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28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
Evaluation of Factors for Sustainable Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in
Evaluation of Factors for Design
28th CIRP Sustainable India
Conference, Manufacturing
May 2018, Nantes,of Electric Vehicles in
France
India
A new methodology toDigalwar*,
Abhijeet K. analyze Rohaan the functional
George Thomas, and physical
Arpit Rastogiarchitecture of
existing products
Abhijeetfor
K. an
Birla assembly
Digalwar*,
Institute Rohaan
of Technology oriented
and George
Science productArpit
Pilani, Thomas,
Pilani-333031, family
India identification
Rastogi
Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani-333031, India
Paul Stief *, Jean-Yves Dantan, Alain Etienne, Ali Siadat
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-1596-515475; fax: +91-1596-244183. E-mail address: akd@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-1596-515475; fax: +91-1596-244183. E-mail address: akd@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France

Abstract
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu
Abstract
This paper aims to develop and validate the factors affecting the sustainable manufacturing of electric vehicles in India that could be used by
original equipment manufacturers and service providers in the electric vehicles industry. Based on a thorough synthesis of the literature on
This paper aims to develop and validate the factors affecting the sustainable manufacturing of electric vehicles in India that could be used by
electric vehicles, seven factors – technological, social, cultural, economic, political, geographical, environmental – of sustainable
Abstract
original equipment manufacturers and service providers in the electric vehicles industry. Based on a thorough synthesis of the literature on
manufacturing of electric vehicles and corresponding 67 variables have been developed. The validated instrument of factors affecting the
electric vehicles, seven factors – technological, social, cultural, economic, political, geographical, environmental – of sustainable
sustainable manufacturing of electric vehicles may be used by original equipment manufacturers, service providers and new players keen on
manufacturing
Inentering
today’sthe of electric
business vehicles
environment, theand
trendcorresponding
towards more67product
variables haveandbeen developed. is The validatedDue
instrument of factors affecting the
electric vehicle market to assess the potential areasvariety customization
of development unbroken.
in the electric to this development,
vehicles industry. Insights gainedthefrom
needthis
of
sustainable
agile and manufacturing
reconfigurable of electric
production vehicles
systems may betoused
emerged cope bywith
original equipment
various products manufacturers,
and product service To
families. providers
design and
and new players
optimize keen on
production
evaluation can be helpful for EV engineers in incorporating customers’ purchase intention into the engineering design. The validated results are
enteringasthe
systems electric
well as to vehicle
choose market
the to assess
optimal product thematches,
potentialproduct
areas of development in are
the needed.
electric vehicles industry. Insights gained from this
in the Indian context, however, the instrument developed can be usedanalysis methods
in the global context as well. Indeed, most of the known methods aim to
evaluation
analyze can beorhelpful
a product for EVfamily
one product engineers
on thein physical
incorporating
level.customers’ purchase
Different product intention
families, into themay
however, engineering design.
differ largely The validated
in terms resultsand
of the number are
in the
nature Indian
ofThe context,
components. however,
This fact bythe instrument
impedes anB.V.developed can be used in the global context as well.
efficient comparison and choice of appropriate product family combinations for the production
© 2020 Authors, Published Elsevier
system.
© 2021
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an methodology
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open articleisunder
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by Elsevier
the CC B.V. existing
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(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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Peer review under theassembly oriented
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Keywords:
under theisresponsibility
performed.
Electric vehicles;
of the scientific
Moreover,
content validation;
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a hybrid
sustainable functional of the
manufacturing; and 28th CIRParchitecture
physical
Shannon
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Entropy.
on Life(HyFPAG)
Cycle Engineering.
is the output which depicts the
similarity between product families by providing design support to both, production system planners and product designers. An illustrative
Keywords: Electric vehicles; content validation; sustainable manufacturing; Shannon Entropy.
example of a nail-clipper is used to explain the proposed methodology. An industrial case study on two product families of steering columns of
thyssenkrupp Presta France is then carried out to give a first industrial evaluation of the proposed approach.
©1.2017
Introduction
The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. electric vehicle industry. Therefore, it is important for the
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Design equipment
original Conference 2018.
manufacturers, automotive companies,
1. Introduction electric vehicle industry. Therefore, it is important for the
China, India, and the United States of America are the top startups,
original and associated
equipment service providers
manufacturers, to study companies,
automotive the market
Keywords: Assembly; Design method; Family identification
three mostIndia,
China, populated
and the nations
Unitedin the
Statesworld [1]. Theyare
of America havethetheir
top carefully to make the most out of the opportunity.
startups, and associated service providers to study the market By
dominance in the automotive field as well.
three most populated nations in the world [1]. They have their However, when it understanding the factors affecting the
carefully to make the most out of the opportunity. By sustainable
comes to the electric vehicle industry,
dominance in the automotive field as well. However, when itChina occupies more manufacturing
understanding ofthe electric vehicles
factors in India,the
affecting they sustainable
can frame
than
1.comes50% of the
Introduction
to the globalvehicle
electric marketindustry,
share. EuropeChina and the United
occupies more their
of business models
the product range
manufacturing accordingly.
and characteristics
of electric manufactured
vehicles in India, they can and/or
frame
than 50% of the global market share. Europe and the25%
States of America come second and third with about and
assembled
United in this
their business system.
models In this context, the main challenge in
accordingly.
15%
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Due oftoAmericathe fastrespectively
come development (Society
second and third of Indian
in withtheaboutAutomobile
domain25% and of
modelling and analysis is now not only to cope with single
Manufacturers)
communication
15% market share [2]. Despite
andrespectively
an ongoingbeing the 6th
trend
(Society ofoflargest commercial
digitization
Indian Automobile and1.1. National
products, Electric
a limited Mobility
product Mission
range Plan 2020
or existing product families,
vehicle manufacturer
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[2]. Despite world,theIndia
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arelargest
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environments:
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2212-8271 © 2020 The Authors, Published by Elsevier B.V.
To cope with this augmenting variety as well as to be able to product structure on a physical level (components level) which
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.142
506 Abhijeet K. Digalwar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 505–510
2 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

vehicles (LCVs)) and 2-4 lakh other battery electric vehicles
(3-wheelers, 4-wheelers, buses, and LCVs) [3]. However, the
adoption rate of electric vehicles has not been up to the mark.
By 2020, only around 27,000 electric vehicles have been sold
in India [4]. It is, therefore, very important to understand the
factors affecting the sustainable manufacturing of electric
vehicles in India to catch up with the target set by the
Government of India.
INR 14 crore has been earmarked for building charging
infrastructure throughout India. The Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicle (FAME) India
scheme also offers incentives to the hybrid and electric
vehicles ranging from Rs. 1,800 to Rs. 29,000 for scooters
and motorcycles, and Rs. 1.38 lakhs for cars [4]
2. Methodology

1.2. Original equipment manufacturers In order to understand the growth and development of the
electric vehicles industry, thorough literature search was
There are currently 23 original equipment manufacturers required. 79 research papers in the period between 2009 and
(OEMs) that offer multiple electric vehicle models in the 2019 were collected from online databases like Emerald
Indian electric vehicle market. They are Ampere Vehicles, Insight, Google Scholar, Inderscience, ScienceDirect, Taylor
Ather Energy, Atul Auto, Bending India Energy And and Francis, etc., and systematically reviewed. Most existing
Technology, Best Way Agencies, Champion studies focus on one or more domains of factors affecting
Polyplast, Energy Electric Vehicles, Goenka Electric Motor sustainable growth of electric vehicles. Factors and the
Vehicles, Hero Electric Vehicles, Jitendra New EV Tech, corresponding variables mentioned in the papers were
Khalsa Agencies, Kinetic Green Energy & Power Solutions, consolidated to obtain an integrated framework of 7 factors
Li-ions Elektrik Solutions, Mahindra & Mahindra, Mahindra and 67 corresponding variables.
Electric Mobility, Okinawa Autotech, Revolt Intellicorp, The identified factors were technological, social, cultural,
Saera Electric Auto, Tata Motors, Thukral Electric economic, political, geographical, and environmental. The
Bikes, Tvs Motor, Victory Electric Vehicles and Y C factors were analyzed for its relevancy using the nominal
Electric Vehicles [4]. The average specifications of the grouping technique. The nominal grouping technique is a
different types of electric vehicles available in India are structured approach for group brainstorming that helps
shown in table 1. combine the importance rating of individuals into the final
weighted priorities of the group. A 3-member group of
Table 1. Specifications of various types of electric vehicles in India. experts was formed consisting of an academician, an
Specifications Scooters 3-wheeler 4-wheeler motorcycles industrialist, and a policymaker working for the Government
Top speed 45 40 80 60 of India. The members were experts in all or most of the 7
(km/hr)
Acceleration 0.65 0.65 1.4 0.65 domains of identified factors. All members rated the 67
(m/s2) variables on a scale of 1 to 9; 9 being the most important and
Range (km) 100 110 200 100 1 the least important. The ratings for the variables given by
Battery type Li-ion Li-ion Li-ion Li-ion
Battery 2.25 4.3 20 2.7
the experts were used to calculate the combined criteria
capacity weights of the group using the Shannon Entropy method.
(kWh) Based on the results of the Shannon Entropy method,
Energy 2.5 6.23 13.3 3.09 recommendations and suggestions are provided for the Indian
consumption
(kWh per 100 context. The methodology used in the paper is summarized in
km) figure 1.

1.3. Charging infrastructure

There are 2 methods for charging an electric vehicle: direct

charging and battery swapping. The direct charging is divided
into two categories: fast DC charging and slow AC charging.
The commonly used fast charging methods in India are
CHAdeMO charging, combined charging system (CCS), and
Bharat DC-001 charging [5]. The current major players in the
charging infrastructure market in India are Delta electronics,
Sun Mobility, ABB, Tata Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra,
ACME Group, Ather Energy, Cell propulsion, Exicom,
Panasonic, Semco Group, Fortum, Tritium, Ionex, Evteq
Mobility, and RRT Electro Power.

1.4. Government policies

The Government of India has offered INR 140 crore in

subsidies to buyers of electric vehicles. The government has
also imposed a hike on import tariffs to increase the
manufacturing of electric vehicles in India. As per the policy,
 Abhijeet K. Digalwar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 505–510 507
Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000 3

Fig. 1. Methodology Weights Weights

Technological 0.23902 Power 0.0150076
Top speed and
3. Shannon Entropy Method acceleration 0.0149814
Range 0.0150076
Shannon Entropy method is a technique used to find out Appearance 0.0148955
the weights of the various criteria in Multi-Criteria Decision Battery swapping
infrastructure 0.0150076
Making (MCDM) problems [6]. In this study, it is used to Fast charging
calculate the weights of the various factors of sustainable infrastructure 0.014989
manufacturing of electric vehicles. Factors with higher Charging time 0.0149902
Battery capacity 0.014989
weights are more critical and have to be initially dealt with to Battery life 0.0149902
make the most impact. The method of weight calculation is as Seating and luggage
follows: capacity 0.0150076
EV model variety 0.0147497
Assuming that there are m alternatives (A1, A2, …… Am) R&D 0.0149681
and n criteria (C1, C2, …… Cn) for a decision problem. Then Patents 0.0146054
the initial decision matrix is Reliability 0.0148638
Fuel economy 0.0149835
Comfort 0.0149835
Social 0.14853 Training 0.0149492
a11 a12  a1n  After sales services 0.0150076
Social appreciation 0.0148638
 
a21 a22  a2 n Status in society 0.014412
A =  = a
  
ij mn
Brand
Resistance to change
0.0146054
0.0149718
  
  Advertisements
Average daily driving
0.0150076
 am1 am 2  amn  distance 0.0149902
Awareness 0.014824
Career 0.0148955
where its elements aij denotes ith alternative of jth criterion. Cultural 0.07475 Age 0.0150076
The ratings given by the experts are the different alternatives Occupation 0.0149835
for a given variable. Hence in the given problem, the initial Education 0.014989
Family Income 0.0149441
decision matrix will be a 3x67 matrix representing the 3 Region of residence 0.014824
alternatives provided by the decision makers for the 67 Economic 0.16432 Fuel price 0.0150076
variables. Electricity price 0.0149902
Purchase cost 0.0150076
Operating cost 0.0149814
Step 1: Normalize the decision matrix. Maintenance cost 0.0149441
Battery cost 0.0149159
a ij Replacement cost 0.0149492
rij = m
, i = 1, 2, ..., m (1) Industrial production
index 0.0147092
a
i =1
ij GDP per capita
Resale value
0.0150076
0.0148638
Competitors 0.0149413
Political 0.11923 Government subsidy 0.0149902
Step 2: Compute entropy. Tax exemption 0.0150076
Electricity cost subsidy 0.0150076
Free public charging 0.0150076
m
Fossil fuel taxes 0.0148638
e j = − K  rij ln r ij , j = 1, 2, ..., n (2) Climate policy 0.0149814
i =1 Reserved parking spots 0.0150076
where K=1/ln m Vehicle insurance 0.0143631
Geographical 0.04491 Fossil fuel availability 0.0149835
Renewable electricity 0.014989
Step 3: The weights of each criterion are calculated. Raw material availability 0.0149413
Environmental 0.20924 GHG emission 0.0150076
Noise 0.0150076
1− ej Environmental
wj = n
, j = 1, 2, ..., n (3) responsibility 0.014989
 (1 − e j )
i =1
Air quality 0.0149835
Battery recycling 0.0149718
Global warming 0.0150076
4. Results Terrestrial acidification 0.0149413
Particulate matter
formation 0.0150076
The steps mentioned in the Shannon Entropy method were Photochemical oxidation
followed and the following results were obtained, as shown in formation 0.0150076
Human toxicity potential 0.0149681
table 2: Freshwater eco‐toxicity
potential 0.0148736
Table 2. Category and criteria weights for the factors Terrestrial eco‐toxicity
potential 0.0148736
Factor Type Category Criteria
 508 Abhijeet K. Digalwar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 505–510
4 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

Freshwater
eutrophication potential 0.0148955
Metal resource depletion 0.0147092

From table 2, among the seven factors that affect the

sustainable manufacturing of electric vehicles, technological
factors are the most critical. Environmental and economic
factors come second and third respectively and hence require
almost equal attention. The relative importance of the factors
can be seen from figure 2 below:

Figure 3. Radar chart showing weights of criteria under technological factor

4.2. Social

Without after-sales services, the electric vehicle industry

Figure 2. Bar chart showing category weights of the factors
As observed in table 2, the difference in criteria weights
among variables is very small. This is due to the
normalization of the criteria weights of variables, i.e., sum of
criteria weights of the 67 variables adds up to 1. Shannon
Entropy method, or any other method for finding relative
weights in general, is intended for limited number of
variables. In such cases where the number of variables is
relatively high, radar charts are used to get a clearer
understanding of the relative importance of all the variables.
cannot sustain. Proper training has to be provided to the users
to gain familiarity in the usage and maintenance of the electric
vehicles. The social status associated with owning an electric
vehicle and the brand of the vehicle plays a crucial role in the
faster adoption of electric vehicles in the Indian society. There
will be resistance to change, but that could be overcome with
awareness programs and advertisements [10][11]. Figure 4
shows the radar chart with weights of criteria under social
factor.

Category weights of the 7 factors gives the comprehensive

view of sustainable manufacturing of electric vehicles; and
the criteria weights of the 67 variables gives the focused view
of each factors. Readers can refer to the bar graph showing
the category weights (figure 2) and navigate to the radar
charts to get the best understanding of the factors affecting
sustainable manufacturing of electric vehicles in the Indian
context.

4.1. Technological Figure 4. Radar chart showing weights of criteria under social factor

16 technological factors were identified, of which range, 4.3. Cultural

power, seating and luggage capacity, and battery swapping
technology were the most relevant [7][8]. The current range
provided by the Indian electric vehicle variants has to double
to at least 200 kilometres per charge to satisfy the Indian
customers. The other factors that affect the customer’s
purchase intention are battery life, charging time, fuel
economy, and comfort. Top speed and acceleration,
appearance, fast charging infrastructure, battery capacity, EV
model variety, reliability. R&D and patents are also important
factors to be considered while entering the EV market [9].
Figure 3 shows the radar chart with weights of criteria under
technological factor.
Young adults are more inclined towards the faster adoption
of electric vehicles. Similarly, customers with educational
backgrounds respond positively to electric mobility. Region
of residence does not affect the adoption of EVs much. The
occupation and the family income of the customer also need
to be considered while planning for electric vehicle demand
[12]. Figure 5 shows the radar chart with weights of criteria
under cultural factor.
 Abhijeet K. Digalwar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 505–510
Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
Figure 5. Radar chart showing weights of criteria under cultural factor
4.4. Economic
Customers are reluctant to buy electric vehicles because
the current purchase cost of an electric vehicle is higher than
that of an internal combustion engine vehicle. The high
purchase cost is attributed to the high cost of the battery. But
if we consider the cost incurred during the lifetime, an electric
vehicle is cheaper. This can be attributed to the low
maintenance and operating cost of EV during its lifetime.
Moreover, continuous improvements in battery technology
will lead to reduced battery costs and eventually, the lower
purchase cost of electric vehicles. Moreover, when more
companies enter the market space, the competitiveness will
result in innovation [13]. Figure 6 shows the radar chart with
weights of criteria under economic factor.
Figure 6. Radar chart showing weights of criteria under economic factor
4.5. Political
Government policies make or break the sustainable
manufacturing of a nation. The Government of India has put a
lot of effort into framing policies that ensure the ease of
adoption of electric vehicles in the Indian market, including
subsidies and tax exemptions for electric vehicles. Some state
governments have also announced a reduced electricity tariff
for EV charging. Further promotions in terms of reserved
parking spots and the introduction of vehicle insurances can
speed up the adoption rate of electric vehicles [14]. Figure 7
shows the radar chart with weights of criteria under political
factor.
509
5
Figure 7. Radar chart showing weights of criteria under political factor
4.6. Geographical
The scarcity of fossil fuels and the availability of raw
materials for a battery like Lithium ore speeds up the adoption
rate of electric vehicles [15]. It can support the sustainable
manufacturing of electric vehicles. India should keep on
improving its renewable electricity share to keep up with the
electricity demand caused by electric vehicles. Figure 8 shows
the radar chart with weights of criteria under geographical
factor.
Figure 8. Radar chart showing weights of criteria under geographical factor
4.7. Environmental
The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve
air quality has forced nations to take actions towards
sustainability. Thus, environmental factors critically affect the
promotion of cleaner technology such as electric mobility.
The environmental impact caused by the internal combustion
engine vehicles is fatal [16][17]. Figure 9 shows the radar
chart with weights of criteria under environmental factor.
510 Abhijeet K. Digalwar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 505–510
6 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
Figure 9. Radar chart showing weights of criteria under environmental factor
5. Conclusion
Factors affecting the sustainable manufacturing of electric
vehicles were identified. The 67 variables identified were
categorized into 7 factors. The relevance of these factors was
analyzed by the nominal grouping technique. The 3-member
group consisted of an academician, an industrialist, and a
policymaker from the Government of India. Based on the
input from the group, the criteria weights of the factors were
calculated using the Shannon Entropy method.
Results showed that the most important among the 7
factors was the technological factor. It was further inferred
that range, power, seating and luggage capacity, and battery
swapping technology were the most relevant criteria within
the technological domain.
Technological factor was followed by the environmental
factor, within which, greenhouse gas emissions, noise, and
global warming were the most critical criteria to be
considered. Fuel price and purchase cost of the economic
factor were also found to have comparatively higher relevance
than other factors. Geographic and cultural factors were the
least relevant factors affecting sustainable manufacturing of
electric vehicles in India, and hence does not require
immediate attention.
The suggestions and recommendations proposed based on
the results from the study will be helpful for further policy
making process. The criteria weights obtained from the
Shannon Entropy method can be used in integrated multi-
criteria decision-making approach to evaluate n number of
alternatives to make hybrid and electric vehicles more
acceptable.
Acknowledgement
This work is the part of our funding project Empirical
Investigation and Analysis of Factors for Sustainable Growth
of Electric Vehicles Manufacturing in India, received from
IMPRESS-ICSSR New Delhi, India. We acknowledge the
ICSSR for the support.
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