomes
7. If P(E) denotes the probability of an event E then 0  P(E)  1.
8. (i) The probability of a sure event is 1.
(ii) The probability of an impossible event is 0.
(iii) The probability of an event can never be negative or greater
than 1.
9. The sum of the probabilities of occurrence of all outcomes of an
experiment is 1.
So, in a throw of a coin,
Probability of getting a head + probability of getting a tail = 1.
10. Events with equal probabilities of occurrence are called equally likely
events.
EXERCISE 22A
1. Which of the following can happen but not certainly?
(a) The earth revolves around the sun.
(b) A die thrown lands with 8 on the top.
(c) The sun rises in the east.
(d) A tossed coin lands with heads up.
Probability 483
2. In a single throw of a die, what is the probability of getting a number

greater than 4?
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 3
3. A boy rolled a die once. What is the probability of getting a number
which is a multiple of 3?
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 4
4. A girl throws a die. The probability of getting an odd number is
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 6 3 2
5. A fair die has faces numbered 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. If it is thrown, the
probability of getting an odd number is
1 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
6 3 6
6. A pair of dice is rolled. The probability of getting a doublet is
1 1 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 5 5 6
7. A die is rolled twice. The probability that 2 will come up both the times
is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 9 4 6
8. A die is rolled twice. The probability that 2 will come up exactly one
time is
5 1 11 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 9 36 6
9. A die is rolled twice. The probability that 2 will not come up either time
is
2 23 25 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 36 36 3
10. Two different dice are rolled together. The probability of getting an
even number on both dice is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 6 9
11. What is the probability of getting a sum 9 from two throws of a die?
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 8 9 12
12. Two unbiased dice are tossed. What is the probability of getting a
product divisible by 3?
5 7 11 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 18 36 12
13. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?

1 3 5
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
4 5 4
14. Three unbiased coins are tossed. The probability of getting exactly three
tails is
1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 8 7
15. Three unbiased coins are tossed. The probability of getting at least one
head is
1 3 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 6 8
16. Three unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of
getting exactly two heads is p, that of getting at least two heads is q and
that of getting at most two heads is r. Then,
1 3 5 3 1 7
(a) p  , q  , r  (b) p  , q  , r 
2 8 8 8 2 8
3 5 3 1 1 7
(c) p  , q  , r  (d) p  , q  , r 
8 8 4 2 4 8
17. Find the probability of drawing a face card from a deck of 52 cards.
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 3 13
18. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The probability of getting a
queen is
1 1 6 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 26 13 52
19. The probability that a card drawn from a pack of 52 cards will be a
diamond or a king, is
1 2 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 52
20. In a lottery, there are 10 prizes and 25 blanks. A lottery is drawn at
random. The probability of getting a prize is
1 2 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 5 7 7
21. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at
random. What is the probability that the ticket drawn bears a number
which is a multiple of 3?
1 2 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 10 20
Probability 485
22. A card is drawn from cards numbered 0 to 10. If one card is drawn at
random, the probability that the card bears a natural number is
1 9 10
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
10 10 11
23. A class has 20 girls and 16 boys. One student is selected at random. The
probability that the selected student is a girl, is
1 3 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 9 9
24. The letters of the word MATHEMATICS are written on paper slips and
put in a bag. If one slip is drawn randomly, the probability that it bears
the letter M is
2 3 7 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 11 9 11
25. A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the word ASSOCIATION.
The probability that the chosen letter is a vowel, is
3 5 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 11 11
26. Ajit has 5 red balls and 7 green balls. He chooses a ball randomly. The
probability that the chosen ball is green, is
1 2 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 12 12
27. A jar contains 3 blue, 2 black, 6 red and 8 white balls. If a ball is drawn
at random, the probability that the ball drawn is not red, is
5 10 12 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
19 19 19 19
28. In a box, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up
randomly. The probability that it is neither red nor green is
1 3 7 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 19 21
29. In a school, only 2 out of 5 students can participate in a quiz. What is the
chance that a student picked at random makes it to the competition?
(a) 20% (b) 30% (c) 40% (d) 50%
30. Which of the following outcomes are not equally likely?
(a) Getting a tail or a head when a coin is tossed.
(b) Getting an even number or an odd number when a die is rolled.
(c) Drawing a white or a black ball from a bag containing 4 white and
6 black balls.
(d) Drawing a slip of Yes or No from a bag containing 5 Yes and 5 No
slips.
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
2. Number of possible outcomes = 6.

Favourable outcomes are 5, 6.
Number of favourable outcomes = 2.
2 1
 required probability   .
6 3
Favourable outcomes are 3, 6.
2 1
6 3
Favourable outcomes are 1, 3, 5.
3 1
6 2
Favourable outcomes are 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.
5
 required probability  .
6
Favourable outcomes are (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6).
6 1.
 required probability  
36 6
Favouable outcome is (2, 2).
1 .
 required probability 
36
Favourable outcomes are (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2).
10 5 .
36 18
Probability 487

Favourable outcomes are (1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5),
(6, 6).
Numbers of favourable outcomes = 25.
25
36
Favourable outcomes are (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6), (6, 2), (6, 4), (6, 6).
9 1.
36 4
Favourable outcomes are (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4) and (6, 3).
4 1
36 9
Favourable outcomes are (1, 3), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 3), (4, 6), (5, 3), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6).
20 5 .
36 9
13. The probability of an event cannot be greater than 1.
Favourable outcome is (TTT).
1
8
Favourable outcomes are HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH.
7
8
Favourable outcomes for getting exactly two heads are HHT, HTH, THH, i.e., 3 in
number.
3
 p .
8
Favourable outcomes for getting at least two heads are HHT, HTH, THH, HHH, i.e., 4
in number.
4 1
 q  .
8 2
Favourable outcomes for getting at most two heads are TTT, HTT, THT, TTH, HHT,
HTH and THH, i.e., 7 in number.
7
 r .
8
Favourable outcomes are face cards which are 12 in number.
12 3
52 13
Favourable outcomes are queen cards which are 4 in number.
4 1
52 13
Favourable outcomes are diamond cards and king cards of remaining 3 suites,
i.e., (13  3) or 16 in number.
16 4
52 13
20. Number of possible outcomes  10  25  35.
10 2
35 7
Favourable outcomes are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18.
6 3
20 10
Favourable outcomes are numbers from 1 to 10.
10
11
23. Number of possible outcomes  20  16  36.
16 4
36 9
24. Number of possible outcomes = number of letters in the word = 11.
Number of favourable outcomes = number of times M occurs in the word = 2.
2
11
Number of favourable outcomes = number of vowels in the word = 6.
6
11
Probability 489
26. Number of possible outcomes = total number of balls = 5 + 7 = 12.

Number of favourable outcomes = number of green balls = 7.
7
12
27. Number of possible outcomes = total number of balls = 3 + 2 + 6 + 8 = 19.
Number of favourable outcomes = number of non-red balls = 3 + 2 + 8 = 13.
13
19
28. Number of possible outcomes = total number of balls = 8 + 7 + 6 = 21.
Number of favourable outcomes = number of non-red and non-green balls
= number of blue balls = 7.
7 1.
21 3
2 2 
29. Required probability     100  %  40%.
5 5 
1
30. (a) P(getting a tail) = P(getting a head)  .
2
3 1.
(b) P(getting on even number) = P(getting an odd number)  
6 2
4 2
(c) P(drawing a white ball)   .
10 5
6 3
P(drawing a black ball)   .
10 5
Since the probabilities are not equal, the two events are not equally likely.
5 1
(d) P(drawing a Yes slip) = P(drawing a No slip)   .
10 2
EXERCISE 22B
true.
1. The probability of an event which is certain to happen is …… .
2. The probability of an event which is impossible to happen is …… .
3. The probability of the sun setting tomorrow is …… .
4. The total number of possible outcomes,
(i) when a single die is rolled, is …… .
(ii) when two dice are rolled together, is …… .
5. The total number of possible outcomes,
(i) when a coin is tossed once, is …… .
(ii) when a coin is tossed twice, is …… .
(iii) when a coin is tossed thrice or three coins are tossed
simultaneously, is …… .
6. When a die is thrown, the probability of

(i) getting a number less than 7 is …… .
(ii) getting a number greater than 7 is ……
7. If the probability of winning a game is 0.7, the probability of losing it
is …… .
8. A box contains cards labelled with letters of the word CAMARADERIE.
If a card is picked at random the probability of the letter on the card
being a vowel is …… .
9. If a letter is picked from the letters of the word ABRACADABRA, the
probability of it being an ‘A’ is …… .
10. There are 8 marbles in a box with numbers 1 to 8 marked on them. The
probability of drawing a marble with number 2 is …… .
11. Nine counters numbered 1 to 9 are placed in a bag. If one is taken out at
random, the probability that
(i) it is divisible by 2, is …… .
(ii) it is divisible by 3, is …… .
(iii) it is divisible by 4, is …… .
(iv) it is a prime number, is …… .
(v) it is an odd number, is …… .
12. A bag contains white, black and red balls. The probability of selecting a
3 4
black ball is and that of selecting a red ball is . The probability of
13 13
selecting a white ball is …… .
13. A ball is drawn at random from a box containing 5 black, 6 green and
7 yellow balls. The probability that
(i) the ball drawn is yellow, is …… .
(ii) the ball drawn is either black or yellow, is …… .
(iii) the ball drawn is neither green nor yellow, is …… .
14. In a survey of 115 persons it was found that 92 prefer tea while the
remaining prefer coffee. If one person is chosen at random, the
probability that he prefers coffee is …… .
15. A bag contains red, blue and green marbles. One marble is taken out at
6
random. If the probability of getting a blue marble is and there are
17
102 marbles in the bag in all then the number of blue marbles in the bag
is …… .
Probability 491

true or false.
16. The scale of probability varies from 0 to 1. ……
17. The probability of an impossible event is 0 and that of a sure event is 1.
……
18. If the probability of occurrence of an event is p, the probability of the
failure of that event is 1  p. ……
19. The probability that a student chosen at random out of 3 boys and 4 girls
4
is a girl, is . ……
3
20. Drawing an ace card or a king card or a queen card from a well-shuffled
pack of 52 cards are equally likely events. ……
21. If a die is rolled then the probability of getting a prime number is the
same as that of getting an odd number. ……
22. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. The probability of
1
drawing a red king is . ……
13
23. The letters of the word MATHEMATICS are put in a box and jumbled.
1
A letter is picked up at random. The probability that it is a vowel is .
3
……
24. A number is picked at random from the data: 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1,
1, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2.
1
The probability that the chosen number is a 1, is . ……
2
25. If the spinner shown in the adjoining figure is rotated
then all the three numbers are equally likely to show up
with arrow. ……
1. 1 2. 0 3. 1 4. (i) 6 (ii) 36
5. (i) 2 (ii) 4 (iii) 8 6. (i) 1 (ii) 0
6 5 1
7. 0.3 8. 9. 10.
11 11 8
4 1 2 4 5
11. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
9 3 9 9 9
6 7 2 5 1
12. 13. (i) (ii) (iii) 14.
13 18 3 18 5
15. 36 16. True 17. True 18. True 19. False

20. True 21. True 22. False 23. False 24. True
25. False
1. The probability of a sure event is 1.

2. The probability of an impossible event is 0.
3. The sun setting tomorrow is a sure event and so its probability is 1.
4. (i) When a single die is rolled, there are 6 possible outcomes, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
(ii) When two dice are rolled, there are 36 possible outcomes, i.e., (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3),
(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),
(3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6).
5. (i) When a coin is tossed once, there are 2 possible outcomes, i.e., H, T.
(ii) When a coin is tossed twice, there are 4 possible outcomes, i.e., HH, HT, TH, TT.
(iii) When a coin is tossed thrice, there are 8 possible outcomes, i.e., HHH, HHT, HTH,
THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT.
6. (i) Number of possible outcomes = 6.
Favourable outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
6
 required probability   1.
6
(ii) Number of possible outcomes = 6.
0
 required probability   0.
6
7. Probability of losing  1  0.7  0.3.
6
11
Number of favourable outcomes = number of times letter A occurs in the word = 5.
5
11
Favourable outcome is 2.
1
8
Probability 493

(i) Favourable outcomes are 2, 4, 6, 8.
4
9
(ii) Favourable outcomes are 3, 6, 9.
3 1
9 3
(iii) Favourable outcomes are 4, 8.
2
9
(iv) Favourable outcomes are 2, 3, 5, 7.
4
9
(v) Favourable outcomes are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.
5
9
 3 4  7 6
12. P(selecting a white ball)  1      1   .
 13 13  13 13
13. Number of possible outcomes = total number of balls = 5 + 6 + 7 = 18.
(i) Number of favourable outcomes = number of yellow balls = 7.
7
18
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes = number of black balls and yellow balls
= 5 + 7 = 12.
12 2
18 3
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes = number of non-green and non-yellow balls
= number of black balls = 5.
5
18
Number of favourable outcomes = number of persons who prefer coffee
= 115 – 92 = 23.
23 1 .
115 5
6
15. Number of blue marbles   102  36.
17
19. Number of possible outcomes = total number of students = 3 + 4 = 7.

Number of favourable outcomes = number of girls = 4.
4
7
20. A pack of 52 cards has 4 ace cards, 4 king cards and 4 queen cards.
 P(drawing an ace card) = P(drawing a king card)
4 1
= P(drawing a queen card)   .
52 13
Favourable outcomes for getting a prime number are 2, 3 and 5, i.e., 3 in number.
3 1
So, P(getting a prime number)   .
6 2
Favourable outcomes for getting an odd number are 1, 3 and 5, i.e., 3 in number.
3 1
So, P(getting an odd number)   .
6 2
Number of favourable outcomes = number of red kings = 2.
2 1
52 26
4
11
24. Number of possible outcomes = total number of observations in the given data = 30.
Number of favourable outcomes = number of 1s in the given data = 15.
15 1
30 2
25. Since the three regions are not equal, so the probabilities of the three numbers to show
up with arrow are not equal.

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Mathematics for Olympiads and

Talent Search Competitions

R S Aggarwal, MSc, PhD

IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE

1. All natural numbers, 0 and negatives of natural numbers are together

(i) The integers are represented on the number line as follows:

(i) The successor of an integer is obtained by adding 1 to it.

5. (i) The number of integers between a and a is (2a  1).

6. ABSOLUTE VALUE OF AN INTEGER

(i) The absolute value or modulus of an integer is its numerical value

9. PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF INTEGERS

Property Satisfied or Not

10. SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS To subtract one integer from another, we take

Property Satisfied or Not

12. MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS:

(i) The product of two positive integers, other than 1, is a positive

Property Satisfied or Not

14. (i) When a negative integer is multiplied an odd number of times

Property Satisfied or Not

Note (i) 0  a = 0, where a is an integer.

(a) 20 (b) 12 (c) 12 (d) 20

Which of the following statements is not true?

8. Which of the following statements is correct?

18. The value of the expression 42  (152)  (9)  (39)  ( 45)  28  85 is

36. Which of the following statements is not true?

III. 48 correct answers, 16 wrong answers and 16 unattempted.

48. Which of the following statements is correct?

49. The consecutive rings of the dart board

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 1A)

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

2. Other integer = 32 – (–36) = 32 + 36 = 68.

4. –| –28| + | –25|–|39|= –28 + 25 – 39 = –67 + 25 = – 42.

(7 )  (8)  14  (4)  56  (56)  0.

21. Temperature on Saturday  (6  3) C  9 C.

34. (1)101  (1)53  (1)24  (1)48 = –1 + (–1) + 1 + 1 = 0.

39. a  (1)50  1 and b  (1)51  1.

41. I. (–2) – (–3) – (–4) = –2 + 3 + 4 = –2 + 7 = 5.

IV. (– 63)  (–9)  (–7) = 7  (–7) = –1.

44. I. Marks obtained  44  2  56  0  88.

For example, 18  15  3 and 18  21  3;

30. –1 multiplied 9n times, where n is an odd natural number, is equal

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 1B)

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE

(ii) Every integer is not a fraction. Only non-negative integers can be

8. FRACTION IN LOWEST TERMS / SIMPLEST FORM A fraction is said to be in its

15. USEFUL IDENTITIES AND FORMULAE

2. What fraction of the adjoining figure is

3. Which of the following is correct with respect to shaded part of the

5. Arrange the following figures in ascending order of the fractions their

(a) P, Q, R, S (b) Q, R, P, S (c) R, S, Q, P (d) S, Q, R, P

6. How many more unit squares in the adjoining

7. Which of the following sets of fractions is in the correct ascending order?

mixed number by placing the digits in the blank spaces of . The

IV. If the denominator of a fraction is decreased keeping the numerator

(a) ` 4020 (b) ` 4160 (c) ` 4280 (d) ` 4350

98. The denominator of a fraction is greater than its numerator by 3. If 3 is