F

erro magnet
ic
Core Des
ign
& Applica
tion
Handbook

M
. F"
Doug" DeMaw
•
FERR O MAGNETIC-CORE DESIGN
AN D APPLICAT
I ON HAN DBOOK
i
F
ERRO MAGNET
IC-CORE

DES
IGN

AN D APPL
ICAT
I ON

HAN DBOOK

M
.F. "Doug" De Maw
Membe
r, I
EEE
, G
radua
te E
ngineer

P
ren
tice
-Ha
ll
, I
nc
.,E
nglewood C
l
iff
s, NewJersey 0
7632
L
ibrary o
fC ong
res
s C
ata
log
ing i
nPub
lica
tion D
ata
DEMAW . DO
UG
F
er
romagne
tic
-co
red
es
ign a
nd a
ppl
ica
tion
h
andbook.
B
ib
liog
raphy p.
I
n
cludes i
n
dex
.
I
.Magne
tic c
ore
s. 2
. Magn
etic d
ev
ice
s.
I
.Tit
le.
TK 7
1
372
.11
1251245 6
2
1.34 8
0
.16
136
I
SBN 0-13-3
140 85
-I

E
dito
rial
, p
roduc
tion s
uperv
ision and i
n
ter
ior d
es
ign
: N
ancy Moskow
itz
Manufac
tur
ing buye
r: J
oyce Leva
tino

1
9
81 b
y P
ren
tice
-Ilan
, I
n
c., E
nglewood C
l
iff
s. N
.J
. 0
7632

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l
l ri
ghts reserved. No p
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fth
is b
ook
m
ay be r
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ermiss
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nwri
ting
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r
om the pub l
ishe r
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P
r
inted i
nth
e U
nited S
ta
tes o
f Ame
rica

1
0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

PRENTice•HAti I NTERNATIONA L I NC.

. Lai
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ICE
- HALLOF AUSTRAL
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ITED. W e
llington,N ew Zealand
CONTENTS

PREFACE i
x

CHAPTER 1 THE BAS

ICS OF MAGNET
IC MATER
IALS /
1
.
1 C
lass
ify
ing Magne
tic Ma
ter
ials 1
1
.2 P
hys
ica
l a
nd E
l
ect
rica
l T
ra
its 2
1
.
2.1 P
owd e
red i
r
ons 5
1
.
2.2 F
err
ites 6
1
.3 C
alcu
lat
ing t
he C
oi
l T
urns 9
1
.
3.1 D
etermin
ing i
nduc
tance ¡
-
¡
.
3.2 C
ircu
it Q 12
1
.4 P
owe
r C
apab
il
ity 1
4
1
.
4.1 F
lux densi
ty ve
rsus ue 15
1
.
4.2 S
amp le ca
lcu
lation 18
1
.
4.3 Var
iations i
nthe e
quat
ions 2
1
1
.5 V
olt—Ampe
re R
atings 2
2
1
.
5.1 Asamp
le K2 c
ores
e
lec
tion 2
3
1
.
5.2 P
ower r
at
ing 30
1
.6 I
nduc
tance v
ersus AC/DC E
xci
tat
ion 3
0
1
.
6.1 Emp loyment o
fthe H
anna cu
rve 3
1
1
.
6.2 Construc
ting a H
anna c
urv
e 3 3
1
.
6.3 Actualairgap 3 6

CHAPTER 2 APPL
ICAT
ION OF RODS
. BARS
, AND S
LUGS 3
9
2
.1 R
ods a
nd B
ars 3
9
2
.
1.1 C
haracter
ist
ics ofrods a
nd bar
s 40
2
.
1.2 Qand L ver
sus co
ilplacement 42
2
.
1.3 F
requency ve
rsu
s core mate
rial 4
8
v
i C
on
ten
ts

2
.
2 R
ods and B ars asA ntennas 4
9
2
.2
.1 L oop p at
tern s ymme try 5 2
2
.2
.2 N oise immun ity 5 3
2
.
3 P
r
actica
l L oop Circuits 5
4
2
.3
.1 L oop-to-m ixe r ci
rcu i
ts 5 6
2
.3
.2 L oop t o RF a mpl
ifier 5 7
1
.3
.3 L oop w i
th s ense antenna 5 9
2
.3
.4 L oop v ar
iation s 6 1
2
.
4 R
od—Co r
e T ransforme rs 6
2
2
.
5 S
l
ug A pp
lications 6 3
2
.5
.1 P erf ormance c onsiderat
ions 6 5
2
.5
.2 P rac tical cir
cu its 6 8
2
.
6 R
F Chokes 7
3
2
.6
.1 C hoke a pplications 7 3

C
HAPTER 3 A
PPLY
ING T ORO IDAL C ORES 7
9
3
.
1 L
ow -Leve
l C i
rcu i
t s 7
9
3
.1.1 RF a mplifiers 8 0
3
.1.2 C apac itive-divid erm a
tch ing 8 3
3
.1.3 I n
te rstage c oup l
ing 8 5
3
.1.4 T oroid si nf i
lters 8 7
3
.1.5 T oroid s i ninstrumen ts 9 3
3
.1.6 O the rl ow -le
v el applications 9 6
3
.
2 B
roadband T rans forme rs 9
9
3
.2.1 B if
ilar-wound t ransforme rs 1 00
3
.2.2 Q uad r
ifi
lar t ransf orme rs 1 0
1
3
.2.3 B roadband c onven tionalt r
ansforme
rs 1
02
3
.2.4 V ariab le i mped ance m a
tch ing 1 09
3
.
3 A ntenna L oading 12
3
.4 Toroida
l Di s
tributed C apacitance 13
3
.
5 P
owe r Supplies 14
3
.5.1 U sing p owe rF ETsa ss witches 16
3
.
6 C ore D op
ing 17
3
.6.1 S imp le d oping m e
thod s 18
3
.6.2 P otting t echnique 1 20

C
HAPTER 4 B
EADS
, S
LEEVES
, AND P
OT C
ORES 1
23
4
.
1 P
r
oper
ties ofB eads 1
24
4
.
1.1 S hie
ld-bead attenuat
ion 1 26
4
.
1.2 P ract
icala ppl
icationsforb eads 130
4
.
1.3 B eadsa sQk i
llers 1 33
4
.
1.4 B eadsf or d
ecoup l
ing 1 35
4
.
1.5 R educing inc
id en
talr ad
iat
ion 1 36
4
.
2 F
e
rr
ite Sl
eeves 1
37
4
.
3 F
e
rr
ite Ba
lun C ores 1
41
 C
onten
ts v
i
i

4
.4 P
ot C
ores 1
43
4
.4
.1 P
ot-core h
ardware 1 44
4
.4
.2 D
esign con
sidera t
ions 1 46
4
.4
.3 P
ot-core d
esigns 1 53
4
.4
.4 T
one encoder with po
t c
ore 1
54
4
.4
.5 P
ot core
s infi
lters 1 57

CHAPTER 5 P
ER MANENT
- MAGNET DATA 1
59
5
.
1 T
he N
ature o
f P
ermanen
t- Magne
t Ma
ter
ials 1
59
5
.2 E
lemen
tary P
ermanen
t-Magne
t R
ela
tionsh
ips 1
65
5
.2
.1 The B—H c urve 1 65
5
.2
.2 Recoill o
ops 1 66
5
.
2.3 Work ing po
int of amagnet (
s
tatic
a
pplications
) 1 67
5
.2
.4 The magne t
ic ci
rcuit 167
5
.2
.5 The permanent m agne
t inan e
xterna
l
f
i
eld 1 69

5
.3 Magne
tizat
ion 1
70
53
.1 Cond
itions f
or comple
te s
a
turat
ion 1
71
5
.3
.2 Magnetizing e
quipment 172
5
.4 D
emagne
tiza
tion 1
76
5
.4
.1 D
emagne
tiza
tion t
e
chn
ique
s 1
76
5
.5 S
tab
il
ity a
nd S
tab
il
izat
ion 1
77
5
.5
.1 Me ta
llurgical c
hanges 1 78
5
.5
.2 T
ime 1 78
5
.5
.3 Tempera ture 1 78
5
.5
.4 Reluctance changes 1 80
5
.5
.5 Adverse fie
lds 1 80
5
.5
.6 Shock, stress
s. a
nd vi
brat
ion 1
80
5
.6 Measu
remen
ts a
nd C
al
ibra
tion 1
80
5
.7 H
and
ling o
f P
ermanen
t Magne
ts 1
81
5
.7
.1 U
nmagne
tized m
agne
ts 1
82
5
.8 G
lossary o
fTe
rms 1
82

APPEND
IX A REFERENCES 1
89
APPEND
IX B M
ISCELLANEOUS DATA 1
95
APPEND
IX C POT
-CORE AND BOBB
IN DATA 207
APPEND
IX D CYL
INDR
ICAL
-CORE AND CO
IL DATA 2
15
APPEND
IX E TORRO
ID-CORE DATA 229
I
NDEX 251
s
.
-
,
PREFACE

The w ork w ithin t hese c hap ter si sded icated e xp re s

sly t oe nginee rs,t echn i-
c
ians, and c ol
lege s tuden t s who a re pre sen tly o r s oon t ob ei n
vo lved p rof es-
s
ionally w ith e lectron ics. N early a l mode rn c i
rcu its c on ta in m agne t
ic-core
d
evice so fo ne ki nd o ra no the r
.I ti sn o
ts uf ic
ien tt ot hec au se ofg ood e nginee r-
i
ngp ractice st ou sei nduc to r sand t r
ansforme rsw ith m agne tic core sin ac asua l
manne r.T he f unctiona lp arame te rso ft o roid s
, r od s, a nd p otc o
re sa rea si m-
p
o r
tan ti n ac ompo site c ircui tasa rct heo pera ting c harac teristicso fthea ctive
d
evice sb e
ing u sed.T here fo re,m ore t han ab as
ic u nde rstand ing o fferr
itesa nd
p
owde red -iron c omponen ts ise ssen t
ial t oday d uring r outine d esign w ork .
Among t h
ep rima ry c onside ra t
ions w hen d ealing w ith f e
rromagne ticsa re
p
rope rc o re selection v ersus o pe ra t
ing f requency , c i
rcu it Q , p owe r
-hand l
ing
c
apab il
ity,a nd p hy sica lm ass.T he w rong c o re ma te r
ial ,o r am isapp lied c o re
material
,c an rende ru nu sab le ano therw ise p e r
f ectc ircu it.
Emphas is h as b een p laced o n t he p rac t
ica l a spe cts o f m agne tic c o re
materialsf rom l ow f requenc iest hrough UHF .T he RF e ng inee ro rt echnician
w
ill fi
nd t h
is v olume i nvaluab le i nh i
s o r he r daily e fo rt s
. T he s t
uden t w ill
v
alue thisp ublica tion a sa n impo rtan tt e xtbook ,a nd l ate ra s as tanda rd r e
f er-
e
nce f o
rw h
ich n othing s im ilare xis t
s.T ed ious m athema tica lp rocedure sh ave
b
een o mi
t ted i na n e ffort t om ake c omprehen sion mo re r apid a nd e njoyab le.
E
qua tion sh ave b een u sed o nly w he re they a r en ece s sary t oi lustrate ac oncep t
o
r t oprov ide ad esign e xamp le .
T
he c hap tersi nclude b asic theo ry a nd p ractica lc i
rcu ite xamp lesi nw hich
t
oroids,r od s,s lug s
,a nd p otc ore sa reu sed .A llo ft hec ircu itsa rep roven o ne s,
b
ased o nl abora to ry r esea rch a nd d evelopmen tb yt hea utho r
.T he b ook c on -
t
a
in s m yriad e xamp le so fn arrow -band a nd b roadband t rans forme rsa nd i n
-
d
uc tors. F erri
te l o op a ntenna s, s lug-tuned i nduc tor s
, RF c hoke s,a nd f e
rri te

I
x
P
re
face

b
ead s are d iscus sed i nd ep th, a l
so. Magne tic-core d evices are h ighligh ted in
f
i
l
ters,s wi
tch ing t ype sofp owe rs upp l
ie s,a nd i mpedance -ma tching n e
two rks
.
There a ref i
ve a ppend ices,w hich c ontain c ompr ehensive d esign d ata ,li
st
s
o
fc o re m anuf acture r
s, ar athe r le
ng thy b ibl
iog raphy , design n omog raphs,
c
onve r
sion t able s, a nd n ume rou s p age s o f c omponen t n umbe rs a nd
c
harac teristic s from av ariety o fl e
ad ing m anufacture rs.
No c redib le t echnical a utho r can t ake c redit for a l o f the d es
ign a p
-
p
roache so rc i
rcu itsh eo rs he comm itst o at ex
t.A lmo stwithou te xception t he
a
utho r tr
ead s u nknow ing ly o n the p ast w o rk ofs omeone e l
se, h oweve r un
-
i
n
ten tiona l. Un cred ited s imilarity between a ny portion o ft h
isw o rk and t ha
t
o
f othe rs i su nin tentiona l a nd w ithou t p r
io r know ledge o n b ehalf o f the
a
utho r
. C red its h ave b een i ncluded w hereve r applicab le.
The a utho r a cknow ledge s t he grac iou s g oodw il
l a nd a ssistance o f the
many m anuf actu rerso fm agne tic coresd i
scus sed int h
is v o
lume .T he plethora
o
fa pp l
ication n otesa nd r e
lated r eference d ata w hich t hey s
or e
ad i
ly f urnished
u
pon r eque st c on tr
ibu ted v a s
tly tot he re
la tive comp letenes s oft h eb ook. A
s
t
rong v ote o fa ppreciation g oes to D avid B oel
io o fP r
en t
ice-Ha ll, In c
. H e
ofe
red mo re e ncouragemen t and a ss
is tance t han t h
is w r
iterh ase vere xperi
-
e
nced b efo re. F ina l
ly,t hea u
tho rwishe st oe xpressh isp rofound a pprecia t
ion
t
oJ ean , his w ife, f or he
re ncouragemen t and u nde rstanding w hile t he book
w
a s b e
ing w ritten .

M
.F.
"Doug - D
eMa
bv
F
ERR O MAGNET
IC-CORE DES
IGN
AND APPL
ICAT
ION HAN DBOOK
1
THE BAS
ICS
OF MAGNET
IC MATER
IALS

I
n t h
i s c hapter w e d iscuss t he fundamen tal c oncep ts o f m agne tic
materials a nd t he
ir s i
gnificant c ha racter
i s
tics a nd p resen t ag eneralized
t
reatmen to ft he
ir applications ine l
ectronics forc ommun ica tion se nginee rs
a
nd t echn ician s. The s t
uden t wil
l f i
nd thi
s c hapter av aluab le b ase for t he
t
utorial a nd practical informa t
ion t hat iscontained i ns ubsequen t sect
ion s
o
f this v olume .
One m ighta sk: How d o m agne tic m a
te r
ials fi
ti nto th eb road p i
cture o f
c
ommun ication se l
ectronics? T he a nswe rissimple:T here are few a cci
rcu its
t
hat d o n ot ins ome manne r require t h
e use o firon, p owde red i ron, or f e
r-
r
i
t e
s. T he more c ommon a pplication s inc
lude p owe r-supp ly t ransforme rs,
a
udio t ran sforme rs, ac and R F fi
lte r in
ducto rs
, broadband R F t r
an sforme rs,
n
a r
row -band R F transfo rme r
s, a nd d amp ing netwo rk s.
Th
is b ook t reats magne tic m ate r
ials that ar
e u sed a s c ore ma ter
ial f or
t
hev ariou st ypeso fe l
ectronic componen tsj ustm entioned . A magne t
ic c ore
i
s ac onf igu ration of magne t
ic m a teria
l (rod, toroida l, p o
t c ore, a nd othe r
p
hy s
ica l f orm s), which, i nits in
tended a pplicat
ion , h as as pecific phy sical
r
e
lation sh ip t o curr
en t
-ca r
rying c onduc tors and w ho se m agne t
ic c haracte r
is-
t
i
c s are e ssential toi t
s use.

1
.
1 C
lass
ify
ing Magne
tic Mate
ria
ls

T
he mo s
t s i
gnif
ican t e
ffect resu
lting f r
om t h
e i n
sertion of fer
rous-core
ma
ter
ial in
to an air
-core inductor
, oro ne tha
t hasb een w ound on adie
lec-
t
r
ic f
orm, is ama rked in
crea se i
ni nductance
. T he co
re substance u
sed for
i
nc
reas
ing t h
e inductance of ag i
ven c o
il might be cl
assif
ied as "ha
rd" o r

1
2 T
he B
asi
cso
fMagne
ticM
ate
ria
ls C
hap
. 1

"
sof t" magne t
ic m ater
ial. T he se te
rm s do no t refe
rt othe p hysical p rope r-
t
i
eso fthec o
re sub stance. R athe r, t
hey relate tot hee l
ectricalc hara cte r
istics
o
ft hec hosen m aterial. Mo re s pecif
ical
ly, h ard c ompound s h ave t h
e a bility
t
o r e
tain the
ir m agne t
ism a fter am agne t
izing f o
rce h as b een a pp lied t o
t
hem .O ne a
pplication f o
rh ard-co re materiali sfound i nt hem agne t
so f PM
l
oud speakers
. T he s oft m ate r
ia l
s, conve rsely, l o
se t he
ir m agne tism i m-
m
ed iately upon r emova l of t h e magnetizing f orce. T ypical u ses f o r soft
t
ypeso fc ore
sa rei nr adio-frequency a nd audio -frequency t ran sforme rsa nd
r
eactors. T h
is b ook i sc ente red o n s oft
-co re ma ter
ials. U nde r n o c i
r-
c
um stances should t he reader a ssume t hat the softs ubstance sd iscus sed a re
l
a
ck ing i nhardne ss to the phy sical touch: as oft m agnet
ic m aterial c an b e
e
x
t reme ly br
itt
le a nd d urable, b u
t soft int e
rm s ofi t
s el
ectrical p rope rties.

1
.
2 P
hys
ica
l a
nd E
lec
trica
l T
raits

T
he m ost c
ommon p hysical fo
rma ts for m agne t
ic-co re m a
terials are r ods;
f
l
at b ars; to
roids; I-E a nd U c ore
s; a nd cup o r p o
t c ores. Figu re 1 -1 il
-
l
u
strate s s
ome o f t
h e shape s u
nde r di
scu s
sion. T he p hysical form u sed b y
t
hed esigneri sd
ictated largely by t
he powe rl evelo ft hec i
rcuit i
nw hich t he
c
ore will b
e used, t
h e phy s
ical d
imen sions oft hea ssemb led t r
an sforme ro r
i
nducto r
, and the fabr
ica t
ion time required w hen u s
ing o ne st
yle o fc ore as
o
ppo sed to another type: S ome c o
res l e
nd th em selves mo re readily t o the
f
as
t p roduction of af i
nished componen t than i sp oss
ib le with o ther c ore
f
orma ts. Genera
lly, m agnetic c
ore assemb l
ie st ha
t u se i n
sulating b obb inst o
c
ontain thec o
ilort ransfo rmerw indings arep referred f o
rh igh-vo lume p ro-
d
uction . Pot co
res, Uc o
res, and I-E c ores f i
t the f oregoing d escrip t
ion .
A
lthough t oroidal and s o
lenoidal m agnetic co res can b e w ound w ith c on-

Agur. 1
-1 V
arious t
ypes o
f m
agne
tic
-co
re ma
ter
ials
.
S
ec
. 1
-
2 P
hys
ica
land E
l
ect
ric
alT
r
ait
s 3

s
iderab le r apidity b y m ean s o f m achine s, t he p roce ss i ss omewha t mo re
c
omp lica ted t han w hen d ealing w ith p l astic b obb in s d uring m ass p roduc -
t
i
on .
The v ar
iou s m agne tic co res a re a va ilab le i n av ariety o fs izes a nd c om -
p
ound m ixe s. L am inated c ores a r e f a
sh ioned f rom v ariou s g rade s o fs teel
a
nd c an b e o btained i n asso rted w id th s a nd t hickne sses. E xtreme ly l ong ,
n
a r
row , t hin s tr
ip s of s teel a re w ound c ircu larly a nd u sed i n t ape -wound
t
oroid c ores. Ins uch a ne xamp le t h ec o re i sc onta ined i n ap lastic h ou sing t o
p
rovide i n
su lation b etween t he c oil w ind ing a nd t hec ore. T he h ousing a l
so
k
eep s t he t ape c ore fr om u nw ind ing w hile p ro tec t
ing i tf rom mo is
tu re a nd
c
hem ica ld amage . T he s t
eel t ape i s" gra in-o rien ted ." T hi
s m ean st ha tw hen
t
he s t
ee l t ape i sm anufac tu red, t h e r o
l ling p roce ss i sc arried o u
t t o e nsure
t
hat t he i ndividua l gra ins o f sil
icon s teel ( crysta ls) a r e al
igned i nt he d i
rec -
t
i
on o fr ol
ling . T he a dvan tage o f p roduc ing ag rain -o rien ted s teel lam ina -
t
i
on i st ha t magne tization i s much e a
s ie r t o realize i nt h e d i
rec tion o f t he
g
rain o rien ta t
ion . T he refore , max imum p e rmeab ility o ft h ec ore w il
lo ccu r
when t he r e
lated magne tic f ield i s p ara l
lel t o t he g rain o rien tation .
P
e rmeab ility i ss hown s ymbo lica l ly b y t h e G reek l et
te r ( .
1( mu ) o r
, mo re
s
pecifica lly, B=p H o r1 .
1= ( .
/d
./ 0.I ti s am easu re o fh ow much s upe rio r a
s
pecified ma terial i sthan a ir a s ap ath f o
r m agne tic l i
ne s o f f orce. A i r
, t he
r
eference , h as a( .
1o f 1.P e
rmeab ility i se qua l t ot h e magne tic i nduc t
ion ( B)
i
ng au ss , di v
ided b y t he magn etizing f o rce ( H
) i no ersted s.
Tape -wound c ores othe rt h an t ho se w hich t ake t oro ida l form a reu sed i n
avarie ty o f mode rn c ircuits. F igu re 1 - 2 s how s th et o roida l a nd r ectangu la r
f
orm s u nde r d i
scu ssion . I n each c ase al ength o f s teel t ape i sw ound c on -
t
i
nuou s ly u nt
il t he c ore h a s s uf ficien t c ross -
sec tiona l a r ea t o h and le t he
amoun t o f p owe r r e quired . C ore s o f t h
i s v arie ty h ave e xt reme ly h igh
p
ermeab ility f actors. Mo st t oro ida l ta pe -wound c ore s have at hin l ayer o f
p
aste-type i n
sula t
ing m ateria l b etween t he l am ina tion s
. T he r ectangu la r
c
ores a r et reated w ith a n i n
su lating v a
rn ish b etween l ayers. T hist ype o fi n
-
s
ulating p roce ss i sn ece ssary t o p reven t t he f orma t
ion o f t ran sve rse e ddy
c
urren t s. When v arni sh i se mployed i ta l
so make s t h e lam ina ted t ape c ore
v
ery r igid a nd stable. T he v alue o f this c an b e s een b ye xam in ing F i g
. 1 -3.

S
tee
l S
tee
l
t
ape t
ape

(
a
) (
b
)

F
igu
re 1
-2 C
i
rcu
lar a
nd r
ec
tangu
lar c
ores wound w
ith s
tee
l t
ape
. T
he t
ype
s
een i
n(a
) i
sto
roida
l, w
ith t
he c
ore i
n(b
) s
hown b
efo
re i
tisc
ut i
nha
lft
ofo
rm
t
wo C c
ores
.
 S
tee
l pres
sure
b
and

(
a
) (
b
)
F
igu
re 1
-3 T
ape
-wound s
tee
lco
re a
f
terb
e
ing c
ut(
a
)and w
ith t
he b
obb
in i
npl
ace (
b
).
As
t
eel b
and h
o
lds t
he c
ore h
a
lves t
i
ght
ly t
oge
the
r, a
s s
een i
n(b
).

Par t (a) show s the e vo lution o f at ape-wound c o

re o ft he type s een i nF i
g.
1
-2g . I n Fig . 1-3a t he v arnished a nd b aked c ore i sc uti nh a
lf t of orm ap a
ir
o
f g ra in-o riented U o r Cc ore s, a s they a re common ly cal
led . Fi gu re 1 -3b
s
how s the f inal assemb ly f orm o f the i nductor a nd c ore. O ne l eg o f e ach
c
o re h a
lf i sinserted i nt he insu lating b obbin o nw hich t hewire w ind ing h as
b
een f ormed . As teelb and i sd rawn v ery t i
ght around t hep a
ir o f Uc orest o
main ta in am in imum g ap w he re t he e
nd s oft heh a
lv es are b utted t oge the r
;
t
hen t he b and i sl ocked i n p o s
ition . In s ome i n
stance s am etal moun ting
p
la te i saffixed t ot hei nduc to ro rt ransfo rme ra ssemb ly a tthet ime t h el ock-
i
ngb and i sa dded : T he b and n oto nly h olds thec ore h alvest oge thert ightly,
b
u t s ecure s the moun t
ing p late t ot hec ore m aterial. T he manufa ctu rer may
e
lec t t oe ncap sulate t he c omp leted u n
it i ne poxy c ompound , i nw hich c ase
p
rov i sion i s made f or e xterna l c onnec tion t o the i nduc tor o r t ransfo rme r
l
ead s b y m ean s o f t e
rm inal s s et i n
to t he p o
t t
ing c ompound . S im ila r
ly,
moun ting s c
rew so r n uts can b ee mbedded i nt hep ott
ing m ate rialt op e rmit
a
tta ch ing t hec omp leted a s
semb ly t oth ec hassiso ft hee quipmen ti nw hich i t
w
ill b e used .
The e xamp le inF ig . I -3b c an b e extended t ot ransfo rme r u se a sw e
ll as
t
o i nduc to rs. I n s ome i nstance s t wo b obb ins a re u sed t o c on tain t he
t
ran sfo rme r wind ing s —a b obb in o n ea ch side o ft h
e p air of Uc ore s. T h
is
g
ene ral c oncep t c an b e e xtended f a
rthe r by u t
ilizing t wo rectangu la r c ores
s
ide b ys i
de , with as ingle b obb in s hared b yt hec o
re l egs, which a rea djacen t
t
oo ne a no the r.T hi se ffec t
ive ly i ncrease st hec ross-se ct
iona la rea o ft hec ore
ma terial f org reate r p owe r
-hand ling c apab i
lity. T ape -wound c oresa reu sed
p
rima ri
ly i np owe r-supp ly tr an sforme r s and r eacto rs f or60-o r4 00-Hz s er
-
v
ice . T hey a re u sed a lso i nd c-to-dc c onve r
te r
s a nd a udio circu its. A no ther
a
pp l
ica tion i si n magne tic a mp l
ifie r
s, w herein t he c ircuit p erformance i s
b
a sed o n t he s a
turab le -reac to r c oncep t.

4
 1
.
2.1 P
owde
red I
r
ons

We have e
s
tabl
ished t
hat t
he v
arious p
hys
ica
l shape
s o f magne
tic
-core
ma
teria
ls can b
e app
lied t
o powde
red -
iron a
nd fe
rri
te core
s as we
ll as t
o
t
hose wh ich a re f ashioned f rom s teel. T he c hoice b etween f er
r ite a nd
p
owde red i ron w hen d esigning ac i
rcu i
t i sf ounded p rima ri
ly o n two b as
ic
c
onsideration s
: ( 1
) P owde red -
iron c ore s d o n ot s aturate e asi
ly. S atura tion
c
an bed efined a s Bs,w hich i sthe max imum v alue o fi nduc t
ion a t as pecified
h
igh value off i
eld s t
reng th. T his isthe p ointa tw hich f urtheri ncrea se ini n-
t
r
insic magne t
iza t
ion w i
th a n i ncrease i nf i
eld s t
reng th i sm inima l. ( 2
) F er
-
r
i
te cores satura te easily, thereby mak ing t hem mo re suitable f o
r use i nc ir
-
c
uit
s such a s dc-to-dc c onve rters, magne t
ic amp l
ifiers, a nd the like
. F erri
te
c
ores offer st
il
l a no the r advan tage : T he p e
rmeab ility o f agiven c ore c an b e
made much h igherw ith f e
r r
ite t han isp ossible w i
th p owde red i r
on . T he u p-
p
err ange oft hel a
tte ri sont he o rdero f9 0µ. W i th f e
rrite itisp ossible too b-
t
a
in y f ac
tor s as grea t as 5 000.
Inview o ft he forego ing , o ne migh ts urm i se tha t there isli
ttle advan tage
i
n us
ing p owde red i ron a t al
l . Why n ot use f errites f or al
l a pplication s i n
wh
ich magne tic-co re ma terial isr equired? B asically, t he designe r mu st e f
-
f
ec
t at rade-of f between h igh p e rmeab il
ity a nd c ore t empe ra ture s tabi
lity.
A
s ag eneralr ule, th eg reatert h e permeab ility o f ama te r
ial, the lesss table it
w
ill be athigher fr
equencies. The stabil
ity factor ofa n i
nducto r i
sofp ara-
moun t s
ignif
icance incri
tical ci
rcuits such as n ar
row -band f i
l
ters, na
r row -
b
and t uned t ran
sforme rs
, a nd o sci
llators
. Amb ient a nd RF- i
nduced
t
empe rature changes c
ause the permeab ili
ty to change , which insome c ases
c
an h ave a marked effect on st
ability. T he higher the permeabili
ty of t he
c
ore ma ter
ial, the more pronounced t he eff
ec t
. T herefore, t
he powde red-
i
ron core isoften the de
signer's pref e
rence i n RF circui
t s t
hat need to b e
r
e
la t
ively immune t o t
he effec
ts ofs a
turation a nd poo r s
tabi
lity
. Iron-co re
i
nduc
tors o
ffe
r high v
alue
s of Q(qual
ity f
a
ctor
) a
nd s
t
abi
lity o
ver aw
ide
r
ange o
f f
lux l
eve
ls a
nd tempera
ture
s.
P
owde red -
iron c ores are compo sed off inely d ef
ined a nd separated p a
r-
t
i
cles ofi r
on w h
ich a re in
sulated from o ne a no the r by means oft he b inder
c
ompound t hat isused ind eveloping ap articu lar r e
cipe, ca
lled am ix. T he
m
ix isp ressed into o ne ofthe various core forms ( rods, s
lugs, and t oroids)
a
nd b aked a t very h igh t empe ra
ture. T hi s t echnique e nsure s a n e ven
d
i
s t
ribu t
ion o f t h
e p owde r
, t h
ereby a id
ing t he r equiremen t of h aving a
r
e
latively con s
tan t effect
ive permeab il
ity. T he u seful frequency r ange o f a
m
ix v ersus the Q o f the inductor w ound on ac ore made f rom t hat m ix is
d
etermined b y t
he i r
on -part
icle makeup , the s ize, and the den s
ity. F or ex-
amp
le, ex
tremely f
i
ne p
art
icle
s w h
ich a
re d
is
tribu
ted t
hin
ly and un
iformly
w
ith
in the b
inder m
edium permi
t the p
roduc
tion ofc
ores t
hat a
re su
itab
le

5
6 T
he B
asi
cso
fMagne
ticM
ate
ria
ls C
hap
. 1

f
or u
se at VHF and highe
r. Table 1-
1 li
s
ts ap opular g
roup of powde red
-
i
r
on mixes w h
ich are manufactured by Micro- Me
tals Corp. and so
ld i n
s
mal
l quanti
ties by Amidon Associates o
f N o
rth Hollywood , Ca
lifornia
.
T
he li
s
ting isfor t
oro
id core
s of var
ious pe
rmeab il
ity f
ac
to r
s.

TABLE 1
-1 S
elec
ted p
owde
red
-iron m
ixes
.

T
emperature
C
olor P
erm c
ab i
tv. Stab
ili
ty
Ma
ter
ial Cade ppn/ C O
ptimum Q R
ange°

HA (41) G
reen 7
5 9
75 1k
Hz -100 kHz
HP (3) G
ray 3
5 3
70 5
0k Hz -500 kHz
GS6 (15) R
ed and wh
ite 2
5 1
90 1
00 kHz -2 Mhz
C (
1) B
lue 2
0 /
80 5
00 k Hz-5 MHz
E(2) R
ed 1
0 9
5 IMHz -30 MHz
SF (6
) Y
ellow 8 3
5 1
0 MHz -90 MHz
W (10) B
lack 6 1
50 60 MHz-150 MHz
1
RN -8 (12) G
reen and wh
ite 3 1
70h 1
00 MHz-200 MHz
P
II (0) T
an I NC e 1
50 MHz-300 MHz

'
Typica
lr a
nge r
a
therth
an op
timum Q ra
nge
.TypeI
An otre
commended f
o
rtu
ned c
i
rcu
its
:isb
e
sts
u
ited t
o
l
ow
-Q p ower t
r
ansf
ormers
, no
ise f
i
l
ter
s, a
nd p
u
lsec
i
rcu
its
.
hNot l
i
near
.
cNA. i
nf
ormat
ion no
t av
ailable
.
Cou
rte
sy Amide
.
', :
Omel
e
ttes.

1
.
2.2 F
err
ites

The t e
rm f errite can b e a ss
igned t o al arge n umbe ro fc e
ram ic m aterials
t
hat e xhib i
t f e
rromagne t
ic p rope r
ties. Af er romagne tic c ompound i so ne
t
hat h as the capab il
ity o fb eing m agne t
ized t o ah igh d egree.
As ist h
ec a
se w ith p owde r ed-iron c o
re ma ter
ials, ferr
ites arec ompounded
i
nv ariou s mixes t o ach ieve s pecific e l
ect r
ica l cha racterist
ics . Iron o xide is
c
omb ined i n the b inde r c ompound w ith s uch e lemen t o xides a s nickel,
mangane se, z inc, o r magne sium . T he e nd p roduc t is ah ard , b r
i t
tle
s
ub stance w ith as moo th s urface . T he salien t featu res of af e
rrite c ore are
r
e
la tive r uggedne s s
, h igh a vailab le µ f a
c to rs, and l ow e ddy -curr ent l o
sses.
As m en t
ioned d u r
ing t he discu ssion o f p owde red -
iron c o
re ma te r
ials ( s
ec.
1
.2.1 )
, t he
re i s at rade-of f i n u s
ing h igh -permeab il
ity f e
rri
te c ores —a
d
eg rada tion o fs tabil
i ty.
A ne xam ination o ft hec urve s given i nF ig . 1-4i ndicatest hat d espite the
v
ery h igh p ermeab i
lities attainab le w ith f errites, thet herma l stability isn ot
a
sp oo ra so ne migh t t h
ink . Itc an bes e
en , h oweve r, th a
ta st h
ep e rmeab ility
i
ncrea ses, th e stabili
ty d ec
line s. T he s ho rtcom ing c an b e m inim ized t o a
c
on siderab le deg ree b y ma in taining a f a
i r
ly c onstan t a mbien t tempe ra ture
a
round t hee quipmen t a rea w here th e ferr
i te-loaded c omponen t i sused. If
we c onsider t he p ort
ion o f t he c u
rve t ha t r epresent s the frequency r eg
ion
 3
00

T
ype 6
4
2
50

›
: 2
00
T
yne 6
2
erme

1
50
T
ype 6
1
l p

T
ype 6
5
ia

1
00
i
n
It

5
0 T
ype 6
3

I I I i I 1 1 I I
—
40 0 4
0 8
0 1
20 1
60 2
00 2
40 2
80 3
20
T
empe
ratu
re ('
C
)

F
igure 1
-4 Curves tha
t show t
he r
e
lat
ionsh
ip be
tween core t
empe
ratu
re a
nd i
n
tia
l
p
ermeab
il
ity
. S
tabi
lity i
sbes
t f
o
r co
res w
ith l
ow p
ermeab
il
ity
.

o
verw h
ich thecore w
i
llbeused (nar
row
), t
he magn
itude o
fthe t
empe
rature
v
ersus I s
h
ift i
sn o
t as d
ramat
ic.
P
erhaps t
he most si
gnif
icant p
roblem a
ttendant to the use of f
err
ite
c
ore
s issa
turat
ion. Th
is phenomenon isd
ef
ined as the st
ate of magnet
ism
b
eyond which t
he B
-H curve l
eve
ls o
ffto as
traigh
tl ine
. T he e
ff
ect, s
hown
b
y the curve i
n Fig
. 1-5, i
so ne under which t
he core mate
rial c
annot be
magnet
ized fur
ther. One ofthe e
ffects o
fs a
tura
tion isca
lled "
lockup." In
t
hat s
ta
te an i
nductor u
ndergoes ash
ift i
nv a
lue a
nd becomes "immobil
ized
,"
s
o to speak. Th
is wi
ll le
ad to c
ircui
t detuning and the g
enera
tion of h
ar-
monic
s.
A f
er
rite
-loaded inducto r or tr
ansforme r tha
t is fe
d excess
ive drive
p
ower w
ill h
eat c
onsiderably. I
ns ome instances t
he e
xci
tation c
an be s
oe x-
t
r
eme that t
he co
re material wi
ll suf
fer ir
reparable d
amage . T
he net e
ffect
i
s ap
ermanen t c
hange inc ore pe
rmeab i
lity. I
n aw or
st-case c
ondit
ion, the
c
ore can fracture and separa
te i n many pieces.
T
able 1 -
2 l i
s
ts the p r
incipal electr
ical c haracter
ist
ics o f ag roup o f
popular-
size ferr
ite t o
roid c ores
. T he data relate to ma ter
ials that are
manufactured b y Fer
roxcube C orpo rat
ion a nd sold in small quant
ities by
s
everal dea
lers inthe U n
ited States and Canada . Dimen sional data a
re pro-
v
ided ini nches
. A l
though t he core sizes i
nT able 1 -
2 are anything but al
l-
i
nclus
ive fort h
ei ndustry, t
hey dor epresent t
he mo stc ommon s ize g
rouping
u
sed ina udio and RF w ork. Smallera nd la
rgert oroid co
resc an beo bta
ined

7
 S
atura
tion

B BL
H HL

L
inea
r me =e
f
fec
tive p
ermeab
ility
r
eg
ion
B = magnet
ic f
lux
8L density i
ngauss

H = magnet
izat
ion i
n
o
ersted
s

HL H

F
igu
re 1
-5 T
he c
urve s
hows h
ow s
a
tura
tion o
fthe c
ore a
f
fec
ts t
he l
i
nea
rity
o
f t
he magne
tic
-co
re i
nduc
tor o
r t
r
ans
forme
r. T
he B-H r
eg
ion i
sli
near a
nd
t
he BL-HL r
eg
ion i
sthe r
eg
ion o
f l
owes
t l
o
ss.

TABLE 1
-2

4
C4 ,
fix 3D3 M
iv 3
87 Mir 3C8 Mo
t 3
E24 Ma
F
erroxrube
n
'a. no
AL p
, r
l
i
.
. i
. .
4
, p
, AL p
, r
i,
. p
,

1
041T060 2
5 1
25 1
44 7
25 4
95 2
500 NA NA 8
90 4
495

2
6611 2
5 5 1
2$ 3
30 7
50 100 2
500 NA NA 2
135 4
830

7
68T
188 7
0 1
25 4
15 7
50 NA NA 1
475 2
700 2
750 5
000

8
461250 7
5 1
25 NA NA NA NA 1
650 2
700 3
055 5
000

5
02T3 00 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1
740 2
700 3
225 5
000

F
erroccuhe
c
ore n
o
.
A B e

1
0411060 0
.230 0
.060 0
.
120 -
i
- 8 i
-
o-
i

2
667
125 0
.375 0
.
125 0
.
187
C
@ :
l
i
7
68T
188 0
.
500 0
.
188 0
.281 -----
i

8
461250 1870 0
.250 0540 D
imens ions A. Rand C a
re i
nin
ches.
1
25 4 x inches = mmi NA = No l Ava
ilab
le i
n
5
021300 11
42 03
00 07
48 s
pec
ified mis

8
S
ec
. 1
-
3 C
alcu
lat
ing t
h
eCo
ilT
urns 9

f
rom s
ome manufac
ture
rsonspecia
l order
. Coresla
rge e
nough tohandle 2
0
kW i
nlow-
impedance b
alun a
ppl
icat
ion s a
re a
vai
lable
. They a
re s
evera
l i
n-
c
hes i
ndiame
ter
.
T
he approximate number o
f w
ire tu
rns f
or e
ach o
f t
he c
ore
s l
i
s
ted i
n
T
able 1
-
2, versus wire g
auge
, a
re l
i
sted i
nTable 1
-3
.

TA BL
E 1-
3 Ap
prox
i ma
te t
urns v
ersus w
ire g
auge a
nd c
ore t
ype
.a

WG FE
RROXCUBE CO
RE NUMBER
Ga
uge 1
0411
'060 2
66 TI2
5 7
68 T1
88 3
46 T2
50 5
02 T3
00

1
6 / 5 1
0 /
5 /
5
1
8 4 1
0 1
5 3
5 3
5
7
0 5 1
5 2
0 4
5 4
5
2
2 8 2
0 3
0 5
5 5
5
2
4 1
0 2
5 4
0 7
5 7
5
/
6 1
8 3
0 5
0 9
5 9
5
/
8 2
0 4
0 6
5 15 15
3
0 2
5 5
0 8
0 1
45 1
45
3
2 3
5 6
5 1
00 1
80 1
80
3
4 5
0 8
0 1
30 2
40 2
40

'
The
se da
ta a
re b
ased o
n th
e use o
fename led s
o
lid-conducto
r wi
re w
ith Fo
rmova r i
n
sula
tion.
T
he n
umberoftu
rnsspec
if
ied isa
pprox
ima te a
nd isin
tended a
sanaidwhen d
ete
rm in
ing t
hecore
s
i
ze v
er
sus i
n
ductance a
nd wi
re si
ze
, based on t
he turn
s equa
tion i
nT ab
le 1-
2.

1
.
3 C
alcu
lat
ing t
he C
oil T
urns

E
xaminat
ion ofTable 1
-
2 reveals t
hat e
ven t
hough apar
ticula
r m
ix of f
er
-
r
i
te, s
ay t
ype 4
C4, ha
s aspecif
ic ef
fect
ive p
ermeabi
lity (
µ
,,
), t
he AL f
ac
tor
c
hanges w i
th t h
e size ofthe toroid core. F urthermore , the t
able s how s t
hat
w
ith some c o
re ma teria
ls( 3E2A , forexamp le
) the Me v
alue isd
iff erenta sthe
c
ore si
ze isi n
creased. S ome d es
igne rs are n ot a ware of t
his cond it
ion a nd
a
re mis
led b y the st
ated }4
,f or agiven co re ma teria
l, w h
ich isusua lly ba
sed
o
n af i
xed s i
ze ofc ore —frequently w i
th ad i
ame ter of 1in. The refore, iti
s
a
n er
ror i njudgmen t to b
elieve that al
l c ore si
zes from as e
lected m ix have
t
he same I le,even t hough t he b as
ic m ix r ec
ipe h as ab road ly b ased jli
n
umbe r.
The fundamen tal equation for determ in ing the numbe r ofc oil tu
rns for
f
e
rri
te t o
roid c ore
s i s

N 1
000 \
,
/ L fai ± AL

w
here N i
sthe n
umbe
r of turns
, L t he d
es
ired inductance
, a
nd AL t
he
n
umber a
ss
igned b
y t
he manufacture
r for agiven core
. When AL i
snot
k
nown
, i
tcan b
e d
eterm
ined b
y
 L
AL =
N 2

AL ist
hedes
ired factor
, Lo the i
nductance in mH for agiven numbe r
o
fcore turns(u
sual
ly based ono ne t
urn
), and Nthe numbe ro fturn
su sed to
o
bta
in av a
lue f
orL. T h
is equation isra
ther awkward t ouse when at
temp t-
i
ng t
o find an AL index for cores w
ith low permeabili
ty, because asingle
t
u
rn o fwire would y
ield an inductance innanohenries. Accurate measure-
m
ent in n H issomewha t beyond t he in
strumentation capabil
ity of some
l
a
boratories. When asingle t
urn on agiven co
re providesinductance in pH,
t
h
is equation i
s more workable:

Lm I x 1
04
AL =
N 2

When the c
ore mater
ial i
sofl ow p,itiso
ften more p
ractica
l tousese
veral
t
urns a
round the co
re tosecure the AL i
ndex. A
s many a s 2
0 t
urns c
an be
u
seful i
nsome ins
tances. Thus, if ag
i
ven core u
pon which 20turnsofwire
w
e re w
ound yie
lded an e
t i
n ductance o
f 5p H, t
he AL would b
e de
termined
b
y

AL _ 5 x 1
0,000 _
1
25
400

C
onve
rse
ly, i
fth
e AL wa
s k
nown t
obe 1
25 a
nd t
hedes
ired i
nduc
tance w
as
5
pH,the n
umber o
f t
oro
id t
urn
s w
ould b
e f
ound f
r
om
N = 1 00 V 5pH ÷ 1 25 =2 0 t urns w here Ni s t he unknown n umbe r of
w
ire t u rns. T he r e
su lts are b ased o n t he coil turn s being s pread l inearly
a
round t h
e entire ci
r cumf erence o ft h
ec o re m a
te r
ial rather t h an b eing b unch-
e
d u p i n as mall area of the c ore. T he e qua t
ion s a s
sume a lso t ha t as i
ngle-
l
aye r wind ing i se mp loyed . Iti susefu l i ns ome a pplication s t oa rrange t he
c
oil wind ing t o occupy a pproxima te
ly 1 80° o ft h
e t oroid c ore. F inal tr
im -
m
ing o ft hei nductance i nc r
iticalc ircuitsc an then b ed one b yc omp ress
ing o r
s
pread ing t h
et u
rn so n t
he co re. T his assume s that as pac ing o fa tl ea
s t one
w
ire t hickne ss exist
s b etween t h e coil turn s atthe o ff
se t
. T he a moun t o fi n
-
d
uc tance v ar
iation w i
ll be re
la t
ive ly s mall a tthel owerµ ,n umbe r s
, bu t wi
ll
i
ncrea se a sthe pe oft hec ore i sm ade h ighe r. Once t her equ ired i nductance i s
e
ffected , t he t u
rn s o n t he c o
re c an b e c emen ted i n p lace b y m ean s of
P
oly s
ty r ene Q -Dop e o r as imilar a gent t hat ish i
gh i nd ielectric q ual
ity ( F
ig.
1
-6).
Gene rally, the AL i ndex f or fer r
ites i sbased o n mH p er o ne turn o n a
c
ore, a lthough t he n umbe r o f turn s can b e any c onven ien t v alue , ass ta
ted
e
arl
ie r
. P owde red-iron c ores h ave t he
i r AL i ndices b ased o n pH p er 1 00
t
urn s
. T his accoun ts f or the 102 ( 100) a nd t h
e 1 0 ( 1000 ) mu lt
ip liers int he
t
wo e qua t
ion s.

1
0
 (
spread)
D
ecrease
L

I
nc
rease
L
(
compres
s)
F
igure 1
-8 C
omp
ress
ing o
r s
pread
-
i
ng t
he c
o
il t
u
rns o
n at
o
roid h
as a
m
arked e
f
fec
t o
n t
he i
n
duc
tance
.

1
.
3.1 D
ete
rmin
ing I
nduc
tance

One o ft he mo re s ignif ican t b enef its f rom t h

e u se o ftoro idali nduc tors
a
nd t ran sfo rme r
si st hei n he ren ts elf- shield ing c harac terist
icso ft h et oroidal
c
omponen t. T his i so f b enef it t o d esigne rs w ho n eed t o engage i n high-
d
en si
ty p ackag ing o f RF c i
rcu itry w ithou t t he n eed t oi nclude m etal shield
e
nclo sure so ru se s pace -wa sting s epa ration b etween t hei nduc torsa nd n ear-
b
y c omponen ts. B ut w hen al abo ra tory i nduc tance b r
idge i sn ot a vailable
f
or d eterm ining AL o r m ak ing o rd ina ry i nduc tance m easu remen ts, ad ip
meterc an b eu sed i fas pecific t e
chn ique i se mp loyed . Ad ip m e
teri saw ide-
r
ange o sc i
lla to rw ho se g r
id , g a
te, o rb ase c ur ren t is mon itored b y m ean so f
ad c m ete r
. A t resonance s o f t he c ircu it u nde r tes
t, t here i s as ha rp, w el
l-
d
efined r educ tion i n i ndica ted c ur rent. F i gure 1 -
7 i lustrate s a n e asy
method f or u s
ing a d ip m ete r with a t oro ida l i nduc tor. B ecau se t he se
lf-
s
h
ie lding n a
tu re o f at oro id p reven t s c oup l
ing t o ad ip m ete r b y n orma l
mean s (no r e ading w ould r esu l
t), i ti sn ece ssa ry t oa dd at empo ra ry t wo-o r
t
hree-turn c oupl ing l oop ( L2 ) t ot he t o
ro ida l i nducto r
, ass hown . A n e x
ter-
n
al link, L 3, isc onnec ted t oL 2 and t he dip-me ter p robe c o
il i spl aced n ear
L
3. Ci s ac lose-
to le rance c apac ito r o f k nown v alue . When a d ip i n the
meter r ead ing i sf ound —keep ing t he d ip-me ter p robe a s far f rom L 3 as
p
os s
ib le t oo btain as hallow d ip— the o pe rating f requency o f the d ippe r is
c
hecked a gain st ac a
lib ra ted r eceive r. Once fi sknown , t he induc tance c an
b
ed e
te rm ined b ya ssum ing t hat L( unknown )i se qua lt ot her eactance o fC ,
s
i
nce X L a nd Xc a r e e qua l a tr e
sonance . S ince t he v alue o f Ci nF i g
. 1 -7 is
k
nown , t hism ethod i ss t
raigh tfo rwa rd . L et u sa s
sume t hat Ci na ne xamp le
i
nvestiga tion i sa1 00 -pF , c lose-to le rance s i
lve r-m ica c apac itor. T he d ip-
metero utpu ta tth ep oin tw he re L I a nd C ( known )a r er e
sonan ti s8 .7 MHz ,
a
so b
se rved b ym ean s o f ac a
lib rated r eceive r. F rom t his we c an o btain Xc
f
or C( known ):

1
 L
i
C(
known
)

L(
unknown
)

L
2

C
, L

: c
l
3: t

ose
wo t

-to
le
u
rn l
i
nks

rance c
apac
ito
r
1
1
1
1
o
f k
nown va
lue
D
ip m
ete
r
Rgure 1
-7 R
esonance o
f at
o
roida
l i
n
duc
torc
an b
echecked b
y means o
fa
d
ip me
terand c
oupl
ing l
i
nk. When C i
sknown
, t
he d
ip me
terc
an b
eused t
o
d
ete
rmine t
he c
oi
l i
nduc
tance, a
sshown .

Xc 1
2
n fC

w
here X
,ist
he c
apac
itive r
eac
tance i
nohm
s, fi
sin MHz
, a
nd C i
sin F
.
T
hus,

1
X .̀ =6
.28 x 8
.
7 x0.000
1 = 1
8
3Q

S
ince X
. = XL
. a
tre
sonance
, t
he i
nduc
tance o
f L
I c
an b
e f
ound f
r
om

Lm
l
-
1 = 1
83 —3
.
35
2
1
rf 6
.28 x 8
.
7

w
hich y
i
elds a
n i
nductance v
a
lue o
f3.
34774 µH i
fca
rri
ed f
u
rthe
rtot
h
e r
i
ght
o
f th
e d
ecimal p
oint
.

1
.
3.2 C
i
rcu
itC
I

An indicat
ion o ft h
e relative Q o f at uned circuit c an b ehad b y o bserv
-
i
ngt hed epth oft hel ef
twa rd needle swing o n d
ip m e
te r. T uned-c
ircu it Qi s
t
he figure o fm er
it. I tisth e rat
io o freactance t or es
i stance . The highe rt h
e
t
uned -circuit Q, thed eeperw i
l l b
et hed ip inm e
terr eading. C onve rsely, th
e
s
hal
lowe rthed ip
, t he lowe rt heci
rcu i
t Q . When i nvestiga t
ing t herelative Q
i
tise ssen t
ial that t h
e d ip
-me ter probe a nd t he tuned c ircuit under t e
st b
e
s
epara ted suff
icien tly topr evento vercoup ling effects. Ad eep dip can b eo b
-
t
a
ined 8i n
. or mo re a way f rom v ery high Q r esona tor s, such ass t
rip l i
nes
,
c
avit
ie s, and h el
ica l resona tors. When c hecking t oroida l inductor s
, a s in
F
ig. 1 -
7, thed ip-me ter probe i s more li
kely t ob el e
sst han a ninch from L 3
,
a
nd i ns ome instance s w here the Qi sm edium o rl ow, t hep robe m ay n eed to
b
e inse r
ted i n
to L 3.
When i tisd es
i red t o know t he actual Q ( un
loaded Q ) ofan a i
r -core
,
f
er
rite, o r p owde red-iron -loaded i nduc to r
, al abora to ry-grade Q m eter
,

12
S
ec
. 1
-
3 C
al
cul
ating t
h
eCo
ilT
urn
s 1
3

s
uch a s a B oon ton 1 60 o r H ew le
t t-Packa rd 4 342A , c an b e u sed.
Measu remen t s of Qs hou ld b e m ade a tt he in
tended o pe rating f r
equency o f
t
he toroid , r od, or p ot-co re i nducto r. T his rules o ut the u se o fa no rdina ry
RCL t ype o fb ridge , w hich u s es a1 000-Hz o scillato r
. T he l a
tte r isentirely
a
cceptab le f or w ork a ta udio f requenc ie s
, a s w ould b e t he c ase with p ot-
c
ore i nduc tor s or toroid s intended a sr e
sona to r
s i na udio -f requency f i
lters,
a
nd s o o n
.
When l abo ratory t es
te quipmen t isn ota vailab le, thes tuden to rd es
igne r
c
an a pply t het e
chn ique s hown i nF igs. 1-8 and 1 -9t oo btain t heu nloaded Q
v
alue o f ar esonan t ci
rcu it. T he m agne tic-co re i nducto r i sw ound w i
th t he
r
equired n umbe ro fwi re t u
rn s top rov ide t hed esired induc tance ( LI ofF ig.
1
-9)
. C l i sa dju s
ted t o p rov ide r esonance a tt he c hosen f °
. mu s
t b e of
h
igh d ielect r
ic a nd m echan ical q uality t o ensure a h igh Q a t fo.A s i
gna l
g
enera to ri ss e
ta t! 0
. I ts hou ld be a5 0-Q i n
strumen t
, a nd i fn ot
, a5 0-Q p ad
s
hould b e i n
se rted i nt he l i
ne. W ith a n o sci
llo scope o r R F v oltme ter c on-
n
ected a cro s
s R I, t r
imme rs Cu,a nd C o a re s et fo r app rox ima tely equa l
c
apacitance s t oe stablish r ough ly 3 0 d B o f insertion l oss. L ow -value t r
im -
mers int he 5 -o r 1 0
-pF c lass a re usua l
ly s u
itab le f or m ea su remen ts int he
MF a nd HF p arts oft he spe ctrum . L a
rge r a moun ts o fc apac itance w il
l b e
r
equired f or L F
, VLF , a nd a udio-frequency m easu remen ts.
Once t he —3 0dB l oss has b een o b ta
ined a tf o, thes igna ls ou rce isv ar
ied
u
ntilt heh alf-powe rp oin tso n the respon se curve a rei den t
if ied. When f ;), ,
a
nd f 2a r e known , Qu c an b e o btained a ss hown i nF i
g. 1 -8. H ence , ifina
t
es
t c i
rcu it th e value o f fo w as 2. 8 MHz ,f 2w as 2.79 MHz , a nd f,w as 2.81
MHz , w ew ould f ind Qu b y

2
.
8 2
.
8
Q
i
i — = 1
40
2
.
81 -2
.
79 0
.02

F
igure 1
-8 F
requency r
esponse o
f ar
e
so-
n
antc
i
rcu
its
how
ing t
he r
e
lat
ionsh
ip b
etween
C
Iand t
he h
a
lf-powe
r p
oin
ts o
n t
he c
urve
.
 S
cope
o
r
R
F VM

X
11 'X
cl a
tfo
F
igu
re 1
-9 Me
thod f
o
r c
heck
ing t
he u
n
loaded Q o
f ar
e
sonan
t c
i
rcu
it
.
T
he genera
tor s
hould b
e accu
rate a
nd h
ave s
uitab
le r
e
adou
t r
e
solu
tion
f
o
r l
ocat
ing the -
3
-db po
ints on t
he r
e
sponse c
urve
.

w
here f i
sin MHz
. The r
esu
lts o
f measurements made i
n t
he manne
r i
l
-
l
u
stra
ted i
nF ig
. 1
-
9 a
re e
nt
irely s
u
itab
le for mo
st RF de
sign wo
rk.
When c
ons
ide r
ing t
he a
vai
lab le Q o
fan induc
tor, one must
, ofcourse
,
i
n
clude t
he re
sis
tance of t
he wire, R
. Thus
, the la
rge
r the cross
-sec
tiona
l
a
rea o
f the c
onductor
, the l
ower t
he r
e
sis
tance and t
he h
ighe
r th
e c
oil Q
.
Th
is i
sre
lated t
othe s
tandard e
quat
ion Q = 2
1ifL/R, whe
re !isi
nhe
rtz, L
i
sinhen
rie
s, a
nd R isi
no hms. I
tcan b
e se
en f
rom t
h
is tha
t magne
tic-co
re
i
nduc
tor
s are more f
avorab
ly fo
r obta
ining h
igh
-Q pe
rformance than is
t
ypica
lly p
oss
ible w
ith lumped L/C c
i
rcui
ts w
hich u
t
il
ize i
nduc
tor
s with
many turn
s o f sma
ll-d
iameter w
ire (
Fig
. 1-
10). T
o rea
lize Q va
lues
e
quivalen
t t
o t
hose w
hich a
re c
ommon t
o powdered
-iron o
r f
e
rri
te-loaded
i
nductors i
t w
ould be n
eces
sary t
o e
mploy la
rge air
-wound coi
ls with
s
ubstantially la
rger conduc tor d iame ters. Wi th th
e l a
tter itisi mpossible to
a
chieve workab le m in ia turization. Add itionally, t he s e
lf-shield ing
c
haracteristic o
f toroid s a nd p ot cores islo s
t iflarge air
-wound s oleno idal
i
nducto r
s a re u
sed. T he drama tic contra s
t i sseen inth e p
ho tograph o fF ig
.
1
-11, whe re th
e re
lative s ize o f atoroida l inductor isc ompa red to that o fa
s
ect
ion o f B& W M iniduc tor c oi
l s tock. F or identical inductance v alues
(
10 H ) the Qu ofth e toroid c oil a
t 8MHz i s350 and for the ai
r-wound u ni
t
i
tis450. I tisimportan t t o p o
int o ut
, h oweve r, t
ha t i
nt h
is examp le t he air
-
wound c oil iscapab le o f h and l
ing c onsiderably more RF p ower t han i s
p
o s
sible w ith the toro idal-wound c oil. E ach componen t has i t
s virtue s
,
d
epend ing u pon the a ppl
ica t
ion.

1
.4 P
ower C
apab
il
ity

When an i
nductor i
sca
lled upon t
o f
unct
ion i
n ac
ircuit w
he re c
ons
iderab
le
p
ower ispresent
, th
e effec
tive pe
rmeabil
ity (
j
i) of t
he core mater
ial w
il
l
v
ary i
n asi
gnif
icant manner
. Thi
sc an b
eseen b
yre
f e
rring t
oF ig
. 1-
5. I
na d
-

14
 5MHz

2
0pH

4
.2 e
t

5
0 p
F

C
X 6
28.3
• -1
49.5
4
.2

Whe
re XL =X,a
nd XL =2i1L

F
igure 1
-
10 T
ypica
l r
e
sona
tor
, s
how
ing t
he
c
omponen
ts L
, C
. a
nd R
.

F
igu
re 1-
11 H ow an a
l
r•wound a
nd toro
ida
l i
n
duc
tor
c
ompare when t
he i
n
duc
tance i
sequa
l.

d
it
ion t ot his va
riation i np,the core lo
sse sw i
lli nc
rea se a s af unction ofs elf
-
h
eating. T his form o fh eating isapart fr om that w hich i sbrough t on bye n
-
v
ironmen tal or amb ient tempe ra
ture . The s e
lf-heating e ffects are caused b y
t
he excitation , which int urn heats the core ma ter
ial a nd t he conduc tor s on
t
he core. I n addi
tion t ot he co
re losses result
ing f rom h eat, the Qo fth ei n
-
d
uctor c an d egrade ma rkedly at peak e xci
tation. E a
rlier w e a cknow ledged
t
he effect t hat th
is c ondition has o n the stabil
ity o f t he induc tor: O ver a
w
ide f r
equency r ange i tcan be quite poo r
. I n aprac t
ica l design a ppl
ica tion
i
tb ecome s i mportan t, therefore
, t o acknow ledge h eating a s a n impor tant
d
esign l imi
t .

1
.
4.1 F
lux D
ens
ity v
ersus pe

An i
mportant p
arame ter fo
r a
ny magnet
ic mate
rial i
stheflux dens
ity.
T
his i
sthed
ensity o
ft h
el ine
so ffo
rce a
sm ea
sured a
t acro
sss e
ction o
ftheir
f
l
ow. T o b
e more specif
ic, the f
l
ux dens
ity i
sspec
ified in l
i
nes/cm i n a

15
16 T
he B
asi
cs o
fMagne
ticM
ate
ria
ls C
hap
. 1

a
gnetic c
i
rcuitw hen measured at agiven po
int
. This i
sspecif
ied inunit
so f
g
auss, and i
nt he magnetic
-core industry asB. Bm
ax i
s
, therefore
, the max
-
i
mum f l
ux dens
ity ingauss un
its. This va
lue of f
l
ux dens
i ty co
rresponds t
o
t
he peak ofthea c e
xc
itat
ion . The v
alue of13,„ isbased on two condi
tions
:
(
1
) w he
re th
ere i
son
ly a
c e
xc
itat
ion and (
2
) Where ac e
xci
tation i
saccom
-
p
anied by d
c v
ol
tage
. T
he b
asic e
qua
tion f
or t
he f
ir
st condit
ion i
s

Erm
s x 1
0
Bma
x (
a
c) = g
aus
s
'
4
.44fNpAe

where Ae i
stheequ
ivalen
ta rea ofthe magne
tic pa
th inc m 2,Ems t
heappl
ied
v
oltage
, Np the n
umbe r o
fc ore t
urns, ft
he f
requency i
nh ertz
, and Bi
n
ax th
e
maximum f lux d
ensi
ty ing auss
. F or t
he s
econd condi
tion t he e
qua
tion is
w
rit
ten a
s

E
rms X 1
0
' N
pid
cAL
Bm
ax = g
aus
s
4.
4
4 fN
pAe1
0A,

whe
re ./d,i
sth
e d
c c
urren
t t
hrough t
he w
ind
ing a
nd AL t
he manufacture
r's
i
nductance f
or t
he c
ore ma
ter
ial i
n u
se
. In t
h
is c
ase Bi
n
ax i
scl
assif
ied as
"
tota
l" rather t
han j
ust f
or a
c.
T
he c
urves ofFig. 1
-12 s
how the re
lat
ionship b
etween pe
rmeabil
ity and
f
l
ux dens
ity at the p
eak per
iod o f a
c exci
tat
ion for agroup of core A L
v
a
lues. These c
urves s
how the typ
ical re
lat
ionsh
ip of aspec
ific s
hape and
s
i
ze of magnetic
-core material which operate
s a t ase
lec
ted t empe rature.
When t
he core i
sfully s
atu
ra ted, the p
ermeabili
ty fa
lls t
o al ow value.
N
ext
, le
t usconsiderthe case w
he re a
c and dccomponen t
s a r
e presenti n
amagne
tic-core i
nductor
. Figure 1-13 c
ontains afami
ly ofc urves t
ha t were

A
scending AL
v
alues

B
,
,
, a,
‘ (
peak fl
ux d
ensity
)
a
c exc
ita
tion on
ly
F
igure 1
-
12 C
urves d
emons
tra
ting t
he r
e
lat
ion
-
s
h
ip b
etween p
ermeab
il
ity a
nd f
l
ux d
ens
ity a
t
p
eak ac exci
tat
ion for s
evera
l AL fac
tors.
(
Cou
rtesy o
f Fer
roxcube
, D
iv
ision o
f Amperex
C
orp
.).
 A
scend
ing
v
alue Ho

B
r
nax (
peak ac f
l
ux dens
ity
)
w
ith dc e
xcita
tion (
c
lue t
o H0 )

F
igure 1
-
13 C
urves s
how
ing t
he c
ompa
rison b
e-
t
ween b
iand emu u
nde
r v
ar
ious c
ond
it
ions o
f d
c
magne
tiza
tion w
ith s
imu
ltaneous a
c e
xci
tat
ion
. A
s
i
ngle c
ore m
ate
ria
lisr
epresen
ted h
ere
. (
Cour
tesy o
f
F
erroxcube
, D
iv
ision o
f Ampe
rex
, C
orp
.).

o
btained f r
om as pec ific t ype o fc ore m ate r
ia l w ith ad ef
ined s hape a nd a ir
g
ap .T he c u
rve sc ompa re gat o Br ax f
n ord ifferen tv alue so fdc magne t
iza tion
o
f t he c ore, w hich i ss ubjec ted s imu ltaneou sly t o a c ex c
ita t
ion . T he de
magne tizing f orce i sk nown s ymbo lica l
ly a s Ho a nd u ses o ersteds a s t h
e
r
eference u nits
. Ho i st he u nidirec tiona l cur ren t f low ing i na n induc tor o r
t
r
an sfo rme r wind ing . T he c u rves i lustra te c learly t h at dc m agne t
iza t
ion
l
owe rst he pe oft hec ore ma te r
ial, c au sing i tt os atu rate at al owe rv alue o f
p
eak f l
ux d en s
ity t han w ou
ld b et he ca se u nde r thec ond it
ion s ofF ig. 1 -
12.
T
he f lux d en s
ity d iscu ssed h ere i s ar esult o fa c e xcitation o nly.
There i s arelation sh ip between c ore l os s a nd f lux d ensity w ith respect t o
o
pe rating f requency .T hisc on side ration i ss hown b ym eanso fc urve si nF ig
.
1
-
14 .T he curve sw e red rawn f or as pecific c o re ma te r
ia l
,b u
tt hec ore s t
ruc -
t
ure a nd a ir
-gap d imen sions a r e no tc on side red . I tc an b es een t hatt hec o
re
l
o
s s isr e
lated d irec tly t ot he f lux d en s
ity a ts elected f requenc ies. C urves o f
t
h
i sv ariety c an b ee stab li
shed f o
rc ore l oss v ersu s f requency a t an umbe ro f
f
l
ux d en s
ities. Int hisi lustration t hec ore l oss i sg iven i nterm so f mW/cm 2
o
f magne t
ic-co re v olume .
F
inaly , le
t u sc on side r the ma ttero fc ore l osse s ve rsus tempe rature a nd
f
l
ux d en s
ity. O nce a gain ap ar t
icu la rt ype o fc ore m ate r
ial isc ho sen f ort he
c
ollection o fc urve d ata, b u
t t h et e
s t
sd on ot rely o nt hec ore s hape o rt hea i
r
g
ap. R ather, the c urv es o f Fig. 1 -
15 a re b ased o n c ore l ossv e
r sus f l
ux d ensi
ty
a
t an umbe r ofc ore t empe ratu res.
I
tw ass aid ea rl
ie rt hat p art oft hec ore h ea ting c an b er e
la ted tot hec ur
-
r
ent f low ing t hrough t he conduc to r, w h
ich i sw ound o n t he core. I ti s
b
enefic ial tos elec t aw i re gauge t h at w il
l p as s t he a c a nd dc c urrent w ith a
m
in imum c on tribu tion t o t he s e
lf-hea ting c ha racte ristic. T he d c res
i s
tance
f
or a n a verage w ind ing c an b e d eterm ined b y

17
 5
00

4
00 ‘
x
t

3
00 \
,
\
\
I•
2
00 1
°

1
00 1

o
1
000 2
000 3
000 G
(
peak f
l
ux d
ens
ity
)

Agure 1
-14 Curves tha
t s
how the r
e
lat
ionsh
ip among f
re-
q
uency, co
re l
oss, and fl
ux d
ensi
ty for as pec
if
ied c
ore
m
ate
ria
l. The c
ore l
o
ss i
s gi
ven i
n t
erms of mW/cm i o
f
m
agnet
ic-co
re v
o
lume. (
Cou
rtesy o
f F
er
roxcube
, D
iv
ision o
f
A
rnpe
rex C
orp
.).

1
03

5
5'C 1
00'C

10 3

1
0 1
00 1
000 1
0
,000 G
8n.
,
„ (
peak f
l
ux d
ens
ity
)

F
igure 1
-15 These c
urves i
lus
tra
te the r
e
lat
ionsh
ip b
etween c
ore
l
oss a
nd f
l
ux d
ens
ity a
tvar
ious t
empera
tures
. Aga
in, ap
ar
ticu
lart
ype
o
f c
ore m
ate
ria
l i
sthe b
as
is o
f t
he c
urves
. (
Cour
tesy o
f F
er
roxcube
,
D
iv
ision o
f Ampe
rex C
orp
.).

l
wNr
R
dc = o
hms
1
2
,000

w
here /
w i
sthe mean l
e
ngth o
f as
i
ngle t
u
rn i
n i
n
che
s, N t
he n
umbe
r o
f
t
urns, a
nd rthe r
es
istance of t
he wire i
no hms p
er 1000 f
t
. T ab
le 1-4 p
ro-
v
ides t
he a
ppropr
iate data f
or fi
nding the w
ire r
e
sis
tance, p
lus other i
n
for-
mat
ion of i
nte
rest concern
ing conduc to
rs w h
ich a
re used wi
th magne t
ic-
c
ore ma
ter
ial
s.

1
.
4.2 S
amp
le C
alcu
lat
ion

L
et u
scar
ry o
ut as
ample c
alcu
lation f
orcore s
e
lec
tion a
tthe i
npu
tofan
amp
lif
ier (
F
ig. 1
-16
). The opera
ting fr
equency is2.3 MHz and Ti w
il
l
ma
tch the d
r
ive r s
t
age t
o t
he b
ases o
f t
wo power t
rans
isto
r s ope
rating i
n
C
lass C
. T1 wi
ll f
unct
ion a
s ab
roadband c
onven
tional t
ransfo
rme r.

1
8
 TABLE 1
-4 D
ata f
o
rSo
lid C
oppe
rWi
re

A¡VG C
ross F
eet O
hms P er /
Imps For Turns T
urns
8d S D
IA Al S
ection P
erO hm I »ft
. 1
000/
9/ Per in
.2 P
er in
.2
G
auge (
M.) (
i
n.2 ) (
20 0 C
l I
20° 1 i
n
.2 l
.F .W ire S
.F. Wire

1
0 0
.1019 0
.00815 1
001. 1
.
00 8
.
15 8
9 9
2
1 0
.0907 0
.00647 7
94. 1
.
26 6
.47 12 18
1
2 0
.0808 0
.00513 6
30. 1
.
58 5
.
13 1
40 1
46
1
3 0
.0719 0
.00407 4
99. 2
.
00 4
.07 1
76 1
80
1
4 0
.0641 0
.00322 3
96. 2
.
53 3
.22 22
1 2
31
1
5 0
.0571 0
,00256 3
14. 3
.
18 2
.56 2
59 2
75
1
6 0
.0508 0
.00203 2
49. 4.
02 2
.03 3
27 3
46
1
7 0
.0453 0
.00161 1
98. 5
.
06 1
.61 4
07 4
32
1
8 0
.0403 0
.00127 1
57. 6
.
39 1
.27 5
09 5
44
1
9 0
.0359 0
.00101 114
. 8
.
05 1
.01 6
34 6
79
2
0 0
.0320 0
.000804 9
8.5 1
0
.7 0
.804 7
94 8
54
2
1 0
.0285 0
.000638 7
8.1 1
2
.8 0
.638 9
89 1
063
2 0
.0254 0
.000505 6
/.0 1
6
.2 0
.505 1
238 1
343
2
3 0
.0226 0
.000400 4
9.1 20
.3 0
.400 1
532 1
677
2
4 0
.0201 0
.000317 3
9.0 25
.7 0
.317 1
893 2
094
2
5 0
.0179 0
.000252 3
0.9 32
.4 0
.252 2
351 2
632
2
6 0
.0159 0
.000200 2
4.5 4
1.0 0
.200 2
932 326
2
7 0
.0142 0
.000158 1
9,4 51
.4 0
.
158 3
711 4
112
2
8 0
.0126 0
.000126 1
5.4 6
5.3 0
.
126 4
581 5
213
2
9 0
.0113 0
.000100 1
2.2 8
1.2 0
.
100 5
621 6383
3
0 0
.0100 0
.0000785 9
.69 1
04 .
0785 7
060 8145
3
1 0
.0(
189 0
.0000622 7
.69 1
31 .
0622 8
455 1
0
.097
3
2 0
.0080 0
.0000503 6
.10 I6
2 .
0503 1
0.526 1
2
,270
3 0
.0071 0
.0000396 4
.83 206 .
0396 1
3
, 148 1
5
,6 15
3
4 0
.0063 0
.0000312 3
.83 261 .
0312 1
6
.889 1
9
,654
3
5 0
.0056 0
.0000248 3
.04 3I .
0248 2
1.163 2
5
.53 1
3
6 0
.0050 0
.0000196 1.4
1 4
15 .
0196 2
6.389 3
1
.405
3
7 0
.0045 0
.0000159 1.
91 5
12 .
0159 3
1
.405 3
9
,570
3
8 0
.0040 0
,0000126 1
.
52 648 .
0126 3
9
,567 4
9
,070
3
9 0
.0035 0
.0(
1000962 1
.
20 847 .
0096 5
3
,855 6
5
,790
4
0 0
.0031 0
.00000755 0
.953 1
080 .
0075 6
5
,790 8
2
.180

T
he a
c
tua
l l
i
nea
rtu
rnsp
e
rsq
uare i
n
ch w
i
ll v
a
ry w
i
th t
h
emanu
fac
ture
rand t
h
c i
n
sula
tion t
h
ickne
ss.C
our
tes
y o
fFe
rroscub
eCo
rp.
 Amp
. 1
R
,
„ =
,50S
Z P
R'. 2
.3 MHz
4W i
nput

1
0 S
t
s
e
c
=2
2.2 V

Amp
. 2

1
. XL 4
R,n

' p„
( =2
00 S
2

2
. S
e
lec
t ac
ore

(
Fer
roxcube 7
61188
, t
ype 4
C4)

X
, 2
00
3
. Lo, -1
3
.8 pH
2
i
rf 6
.28 x 2
.3

4
. T
urns - 1
000 ‘/
L mH ÷AL = 1
000 N/
0.0138 ÷ 7
0 =1
4 t
u
rns

E x1
02 2
2.2 x 1
00
5
. 8 Peak — 16
.75 G
4
.44 I
nA, 4
.44 x2
.3 x 1
4 x0
.133

F
igure 1
-18 Sample c
ore c
a
lcu
lat
ion f
or u
se atT
i wh
ile s
upp
lying
e
xci
tat
ion t
o ap
ai
r of C
l
ass C p
ower a
mpl
if
iers
.

The p r
ima ry r eac tance s hou ld b e a pprox ima tely f our time s t he i m
-
p
edance o ft hed rive r -50 Q .T he r equired prima ry XL,i s
, t h
erefo re, 200 Q,
s
tep 1 o f F ig. 1 -16 . T he n ext s t
ep c alls f or a c ore s e
lection. A
0
.5-in.-diame te r F e
rroxcube 7 6T 188 i schosen a rbitra r
ily f or T1. T ype 4 C4
material s hou ld s uffice, f or i t h as a r e
latively h igh B. „( saturation
d
en si
ty ) -3000 G . I n step 3w e dete rmine t he prima ry i n ductance r equired
t
os atisfy the2 00-Q XL a t2 .3 MHz f rom step 1 .T hi
s c ompu test o 1 3
.8 p H
.
The n umbe ro fc ore turn si sc a
lcu la ted inst
ep 4 ,u s
ing t h
ee quation s etforth
e
arl
ie r int hec hap ter. T he c ore s e
lec ted has a n AL in dex o f7 0; hence i twil
l
t
ake 1 4t urns t op rov ide a n i nduc tance o f 13.8 H.
To perm it the Br m ,e
i qua tion t ob e more w o
rkab le f ori n
ductance i nt h
e
pH range , itha s been mod ified f rom t he basic form t ot hato fs t
ep 5i nF ig
.
1
-16. We a rec once rned w ith t hep eak acv ol
tage a tT i , w h
ich at 4W a cro s
s
a50-Q l oad i s2 .2 V . ( Al
though w e have specified p eak v o
ltage i nt h
e e x
-
ample, r msv oltage c ould b e used . E pe e
, w
illa l
low f ort hew orst
-ca se cond i
-
t
ion.) T he lowe st o pe rating f requency ( j) i
s2 .3 MHz , t he numbe r of c o
re
t
urn s (n) is1 4, a nd t he cro ss
-sec tiona l ar
ea o f the c ho sen core i nc m' is
0
.133, a ss pec
if ied i nt he m anufac turer's da
ta s heet. Bm a x compu tes to 17
G
. T his isw el
l b elow t h e r a
ted B5 o f 3000 G f or th e c ore, ind
ica ting t h
e

20
S
ec
. 1
-
4 P
owe
rCapab
il
ity 2
1

c
hoice tobe ag ood one
. T h
is will a
low T l too pe
ra te we
llw ithin thelinear
r
eg
ion .
To ilu
strate the manner i n which Bm a
x i
saffected by c hanges in the
v
a
lue s of t
he terms inthe equation of Fig
. 1-16, le
t us sub
s t
itu te 0
.5 MHz
f
or2.3 MHz a tf.T he g
aussb ecome s5 37 ra
ther than 17 .T herefo re
, lower-
i
ngtheo perat
ing f r
equency w h
ile u
sing ac ore t
hatw il
ly i
eld prope r XL with
t
he same n umbe r of t
urns (14
) a t0.5 MHz w i
ll greatly e
leva te the Bmax .

N
ext, by us
ing ac ore t
hat r
equires 50 tu
rns in
stead o f 14too btain 13
.8 H ,
a
nd changing n o
thing but nint he equation fr
om F ig. 1-
16, th e Bma ,d
rop s
f
rom 17 t o3 .1.
Keeping a l
lt erm st h esame , but chang ing Ep ea
k i
nF i
g. 1 -
16 t o 100, Bm ax

i
ncrea ses to5 26 G . N ow , tod emon st rate t he ef
fe ct o f Ae,w e w ill keep a l
l
t
erms t he same b u t c hange Ae t o0 .025 , w h
ich r ep resents as ma l
le r toroid
c
ore. T he Bina
x n
ow r ises to6 29 G. F inally, too ffer amore d rama t
ic r e
la-
t
ionship o fthet erm si nt hee quation t o Bm ax , l
e
t u sc hange Ep e
ak t
o 100 a nd
Ae t
o0 .025. T hiss how s thee ffect ofi nc
rea sed p owe rv ersusd ec reased c ore
c
ross-se ctionala rea i nc m'. Bm a
x u
nde r th
is s e
t o fc ond i
tion s become s2 798
G
. T he f orego ing e xe rci
se d emon s
t ra tes c l
early t h a
t c ore cho ice i sn ot a
c
asua l m at
ter, p articu larly i n ci
rcuit s w here p owe r isp resen t. T he p ro-
c
edu res f or determ ining Bmax ,a sgi ven h ere, are a pplicable toa l
l t ypes of
magne tic-core ma terial , re
ga rdless o f the s hap e cho sen b y the d esigne r
. I t
mustb er emembe red t hat the foregoing d iscussion a nd thee qua tion o fF i
g.
1
-16 r e
la te to Bmax w he re only aci spre sent . The e qua t
ion mu stb e mod ified
a
ccord ing ly to accommoda te the pr esence o f ac a nd d c int he c i
rcuit. T he
b
asic e qua t
ion f or t hat c ondition w as p resen ted i nS ec. 1 .
4.1.

1
.
4.3 V
ar
iat
ions i
nth
e E
quat
ions

When t
he p
er
tinen
t f
acto
rs of amagne
tic-core i
nduc
tor a
r
e k
nown
, e
x
-
c
ept f
or t
h
e va
lue ofL, t
h
is equa
tion c
an be appl
ied
:

L=0
.4nN 21
.
4,
e x 1
0
' h
enr
ies
[
where L isth
e u nknown inductance inhenries, Nt henumbe rofcore tu
rns,
i
.
te t
he ef
fect
ive p e
rmeabi
lity o f t
he c
ore, A ,the cross
-se c
tiona
l area ofthe
c
ore inc m'
, and l et
hee
ffect
ive m agnet
ic length ofthec ore incm.T he v
alue
o
f/ ,can be found inth
e m anufactu
rers' data sheet
s.
O
ne can find Bma
x fr
om k nown factors othe
r than t hose g
i
ven ear
lierin
t
he b as
ic equa t
ion. Th
is v a
riat
ion isu seful w hen spe c
ific numbers are
k
nown :

M aX =
[f
\
2
5fr
0
0E
A
2
2 T
he B
asi
cso
fMagne
ticM
ate
ria
ls C
hap
. 1

w
here! isinhe
rtz
, Li nh
en r
ies
, Ve t
heef
fec
tive c
ore v
olume i
ncm'( Ve =
x Ae),Et h
e rms e
xci
tat
ion voltage
, a
nd 1
.
4e t
he e
ff
ect
ive p
ermeab
il
ity.
Bm
ax can b
e d
efined a
lso b
y

B max = k
1\f
ire
w
here k
,2
50
=0E
N iVe
I
tisu
sefu
l a
l
so t
oknow t
ha
t s
le Bi
nu 2/
k i2.

1
.
5 V
olt-Ampe
re R
atings

Asi
gnif
icant d
es
ign paramete
r f o
r am agne
tic
-core in
ductor w h
ich must
h
and
le p owe
r isthe vo
lt-ampere rat
ing
. This r
ating isof in
teres
t with
r
e
spec
t tothe l
owest f
r
equency atw h
ich t
he i
nduc
to r w
il
l be u
ti
lized
. Fun-
d
amenta
lly, t
he v
ol
t-ampere ra
ting fo
r a
n in
ductor isd
etermined by

E
l v
o
lt-ampe
res
2
nfL

w
here E i
sinvo
lts r
ms, /i
nampe
res, fi
nhertz
, a
nd L i
nhenr
ies
. Itc
an b
e
s
e
en fr
om t h
is e
qua
tion t
ha
t t
he r
at
io of v
ol
t-ampere
s t
o fr
equency i
s

E
l E2
v
o
lt-ampe
res/Hz
f 2
r
(f 2L

w
here t
he t
erms of t
he e
quation are i
nth
e s
ame u
n
its a
s s
pec
ified f
or t
he
p
rev
ious v
ol
t-ampe re e
quat
ion .
F
or t
he p
urpose of c
onvenience
, anew f
a
cto
r c
an b
e de
fined as k2:

k3 .
= 2
nEl E
=
I L
f
i
T
he max
imum value f
o
r k:,a
sapp
lied t
oany c
ore m
ate
ria
l, s
i
ze, o
r s
hape
c
an b
e e
xpre
ssed by

k2 1
5
.6 x 1
0- [ V
, (
Bmx )
a 2]
v
o
lt-ampe
res/Hz
8

2n 2
r
r I
À
e

w
here Bm a
x i
nthi
se qua t
ion i s he maximum r ecommend ed f
lux den
sity f
or
asp
ecified core m a
terial
, g iven by the manufacturer
.
The reader m ay be w onde r
ing w hy the k
2 fac
tor was brought in
to th
is
d
i
scus s
ion a nd what pract
ical p urpose i
tcan se
rve.T he k3i
nformation h
elps
t
e
l
l t he d es
igner w hich c ore s i
ze wil
l f i
l
l the need for an inductor or
t
r
ansfo rme r
. Step 1i sto w ork t h
e k2 equat
ion given p
reviously
. Once the
S
ec
. 1
-
5 V
o
lt-Ampe
reR
at
ing
s 2
3

v
a
lue o f1c2 i
sde
te rmined, t
hed esignercan se
lectthes ma
lles
tc ore thathasa
k
, value t
hat ise qual t
oo r g
reater than th
e operat
ional character
istics r
e
-
q
uired. The Ferroxcube li
tera
tu re li
s
ts th
e k2 va
lue and those ofothe r f
ac
-
t
o
rs u sed i
nthep receding e
quation sofSec. 1-
5. Tab
les 1-5 t
hrough 1 -
8c on
-
t
a
in t h
is pe
rtinent data fo
r Ec ores, Uc ore
s, to
roids, and pot co
re s
.

1
.
5.1 AS
emp
le k
, C
ore S
elec
tion

Apply
ing t
he k, f
actor i
sre
latively simp
le ifat
tention has b
een pa
id to
t
he d
iscuss
ion inthe f
orego
ing s e
ction. As ample problem appears i
nFig.
1
-
17 tod emons
trate h
ow as u
itable toroid c
ore c
an bec hosen f
or as
pec
ified
a
ppl
ication. T
he diag
ram s hows a1 0-H induc
tor shun ted a
cros
s a6 00-4
a
udio li
ne. T he powerl e
veli ntheci
rcuiti s0
.5 W max imum .T he l
owe s
tf r
e-
q
uency o f inte
rest is100 H z
.
S
tep 1o f Fig
. 1-
17 d etermines t
he r m
s vol
tage a c
ro s
s L I
. In step 2t he
VA (vo
lt-ampe re) c
haracteris
tic i
sca
lculated. From thisw ec an l
earn thek 2
f
actor
. S t
ep 4 c a
lls f
or i n
spection o
f the co
re c harac
teris
tics inT able 1 -
7.
S
elec
t ac o re k, t
hat i
se qual to o
r g
reater t
han 0 .
00074. T he nea
re st value
(
h
ighe r
)i st hatof aK300502 c oreofthe3 Et y
pe. T he numbe rofturn sn eed-
e
d too btain 10 Ho fi nductance isprovided by the AL e quat
ion ins tep 5.

f
l
o
s
, =1
0
3 H
z
8
.66 V
P
„
, =0
.5 W m
ax.

E
„ E0
6
00 1
2 6
00 1
2

1
. Fi
lms = l iCC
R = 6
00 =8
.66 V

E Ls 7
4
.9
2
. E
1 - _ =0
.0119 VA
L
„ 6
.28 x 1
00 x 1
0

2
i
rEI _6
.28 x0
.0119 _
3
. k = 0
,00074
2 f 100

4
. F
rom T able 1.
7 s
e
lect co
re wi
th
k2 0
.00074. Neare
st cho
ice i
sa
K300502, type 3
E. Core k2 =0
.001
.
AL = 1688. p =2700

5
. N =1
000 N/
L„,, AL 1
000 N/
10 x 1
03 1
688 2
434

F
igure 1
-
17 Ma
thema
tica
l p
rog
res
sion f
o
r s
e
lec
ting a s
u
itab
le
c
ore a
nd w
ire t
u
rns f
o
r at
yp
ica
l a
udio r
e
acto
r.
 7
82E272 3
E E
-E 2
000 2
180 2
.60 0
.0888 0
.23
1 0
.208 0
.985 0
.
394
6
.60 0
.574 3
.79 1
.
34 1
4
1 x 1
0 -5 0
.94
E
-1 1
900
4
. 65 0
.588 2
,74 0
.670 0
.
152 0
.
608 2
15 X 1
0 -5 1
.
34
3
1
32A E
-E 3
000 3
280 2
.60 0
.0888 0
.231 0
.
208 0
.
985 0
.
394
6
.60 0
.574 3
.79 1
.34 1
66 x 1
0 -5 0
.
94
E
-I 2
800 4
450 1
.83 0
.0912 0
.
167 0
.
104
4
. 65 0
.588 2
.74 0
.670 1
.
07
5
690785 4
A E
-E 4
50 ?
.1050 1.
00 0
.
137 0
.275 0
.
137
5.08 0
.884 4
.51 0
.884 1
.
4
5
690786 4
B E
-E k 1
95 4
52 2.03 0
.
14 1 0
.288 0
.
14 1
5
.
16 0
.909 4
.72 0
.909 0
.
323 0
.
129 4
08 X 1
0 -5 2
.
62
K
540075 3
E E
-E k1
9
10 >2
575 3
.98 0
.
163 0
.651 0
.429 2
.08 0
.
833
1
0
.11 1
.05 1
0
.67 2
.
77 0
.
289 0
.
115 6
28 X 1
0 -5 3
25
7
83E608 3
E E
-E 2
550 5
900 3.83 0
.281 1
.08 0
.429 1
.
86 0
.
756
9
. 73 1
.81 1
7
.7 1 2
.77 5
37 x 1
0 -5 2
.
28
E
-1 100 7
500 2.64 0
.280 0
.739 0
.214
6.71 1
.81 1
2
.12 1
.38 0
.189 0
.
115 8
85 x 1
0- 5 3
.15
M 3
1
32A E
-E 3
400 8
000 3
.83 0
.281 1
.08 0
.429 1
.86 0
.756
t
l 9.73 1
.81 1
7
.7 1 2
.77 6
43 X 1
0 -5 2
.
28
E
-1 3
200 1
0
.800 2
.64 0
.280 0
.739 0
.214
6
.71 1
.81 1
2
.12 1
.38 8
72 X 1
0- 5 2
.
74
9
E520 3
C5 E
-E (
s
ee n
ote ') 3
.02 0
.251 0
.757 0
.300
7
.67 1
.62 1
2
.4 1 1
.94 8
52 X 1
0 -5 7,
7
0
3
1
3 E
-
1 (
s
ee n
ote' ) 2
.61 0
.283 0
.740 0
.
150
6.63 1
.83 1
2
.14 0
.968 6
05 x 1
0 -5 1.
7
4
3
1
3 E
-E k1
500 k4
200 3
.02 0
.251 0
.757 0
.300
7.67 1
.62 1
2
.4 1 1
.94 5
92 X 1
0 -5 2
.
20
E
-
1 1
500 5
200 2.61 0
.283 0
.740 0
.
150
6.63 1
.83 1
2
.14 0
.968 9
17 X 1
0- 5 4
.
57
5
6907
18 3
E E
-E k1
970 >
3120 5
.51 0
.273 131 0
.816
1
402 1
.76 2
4
.76 5
.76 5
93 x 1
0 -5 3
.
08
E
-I k1
880 4
500 3
.54 0
.263 0
.930 0
.408
8
.99 1
.70 1
5
.25 2
.63 1
62 X 1
0-1 6
.
12
K5
40060 3
E E
-E 2
360 6
000 1
4
.68 2
.66 3
9
.19 5
.73

aU
nle
ss o
t
herw
ise s
p
eci
fied
. pea
nd A
L v
a
lue
sar
enom
ina
l,w
i
th a+
25% t
o
leranc
eon A
L.
bF
or p
owe
r-induc
tord
e
sign
s.k
, = F
orp
owe
r-tr
ans
form
erd
e
sign
s. K
2 =2
i
rEp i
p/Mr
eF
or
3
C5m
ate
ria
l,th
efo
l
low
ing a
pp
lie
s:o 2
100 a
t10
00 G a
nd 2
5
*C: 3
000 a
t20
00G a
nd 1
0
0°C
. An
omina
l pe v
a
lue o
f2000 w
ase
mployed i
nca
lcu
lat
ing t
h
eva
lue o
fk2f
o
r
3
C5c
o
rem
ate
ria
l.
 TAB LE 1
-5 Ec
ores

Core Core C
o,,- A
L l
e /le Ve A
, °44 C8 AP
PROX
. DA
TA
Pari Ma
terial f
i
gura- e 1mi
lp er l
i
n. I
i
n.= 1
in
.! ti
n:
c
m'! 1
in= P
O
N
umbe r Type l
ion R
ef° 1
000 t
urns a c
mi (
1112 ) e
i
n=i c
m=I r
(t
l
i
li
i
.2! fW
1
N
. K26

8
14 E
250 3
E2A E
-E 2
800 2
600 1
.02 0
.0298 0
.0304 0
.039 0
.00810 0
.0032 3
03 X 1
0 -6 0
.
32
2
.
59 0
.
192 0
.499 0
.252 0
.0523 0
.0209
E
-
I 1
/00 2
900 0
.
759 0
.0314 0
.0238 0
.0195 3
01 X 1
0 -6 0
.23
1
.93 0
.202 0
.
390 0
.126
8
13E
187 3
E2A E
-E 3
200 2
300 1
.
54 0
.0348 0
.0538 0
.082 0
.0645 0
.0258 4
68 X 1
0 -6 0
.48
3
.91 0
.224 0
.
882 0
.529 0
.
4 16 0
.166
3
.91 0
.224 0
.882 0
.529 0 1
0 -6 0
.39
E
-
1 2
600 2
600 1
.
10 0
.0346 0
.038 0
.04 I
2
.
79 0
.222 0
.623 0
.264 0
.0320 0
.0128 8
60
4 x
7 x I
0- 3 0
.65
8
13E343 3
E2A E
-E 3
200 4
250 1
.
54 0
.0639 0
.0987 0
.082 0
.
2060 0
.0825
3
.91 0
.413 1
.62 0
.529 7
58 X 1
0 -6 0
.48
E
-
I 2
600 4
800 1
.
11 0
.0639 0
.0707 0
.04 I
2
.82 0
.413 1
.
16 0
.264 0
.0470 0
.0
188 5
77 X 1
0 -6 0
.60
t
e 8
73E
189 3
E E
-E 2
080 1
730 1
.69 0
.044 0
.0745 0
.0842 0
.
303
i
à 0
.
121
4
.29 0
.284 1
.22 0
.543 4
68 X 1
0 -6 0
.43
E
-1 1
850 2
220 1
.20 0
.0452 0
.0541 0
.0421
3
.05 0
.291 0
.887 0
.272 0
.0470 0
.0
188 7
41 X 1
0 -6 0
.60
3
E2A E
-E 2
800 2
300 1
.69 0
.044 0
.0745 0
.
303 0
.
12 1
4
.29 0
.284 I,/ 1
0 -6 0
.
43
2
650 0
.543
E
-I 3
200 1
.20 0
.0452 0
.0541 0
.0421
3
.05 0
.291 0
.887 0
.272 0
.
1034 0
.0414 9
69
5 3X
9 X 1
0 -6 0
.79
8
12E250 3
E2A E
-E 320 3
500 1
.90 0
.0621 0
.
118 0
.
125 0
.667 0
.267
4
.83 0
.400 1
.94 0
.806 8
32 X 1
0 -6 0
.58
E
-I 2
900 4
100 1
.0 0
.0622 0
.0867 0
.0625
3
.56 0
.400 1
.42 0
.403 0
.0472 0
.0
189 3
36 X 1
0 -5 1
.
21
2
06E440 3
C5 E
-E (
s
ee n
ote e) 1
.
89 0
.
154 0
.292 0
.0992 0
.304 0
.
122
4
.
80 0
.993 4
.79 0
.638 2
61 X 1
0 -5 0
.95
E
-
1 (
s
ee n
ote c) 1
.45 0
.157 0
.
7. '
7 0
.0496
3
.68 1
.01 3
.72 0
.
319 0
.0472 0
.0
189 2
46 X 1
0 -3 1
.
21
3
E E
-E 1
900 4
800 1
.89 0
. I5
4 0
.292 0
.0992 0
.304 0
.
112
4
.80 0
.993 4
.79 0
.638 /
07 X 1
0 -3 0
.95
E
-I 1
750 6
100 1
.45 0
.157 0
.1'7 0
.0496
3
.68 1
.01 3
.72 0
.
3 19 0
.0472 0
.0
189 2
85 X 1
0 -5 1
.
21
3
E2A E
-E 2
800 0
.304 0
.
122
4
.
80 0
.993 4
.79 0
.638 3 X10- 5 0
.95
E
-
1 2
500 8
650 1
.45 0
.
157 0
.1/7 0
.0496
3
.68 1
.0I 3
.
72 0
.319 0
.
152 0
.
608 1
8
255 X 1
0 -5 1
.
34
 TABLE 1
-6 U Cores
. AP
PROX
. DA
TA

Core C
ore Con- AL Ac ACB 0
.c
4,Ac
Part Ma
ter
ial f
i
gura- e (
m11per (
i
n. (
P: (i
n
.3 Ii
n
.' l
i
n.2 (
in
.2 Po
N
umber T
ype R
ef
. 1
000 t
urn
s)a c
m) eP22)
. c
m )) c
m 2) c
m 2) n2 k2b (W)

7
02U295 3
E2A U
-U 1
950 4
10 0
.
797 0
.00525 0
.
004 19 0.
0265 6
02 X 1
07 0
.
09
2
.
02 0
.0338 0
.069 0.
17 1
3
E2A U
-1 1
650 3
70 0.
6 13 0
.00432 0
.00265 0.0132 0
,00740
1 0
.00296b 4
48 x 1
0
' 0
.
06
1
.
56 0
.0279 0.0435 0
.0851 0
.0477 0
.0191
3
76U250 3
E2A U
-U 3
600 200 3
.
29 0
.0625 0
.
205 0.
375
8
.
37 0
.400 3
.
36 2
.
4 18 1
59 X 1
05 1
.
21
3
E2A U
-1 3
200 2
500 2
.
53 0
.0625 0.
158 0
.
188
6
.
43 0
.400 2
.
60 0.
2 17 1
38 X 1
05 0
.98
1
05F250 3
E2A U
-U 200 100 1
.
16 0
.0180 0.0209 0.052e
2
.
95 0
.
116 0.
343 0.
339 2
65 X 1
06 0
.23
3
E2A U
-1 1
950 150 0.
979 0
.0180 0
.0176 0.0263
2
.
49 0
.
116 0
.
289 0
.
1696 2
52 X 1
06 0
.
18
1F
30 3
C5 U
-U (
s
ee n
ote d) 4
.
3 1 0
.
134 0
.
579 0
.
562
1
0
.9 0
.864 9
.
50 3
.624 6
67 X 1
05 2
.
32
t
•
à
a 3
C5 U
-1 (
s
ee n
oted
) 3
.
33 0
.
137 0
.456 0
.281
8
.46 0
.884 7
.48 1
.812 5
25 X 1
05 1
.
74
1F
31 3
C5 U
-U (
s
ee n
oted
) 4
.45 0
.
16 1 0
.
719 0
.616
1
.3 1
.04 1
.8 3
.97 8
28 X 1
05 2
.
82
3
C5 U
-1 (
s
ee n
oted
) 3
.
59 0
.
165 0
.594 0
.
308
9
.
12 1
.06 9
.
74 1
.986 6
84 X 1
05 2
.
19
1F
19 3
C5 U
-U (
s
ee n
ote d ) 7
.
13 0
.227 1
.62 1
.950
1
8
.1 1
.46 26
.6 1
2
.577 1
87 X 1
04 5
.
49
3
C5 U
-1 (
s
ee n
oted
) 5
.
73 0
.231 1
.32 0
.975
1
4
.6 1
.49 2
1.6 6
.288 1
52 x 1
04 4
.08
I
FI0 3
C5 U
-U (
s
ee n
oted
) 6
.
77 0
.316 2
.
14 1
.500
1
7
.2 2
.04 35A 9
.675 2
46 X 1
0 5
.
42
3
C5 U
-1 (
s
ee n
oted
) 5
.
76 0
.316 1
.82 0
.
750
1
4
.6 2
.04 29
.8 4
.837 2
09 X 1
04 4
.
36
1
F5 3
C5 U
-U (
s
ee n
oted
) 1
2
.4 1
.00 1
2
.1 5
.000
3
1
.5 6
.45 1
98
. 3
2
.25 1
39 X 1
0 1
7
.7
3
C5 U
-1 (
s
ee n
ote d) 9
.64 1
.00 9
.64 2
.500
2
4
.5 6
.45 1
58
. 1
6
.125 I
I X 1
03 1
3
.45

"
Unle
sso
t
herw
ises
p
ecif
ied
. R
ef
. a
nd AL v
a
lue
s a
r
enom
ina
lwi
th a+
25% t
o
leranc
eon AL ,
b
Fo rPowe
r-Induc
tordes
igns, k2 = E2I
Lf 2.F
orp
owe
r-t
ran
sfo
rme
rde
sign
s. k2 I
rEp !
WM!
cB
a obb
in 7
02FI82 moun
ts .o
n Ic
ore
.
• •
•• •
•• •• •••
• .
1
. eh •
•••• , •.
•
••••••• ,•
 TAB L
E1-7 T
oro
ids
.
AP
PROX
. DA
TA
.
I
L
C
ore Core f
r
P
tif per l
e A
, Ve AC 0
.44 c
Par
r I
f(
a er
ial pe 1000 t
urns, Ii
n. (
in. (
in.' (
in. (i
n. Po
Nu mber Tyne R
ef
: (+ 2
0%) CM ) C
111 2) C
li1 3, C
P1
1 2) cm 2 ) W

2I
3T050 4
C4 1
2
5 2
4 0.
422 0
.00249 0
.00105 0
.00635 0
.00254 h b
1
.
07 0
.0161 0
.0172 0
.04 10 0
.0164 h b
3D3 7
25 1
40 1
.
07 0
.0161 0
.0172 0
.04 10 0
.0164
3
E2A 4
470 8
50 1
.
07 0
.0161 0
.0172 0
.04 10 0
.0164 6
53 x 1
0- g 0
.
018
1
04
1T060 4
C4 1
25 2
5 0
.532 0
.00330 0
.00176 0
.0 116 0
.0463 h b
1
.
35 0
.0213 0
.288 0
.0748 0
.0298
303 7
25 1
44 1
.
35 0
.0213 0
.288 0
.0748 0
.0298 b b
3
E2A 4
495 8
90 1
.
35 0
.0213 0
.288 0
.0748 0
.0298 1
09 x I
0-' 0
.
025
2
66T
125 4
C4 1
25 5
5 0
.852 0
.0118 0
.0100 0
.0275 0
.0110 h b
2
.16 0
.0760 0
.164 0
.177 0
.0710
3D3 7
50 3
30 2
.16 0
.0760 0
.164 0
.177 0
.0710 h b
3E2A 4
830 2
135 2
.16 0
.0760 0
.164 0
.177 0
.0710 5
77 x 1
0 -' 0
.05
M 7
681
188 3D3 7
50 4
15 1
.
19 0
.0206 0
.0247 0
. 06 18 0
.0247 b b
V
3.
03 0
.133 0
.403 0
.400 0
.159
3
E2A 5
000 2
750 3.
03 0
.133 0
.403 0
.400 0
.159 1
37 x 1
0-6 0
.
14
8
46T250 3
E2A 5
000 3
055 2.
18 0
.0418 0
.0908 0. /28 0
.09 1
2
5.
52 0
.270 1.
49 1
.47 0
.587 5
06 x 1
0-6 0
.
32
K
300502 3
E 2
700 1
688 2.
92 0
.0582 0
.169 0. 4
40 0
.
176
7.
43 0
.375 2
.78 2
.84 1
.
14 1
0
1 x 1
0- 0
.
50
K
300500 3
E 2
700 2
422 3.
58 0
.101 0
.360 0
.643 0
.257
9
.11 0
.650 5
.92 4
.
15 1
.660 2
14 X 1
0- ' 0
.
78
K
30050
1 3
E 2
700 3
639 3
.58 0
.151 0.5
42 0.643 0
.257
9
.11 0
.975 8
.88 4
.15 1
.660 3
21 x 1
0-5 1
.1
5
281500 3
C5 3
.40 0
.
187 0
.634 0.465 0
.
186
8
.63 1
.21 1
0
.4 3.00 1
.20 7
33 x 1
0- ' 1
.
3
4
00T750 3
C5 5
.00 0
.281 1
.40 1
.27 0
.508
1
2
.7 1
.81 2
3
.0 8
. 20 3
.28 1
62 x 1
0-1 1.1
1
44T500 3
C5 6
.7 0
.342 .
30 1
.84 0
.
736
1
7
.1 2
.21 3
7
.8 1
.86 4
.
744 2
65 x 1
0- g 3
.
0

af
ar p
owe
r-induc
tord
e
sign
s, k2 F
orp
owe
r-t
ran
sfo
rme
rde
sign
s, k2 =
bS
i
nce t
h
ism
ate
ria
l i
sno
t r
e
commend
ed f
o
rhi
gh-f
lux d
en
sity a
pp
lica
tion
s,n
ova
lue
sar
cgi
ven f
o
rk,a
nd P
o
.
cF
or 3
C5m
ate
ria
l,t
h
efo
l
low
ing a
pp
lie
s: p> 2
1
00 a
t10
00 G a
nd 2
5
°C: p> 3
000 a
t20
00 G a
nd 1
0
0°C
.
C
our
tesy o
fFe
rroscub
eCo
rpo
rat
ion
.
 TABLE 1
-8 Po
tco
res
APROX DA
TA
AL
C
'
iire Core Core (
milper l
e A
,
. 1
/
, Ac AC
a 0
.44 al
Part Ma
terial D
ian, ea
Ref a
1
000 (
urns (a (
i
n. (
i
n.: (
n.) (
i//
.1 (
h/. 2 (
in
.2 P
O
A
'
tonher Type i
nn
, +2
5% m
il a
n') c
m') e
i
n 2) e
i
n 21 ei
n 21 (W
)

7
43 P1
33
-3E 3
E 7 100 5
76 0
.408 0
.0067 0
.0027 0
.0116 0
.0056 0
.0022
3
99 X 1
0 -7 0
.57
1
.04 0
.0433 0
.045 0
.0747 0
.0361 0
.0144
32 P1
3384
-3 E 3
E 9 I1
00 1
350 0
.559 0
.0216 0
.0120 0
.0124 0
.0057 0
.0021
1
74 x 1
0 -6 0
.86
1
.42 0
.139 0
.197 0
.080 0
.0368 0
.0137
107 P
- L0
0-3
137 3
B7 1 1
430 1
940 0
.608 0
.0259 0
.0157 0
.0164 0
,0083 0
.0033
3
78 X 1
0 -6 0
.
103
1
.54 0
.167 0
.257 0
.105 0
.0535 0
.0214
107 P-L0
0-3 D
3 3D3 1 6
35 8
65 1
.54 0
.167 0
.257 0
,105 0
.0535 0
.0214 c c
N
.
1 107 P-L0
0-4 C
4 44 I 14 1
55 1
.54 0
.167 0
.257 0
.105 0
.0535 0
.0214 c c
c
o I4
08 P-L0
0-387 3
1
37 1
4 1
400 240 0
.771 0
.0386 0
.0297 0
.0267 0
.015 0
.0060
6
65 x 1
0-6 0
.
161
1
.96 0
.247 0
.487 0
.172 0
.0968 0
.0387
1
408 P
-1
.00-3 B9 3B9 1
4 190 1
910 1
,96 0
.247 0
.487 0
.172 0
.0968 0
.0387 c c
1
408 P-L
00-303 3D3 1
4 7
05 130 1
.96 0
.247 0
.487 0
.172 0
,0968 0
.0387 c e
1
408 P-L0
0-3 E 3E 1
4 1
300 2
080 1
.96 0
.247 0
.487 0
.172 0
,0968 0
.0387 3
65 X 1
0 -6 0
.
16 1
1
408 P-L
00-4C4 4C4 1
4 1
25 2
00 1
.96 0
,247 0
.487 0
.172 0
.0968 0
,0387 c c
1
811 P-L0
0-3
117 387 1
8 1
740 3
680 1
.02 0
.0672 0
.0683 0
.0458 0
.029 0
.0116 1
23 X 1
0 -3 0
.265
2
.59 0
.433 1
.12 0
./96 0
,187 0
.0748
1
811 P-
1M -31
39 3
139 1
8 I
250 2
630 2
.59 0
.433 1
.12 0
.296 0
.187 0
.0748 c
1
811 P-L0
0-3 D3 3D3 1
8 7
35 1
550 7.5
9 0
.433 1.
12 0
.296 0
.187 0
.0748 e c
1
811 P-L0
1
3-3 E 3E 1
8 1
660 3
500 2
.59 0
.433 1
.12 0
.296 0
.187 0
.0748 6
58 x 1
0 -6 0
.265
1
811 P-
L00-4 C4 4C4 1
8 1
25 2
65 2
.59 0
.433 I.1
2 0
.296 0
.187 0
.0748 c c
213 P-
1
.00-3
137 3B7 2 1
825 4
650 1
.23 0
.0985 0
.122 0
.0652 0
.046 0
.0184 2
08 x 1
0 -5 0
.
392
3
.
12 0
.635 1
.99 0
.420 0
.297 0
.118
213P
-L00
-3 B9 3
B9 2 1
275 3
250 3
.
12 0
.635 I.9
9 0
.420 0
.297 0
.118 c
 213P-L00
-3D3 3D3 2 7
05 1
800 3
.
12 0
.635 1
.
99 0
.420 0
.297 0
.
118 c c
2
213P-LOO
-3E 3
E 2 1
725 4
400 3
.
12 0
.635 1.
99 0
.420 0
.297 0
.
118 12 X 1
0 -5 0
.
392
2
213 P
-L00
-4C4 4C4 2 1
20 3
00 3.
12 0
.635 1.
99 0
.
420 0
.297 0
.
118 c c
2
616P-L00
-3 B
7 387 2
6 1
880 6
000 1
.
47 0
.
147 0
.217 0
.0890 0
.063 0
.025
3
62 X 1
0 -5 0
.
555
3.
73 0
.948 3
.56 0
.
574 0
,406 0
.
163
2
616P-L00
-389 3
89 2
6 1
380 4
390 3.
73 0
.948 3
.56 0
.
574 0406 0
.
163 c c
2
616P-L00
-3 D
3 )D3 2
6 7
35 2
340 3
.
73 0
.948 3
.56 0
.574 0
.406 0
.
163 c e
2
616P-L00
-3E 3E 2
6 1
830 5
850 3.
73 0
.948 3
.56 0
.
574 0
.406 0
.
163 1
90 x 1
0-5 0
.
555
2
616P-LOO
-4C4 4C4 2
6 1
20 3
90 3.
73 0
.948 3
.56 0
.
574 0
.406 0
.
163 c c
3
019 P
-L00
-3 8
7 3
137 3
0 2
020 7
580 1
.
77 0
.
2 14 0
.380 0
.
124 0
.091 0
.0364
6
08 X 1
0 -5 0
.
767
4
.50 1
.38 6
.23 0
.
800 0
.587 0
.235
3
019P-L00
-3B9 3
1
39 3
0 1
480 5
750 4
.50 1
.38 6
.23 0
.800 0
.587 0
.235 c c
3
019P-L00
-3D3 3D3 3
0 7
45 2
820 4.
50 1
.38 6
.23 0
.800 0
.587 0
.235 c c
3
622 P
-L00
-3 B
7 3
B7 3
6 2
000 9
660 2.
08 0
.313 .
6
51 0
.
167 0
.116 0
.0464
1
02 X 1
0 -' 1
.
06
M 5
.
28 2
.02 1
8.7 1
.08 0
.748 0
.299
0 3
622P-L00
-3 8
9 3B9 3
6 1
440 7
050 5
.
28 2
.02 1
0.7 I
.08 0
.748 0
.299 c c
3
622P-L00
-3 D
3 3D3 3
6 7
45 3
580 5
.
/8 2
.02 1
0.7 1
.08 0
.748 0
.299 c c
3
622P-L00
-3E 3E 3
6 250 1
0
,800 5.
28 2
.02 1
0
.7 1
.08 0
.748 0
.299 4
64 X 1
0- 5 1
.
06
4
229 P
-L00
-387 3B7 4
2 2
100 1
0
,300 2.
68 0
.413 1.
11 0
.301 0
.217 0
.0868
1
65 X 1
0 -4 1
.
60
6
.81 2
.66 1
8
. 10 1
.94 1
.40 0
.560
K
5 3
50 5
6-3E 3
E 4
5 2
400 1
3
,500 2.
56 0
.451 1.
15 0
.
25 1 0
.160 0
.0640 7
64 X 1
0-5 1
.
59
6.
50 2
.91 1
8
.8 1
.62 1.
03 0
.412
K
5 3
50 1
-3E 3
E 6
6 2
440 1
8
.200 4
.85 1
.
11 5
.38 .
857 0
.620 0
.248 3
52 x 1
0-1 4
.
42
1
1.30 7
.
16 8
8
.2 5
.
53 4
.00 1
.60

"
Perp
a
iro
fco
res
.
bF
or p
owe
r-induc
tord
e
sign
s,k
, = E211
' 2.F
orp
owe
r-t
ran
sfo
rme
rde
sign
s, K2 I
rEpl
e/
311
.
S
i
ncet
h
is m
ate
ria
l i
sno
t r
e
commend
ed f
o
rhi
gh-f
lux d
en
sity a
pp
lica
tion
s, n
ova
lue
sar
egi
ven f
o
r k2 a
nd P
o
.
C
our
tes
yofF
c
rro
xcu h
eCo
rpo
rat
ion
.
3
0 T
he B
asi
cso
fMagne
ticM
ate
ria
ls C
hap
. 1

The design o bject

ive has been s a
tisf
ied w hen 2434 tu
rn s of w
ire a
re layer-
wound o n th e to
roid core. T he prog
ression of des
ign isp at
terned afte
r i n
-
f
orma tion c ontained inF er
roxcube B u
llet
in 330-A. In ap ract
ical s
i
tua t
ion
t
hec ore used s hould bephy sica
lly la
rgert han t
hatc hosen inFig. 1
-
17 , even
i
fthek ,r at
ing i ssubstant
ially higher
. T h
is wi
ll fa
cil
itate e
asierwinding a nd
p
erm i
t t he use o f l
arger wire gauges than w ou
ld b e requ
ired for the core
s
pecif
ied .

1
.
5.2 P
owe
rRat
ing

Tables 1-5through 1 -8c ontain as e

to f Po factors( powe rdi
s s
ipa t
ion f ac
-
t
or
) i n w atts. T his is t h
e p owe r-diss
ipa t
ion l evel w hich w ill cau se a
t
empe rature ri
se of5 0°C a bove thea mbient levelw ithin as pecif
ied c ore.1 31

(
t
otal p owe r di
ssipation) is as i
gnificant f ac
to r also. Iti sthe t o
tal p ower
d
i
ssipa ted in a n inductor, c onst
ituting w ind ing l os
s a nd c ore l o
ss. T he
d
ie
lectric los
ses ar e no
t p ar
t o fthe Ptf actor.
Once t he wire s i
ze a nd n umbe r of c o
il t urns h ave b een c hosen, t h
e
d
esigne rcan find the res
istance oft he wind ing ( Table 1-4)a nd estima te th
e
t
o
ta l winding c opper loss. T he core-
lo ss factor can b e o bta
ined f r
om t h
e
manufac turer
's p ubl
ished c urves for th
em aterialu sed. T hese data, plust h
e
w
inding -loss da
ta, provide t he in
fo rma t
ion n eeded t oc alculate the 1 31.

Once th e powe r isknown , the tempe rature-rise trai

t c an be taken f r
om

S
OP,
.
Tr
i
se =
P
o

where thef actorP. isgi

ven f o
re ach core type i
nthetables
. O nce t
hisinfor
-
mat
ion i sa cquired, t
he des
igne r c
an m ake fi
nal a
djus
tmen ts (empirica
l) to
c
ompen sate f o
r the temperature-r
ise ef f
ects on 1
,a nd the inductor Q. It
may att h
isj uncture benecessary to modify thenumbero fcoi
lt u
rnss l
ight
ly
t
om ee
t t hei n
it
ial de
sign object
ive. Typica l
ly, a
ssuming that t
hed es
ign was
d
one c arefully atthe b
eginning, thechange sc au
sed by heat
ing should beof
l
ow p e
rcen tage.

1
.
6 I
nduc
tance v
ersus AC
/DC E
xci
tat
ion

I
tisac ommon d es
ign character
ist
ic t oh ave al a
rge componento fd ce xci
ta-
t
i
on present along with t
he ac exc
itation r elated to agiven p.
ower inducto r
.
F
igure 1-
18 il u
strates atyp
ical application , w here Va .i
ssuppl
ied toa n RF
p
owe r tr
ansistor through a magne tic-co re c hoke inductor
, Li. T he s ame
c
ondit
ion d oes n o
t prevai
l w i
th respec t t o L 2 and L3 of QI b ecause C l
s
e
rvesa s ablocking capac
itor. L2a nd L 3 ar es ub
jected toacexci
tation o nly
.
I
ti sn o
t u ncommon f or t he dc e xcitat
ion c omponen t to exer
t c on-
s
i
derably mo re m agnetomo t
ive force t han i sa ppl
ied by the a
c-derived e x
-
 R
F amp
lif
ier L
2 L
3
C
l
0
1

V
cc
F
igure 1
-
18 E
xamp
le o
f amagne
tic
-co
re i
nduc
toru
sed t
o
s
upp
ly d
c o
pera
ting v
ol
tage t
o t
he c
o
llec
tor o
f a
n R
F-
amp
li
fie
r t
r
ans
isto
r. A
c a
nd d
c c
omponen
ts a
re p
resen
t i
n
L
1, b
uto
nly a
c i
s ac
ons
ide
rat
ion a
t 1
_
2 a
nd L
3.

c
i
tation . In adesign oft h
is var
ie ty theattendan tp roblem sc an bem inim ized
t
o ac onsiderable extent by in
t roducing a n air gap int he magne t
ic c ircui
t.
The a dvantage isthat as ma
llerc ore can beu sed than w ould b ep ossible with
aclosed magne tic ci
rcuit, s
uch a s ac la
ssic toroid core.T he p r
incip le o fai
r-
g
ap i nclusion isshown i nF ig. 1-19a.
The designer mu st be a ware t ha
t the i n
troduc t
ion o f a n air gap h as a
marked e ffecto n th
e inductance t hat w ould be present in ac losed-co re ci
r-
c
uit
. T he ai
r gap creates wha t can be termed a" hybrid flux path ." T h
is is
b
ecau se p art o
f the f l
ux path i sv ia af a
irly long ferri
te c i
rcuit o f high p,
whi
le a notherp arto fthep a
th i st h
rough af a
irly shortl ow-µ ai
rg ap.T he ef
-
f
ect
ive l ength oft h
em agnetic p ath under t h
ese conditions c an bee xpressed
a
s

=I
m + f
4/g

whe
re b
iisthe p
ermeab i
lity o
f th
e mate
rial
, /n t
r he l
ength of t
he m
agne
tic
p
ath (
normally s
pec
ified as f
or z
ero g
ap), a
nd ie t
he le
ngth o
f t
he c
ore
g
ap. A
l
l le
ngths a
re i
nc en
timete
rs. T
he a
ir
-gap i scons
idered a
s 1,o
r u
ni
ty.

1
.
6.1 Emp
loymen
tof t
he H
anna C
urve

Airg apsi ncore sare used with regularity int hed esign ofp owe rchokes,
f
i
lter inductors
, a nd transforme rs. We h ave j u
s t out
lined t he fundamentals
o
f de s
igning with a ir gaps, but finding t he exac t a
ir-gap d imen s
ion for a
g
iven o p
timum c ondition versusc ore mate r
ial, in duc
tance ,a nd d ccu
rrentis
atedious undertak ing a tbest
. As imp l
ified m ethod w a
s disc
lo sed by C
.R .
Hanna i nhis 1
927 A lEE W interC onven t
ion p ape r. His m e
thod e nable
st he
d
esigner to derive t he best ai
r g ap for as pecific group o f re qu
irements.
F
rom h i
s technique , Fair
-R i
te P roduc ts C o
rp . c ons
truc ted aHanna c urve
f
or use with it
s F air-Rite N o
. 7 c ore ma terial, ap opu lar type for u
se in
p
owe r inductor a nd transforme r applications.

3
1
 Ime
t = [t
i
c \P2 l
ac x A 9

Nt
u
rns

Bm
ax
S
lope - µa
y
Hrnax

(
a
) (
b
)
F
igure 1
-
19 T
he c
oncep
tof amagne
tic c
ore w
ith a
i
rgap i
sshown i
n(a
). T
he c
urve i
n(b
)
i
l
us t
rates h
ow may depar
ts f
r
om a st
raigh
t l
i
ne. H
oweve
r, t
he s
t
raigh
t l
i
ne i
sused a
s t
he
b
asis f
or1.
4a
v i
n apract
ica
l s
i
tuat
ion
.

During o ur d i
scus sion e arlier, w e e stab lished t hat d c c ur ren t f l
ow ing
t
hrough t h
ew ind ing o f af e
r romagne tic i nduc to rw ould s a
tura te t hec ore t o
s
ome e xten t
, t hereby r educing t he i nduc tance . T h
i s e ff ect i sd emon stra ted
c
lear
ly b y thec u rve m arked "A ir g ap = 0 " i nF ig. 1 -20. N ot o nly d oes a n
a
irg ap l owe r t he induc tance , i td ec rea ses t h e induc tance mo re a nd mo re a s
t
heg ap i s made w ider. B u
t t heb enef it r ealized f rom i ncrea sing t h ew idth o f
t
he g ap i sg rea ter d irect-cu rren t c apab ility b efo re c ore s atura tion t ake s
p
lace. T he v ar ious a ir-gap c urve s i nF i g
. 1 -20 il us
t ra te t his princ iple r a
the r
c
lear
ly.
At ypical m ethod f o
r f i
nd ing t h e o ptimum c o
re g ap o f ag iven i n duc to r
i
sthato ft r
iala nd e rro r —a t ruly e mp irical a pproach . T he u sua la pp roach i s
t
oc hose ac o
re t hatw illy i
eld t her equ ired a moun to fi nduc tance ,b ased o na
w
ire g auge t ha t wil
l h andle t h e dc c urren t w ithou t e xce ssive h ea ting o r I R
v
oltage d rop . N ext, t he assemb led i nduc to r iss ubje cted t ot h en o rma ll evel
o
f d c c urren t t o l e
a rn i fs atu ration i so ccu rring. I fs atu ration i sn oted ,
a
ssorted a ir g ap s a re t r
ied e xpe rimen tally u ntil o ne d imen sion p reven ts
s
aturation . T he s hortcom ing i s an eed t oe xpe rimen t f urthe r —add ing t urn s
o
n t hec oil toc ompen sate f ort he l ost i nduc tance . T hisc an r e qu ire al arge r
c
ore i ns ome i n
stance s. T he f orego ing r ou tine i sr e pea ted u ntil t h e p rope r
c
ore g ap a nd c o re size i sf ound . T his m ean s ac o re t ha t w il
l n ot s atu ra te
when d c b ias i sa pplied . T he p roce ss i s at ediou s o ne , i ndeed !
T
he p rocedure i ss imp lif
ied b y using t h ec urve so fF ig. 1 -20 f ort hec o re
t
hat isc ho sen f i
rst. T he d esigne r can p ick ac urve t hat i sf l
at a lmo st t ot he
maximum a moun to fd c bias c urren t i nt hec oil
. T he c urve c ho sen w ills how
t
hea vailab le i nduc tance p er c oil turn v ersu s t he airg ap s e
lec ted . F rom t his
i
nforma tion i ti s asimp le t ask t oc alcu late t he tota l t urn s re qu ired f or t he
t
argeti nduc tance . If
, o fc our se , thes pecified n umbe ro ft urnsw illn otf ito n
t
hec ore , al a
rge r one mu st b e c ho sen . T his w il
l n e cessi tate ar epea t o ft he
s
e
lection p rocedure a nd t he u se o f an ew s et of cu rve s.

32
 1
0
,000

A
ir g
ap =
1
000
=0
.001 i
n
.

=0
.003 i
n
.

0
.010 i
n
. _
=0
,20 i
n
.
1
00

0
,040 i
n
.
1
0
.01 0
.
1 1 1
0

DC b
ias I
A)
F
igure 1
-20 C u
rves t
hatshow t
he e
f
fec
to fincreas
ing a
i
rgap v
ersus i
n
duc
-
t
ance
. (Cour
tesy o
f F
ai
r-Ri
te P
roduc
ts Corp
.).

Air
-gap s
e
lect
ion b y means o
ft he Hanna curve e
l
im ina
tes th
e n eed f
ora
s
eparate s
e
t o
fc urves f
or each core s
i
ze, wi
th respec
t to d
c bi
a s and induc
-
t
ance. Bu
t, o
f greater s
ignif
icance, i
tn ega
tes the need f
or tr
ial-and-erro
r
d
eterminat
ions
.

1
.6
.2 C
ons
truc
ting a H
anna C
urve

Ob
servation o
fthecurves i
nFig
. 1-
21 ilu
strate
s the c
ons
truc
tion o
ft he
Hanna curve. No
te t
he sim
ila
rity b
etween the
se curve
s and t
hose o
f Fig.
1
-20
. The ver
tica
lscale i
sdiff
erent
, however
, a
s are
sult o
f mul
tiplying i
tby
t
he dc c
urrent s
quared. The dashed l
i
ne of F
ig. 1
-21 p
rovides ap oin
t of
t
angency on e
ach o
ft he c
urves wh
ich i
ndica
tes t
heopt
imum i nductance f
or
t
he given air gap a nd d c bi
as. T he d ashed li
ne isshown with s l
ight a
ltera-
t
ions inF ig
. 1-22. I n t
his presentation i tisthe c
la
ssic Hanna c urve.
I
n Fig
. 1-22 the scales are norma lized as aresu
lt ofdividing the vert
ical
s
cale by the effec
tive c ore volume . T he hor
izontal has b
een c hanged t o in
-
d
icate the magne tizing f i
e
ld i n oersted s
. The curve ischaracteris
tic of the
F
air-Rite No. 77 c ore material. I
tc an b eused fo
ra ny co
re size inthatgrade
o
f mate r
ial. The air-gap tangency p oint sind
icated inFig
. 1-23 are id
entified
i
nF ig
. 1 -22 by mean s o fthe short marke r l
i
nes which are perpendicular to

33
 1
0
,000 I I I
I I

=0
.040 i
n
.,

-0
.020 i
n
.

0
.
010 i
n
. -

=0
.003 i
n
.

=0
.00
1 i
n
.

A
i
r g
ap =

I 1 1 111 1 I ;

0
.01 0
1 1
0

DC b
i
as (
A)

F
igure 1
-21 T
his g
roup o
fai
rgaps f
o
rm aH
anna c
urve
. T
he c
urve i
sst
r
ik-
i
n
gly s
im
ila
rtot
hat o
f F
i
g. 1
-
20. (
Cour
tesy o
f F
a
ir-R
ite P
roduc
ts C
orp
.).

t
hec urve
. T he
se points a
re ba
sed on t
he v
a
lue ofthe ai
rgap, d
ivided by t
he
e
ffec
tive path le
ngth oft he c
ore (
le)i
ncent
imeter
s.
Norma l
ly, the fi
rst s
tep in u
s
ing the Hanna curve d
i
ctate
s s e
lec
ting a
c
ore t
hat w
il
l yie
ld t
he r
equ
ired amount o
fi nduc
tance v
er
sus an a
ccep
tab
le
w
ire g
auge. Fo
llowing t
h
is i
tisp
oss
ible t
ocalcula
te t
hever
tica
l fa
ctoroft
he
c
urve b
y

V L xI 2

Ve

w
here L isthe i
nductance i
nhenries
, /the dc c
urrent in amperes
, Ve t
heef
-
f
e
ctive co
re volume inc m'
, and Ve th
e ver
tical f
actor
.
Once th
e ver
tica
l facto
r isder
ived, ah or
izontal l
ine isdrawn from th
e
v
er
tical a
xis u
nti
l itmeets t
he Hanna curve
. Att h
is point ofinte
rsec
tion w
e

3
4
 1
0 I IW I

-a
i
rgap 0
.
150
f
c.-e
f
fect
ive p
ath -0
.050 0
.
100
l
e
ngth o
f c
ore 0
.070

=0
.020
1
03
-0
.015
=0
.010

=0
.005

1
04 =0
.002

10 5 1 1 1 1 II I I 1 1 1 1 11

1
0 1
00 1
000

H =0
.470
,
1I1
1, 1
0)

Rgure 1
-22 C
lass
ic H
anna c
urve a
sex
trac
ted f
r
om t
he s
i
gni
fican
tpo
ints o
n
t
he c
urve i
nFi
g. 1
-
21. (
Cour
tesy o
f F
a
ir-R
ite P
roduc
ts C
orp
.).

h
ave t
h
e value o
fthe m
agne
tiz
ing f
i
eld i
noe
rsted
s (
p
roduced i
nth
e c
ore
).
T
he e
quat
ion for t
h
is i
s

H = 0
.4 x N x/

whe
re H i si n oe
rsteds, Lt he inductance i n henr
ies, /t h
e dc current i
n
amperes
, a nd /,thee ffect
ive p a
th l e
ngth oft he core incent
ime te
rs.
Once t hi
s value iso b
tained, i tispossible to ca
lculate the numbe r o
f
t
urns r
equ ired. As m entioned earlie
r, ifthe turns wi
ll not f
i
t on thec ho
sen
c
ore, alarge r o
ne mu st be sele
cted a nd t
he p roces
s repeated.
The ai
r -gap factor isf ound at the in
tersection p o
int of th
e h o
rizonta
l
l
i
ne and t he Hanna c urve. T he ai
r-gap fac
to r can be dete
rm ined by

A
/
AG
f

w
here AG.fisth
ea ir
-gap fac
tor, A
/thea i
rgap i
ninche
s, a
nd leth
ee ffec
tive
p
ath l
eng
th o f t
hec ore i
ninche
s.
T
he a
ir-gap fa
ctorv ar
iesin anon
linearmanne
r. Forth
is r
eason itisdi
f-
f
i
cul
t to use in
terpolat
ion between the d
ef
ined po
ints o
n th
e c urve
. T he

35
3
6 T
he B
as
icso
fMagne
ticM
ate
ria
ls C
hap
. 1

f
orego
ing calculat
ions a
re ba
sed on t
he p
remise t
ha
t neg
lig
ible a
cc urrent is
p
resen
t re
spec t
ive to t
he amount o
f d
c cur
rent inth
e ci
rcu
it. I
fth e ac cu
r-
r
ent i
sappreciable
, howeve
r, it
speak v
alue mus
t beadded toth
e ' - T
dc h
isi s
b
ecause the t
otalcurren
tw il
l produce the ma x
imum f lux d
ensi
ty inthecore
mate
ria
l.
F
igure 1-23 contain
s air-gap curves fo
r ag roup of Fa
ir-Rite E c
ores
made f
rom N o
. 7 m ate
rial
. Sim i
larcurves f
o rthem anufac
turer's p
otcores
a
re pre
sented i n F
ig. 1-
24. B oth s
ets of curves were d
eveloped from the
Hanna curve procedure
.

1
.
6.3 A
ctua
lAi
r G
ap

We a re now c oncerned with the total a

ir gap, a s obta
ined f r
om t he
c
urves
. I tcan bee ff
ected bygrinding away ap art oft h
eE -core centerpost.
A
lternative
ly, mo st manufacturers wi
ll supp
ly c ore
s w i
th the presc
ribed a i
r
g
ap. T he same t e
chnique isused with pot co
re s
.
When t hede s
igne r u
ses t
wo E coresort wo potc ores, i
tismo re prac
tical
t
ogrind o n
ly o ne-half o
ft h
ec ore pa
ir r
athert han remov ing equal amoun ts
o
fm a
te r
ial fr
om e ach core ha
lf. Al
ternative
ly, o ne can in
ser
t n onmagne tic

1
0
.000

9477025002 Ec
ore
s
_
9477036002

—
9477032002

9
477015002
9
477016002
-9
477020002

9
477019002

1
0 1 .
1 1
1 I 1 L 1 11
1 11

0
.00
1 0
.010 0
.
100 1
.
00
A
ir g
ap (
i
n.
)

F
igu
re 1
-23 C
urves f
o
r ag
roup o
f F
a
ir-R
ite Ec
ores w
hich a
re m
ade o
fNo
.
7
7 (
1800 1 f
e
rr
ite m
ate
ria
l. (
Cour
tesy o
f F
a
ir-R
ite P
roduc
ts C
orp
.).
 1
0,000 1 I I 11111 1 1 1 11111 1 1 1 1 111
-
- -
- -
_ -
- -

- -
.

- _
H

5
677362221 P
ot c
ores
9

n5
6
773
019
21 —
0
n 1

1
000 _
AL )i

7-5
67726
1621 —
_ —
—
—
_5677221321 _
urn (

—5
677181121 _
r t

—5
677140821 —
e
tance p

5
677110721
1
00 _
—
nduc

— _
_
I

1
0 I I iI
ii.i I I 1 1I1I1 1 1 i 11 1iI

0
.00
1 0
.010 0
.
100 1
.00

A
ir g
ap (
i
n.)

F
igure 1-24 Fai
r-Rite P
roducts Co
rp. c
urves f
o
r N
o. 7
7 (
1800p 1)p
ot c
ore
s.
(
Courtesy o
f F
a
ir-Ri
te Products C
orp.
).

s
h
im s t
ock b
etween the c
ore ha
lves t
o provide an a
ir gap. In such c
ases t
he
s
t
ock isin
serted be
tween the oute
r p osts of t
he E cores a nd be
tween the
h
alve
s of t
he pot c
ores a
long the ou
te r pe
rimeter of th
e c ores
. When t h
is
t
e
chnique i
sa pp
lied
, itisnece
ssary to use sh
im s w
hich a r
e h a
lf as t
hick a
s
t
he d
es
ired a
irgap. Th
is i
sbecause t
he c
ente
r p o
st o
fthe c
ore i
sel
evated b
y
t
he s
ame amount asthe o
ute
r leg
s o
r wall
s, cr
eating a
n e
ff
ect
ive gap wh
ich
i
stw
ice the t
h
icknes
s of t
he sh
im stock
.

37
2

APPL
ICAT
ION OF RODS
,
BARS
, AND S
LUGS

We d
iscussed i
nC hap
ter 1t
hebas
ic pr
inc
iplesand d
es
ign c
onside
rat
ions
f
ort
heuse of magne
tic c
ore
s. T
hose d
eta
ilsw
ill n
otberepea
ted e
xceptwhen
i
tisusefultod emon s
tra
te ad es
ign procedure. Int h
isc hapterw ea ddress t
he
p
ractical a
ppl
ications i
nw h
ich o ne mightu se magnetic
-core ma terials i
nthe
f
orm o frods, ba
r s
, and s
l
ug s
. F or t
he mo st p
art, ci
rcuitsthat emp loy t
hese
p
hy s
ical forms are i
n t
he narrow -band category, pr
incipa l
ly for use in t
he
r
adio-frequency spec
trum. For the purpose ofd es
ign s impl
ificat
ion w e wi
ll
w
ork w
ith a
pprox
ima t
ions a
nd r
ules o
f t
humb where itisprac
tica
l, si
de-
s
t
epp
ing t
he mo
re r
igo
rous ma
themat
ica
l so
lut
ion
s. F
ortunate
ly, t
he p
erfo
rm -
a
nce re
su l
ts obtained f rom ci
rcui
ts that a
re b
ased on we
ll-founded r u
les of
t
humb a re en
tirely sa
tisfacto
ry for mostproto
type work. Refinemen t ofthe
b
asic design c an alway s be accomp l
ished, if n
eeded
, j ust prior to the
p
reproduc t
ion s tage
, or the "proof
-bu i
ld" st
age, a
s itissome t
ime s ca
lled.

2
.
1 R
ods a
nd B
ars

F
e rri
te r ods a nd b
arsa re a vailable ins tanda rd l
eng
ths u pt o 812 i
/ n
. T he rods
c
an b eo btained with diame te rs f
rom ' Ai n. to 3
4 i
/ n. B
ars tock i savai
lab le i
n
t
hickne sses from V,t o 14 i
/ n
., w ith wid ths from X,to i
n. T he b ar st
ock is
s
old i n the flat o
r rectangu lar f o
rma t (Fair-Ri
te Classes 3 4 a nd 35). R od
ma te
r ials can be purchased i nt he so
lid orh ol
low forma t
s ( Fa
ir -Rite Cla s
ses
3
0 a nd 3 1
, r e
spect
ive ly).
Fer r
ite rods and b ar
s a re u sed principa lly a
s magne tic co res for radio
a
n tenna s from the VLF s pec trum w e
ll in
to t he VHF range . T he advan tages
o
f t he se phy s
ical
ly s mal
l a n tenna s are high Q , compac tness o f assemb ly,

3
9
4
0 A
ppl
ica
tion o
fRod
s, B
ars
, a
nd S
lug
s C
hap
. 2

a
nd po
rtabil
ity ofe
quipment. The r
ods a
nd b ars manufac tured b
y Fair
-R ite
P
roducts Corp. a
re i
n mater
ials 6
1 (pi = 125, 2350 G ) and 64 (
pi = 2 50,
200 G)
. Specif
ic r
od and b
ars i
zes a
re a
vai
lab le in mater
ials 3 (p
i =8 00),
6
3 (
j
.
zi = 40)
, and 6
8 (pi = 2
0)
. N umber 6
3 s t
ock iso ptimum f or u
se ata p-
p
rox
ima te
ly 3 0 MHz and t
he 68 mate
ria
l isb es
t s u
ited for app
licat
ions a t
r
oughly 1
50 MHz
. Figure 2
-
1 s
how
sva
rious t
ype
s o
frod a
nd b
ar m
ate
ria
lin
p
hotograph
ic f
orm.

2
.1
.1 C
haracter
ist
ics o
fRod
s a
nd B
ars

Rod mater
ial isavai
lable insmal
l dimensions for use a
sc ore mate
ria
l in
s
l
ug-tuned inductors
. A lthough the gene
ral rule
s f o
r a ppl
ication of s
lugs
a
nd rods a
re the s
ame , th
is s
ect
ion wil
l tr
eat th
e larger rod
s a nd ba
rs. S
lug-
t
uned inductor
s a nd transfo
rme r
s will be d
iscussed i n d
etai
l later i
n th
is
v
olume.
Itisi
mpor
tant t
hat we k
eep in mind tha
t t
he pi r
a
ting i
sthat o
f the
mate
ria
l f
r
om w h
ich aco
re i
sm ade
. The s
ize a
nd s
hape o
ft h
e f
i
nished p
rod-
u
ct d
i
ctate
s t
he more s
ignif
icant pa
rame
ter
, pe,or ef
fective p
ermeabi
lity
.
T
he fac
tor o
f i
nte
rest in e
stab
lish
ing t
he i
ae o
f aspecif
ied core 1
.
4ist h
e
d
iameter
-to-
length r
a
tio o
f t
he r
od o
r b
ar
. Figure 2
-2 c
ontains a f
ami
ly of
c
urve
s that i
lus
tra
tes t
h
is c
oncep
t. T
he c
urve
s have b
een drawn fo
r as t
an-
d
ard group ofj. f
a
ctors f
or fe
rri
te ma
teria
ls. T
he ver
tica
l s
cale d
isp
laysthe
pe f
o
r e ach k
ind of mate
ria
l versu
s the r
od leng
th/rod di
ame te
r (lid
). I
t
b
ecomes a pparent when e xamining t he curves that the r
od s o
r bars with
h
igh i
n
it
ial p ermeabil
ities (
40 and greater
) d ecrease t
he mo s
t in me w
hen the
l
eng
th i
ss hort. I
tcan bes e
en inF ig
. 2-2 t
ha t a0.25-
in.-diameterrod, 812 i
/ n
.
l
ong
, w ould b e needed to obtain a n effective permeab i
lity of 30, even
t
hough th
e r od material b
eing used exhibited a n i
ni
tial p
ermeabili
ty of4 0.

F
igure 2
-
1
/
/
E
xamp
les o
f f
e
rri
te r
od a
nd b
ar ma
ter
ials
.
 1
0
,000 1 I 1
11 1 1 1 1 I 1
1 11 1 1
-
_
-
_
-

_
5
000
I
2
000
1
,
000
1
000
_
7
00 _
5
00 _
4
00 -
3
00 -
od

- 2
00 -
.
,
, 1

1
50
iity
l

1
00 1
00
rmeab

_
-
7
0 _
_
_
e
od p

4
0 -
R

2
0 _

1
0 1
0 _
_
_
_
_
_
_

I i 1 11
1 11 1 I 1 I 11 II 1 1 I 1I 11

1 1
0 1
00 1
000

R
od l
e
ngth d
i
vided b
y r
od d
i
ame
ter
, l
i
d

F
igure 2
-2 Family o
fcurves t
hati
lus
tra
te the r
e
lat
ionship b
etween r
od l
e
ngth a
nd
d
iamete
rt o p
ermeab
il
ity
. (Cour
tesy o
f F
air
-Rite P
roducts C
orp.
).

On theotherh and, if alower piisse

lected ( 10) and t
he form factori sreduc-
e
d to 15(0
.25-in, indiame ter
, 3.75 in
. i nle ngth)
, the pc,r
emains thes ame as
t
he pi.At t
he u pper e
nd o fthe in
itia
l-pe rmeab i
lity r
ange i tb
ecome s aprac-
t
i
cal impossibi
lity to rea
lize a rod w ho se ke isc omparab le t
o the o
f it
s
mater
ial. F
o r example, ar od that mea sured 0 .25 x 25 i n
. (f
orm f actor =
1
00), and whose ptii
s5 000, would exhibi t ape ofo n
ly 1 800. B
ecau se ofthis
p
henomenon , the des
igne r wi
ll fi
nd t he c urves in F
ig. 2-2 of considerable
v
alue.
I
fw e were to ex
tend t he c
urves of F ig. 2-2 to t
he ri
gh t
, itcould be seen

4
1
4
2 A
ppl
ica
tion o
fRod
s, B
ars
,and S
lugs C
hap
.2

t
hat t
here i
sactually an op
timum p ermeabil
ity versus I
/d ra
tio. Fur
the r i
n-
c
rease
s w ou
ld le
ad to adecrea
se in me.T
he effectsetspract
icalsize l
imi
ts for
magnet
ic rods that a
re used in l
oop antennas . F
ortunately
, the lim
its are
workable o
nes w
i th r
espect t
ocompac t por
tab le r
adios t
hatc on
tain bui
lt-
in
a
ntenna s
.
P
olydoroff [
1] d
i
scusse
s a nothe
r design c
haracteris
tic t
ha
t must be con
-
s
i
dered when us
ing magnetic
-rod ma te
rials
: The effect
ive p
ermeabi
lities i
n
-
d
i
cated by t
he c
urves i
nFig. 2
- 2 a
reso mewhat l
ess than t
he v
ert
ica
l scale i
n
-
d
ica
te s
, in apractica
l si
tuation. T h
is isre
lated direct
ly to the di
fferen t
ial
b
etween the mean coi
l a
rea a nd the c
ore a
rea. The permeabil
ities a
re actual-
l
yincreased a
st h
ec ore l
ength exceeds t
hatoft he c
oil
. T he r
od areasb eyond
t
he ends ofthe c
oil a
re c
al
led free ends. T
he e mpir
ical equat
ion P olydo roff
p
rovides iss
uitable f
or awide g roup of v
ariat
ion s incoil l
e
ng th v
ersus r od
l
eng
th :

='
,
mo
o)
where m'i sthe corrected permeabil
i ty, me t
he effec
tive pe
rmeab i
lity f
rom
F
ig. 2-2, Irt
he rod length ininches
, a nd Icthe coi
l leng
th ininches
. Thi
s is
b
ased o n Irb
eing equa l toor g
reater than I. F
rom t his itc
an be s
een t
hat a
c
ore w h
ich istwice as long a
st he c
oi
l ( co
il c
entered o n t
he r
od) w
ill p
rov
ide
a
n increase i
n me o
f2 6% . Ifthecoildimen sions are keptthe s
ame, but i
fthe
r
od is made eight t
ime s the c
oi
l length, the e
ffect wi
ll be doub
led.
Because oft he foregoing i ti
sd iff
icult
, i fnot impossible, toconstruct a
s
et of AL f a
c tor
s f or rods a nd b ars. This isc omplicated further by dif
-
f
erences in i
nduc tance c haracter
i st
ics for a n equal numbe r of tu
rns b e
ing
p
laced atdifferent po
in ts a
l ong the rod. The spacing be
tween t heturns hasa
marked effect on the Qa nd o n the inductance a s wel
l. Figure 2-3 shows
t
hree condi
tion s ofinterestw i
th r e
spec t t
o af e
rrite r
od with di
ame ter0 .
5i n
.
a
nd l e
ngth 7.5 in
. T he mio ft he core material is125, and the me i
s60, from
F
ig. 2-2
. Using th e AL equa t
ion f rom C hap ter 1,w h
ich isgiven inFig. 2-3
,
v
arious approx imate AL f a
cto rse merge from t he manne rinw hich th
ec oilis
p
laced ont herod. These a pproxima t
ions h o
ld for ar
od ofthesta
ted d
imen-
s
i
ons a nd mi.Rods ofd if
fe rent d
imen sional format wou
ld re
sul
t inrad
ica
lly
d
i
f fe
ren t AL numbe rs
. T he m easuremen ts were made by t
he au
thor wh
ile
u
s
ing a H ewle
tt-Packa rd 4 342A Q me ter
. T he r
od mater
ial f
or th
ese t
e
sts
w
a s an Am idon Associates R 61-500X7 .

2
.1
.2 Qa
nd L v
ersus C
oilP
lacemen
t

There a
re s
ome s
choo
ls o
f though
t w h
ich s
ugges
t tha
t aco
il pl
aced at
o
ne e
xt
reme of as
e
lec
ted r
od w
il
l yi
eld g
reate
r Qthan w
hen t
hecoi
l, pruned
f
or t
he s
ame i
nduc
tance, w
ill e
xhibi
t a
tthe p
hysical c
ente
r of t
he r
od (
F
ig.
2
-
3a and b)
. The graph
ica
l exhibi
t of F
ig
. 2-5 shows that t
h
is is af
a
lse
a
s
sump
tion
. Wh
ile u
s
ing t
he s
ame r
od t
ha
t s
e
rved i
nth
ete
sts o
fFig
. 2
-3
, a
n
 — 2
8 pH
0
.5 i
n
.
A
, t•
-750

2
0 t
u
rns
(
a
)

C
M1
1 1
1
11 ,
1 5
0p

AL
H

1
250

2
0 t
u
rns

(
b
)

l \
‘ 2
8 p
H

‘
, () A L 4
48

2
5 t
u
rns •

L.H X 1
04
AL -
17
mm =2
5
.4 x i
n
.

(
c
)
F
igure 2
-3 C
oi
lpl
acemen
ton af
e
rr
ite r
od o
fgi
ven pih
as ad
i
rec
tbea
r-
i
ng o
n t
he AL f
ac
tor
.

i
nvestigation o f t he u nloaded Q w as c ar
ried o ut. Figure 2 -
5 s how s a
d
rama t
ic d ifference i n Qu between e nd p lacemen ta nd centerp os
ition ing o f
t
he c o
il. W ith t h
e c oi
l set top rovide 2 7 µH o fi nduc tance a tt hee nd o ft he
r
od,t he Qi s8 0f or2 0t urnso fN o. 2
0F ormva rwi re
,c lose-wound t i
ghtly o n
t
hec o
re . The c oi
l w as tr
immed t oy ie
ld 2 7 µ H att hec enter oft her od, a nd
t
he Qr o
se t o 190 for 1 5 tu
rn s.
Anothe r e xperimen t w as c onducted w i
th t he Q m eter. T he resu l
t s are
s
een i nt h
eg raphic i lus
tra t
ion o f F
ig. 2-4. A2 8
-µ 1
-1 inductance w aso btain-
e
d b ys preading 2 5 t u
rnso fN o
. 2 2T ef
lon -insulated h ookup w ire acro sst he
e
ntire l e
ngth o ft he ferr
ite r od, asi nFig. 2-3c. T he effects hown i nF ig. 2-5
was r eversed . A Qu o f 2 40 w as obtained u nde r th e spread c ondi t
ion ,
whereast he Qu d ecl
ined o n
ly s l
ightly to av a
lue o f2 30 w hen 1 5t urns o ft he
s
ame w ire w ere p l
aced a tt he center of t he rod inc lose-wound f ash ion . In
t
h
i s examp le t he c oppe r conduc tor w as s paced b y the t h
ickne ss o f t he
T
eflon i n
sula tion. T his accoun t s fo
r t h
e h igher Qr eading f or the c enter-
p
o s
itioned c oi
l respective t ot heo ne ofF ig. 2-5, w hich used t hin insula t
ion
(
Formva r). I tcan b es een f rom t h
is that the Qd ropped o nly 4% w hen t he
c
oil w a
s moved t ot hec enter. T he Q declined 5 8% , howeve r, int het estso f

4
3
 0
.5 x 7
.5 i
n
. f
e
rri
te r
od (
R61-500X7
)
p
, =1
25
2
50
(
tes
t) 2
.5 MHz
2
45
T
ota
l r
od (
s
pread t
u
rns
)
2
40

2
35
R
od c
ente
r (
s
paced o
ne w
ire d
iame
ter)
2
30
o 2
8pH
2
25

2
20

2
15

2
10

2 4 6 8 1
0 1
2 1
4 1
6 1
8 2
0 2
2 2
4 2
6

T
urns n
o
. 2
2 T
ef
lon
F
igure 2
-4 C
ompa
rison b
etween c
o
il t
u
rns a
nd Q f
o
r as
pec
if
ied i
n
duc
tance o
n a
g
i
ven f
e
rr
ite r
od
.

f(
t
est
) 2
.5 MHz
0
.5 x 7
.5 i
n
. f
e
rri
te r
od
2
20 —
=1
25

2
00 — 2
7pH

1
80 Rod c
ente
r
(
c
lose
-wound )
1
60

1
40

1
20

1
00
R
od e
nd (
c
lose
-wound
) 2
7pH
8
0

6
0 1 1 I 1 I I

2 4 6 8 1
0 1
2 1
4 1
6 1
8 2
0 2
2 2
4 2
6

T
urns n
o. 2
0 F
orrnva
r

F
igure 2
-5 T he (
2
,of a2
7-uH i
nducto
ris80w hen t
he w
ind
ing i
spl
aced a
tthee nd
o
f afe
rr
ite r
od
. A(3,o
f190 was o
bta
ined b
ypl
acing t
he 2
7-uH w
ind
ing a
tthe c
enter
o
fthe rod
.

44
S
ec
.2-
1 R
odsa
nd B
ars 4
5

F
ig
. 2
-
5, w
here t
he a
ctua
l c
onduc
tor t
u
rns w
ere c
lo
ser t
oge
the
r a
nd i
n
-
s
u
lated fr
om o ne anothe
r b
y amate
rial w
ith al
ower d
i
electr
ic c
onstan
t.
F
urther i
nves
tigat
ion wa
s c
onducted t
ocompare t
he p
lacement
s ofc o
ils
w
ith i
d
ent
ical t
u
rnsa nd d
imens
ions, v
ersu
se nd a
nd c
ente
r l
oca
tion
. Fir
st, a
o
ne-
turn c
oi
l was moved f
rom t
he r
od c
enter t
othe e
x
treme e
nd ofth
ec ore
.
F
igure 2
-6 d
isplay
s the r
e
sul
ts. I
n t
h
is ca
se t
he Qu w
as s
l
ight
ly h
igher a
tth
e
e
nd (1
55) a
so pposed t
othecente
r (
145
), av
ar
iation ofo
nly 6%
. The i
nduc
-
t
ance at t
he c
ente
r w a
s 8.4 % grea
ter t
han at th
e end -1.19 a nd 1
.09 µH,
r
espec
tive
ly. Th
is demon s
tra
tes that t
he
re is ad
efini
te r
elationship b
etween
I
liand t
he number of t
urns when at
temp t
ing to f
ind aw orkable AL ,a
long
w
ith t
he f
actor
sd i
scussed e
ar
lier
. Ifone w
ere t
op i
ck an AL v
alue r
e
ferenced
t
o as
ingle t
urn atthecenteroftherod, av
alue o
f1 ,900 w
ould r
esu
lt, ba
sed
u
pon AL = Li d/ /V
'. The d
iff
erence b
etween t
his and t
he va
lue a
rrived a
t
when u
s
ing 2
0 t
urns (
F
ig. 2
-
3b) i
sst
art
ling p
roof o
f t
he g
ene
ral p
rob
-
l
em.
F
igure 2-7 s
how s the i
nductance and Qu of aclose-wound 2 0-turn c
oilof
No
. 2 0 Formvar wire based on center and end placemen t on t
he same te
st
r
od. Mov ing the coi
l f rom c en
ter to t he r
od end c aused an inductance
d
ecrease of 4
6% a nd a Qu reduction o f4 7%.
There i
sst
il
l another considerat
ion w i
th respec
t tot h
ec oi
lg eometry and
t
he fe
rrite r
od. The inductance for ac o
il wound t i
ghtly o n t
he core w
il
l be
c
onsiderably h
igher t
han w hen the coi
l isspaced away f rom the core
. These
e
ffec
ts a
re h
igh
lighted i
nFigs
. 2-8 a
nd 2
-9
. A n i
nve
s tiga
tion was c
onducted
w
ith a 4
-
in, fe
rri
te rod
, 0.5 in
. in d
iame
ter
, the 1
.i o
l f which wa
s 125
. B y

1
.4 - f
(tes
t) =8.0 MHz
0
.5 x 7
.5 i
n
. fe
rrite r
od
p
, =1
25
1
.3 -

1
.2 - R
od c
ente
r

1
.
1 R
od e
nd

1
.0

0
.9

0
.8

07
1
20 1
25 1
30 1
35 1
40 1
45 1
50 1
55 1
60

o
u
F
igure 2
-6 G
raph
ic i
l
ust
rat
ion o
f Qv
ersus i
nduc
tance f
o
r
o
ne t
u
rn o
f w
ire a
tthe e
nd a
nd c
ente
r o
f af
e
rri
te r
od
.
 /(
t
est
) =2
.5 MHz
0
.5 x 7
.5 o
n
. f
e
rri
te r
od
=1
25

R
od c
ente
r

20 t
u
rns
(
c
lose
-wound)

I
. 1 1 1 1
9
0 1
00 1
20 10 1
40 1
60 1
80 2
00

F
igure 2
-7 C
ompa
rison b
etween t
he C
1and i
n
duc
tance o
fa
2
0-
turn c
o
il w
hen moved f
r
om t
he c
ente
rof ar
od t
othe e
nd
o
fth
e r
od
.

=1
25

L= 1
0 tu
rns no. 2
2 T
eflon LI
D =1
-in
.
wire
, clo
se-wound Ll
e
ngth = i
n
.
L›, — w
/co
re = 1
0
.4 pH
, mm =2
5.4 x i
n
.
=350

L
., — n
ocore = 1
.8 pH
O. =180

F
igu
re 2
-8 E
f
fec
ts o
f af
e
rr
ite r
od o
n a
n a
i
r-wound c
o
il
t
ha
th as a
ni n
ductance o
f1.
8µH. I
n
ser
tion o
fthe f
er
rite r
od
r
a
ises t
he i
nductance a
nd t
heQ
.The c
o
ilisti
ght
ly wouncron
t
he r
od
.

m
eanso fQ-me tere va
lua t
ion , th
ea r
rangemen t o fFig.2 -8w asinve
stigated.
Acl
ose-wound , 10
-turn c o
il of N o. 22 T
eflon -
in sulated wire wa
s placed at
t
h
ec enterofther od, asshown . Because o
ft he w ire in
sulat
ion, theconduc -
t
o
r turnswere eff
ectively spaced o ne w
ire di
ame tera part
, orn ea
rly so
. T he
r
e
sul
tan t i
nductance w as 10.4 pH a nd t
he Qu w a s 350. The co
il in
ductance
w
i
thou t t
he magne t
ic core p r
esent w as 1
.8 H .
Next, acoi
l w as wound w ith the s
ame t ype o fw ire
, close
-wound , to a

46
 =1
25

L =6tu
rns no
, 2
2 Te
flon L I
D =7
,i
3 n
,
w
ire
, c
lose
-wound
Ll
e
ngth = i
n
.
LuH — w
/core =4.6 p
H
C
oi
l-to
-rod s
pac
ing = i
n
.
Qu - 1
90

Lp — n
oc o
re = 1
.8 pH
,
ou = 1
80

F
igure 2
-9 C
ond
it
ions s
im
ila
r t
o t
hose o
f F
i
g. 2
-8 e
xcep
t
t
ha
t the a
i
r-wound co
il i
sno
t wound ti
ght
ly on t
he r
od.
R
athe
r, a
n a
ir g
ap o
f 1
/8 i
n
. e
xis
ts b
etween t
he c
o
il a
nd t
he
c
ore
. The i
nductance a
nd Q i
ncreases
, but no
t as m
arked
ly
a
s when t
he co
il i
sti
ghtaga
ins
t the core ma
teria
l.

4 -
/
3 i
n. d
iameter
. Itwas c
onf
igured to a
n i
nductance o
f 1.
8 1.
4H w
ithou
t the
c
ore i
n
side i
t
. With t
h
is i
nducto
r lo
cated c
entra
lly on t
he r
od, s
paced Vii
n.
f
rom t
he r
od (
coax
ial
ly)
, t
he m
easured i
nduc
tance w
as 4
.6 NH —
somewha
t
l
e
ss than i
n t
he e
xample o
fFig
. 2
-8
. F ur
the rmore
, t
he Q
„degraded t
o 1
90.
F
igure 2
-9 s
hows th
e p
lacemen
t o
ft h
e coil
, L. I
nb o
th e
xamp
les, t
he i
n
itia
l
1
.8-
1.
4H c oi
ls exhibi
ted a n u n
loaded Q o f 1
80. T
he c o
il of Fig. 2
-9 requ
ired
on
ly s i
x turn s o
f w ire for a n i
nductance o
f 1.8 pH, o w
ing t o t
he larger
d
iame ter
. S ince th
e 3 4 -
/ in
, d iameter co
il wa
s necessari
ly s horte
r in le
ng th
t
han t h
e 1/-
2 i
n.-d
iame te
r o ne of F
ig. 2-8
, t
he 0, e ffects were pre
sent a nd
must b e taken i nto a ccoun t, as shown b y the P olydo roff equat
ion .
However
, f o
r the purpose o
f c
ompar
ison the re
sul
ts are amp le fo
r
d
emonstrat
ing t
he r
educt
ion o
f Qa
nd i
nduc
tance a
sthe co
il i
sspaced a
way
f
rom th
e rod.
A
s aresu
lt o
f n
umerous l
abo
ratory t
e
sts t
he a
uthor c
oncluded t
ha
t the
b
est v
alue
s of Q„ a
re o
bta
ined when t
he co
il t
urns a
re spaced o
ne wire
d
iamete r apar
t rather than being c l
ose-wound , when the co
il islumped a t
t
he c
en ter of t
he rod. The graph o f Fig. 2
-4 shows c
lea r
ly t
hat spacing the
c
oi
l t urns o ver t h
e e n
tire length o f the r od achieve
s e xcel
len t Q „
c
haracteri
stics a
lso, of
fering sl
ightly highervaluesof Qt han when as ho
rter
c
oi
l with spaced turns isl umped c entral
ly on the r
od.
Te
st s c
onducted w ith Litz wire versus s
ol
id , e
name led magnet w ire i
n-
d
ica
ted tha
t t he L
itz w
ire p
rov
ided super
ior '2, v
a
lues i
n a
l
1l i
n
stance
s.
Howeve
r, the
re se
emed tobe l
i
tt
le d
if
ference b
etween t
he r
e
sul
ts w
hen No.
2
2 st
randed w
ire w
ith T
eflon i
n
sula
tion w
as c
ompa
red t
o L
i
tz w
ire o
fcom
-
p
arable g
auge
.

4
7
 2
.1
.3 F
requency v
ersus C
ore Ma
ter
ial

N ar
row -band c ircuits r equ ire i nducto rs o r tran sfo rme rs w hich e xhibit
h
i gh o rde rs o f Q . T herefo re, i ti si mpera tive t o s e
lec t t he p rope r c ore
ma te r
ial f or t he a pplication . I ti s af or
tuna te f act that a st he o pera ting f r
e-
quency i si ncrea sed i n an arrow -band c ircuit, t he p ermeab ili ty o f t he core
ma te r
ial mu s t bel owe red. We re this n ot true, as mall i nduc tance , s uch a s1
µH , m igh tr equ ire l ess than o ne wire t urn o n t hec o re u sed , a ssum ing t hata
r
ela tively h i
gh me p redom ina ted . T he c onsequence s w ou ld b e d eg raded Q
a
nd i mp rac t
ica l coil dimen sion s
.
The n otab le e xcep tion t ot he f oregoing d iscus s
ion o fc ore s election v er-
s
us o perating f r
equency i si nt he c ase of b roadband t ran sfo rme rs. I n that
t
ype o fa pp l
ica tion i tisq uite d e
si rable t ou se h igh - .
ic o res, b ecau se a s the
ope ra t
ing f requency i si n
c rea sed, t he core p ermeab ility e ffec tive ly " d
isap -
p
ea rs," w herea sa tt hel owe re nd o ft hec ho sen f requency s pread t hec ore bie
e
n su re sa mple i nduc tance . T hi ss ubjec tw i
ll b et r
eated i ng rea te rd epth w hen
we e xam ine b roadband t ran sfo rme r c oncep ts . In t his c hap te r w e w il
l a d-
d
re ss t he s ubjec t o f na rrow -band c ircuits f o
r t he mo st p art.
Some o f t he s i
gn if
ican t p rope rties of v ariou s f err
i te c ore ma te rials are
l
i
sted i nt abu la r form i nT able 2 -
1 . O fp articu la rs i
gn ificance t ot hi
sd i
scu s-
s
ion i st he c olumn t ha t l i
s
t s t he r ecommended f requency r ange s o f t he
ma te r
ials. T he p ermeab i
lities c on tained i nt h e table a r e s t
anda rd o nes of-
f
ered b y F air-R ite P roduc t s C orp . a nd a re s im ilar t o t ho se o f othe r
manufac tu rers. I tc an b e s e
en t hat a s th
e r ecommended o pe ra ting r ange is
e
leva ted ,t h ep ,o ft hec o
re ma te r
ialb ecome sl owe r.T h
isi lustra te sw hy inat-
t
ent ion t oc ore c harac teristics c an l ead tou nwo rkab le Q v alue s. T he se same
g
ene ral r u
le s a pply t op owde red -
i ron c ores a lso.

TABLE 2
-1 F
er
rite
-co
re c
harac
ter
ist
ics

In
it
ial MaXiMUM S
aturat
ion F
lux Recommend ed
P
ermeabi
lity
. P
ermeabi
litr
. Densi
ty. Bs,a
t Frequency F
air
-Rite
P
i P m I3 O
e Rwtge"f,liH:i Mater
ial

2
0 — 2
000 at4
0Oe 8
0-100 6
8
4
0 — 3
000 L
i
t20Oe 1
0-80 6
7
1
00 3
70 2
150 5
-
15 6
5
1
25 4
50 2
350 0
.
2 -10 6
1
1
75 4
00 2
550 0
.
1-5 6
2
2
50 3
75 200 0
.05-4 6
4
3
00 3
600 3
900 0
.001-5 8
3
8
00 1
380 2
500 0
.01-1 3
8
50 3
000 2
750 0
.01-1 4
3
1
200 2
500 3
400 0
.01-1 3
4
1
800 4
600 150 0
.001-2 7
2
000 3
500 3
500 0
.001-1 7
2

C
ourtesy o
fFa
ir-R
ite P
r
oduc
tsCorp
.
aF
requencyra
t
ingsforop
timum Q i
nna
rrow
-band t
u
ned c
i
rcu
its
.

4
8
2
.2 R
ods a
nd B
ars a
s Antennas

F
err
ite rod
s a nd bars are u
sed i nnume rou
s loop -antenna applications such
a
s broadcast
-band r e
ceivers
, low - and medium -frequency direction-finder
r
ece
ivers
, int he re
ceivers u
sed f o
ra i
rborne naviga t
ion, and even i npocket-
s
i
ze VHF r eceivers. A closed-core magnetic device cannot serve t h
e same
p
urpose asthe rod orb arw hen used as al
oop-an tenna core
. T his isbecause
t
he to
roidal configuration isself
-shield
ing, th
e reby prevent
ing t h e de
sired
s
igna
l pickup. Simi
larly, the
re is adegrading effec
t inrod-an
tenna e ff
icien-
c
y when t he l
ength v
e rsus diameter (I
/d ) i
sc a
rried beyond a pprox
ima tely
3
5. As th
e leng
th isin
c reased pas
t that point
, the "toro
idaleffect" become s
more and mo re pronounced . In t h
is context an inf
inite
ly long fe
rrite or
p
owde red-
iron rod b
ecome s equivalent t
o ac l
osed ci
rcui
t atfu
ll permeabil
ity.
T
he e
l
ect
rica
l p
arame
ter
s o
f a magne
tic
-core l
oop a
ntenna a
re r
ough
ly
e
quivalen
t t
o t
hose o
f th
e e a
rly-day a
i
r-co
re loop o
r "
frame" an
tenna s
e
en
i
nF ig
. 2-
10, w
hich wa
s d eveloped b
y Hertz i
n 1
888
. Itwas k
nown th
en as
t
he "
loop c
ol
lecto
r." V
ariou
s forms o
fthis t
ype o
fan
tenna h
ave been u
sed
s
i
nce fo
r r
ecept
ion o
f b
roadcas
t-band si
gnals
, nav
iga
tiona
l s
igna
ls aboard
v
esse
ls and ai
rcraf
t, a
nd amateur
-radio s
i
gnals
. The a
ir
-core loop c
an b
e
u
sed as a
n open sy
stem o
r a
s an e
lec
tros
tat
ica
lly s
h
ielded d
evice
, asse
en i
n
F
ig
. 2-11
. In the la
tter form, t
he l
oop di
scrim
inates va
rious t
ypes of no
ise
a
nd corona st
atic
. F erri
te-rod l
oops c
an al
so be e
quipped fo
r elec
trosta
tic
s
h
ield
ing. This subject wil
l be c
ove
red la
ter i
nthe c
hapter.
L
oop antenna s
, w hether t
he a
i
r-core o
r magnet
ic-core v
arie
ty, have a
h
e
ight factor
, specif
ied as h. Th
is isca
lled t
he e
ffect
ive heigh
t, he.T
his i
s
e
xpre
ssed inm eter
sa s afac
tor, which
, mu l
tip
lied bythe f
i
eld s
treng
th i
ni4
V
p
er mete
r provides the l
oop-induced vo
ltage in;
.¡
V:

2
nNA
he

whe
re d/A<
1, N isthe number or l
oop tu
rns, u= 3.
14 and A i
sthe a
rea o
f
e
ach t
urn i
nsquare m e
ters
. The e
ffec
tive he
ight o
bta
ined f
rom th
ee quat
ion
i
sfor s
i
gnal
s wi
th h o
rizontal p
olar
ity imp
inging o
n aloop t
hat i
sor
ienta
ted
f
or max
imum r esponse.
The magne
tic
-core l
oop exh
ibits a
n inte
rest
ing a
nd s
uper
ior t
r
ait w
hen
c
ompared t
o an a
ir
-core l
oop
: T he he i
n
crease
s as af
unc
tion o
f;4
. Thus,

he 2
nNAm e

w
here
, f
o
r p
rac
tica
l c
ons
ide
rat
ions
, Ai
sinc
ent
ime
ter
s a
nd A i
sinc
m'.
D
uring l
abo
ratory a
nd o
utdoor t
e
st-
site i
nve
stiga
tions
, t
he a
uthor
o
bse
rved t
hat s
i
gna
l p
i
ckup o
ver a
n e
ff
icien
t a
i
r-co
re l
oop i
sso mewha
t l
e
ss

4
9
 B
a
lanced air
-core
loop a
ntenna

M
ax. s
i
g. M
ax. s
i
g.

2
N4416 2
N4416

5
0 1
t
o
r
ece
ive
r V dd

0
. ;
I
F

(
a
)

Y
RL

(
b
)

T
o p
reamp
lif
ier

(
c
)

F
igure 2
-10 E
xamp
le o
f a
n a
i
r-co
re l
oop o
r f
r
ame a
ntenna (
a
). A
b
a
lanced p
reamp
li
fie
rwi
ll e
nsu
re m
inimum p
atte
rn d
i
stor
tion
. RL,a
s
s
een b
y t
he p
reampli
fier
, isdep
ic ted i
n (
b). I
tisnorma
lly o
n t
he
o
rde f 1n o
r o r l
ess
. T he f
eed s
ystem in(c
) iss
omet
imes used
, b
ut
i
mba
lance w
i
ll c
ause p
atte
rn s
kew
ing a
nd p
oor n
ul
ling
.

5
0
 Sma
ll sh
ield
g
ap

B
a
lanced
s
hie
lded
l
oop

G
round
p
lane

T
o
b
a
lanced
p
reampli
fie
r

F
igure 2
-11 F
orma
t f
o
r a b
al
-
a
nced
, magne
tica
lly s
h
ielded l
oop
a
ntenna
.

t
han p ie with v ery s ho rt rod s (le
ss t h an 1 /d = 5 )
. B u t, w hen t he r a
tio i s
g
rea ter t han 5 ,t he fu
ll b enefits of1 .
4e are r eal
ized .
T
est s w ere c onduc ted w ith l umped t urn s at t he c en ter o f rod s, at the
e
nd so ft h
ec yl
ind r
ical c ores, and w ith t hec o
il turn s s p read u niform ly o ver
t
hee ntirer od. I r
respec tive o fther esultan t Qv a
lue so bta ined f rom t het h
ree
f
orma t s, the gr eatest he w a s noted w hen t h e turns o ccup ied t he entire core
l
eng th. T his i sb ecau se t he m aximum n umbe r o f t urn s w as n ecessa ry to
s
ecu re t he r equired i n ductance , ass een i nF ig
. 2 -4. T he se r e
su lt
s a re c om-
p
atib le w i
th t he e quation s f or he,w he re a s i
gnif ican t t e
rm i sN . T hese
e
valua tion s w ere p erformed w ith c y
lind rical f e
r r
ite c o
re s w hich h ad a n I/d
r
atio o f 30 ( 0
.5 x 1 5-in, r od)
, w h
ich w as o btained b y j oining t wo 7. 5-
in.
r
od s, e nd t o end , by m ean s of epoxy c emen t
. T he 1 .
4 iof t he m aterial w as
1
2 5.
T
he t e
st m ethod o f F ig
. 2 -
12 w as e mp loyed d u ring t he t e
sts. T he s i
gnal
s
ou rce w as ac omme rcia l AM b roadca s ts t
ation , lo ca ted 1m ile f rom t het e
st
s
i
te. N o c onduc tive o bjec ts w e
re c lose r than ' A m ile f rom t he loop u nder
t
est w ith r e
spec t t o the s i
gna l path. T he l oop w as o rien ted f or m ax imum
f
igure -eigh t r e
spon se f or each t e
st.
An a ir-co re f r
ame l oop o fc ompa rab le a rea tot he0 . 5 x1 5-in, rod l oop
was f abr icated a nd t ested a s i n Fig. 2 -
12 . T he magne tic-co re l oop w ith
s
pread t urn se xh ibited ag a
in o fa pp rox ima tely 50o ve rt hea ir-core v ersion.
Howeve r, w hen t h e r od l oop w a
s c ompa red t o af ree -stand ing v ert
ical
a
ntenna w ith b uried r adials, the l o
op w as s ome 3 0 d B l e
ss effective w hen
o
rien ted f or thes ame p o
larity. T he v ertical w a
s I iw ave leng th h igh b ut ad-

5
1
 Loop
a
ntenna
R
ecieve
r 4
0 d
B m
ax. +
30dB
p
reamp
lih
er
5
0 S
2 6dB
5
0 S
Z
S
tep
a
t
ten
.

F
igu
re 2
-
12 T
est me
thod u
sed b
y t
he a
utho
rdu
ring e
va
lua
tion o
f af
e
rri
te r
od a
ntenna
.

j
u
sted el
ectrical
ly to 14 w
/ avelength b ym eansoftop l
oading
. The f
eed po
int
w
as matched f or 50 Qa tt he operating fr
equency
.
A tr
ansm itt
ing l oop can be u sed a s asi
gnal s
ource fo
r more prec
ise
t
e
sting
. In a n exe
rcise of thi
s t y
pe, c ur
rent i
nt h
e t
ransmit
ting l
oop isim-
p
osed by as i
ngle generator. Fo
rs pacings o
fA/2 orle
ss
, the f
i
eld s
t
rength i
s
p
V per m e
te r a
tt he te
st loop is

1
8
.85 N
r'I
E =
X
'

w
here ri
sth
etr
ansmitt
ing lo
op rad
ius
, Nt h
enumbe roftu
rns, It
hecurren
t
i
n mA, a
nd X th
e spacing be
tween th
e two l
oop an
tennas i
n mete
rs, as
d
i
scus
sed byPo
lydoroff
[ 1
]. He a
dds t
hat t
h
e r
esu
ltscan b
eexpres
sed al
ter
-
n
at
ive
ly b
y

11
80Nee
E — X
'fL

whe
re with r
egard t
ot h
e tr
ansmit
ting l
oop, eist
hev o
ltage acro
ssthe l
oop
i
nµ V, fthef
requency
, and L t
heinduc
tance o
ft h
etr
an smitt
ing loop i
n H.
I
n th
is case E i
sthe vo
ltage a
cross t
he r
ece
iving l
oop, as in t
he p
rev
ious
e
quation.

2
.2
.1 L
oop P
atte
rn S
ymme
try

The pr
ima ry p urpose ofloop-antenna u t
il
ization, apart from e f
fect
ing a
p
hysical
ly s ma l
l c omponen t, ist o ta
ke a dvantage o f the null
s i nresponse
wh
ich exist of f the sides o
f t h
e classic figure-e
igh t re
sponse p a
ttern. The
c
haracter
istic m inima a nd m axima a re useful inradio direct
ion -f
inding ap-
p
l
ications. T his n eed dicta
tes ar equiremen t t ha
t the p at
tern b e as sym-
me
trical a
sp ossible (Fig
. 2-13a). Int h
is contex t an i
deal re
spon se produces
apair of zero p oints that ar
e p rec
isely 1 80° a par
t. Ift he di
sturbance s i
n
s
ymme try a re only m inor, ap at
tern d is
to rt
ion o f many d egrees can resu
lt
(
F
ig. 2-13b).

5
2
 D
istor
ted
Ant
. p
atte
rn
e
f
fect

I
dea
l
l
oop
p
atte
rn
2
t
rNAE
= c
os 0s
i
n w
t

(
a
) (
b
)

F
igure 2
-13 C
lass
ic r
e
sponse p
atte
rn o
f ap
rope
rly b
a
lanced l
oop a
ntenna (
a
). I
n(b
) t
he p
at-
t
e
rn c
an b
e d
i
sto
rted many d
egrees b
y o
n
ly as
l
igh
t i
mba
lance i
nthe s
ystem
.

An ideal loop s hould s e

rve e ntirely as t he a ntenna , a nd i na cco rdance
w
ith it
si ntended c haracteri
stics. I mbalance i nt he p hy sical l ayou t( exce ssive
a
symme try, long c onnecting l e
ad s, e tc
.)c an l ead t ow ha ti sk nown a sa n ten-
n
ae ffect. Ins uch a n examp le t he c onduc to rs a part f r om t he ma in b ody o f
t
he loop w il
l act a s unwan ted p a rts o f t
he a ntenna a nd w il
l r espond t oi n
-
c
om ing e nergy d iff
erently than t he loop w ill
. T his isr epre sen ted b yt hec i
r-
c
lew i
th d otsi nF ig.2 -
13b . Othe r f actorsc an d eg rade t hei dealr e
spon se p a
t-
t
e
rn , such a sd i
sp lacemen t ofc ur rent. T h
i s can r esult f rom e xce ss
ive a x
ial
l
ength i n aloop a n
tenna . Itisi mpo r
tan t
, t herefo re, t hatc lose a t
ten t
ion b e
p
aid tot h e physical at
tributes o f al oop a ntenna . A lso , b alanced l o op sw il
l
y
ield supe r
ior resu l
tst ot hose w hich d o not f eature e lectrica l b alance ( Figs.
2
-10 a nd 2-11). Electrostatic shield ing o ft he t ype i lu stra ted i nF ig. 2 -11 i s
e
xtreme ly helpfuli nr educing th ea ntenna e ffect. T he ma jo rl i m
ita t
ion i nu s-
i
ng shielded l oop s isthat the l o op mu st b e p hy s
ica lly c lose t o i t
s g round
p
lane f o
rb e
str esults.Electro s
ta tic s h
ielding o f ar od o rb art ype o fl o op c an
b
e carried o ut b y locating t he l o op at the p hysica l c en te r o f aU - shaped
c
hanne l ofa lum inum . This iss hown i nFig. 2 -14 . Mo st p ortab le di rection -
f
inder receivers u t
il
iz e th
is m e
thod . T e
st-range r esu l
t s i ndica te n o d eg rada -
t
i
on i nl oop eff
iciency w hen thes hield isa dded , p rov ided t hatt h et op o pen-
i
ng of the Uc hanne l isk ept enti rely o pen.
 Rod
l
oop

A
luminum
Uchanne
l
F
igure 2
-14 Me
thod f
o
r p
rov
iding m
agne
tic
s
h
ield
ing o
f a f
e
rri
te-
rod l
oop a
ntenna
. A
n
a
lum
inum U
-channe
l i
s emp
loyed
.

i
nte
lligence r e
liably. T he h i
gh-Q p rope rt
ieso f aw el
l-de s
igned l o op antenna
(
narrow b andw idth) are n ota sr e
spon sive ton o
i se asi st rue ofl ow-Q l oops
o
r othe r types ofa ntenna s. F urthermo re, the l oop n ul
l s c an b
e u sed toa d
-
v
antage i nr eject noise f rom as pec
ific direction . F igure 2 -15 gives ac om-
p
a r
ison i ns i
gnal-to-noise r at
io b etween al ow -Q l oop a nd o ne thath a
sh igh
Q
. T he advan tage o fde s
ign ing f o
rh igh Q isre adily a ppa ren tfrom e xam ina-
t
ion o fthet wo respon se c u
rve s
. T he trade-of fi s, ofc our se, i
nb andw idth.
Af i
xed -
tuned l oop w ou ld n o
t b e e
specially usefu l if af requency e xcu rsion
eyond f a
b nd f w e
re r equired. Ins i
tua t
ion s w he re thel oop i scontinuou s
ly
t
unab le over the d e
sired f requency r ange, or w he re itcan b e pretuned t oa
s
epara te f r
equency a nd l e
ft in t h
at s ta
te, u nde rcoup ling t o t he l
o ad i s
r
ecommended i n t he i nterest o f i mproved n oi
se r at
io . A l ow-no ise
p
reamp l
ifier i s asimp le a nd e conom ical w ay t o compen sate for the l o
ss
b
rough tabou tb yl i
gh tl oad coup l
ing. T he highe r QL ( loaded Q )c an bev ery
a
dvan tageou s
.

2
.
3 P
rac
tica
l L
oop C
ircu
its

S
ome a ssemb led magne t
ic-co re loop s are shown i nF i
g. 2 -
16 . Mo st of the
c
omme rcially buil
t lo op s e mploy L itz wire f o
r the p urpo se o felevating the
c
i
rcuit Qa s much a sp ossible. Howeve r, t
h em ere u se oft hatp referred type
o
fw i
re d oe sn otensu re o ptimum Q .T he r
esultso fu s
ing magne tw ire can be
s
een by e xam ining F ig. 2 -17, w here $ 2
,( unloaded Q ) m easuremen ts were
made o n as hort bar t ype ofl oop w h ich w as m anufac tured i nt heO rient
. A
s
ample AL c alculat
ion i ndicates the gio ft he m aterial tob e ont heo rder of
2
50,w hich may a ccoun ti np art fo
rt hem idrange Q v alue.T he wind ing con-
s
i
stsofs ma l
l-diame ter( No . 28e name led)w i
re. A l
though t he Qu isn otspec-
t
acu
lar, i ti sa dequa te f or mo st p ocket-
size AM r adios— the t ype from
wh
ich t he loop w as t aken. Mo st s ma ll AM r adio l oops a re overcoup led to
t
heload ( the mixers tage )t om inim ize l o
ss. We re an R Fa mplifiere mployed,
l
i
ghterc oup ling w ould b e p ract
ical, a nd the QL w ould b e much h i
ghe r. The
b
enefi
to fh igher Qw ould b es een ini mproved r eceiver fron t-end s e
lect
ivity

5
4
 F
igure 2
-
16 C
ompar
ison o
fsi
gna
l-to
-no
ise r
a
tio f
o
r al
ow-C
Iand
ah
igh
-a l
oop a
ntenna
. T
he t
r
ade
-of
f i
sinb
andw
idth
.

1
_1
11
1
11
11
1
11
11
1
11
11
1
11
1
11333M UL

F
igure 2
-
18 A
ssemb
led m
agne
tic
-co
re l
oop a
ntennas
.

...a n a
id i nseparating strong b roadca s ting s tat
ions i nm e tropo litan loca-
t
ions
.
The turns ofs ec
tion B i nF ig. 2-17 are s paced a cross r ough ly t wo-thirds
o
ft heb a
r, with the turnso fs ection A being c lose-wound . T his is ac ommon
s
cheme i n fore
ign -made r adio s, presumab ly t o al
low s ection A t o b e used
f
orf i
nal inductance t r
imm ing b ys preading t het urns s l
igh tly. T he tap point
b
etween s ect
ion s A a nd B isf or c onnection t o the i npu t o f ab ipolar tran-
s
i
storm ixe r
. The c haracteris
tic i mpedance o f am ixe ro ft ha tt ype i sa pprox-
i
mately 600 Q a t the base elemen t. Itc an b e seen f rom t he t abu lar d a
ta in
F
ig. 2
-17 thatd espite the LC r a
tio o fthe l oop a ta ny f r
equency i nthe b road-
c
ast band, the 12
, rema ins relatively cons tan t. T h
is e nab les t he d es
igne r
s to
u
se miniature variable capaci tors ins ome r adios, w hich h ave a s l i
t
tle as 150
pFof max imum c apacitance. T he inc
rea se i nt her equired i nduc tance u nder
t
hose conditions make s itnece ssary to u se more t u
rns o fw ire i nt he loop.
The advantage o ft h
is w a
s discu ssed i nS ec. 2 .2
. I tisl ikely t hat t he loop of
F
ig. 2
-17 w ould have e xh
ibited s omewha t h i gher Qi fL i
tz w i re h ad b een used

55
 A =1
5 turn
s No
. 2
8 e
narn
.. mm =2
5.4 x i
n
.
c
lose
-wound
L=
,230 pH
=55turns No
. 28enam.
,
p
, =2
50
s
paced one w
ire d
iame
ter
b
etween turns <2
50

F
requency
(
kHz) Q.
, CP
F

5
50 (
kHz
) 1
80 3
60

8
00 (
kHz
) 1
75 1
75

1
000 (
kHz
) 1
80 10

1
600 (
kHz
) 1
80 4
0

Rgure 2
-
17 P
hys
ica
lde
tai
ls a
nd t
e
s r
e
sul
ts f
o
r ab
ar
t
ype o
f f
er
rite l
oop u
sed i
n an AM broadcas
t-band
r
e
ceive
r. An
tennas o
f th
is t
ype a
re f
ound inpocket
-
s
i
ze r
ad
ios b
u
ilt i
nthe O
r
ien
t.

i
n
stead o
f No. 28 magnet wire
. Bu
t, when pocke
t-s
ize r
adio
s are b
ui
lt f
or
r
e
tai
l a
tless t
han $
10, atrade-offb
etween p
erformance a
nd economy ist
he
r
u
le more of
ten t
han not
.

2
.3
.1 L
oop
-to
-Mixe
r C
i
rcu
its

An e xamp le ofh ow af e
rri
te -
rod l oop c an beu sed directly in
to th
em ixer
s
tage o f ab roadcast-band receiver i sg i
ven s chema tically i nFig. 2
-18 . The
r
od c harac teris
tics and winding i n
forma tion f o
r thise xamp le and t
heo ne i
n
F
ig. 2 -
19 a re supp l
ied i nFig
. 2 -20. T he circuit of Fig. 2-18 show s the loop
w
ith at ap nea ro ne e
nd.T he tap isset f o
ra pproxima ly 6
te 00 t o match the
c
harac te r
istic input impedance o ft h
e b ipola rtransistor m ixer, Ql. With the
s
pecified l oop inductance, 240 µH , the entire broadcas t band c an bec overed
b
y m eans o f as ing
le-sect
ion 3 65-pF v ar
iab le capacitor. I n at yp
ical design
s
uch a s o ne f i
nds in low-cost AM r adios, the b enefits o f t
he high t 2
,4 a
re
n
ega ted t o ag reater ex
tent by the tigh t coupling t o the m ixer
.

5
6
 5
0-1600 k
Hz
4
55 k
Hz
M
i
xer
e3
6
5 [
T
1
P
F 2
N2222A
0
1
T
o
_ z 6
00S
t 1
-F
L
1 a
mp
lif
ier
A
nt
. 0
.01 _
2
4
0p H p
F
3
50 5
600 S
Z 1
2kS
2
30 S
I 0
.
01pF
0
.
1 pF

1
0
0St
T
o L
o
O +Vc
c

F
igure 2
-T
y
18p
ica
lexamp
leo
fafe
r
ri
te-
rod a
nt
enn
aa su
s
ed w
i
thth
emi
xerofanAMb
r
oad
-
c
a
str
e
ce
ive
r.T
hemixe
rbas
eist
a
pped a
tapp
rox
imate
lys
oo S
Iont
h
erodan
tenna
.

An a l
te rna tive coup ling m ethod b etween t he l oop a nd Q Iw ould be to
employ as econda ry wind ing , orl i
nk, inp lace oft het ap onL I. If aQL v er
-
s
us g a
in t rade -off can b e u sed w ithout t oo much s acrif
ice i nr e
ceiver s en
-
s
i
tivity, t hec oup ling link c an b em ade s mallort het ap o nL I c an bel ocated
c
loser t o th e grounded e nd o f the loop.
Am ethod f oru s
ing al oop a n
tenna w ith ad ual-ga te MOSFET m ixeri s
p
rovided a tF ig . 2-19. A3 N2 11,4 0673, ora ny o ft h esimilarh i gh-frequency
MOSFET s w ould b es ui
tab le i nthis ci
rcu i
t. T he s i
gna lg ate ist apped d own
p
artway o n t hel oop, L i, toe nhance circuit stability. T h
ist echn ique l owers
t
he inpu ts een b y theg ate i mpedance o ft h e FET p rog re
s s
ively a st het ap is
moved t owa rd t heg round e nd ofL l. T he mo st likely man ifesta t
ion o fm ix-
e
r self
-o sci
lla tion i se xpe rienced w hen t h e receive r i stuned t o t he low-
f
requency e nd o f t he broadca st band. T h
is p laces t he F ET I npu t at af re
-
q
uency n ear t he 455-kHz I F
, thereby e ncou raging t uned g ate/ tuned d rain
o
scil
lation . S trapp ing g ate 1n eare r t
o t he c o
ld e nd o f LIe l
im inates the
p
roblem . S ince g ate 1o f t he F ET isgr eater than 1MQ i ni mpedance , the
m
ixe r d oes n ot d egrade t he Q o ft he loop s i
gnifican tly. T h
is m ean s t
hata
l
oop u sed w ith aF ET m ixe r i scapable o fp rovid ing much g reate r re
ceiver
f
ront-end s electivity than w ould be li
kely w ith th e ci
rcu i
t i nF ig. 2-18. Fur-
t
hermo re, t h
e F ET m ixe r i scapab le o f much b etter f ront-end d ynam ic
r
ange —an o b
je ctive of many r eceiver designe rs
.

2
.3
.2 L
oop t
oRF Amp
lif
ier

I
ti s as
imp
le mattertoresolve th
e fron
t-end s
elect
ivi
ty problem w hich i
s
s
ocommon i nlow
-co stbroadcast-band re
ceive
rs. For asl
ightc o
sti n
crease
,
t
h
e des
igner c
an in
co rpora
te al ow-noise RF amplif
ier ahead of t
he mixer
,
a
sil
ustrated i
nFi
g. 2-20. Th
is st
age can be u
sed tocompen sate fo
r thelos
s

5
7
 5
50-1600 k
Hz

3
65
P
F M
ixe
r 4
55 k
Hz
T
i
Q
I 3
N211
1
.
1
a
nt
. T
o
° 1
-F
2
40 pH
a
mpli
fie
r
-3
50

1
00 k
S-2
0
.01
p
F I 1
00S2 10
.1pF

3
90 i
2 0.
1pF

VO
D

.
=
"
T
o
Lo
(
3 Vp
eak t
o p
eak
)
F
igure 2
-
19 T
echn
ique f
o
rus
ing aMOSFET m
ixe
rwi
th ar
od a
ntenna
. T
he F
ET
g
ate i
mpedance i
son t
he o
rde
rof1
M S
Iorg
rea
ter
. T
his p
erm
its p
l
acemen
toft
he
t
ap n
ear t
he h
i
gh-
impedance e
nd o
f t
he r
od a
ntenna
.

t
hatr esults f rom u nde rcoup l
ing t he l oop t oi t
sl oad .T his allow sL 2t obes e
t
f
or t he d esired QL o r loop B WL ( loaded b andw id th).
T
ran sisto r QI i n this ci
rcu it i sc onfigu red a s af e
d-back , b roadband
amp l
ifie r. T he cha racterist
ic i npu ta nd o utpu ti mpedance o ft h
es tage isa p
-
p
rox ima tely 5 0Q . Ac omb ination o f d egene rative f eedback ( R
1) a nd shunt
n
ega tive f eedback ( R2)e nsu re u ncond itiona ls tab i
lity ofQ l,e ven w hen very
l
i
gh tc oupling i sused b etween t hel oop a nd t hea mplif
ier. A4 :
1 b roadband
t
oroida ltran sforme r
,T 1, st
ep st he2 00 -Q d own t o5 0Q . T
1 c on ta
in s2 0b i
fi
lar
t
urn so fN o. 28e name led w ire o n a0 .5-in.-d iame ter fer
rite t oroid c ore. The
mi of t h
e c ore is9 50. A 0 .37-in.-d iame ter c ore o f the same w ould be
s
uitab le i fs mal
ler-gauge w ire w ere e mp loyed . T he 2 N5179 t ran s
isto r was
c
ho sen f or i t
s high fr r a
ting ( > 1 000 MHz ) a nd l ow-no ise c ha racte r
ist
ic.
Typica l gain i s1 5d B
. A nothe r a dvan tage o ft his t ype ofc i
rcuit i st hat t
he
5
0-Q o utpu t o f t he R F a mp l
ifie r i sc ompa t
ib le w ith d iode -ring d oubly
b
alanced m ixe rs
, t hep o
rtso fw hich a rea lso 5 0
-Q .T he gain o f QIw ou ld en
-
s
ure a dequa te receive r noise f i
gu re i f aDB M ( doub le b a
lanced m ixe r) were
u
sed . S uch am ixe r w ould g reatly e leva te t he receive r dynam ic r ange . The
p
o rt-
to -po rti s
olat
ion o ft hed iode -r
ing m ixe r, plust hei nclusion o fR Fs t
age
Q1 ,c an v i
rtually e l
im ina te u nwan ted l ocal-osc il
lato r r adiation v ia the
a
ntenna .

5
8
 +1
2 V

0
.55
-1.6 MHz

To

3
- 3
65 p
F
3 0
1 0
,
(
1 pF
-0 m
ixe
z 51
3
r
SZ
2
N5179
L

•— I
nd
ica
tes
z 5
0 s
ame pha
se

G
ain 1
5dB

L
2: s
ee t
e
xt.

LI 7
3 tu
rns N o
. 22 Te
flon
w
ire
, spaced o
ver
7
.5 x0.5 in
. r
od.
-350,p, =1 25
,
=6
0, L =2
40 p
H

F
igure 2-20 Examp
le o
f af
ed-back b
ipo
lar-t
rans
isto
r RF a
mpl
if
ieras used w
ith arod
l
oop antenna
. Shun
t and d
egenera
tive fe
edback are u
sed t
o ensure uncond
it
ional
s
t
abi
lity
.

2
.3
.3 L
oop w
ith S
ense A
ntenna

Ap rac t
ical circu i
t fo r af errite-rod l oop a ntenna u sed inc omb inat ion
w
ith as ense antenna i sshown i nF ig
. 2-21. A na rrangemen to fthisv ar
ie ty is
u
seful w hen a c ard iod r e
spon se p attern i sd e
si red. A r e
lat
ively u nidirec-
t
i
ona l pattern
, w h ich i sh eart-shap ed, as s e
en i n Fig. 2-21b, isn eeded i n
d
irec
tion -f
inding e quipmen t t o a void a mb iguity o f c ompa ss heading s. A
b
idi
rectiona l patte rn c an c onfu se a n operato r, e special
ly ift h
e o perato r is
p
ast th
e r adiobeacon t ransm itte r being sough t f o r navigat
iona l purpo se s
.
The sense antenna c onsistso f as ho r
t v e
rticale l
emen tplaced close tot h
e
magnet
ic -core loop — typically f rom 6 t o 3 6 in
. i n front of the r
od o r b a
r
l
oop. T he sense-an tenna v oltage i scomb ined a nd p laced inp hase with t h
e
l
oop voltage bym ean so fR I ofF i g. 2-
21a. T he i n-pha se re
lat
ion ship resu l
ts
i
nt h
e ca rdiod p a
t te rn inF ig. 2 -21b. T he f ac
tor ki sequal tot he fr
actiona l

5
9
 S
ense _ X
ez
- a
nt
. -0
.0032 t

Phas
ing

2
200 kHz R
I
L
oop a
nt
. 1
0 kU 2
200 k
Hz
2
200 kHz +
10 dB
amp
. C
4
C
IA L
5
Q
I T
o +
20 d
B
L
i
L
2 L
3 L
6
.
0preampl
ifie
r.
C
3 (
50 1
2
)
g ) I
C
2
C
oupl
ing R
2
C
1B 1
0 U
1
00 P
, 1_ 0
.1 p
F
1
00 p
F

0
.1
1
00 1
2
pF
1
0 k
f2
C
l: d
ual 1
00 p
F +
12 V

C
2: 1
000 p
F m
ax.

0
3, C
4: 1
50 p
F m
ax. L
i; 1
05 pH. 48 tu
rns N o
. 22
0
1: U
310
. 2
N4416
, MPF102 T
eflon o
r L
itz wire s
pread
o
ver 0
.5 x 7
.5 in
. f
err
ite
r
od (p
, -125)

1
.
4. L
5: 5
5 pH t
o
roida
l i
nduc
tor

L
2: 5t
u
rns
. L
3, L
6: 3t
urns

(
a
)

M
ax.

C
ardo
id r
e
sponse

(
b
)

F
igure 2
-21 C
i
rcu
ito
f af
e
rri
te-
rod l
oop a
ntenna w
ith s
ense a
ntenna a
nd p
reamp
li
fie
r(a
). T
he
r
esu
ltan
t c
ard
ioid r
e
sponse p
atte
rn i
sshown i
n(b
).

60
S
ec
.2-
3 P
rac
tic
alL
oop C
i
rcu
its 6
1

r
e
lat
ionsh
ip of th
e sense a
ntenna t
o l
oop maximum vol
tage. A c
ard
ioid
r
e
sponse r
esu
lts when k = 1.If kw
ere c
hanged t
o 0
.5
, as mal
l b
ack l
obe
w
ould p
rotrude
. B y r
educ
ing kto0.2
, afigure-e
ight p
at
tern w ould d
eve
lop
a
s t
he l
oop degraded toward t
he c
la
ssic b
idirec
tiona
l charac
te r
ist
ic f
ound
w
hen no s
ense antenna i
sused
.
Aback
side n
ul
ld ep
th asg
reatas40dBhasbeen m
ea sured b
ythe a
uthor
o
n at
e
st r
ange whi
le u
sing t
he c
i
rcu
it o
fFig
. 2
-21a
. This w a
s r
eal
ized o
nly
a
f
ter r
epea
ted a
dju
stmen
t o
f R
I a
nd C
l f
or t
he b
est n
ul
l d
epth
: T
here i
s
c
ons
ide
rable i
nte
rac
tion be
tween t
he two a
djustment
s. Null d
epth
s t
hat
w
ere m
easured o
ff t
he e
nds o
f t
he r
od l
oop w
ithout t
he s
ense
-an
tenna c
i
r-
c
ui
try w
ere on t
he o
rderof23 d
B. I
ntheory
, a
nd with p
erfec
tl oop b
alance,
t
he t
wo nu
lls c
ould e
xceed 3
0dB
. Th
is wa
s exp
lained t
othew ri
terbyH enry
J
as
ik dur
ing a d
iscus
sion o
n l
oop a
ntennas i
n 1
975 [2
].
L
oop ba
lance i
ntheci
rcu
itg
iven i
nFig
. 2-
21a i
sprov
ided b
yus
ing as
p
lit
-
s
t
ator tun
ing capac
itor
, C IA and d B. C2 i
sused t
o adjus
t t
he coupl
ing
b
etween the l
oop and the l
oad
, cons
isten
t wi
th th
e de
sired QL charac
ter
-
i
s
t
ic. The ci
rcu
it f
rom L2t oL 6isi
so
lated f
rom t
he l
oop c
ircu
it b
y means of
s
hield
ing to prevent s
tray coupl
ing between the ci
rcui
ts. The l
eng
th o f t
he
s
ense an
tenna may h ave to be ad
jus
ted e mpirica
lly to o
btain t
he an
tenna
v
oltage r
equi
red . For t
he fr
equency spec
ified
, a n 1
8-
in, le
ngth o
fc onductor
p
roved ent
irely adequate.
A l
ow-noi
se p o
st-
loop ampl
ifie
r, Q1
, i su
sed to e
nsure an a
ccep
table
n
oise f
i
gure. Degenerat
ive f
e
edback is made a
vai
lable b
y th
e unbypassed
r
es
istor
, R2. Th
is, p
lus t
app
ing the FET d
ra
in d own o
n L5, p
revent
s s
e
lf-
o
sci
llat
ion of t
he R F p
reampl
ifier
. The
se m ea
sures l
owe
r the st
age g
ain
f
rom a poss
ible 20 dB t
o r
oughly 10 d
B. The loop c
an b
e sh
ielded e
l
ec-
t
r
osta
tica
lly i
fde
sired
. T
he d
eta
ils w
ere g
iven i
nFig
. 2
-
14.

2
.3
.4 L
oop V
ari
ations

When itbecomes necessa

ry to make aloop antenna var
iable i
ntermso f
i
nductance
, two common a pproaches c
an be taken. The
se are s
een inFig
.
2
-22
. T he need for v
a ry
ing the induc
tance ise ncountered when the RF
amp
lifie
r or mixe
r st
age o f arece
iver mus
t track with t
he loca
l osc
il
lator
.
T
he emp
loyment of at
wo-
sec
tion v
ar
iab
le c
apac
ito
r (
ganged
) make
s t
h
is
a
lmo
st manda
tory
.
F
igure 2-22a s
hows ac omprom ise type o
floop antenna, used pr
ima r
ily
a
s ar eplacement unit for AM r ad
io l oops t
hat have become d amaged .
Th
is sty
le o f ad
justable loop i
s short —usual
ly 2 to 3i n. in length. A
magnet
ic-core s
lug isadju
stable f
rom o ne e
nd toobtain t
he required induc-
t
ance
. T he Q of t
his an
tenna isre
lative
ly low compared tol ong rod or bar
l
oops ...inth
ea rea o
f 1
50. T
oenhance t
hepickup c
apabi
lity o
fthe l
oop
, a
s
hor
t le
ngth ofwire (
1to 3ftl
ong
)issomet
ime sconnec
ted totheunground-
e
d end of t
he c
oi
l and al
lowed t
o d
angle ou
tside t
he r
ece
iver c
abine
t. The
 C
oil ,f
o
rm S
lug a
d
i

Moun
tto
g
L
aye
r- wound
c
oi
l S
older
l
u
g

l
a
)

N
"
\) 1

J
yn
F
errite
1 rod
Movable c
oi
l on
l
ow-los
s form

(
b
)
F
igu
re 2
-22 Sma
ll f
e
rri
te l
oop a
ntenna (
ad
jus
tab
le i
nduc
-
t
ance
) i
sseen i
n(a
). Al
ong movab
le f
e
rri
te r
od i
scon
tained i
n
-
s
i
de a l
a
yer
-wound c
oi
l. T
he c
oi
l i
nduc
tance i
n(b
) c
an b
e a
d-
j
us
ted b
y s
l
id
ing i
tal
ong t
he f
e
rri
te r
od.

d
irect
iona l charac
te r
ist
ics oft h
is type ofloop ar
e pract
ically use
less d ue t
o
p
hy s
ica l and el
ectr
ical asymme try.
When s pace pe
rm its
, the technique shown i n Fi
g. 2-
22b i ssupe rior t
o
t
hati n( a
). T he l
oop coi
l isw ound o n amovab le i
nsula
ting form. T racking
i
sa chieved b y mov ing the coi
l l e
ft o
r right unt
il the des
ired i n
duc tance
r
esults. The coi
li sthen cemented inp l
ace. The lumped inductance isn otas
e
ffect
ive a sthatw hich issp
read o ver t
hee n
tire l
ength o
ft hef e
rri
te r od,but
a
ccep table re
sults can be had with th
is g
ene ra
l scheme.

2
.
4 R
od-Co
re T
rans
forme
rs

A
lthough f e
rri
te rodsa r
eu sed p
rima r
ily asc ores forl oop antennas, th
ey are
employed s ome t
ime s inb roadband t r
ansforme r
s. Mo re typ
ically
, h owever,
t
oroidsa nd p o
tc o
resa rec hosen a
st hecore ma terial forn ar
row -a nd broad-
b
and t ransforme rs.
T
he ma jor disadvan tage i nusing as olenoida l wind ing on ar od core i
s
t
hatt hein ductoro rt r
an sfo rmerlackst hes e
lf-shield
ing c ha
racter
istic ofthe
t
oroid or p ot
-co re equivalen t
. Apa r
t f r
om t hat s hortcom ing, th
e r od isan
e
nti
rely suitable magne t
ic -core material
. I tcan b e u sed as th
e founda tion
e
l
emen t inn arrow - or broadband c ircuits
. S ome m anufac turers pref
e r t
he

6
2
S
ec
.2-
4 R
od-Co
re T
r
ans
forme
rs 6
3

r
od f
o
rma
t o
ver t
hat o
f t
he t
o
roid b
ecause o
f r
educed w
ind
ing c
omp
lica
-
t
i
ons, espec
ia l
ly i f atoro
id-winder machine i sno
t a va
ilable
.
F
igure 2-23 p o
rtrays in p
ic
torial a
nd schema tic fo
rm a b roadband 4 :1
t
ran
sforme ra si tw ould b
ec onf
igured on af e
rri
te rod. The r
ulesgiven i
nt he
c
hapter on transfo rmer des
ign apply i
nt h
is examp le
, even though ac l
o sed
c
ore i
sn ot ut
ilized. Although the w
ire pa
ir isshown i n aparalel p
lacemen t
f
ormat, so me designers p
refertot w
istthe wires t
ogetherbefore lay
ing them
o
n the core
. Norma l
ly, 6to 10 tw
ists p
er inch isthe common r u
le.

2
.5 S
lug App
licat
ions

S
lugs a
res imi
la rinst
ructu
re t
o magne t
ic-core r
ods. T
he essen
tialdi
fference
i
sthat they ar e sma
lle
r in si
ze than loop-antenna rods. Also
, they are
manufac
tured w ith s
ome type of phy
sical ad
justment scheme in m
ind.
S
lugs are used a
s movable el
emen ts i
ns
ide coi
l fo
rm s tha
t are made of

T1

(
a
)

4
:1
T
i
• —P
has
ing

(
b
)
F
igure 2-23 Pic
tor
ial (a
) and s
chemat
ic
(
b
) il
ust
ra t
ions o
f af
er
rite r
od a
s u
sed i
na
4
:
1 b
roadband t
r
ans
forme
r.
64 A
ppl
ica
tion o
fRod
s, B
ars
, a
nd S
l
ugs C
hap
.2

c
e
ram ic, steati
te, phenol
ic, plast
ic, or paper. T he compo site a
ssembly i s
c
a
lled as lug-tuned inductor or tr
ansforme r
, o nce the winding isinp l
ace.
T
he slug ma ter
ial c
an be fe
rri
te, powde red ir
on, o reven brass. T
he la
tteri s
o
f
ten u sed a t VHF and UHF t o eff
ect changes i ninductance. Bras
s s l
ugs
h
ave theo ppo si
te e
ffect o
f fe
rrite orir
on c o
re s
. B ra
ssd ecreasesthec o
il in
-
d
uctance asi tismoved deeperi n
to thec o
il. The opposi
te istrue o
ftheo ther
t
wo m ater
ial s
.
F
igu re 2-24 s how s a n assortmen t ofm anufac tured s l
ug -tuned i n duc tors
i
np ho tog raph ic f o
rm . Itcan b es e en thatt hey a reava i
lable i n ah osto fs i
zes
a
nd s hape s. S ome a re in
tended f or moun ting o n printed -circuit b oa rds,
whi
le o the rs can b e a f
fixed t om e tal cha ssis o r panels.
Two o fthe mo st common f orma t
s f or s l
ug -
tuned c oi
lsa rei lustrated i n
F
ig. 2 -25. T he s lug i n (a
) i sf or u se w ith t he c o
il f o
rm i n( c
). As crew i s
embedded i nto t hec ore m ateriald uring t hem anufac turing p rocess.T he end
o
ft hes crew i sslotted, asi st he bottom e nd o ft hes l
ug. T hisp ermitsa djust-
ment f rom e i
the r e nd o ft he coi
l f orm. T h
i s s t
yle ofs lug-tuned c o
il i su sed
p
rima r
ily f or direct moun ting t o t he cha ssis o r panel.
The s l
ug in( b)a nd t hec oi
l form i n( d)o fF ig. 2-
25 a rec omb ined t of orm
aprinted -circuit-moun t va r
iab le i nduc to r
. T he slug is mo lded w ith t hread s
o
nt heo uts
ide s urface, ass hown . T he i nnerw a
llo ft hec o
il f orm h asm a t
ing
t
hread s, t he
reby p roviding f o
r s lug a dju stmen t ina nd o ut o ft he coil
. T he
s
lug i se i
ther s lotted or f abricated w ith ah ex h ole comp letely through i t
s
c
enter. T he hex ort h
es lota reu sed f o
ra dju st
ing t hes l
ug p o
sitioning. I ff ur-
t
hera dju s
tmen t isn ot contemp la ted , w ax c an b em elted i n
to t het op orb ot-
t
om o ft hec oil form t oa ffix the s lug s o that v ibrat
ion d oes n otc hange t he
s
e
t t
ing . Aj am n ut or locking s pring c an b e u sed with t he co i
l form i nF ig.
2
-25a a nd cf o r the same p urpo se.

e'
r
e
if
t
e
." •

mar -
4
e
e
sq
iii
__ • E Zr
l

F
iguro 2
-24 A
sso
rtmen
t o
fty
pica
l s
l
ug-
tuned i
n
duc
tors
.
 T
hreaded
s
hank

T
hreaded
magnet
ic
c
ore
s
lug
Magnet
ic
co
re
s
lug

S
lot
o
r
Ad
jus
t. s
l
ot h
ex hole

(
a
) (
b
)

I
n
sert
I
n
te rnal Threaded s
lug
t
hreads moun t
ing
f
o
r s l
ug
p
ost C
oil
s
hank

C
ois-
„,
„
\Me
tal
c
l
ip

L
ow-
los
s f
orm
S
older
l
ugs

(
c
) (
d
)

F
igure 2
-25 B
reakdown v
iews o
f t
wo p
opu
lar s
l
ug-
tuned i
nduc
tors
. T
he
s
l
ug in(a
) mate
s with t
he co
il f
o
rm in(
cl. S
imi
lar
ly, t
he t
r
eaded s
l
ug i
n(b
)
ma
tes w
ith t
he p
rin
ted-c
ircu
it s
ty
le o
f c
oi
l f
orm in(d
).

2
.5
.1 P
erfo
rmance C
ons
ide
rat
ions

S
lug-
tuned i nductors or transformers are a
lmo s
t w ithou
t e xcept
ion
e
mp loyed inn a
rrow -band ci
rcuits
. T h
is di
cta
tes aneed forspec
ific cr
iter
ia,
n
otably e l
ectrical stab
ili
ty, m echanical s
tab
il
ity
, a nd ci
rcuit Q. A g iven
r
e
sona to
r, o nce a djusted, should r ema
in i n t
he intended state within
r
e
a sonable c onstric
tions. Thi
s i sirespect
ive of t
empe ra
ture changes a nd
v
i
b rat
ion s
.

65
6
6 App
licat
ion o
f Rods
, Bars
, a
nd S
lugs Chap
. 2

Mechan icals t
ability r
equi rest hatt h
ec o
ilw ind ing beh e
ld f i
rm ly inplace
o
n t he co
il f o
rm w ith low-los s c
oil d ope, s uch as polystyrene c emen t
. T he
s
lug m echan ism s hou ld b
e t i
gh t ini t
s threaded c ol
let or coi
l f o
rm .
The core m aterial mu s
t b e s
elec ted c or rect
ly f or t
he c hosen o perat
ing
f
requency . T oo low a w il r equire e xcessive c oi
lt urnst or ea
lize ag i
ven i n
-
d
uctance . T he greate rthen umbe r o ft urns, t h
e highert hed cr es
istance a nd
t
he lowert he Q. T oo high ac ore pe rmeab i
lity w i
ll re
sult in as mall numbe r
o
ft urnsb utw illc ause adeg raded Q c haracte ris
tic.T hus, itispruden tt oex-
amine t h
e c o
re c ha rac
terist
ic s ve rsus r e
commended o perat
ing f requency
b
efore c omm itt
ing ap art
icu lar co re m aterial to the ci
rcuit. Table 2-2 lis
ts
t
he r ecommended o pe
rating f r
equenc ie s f or mo st o f the p opular c ore

TABLE 2
-2 S
crew
-sha
fts
l
ug c
harac
ter
ist
ics
.

R
ecommend ed
F
requency Core Bas
ic C
olor
MHz Ma
terial P
owder C
od e

0
.2
- 1 .
5 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l C Ye
llow
1
.0
- 20
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l E Red
5
0
.0-200
.0 P
owdered i
r
on I
RN 8 White
1
00
.0 and up B
ras
s None

2
.0- 40
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l TH P
urple
4
0
.0 -300
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l SF B
lue
0
.1- 1 .
5 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l C Ye
llow
1
.
0- 20
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l E Red
2
0
.0 - 50
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l J Green
5
0.0-200
.0 P
owdered i
r
on I
RN 8 White
1
00.0 and up B
ras
s None

2
.0- 40
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l TH P
u rp
le
4
0
.0 -300
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l SF B
lue
0
.2- 1
.
5 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l C Ye
llow
I
.
0- 20
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l E Red
2
0.0- 50
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l J Green
5
0.0-200
.0 P
owdered i
r
on I
RN 8 White
1
00
.0 a nd up B
ras
s None

2
.0- 40
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l TH P
urple
4
0.0-300
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l SF B
lue
0
.2- 1 .
5 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l C Ye
llow
1
.
0- 30
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l E Red
2
0.0- 50
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l J Green
5
0.0-200
.0 P
owdered i
r
on I
RN 8 White
1
00
.0 a nd up B
ras
s None

2
.0
- 40
.0 P
owde
red i
r
on C
arbony
l TH P
urple
4
0.0
-300
.0 P
owde
red i
r
on C
arbon -
y
1 S
F B
lue

C
our
tesy o
fJ.W
. M
i
lle
r C
o.
, D
iv
ision o
f B
e
ll I
n
dus
trie
s.
S
ec
.2-
5 S
l
ug A
ppl
ica
tion
s 67

mater
ial
sa vai
lable f orsl
ug soft heki
nd shown i nFig. 2
-25a,a sprov ided by
J
.W . Mi
ller, aD ivision ofB el
l Indus
tries
. T ab
le 2-3 g
ives the s
ame g ene
ral
d
ata for slugs of t he ty
pe depicted in F
ig. 2-25b
. T he c o
re m aterials a
re
b
rasso rpowde red iron. The r
ecommended f r
equency range swil
le nsu re o
p-
t
imum Q . T he Miller color code fo
r slugs isinc
luded i n the tables. The
p
ermeab il
ity factors are notli
sted i
nt he t
abular p
resentations, a
st he w il
l
d
epend o n t he co
re d imen s
ion s
. The m anufacturers of slug
s can p rovide
s
pecif
ic i nformation v ersus th
e var
iou s s
lugs, w
ith respect to si
ze.

TABLE 2
-3 T
hreaded
-slug c
harac
ter
ist
ics
.

R
ecommend ed
F
requencv Core Bas
ic C
olor
Ma
re nal P
owder Code

0
./
- 1 .
5 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l C Yel
low
1
.0
- 20
.0 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l E Red
2
0
.0- 50
.0 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l J Green
5
0
.0-200
.0 P
owdered i
r
on IRN 8 White
2
.0
- 40
.0 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l TH P
urp le
4
0
.0-300
.0 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l SF B
lue
0
.3
- 1 .
0 P
owdered i
r
on IRN 2 Yel
low
.
05
- 5 .
0 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l E Red
4
.5
- 20
.0 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l TH Green
2
0
.0 and up P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l 1 White

1
00
.0 a
nd u
p B
rass None

0
.3
- 1 .
0 P
owdered i
r
on IRN 2 Yel
low
0
.5
- 5 .
0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbonyl E Red
4
.5
- 20
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbonyl TH Green
2
0
.0 and up P
owdered i
r
on C
arbonyl J White

1
00
.0 B
ras
s None

0
.2
- 1 .
5 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l C Yel
low
1
.0
- 20
.0 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l E Red
2
0
.0- 50
.0 P
owdered i
r
on Carbony
l 1 Green
5
0
.0-200
.0 P
owdered i
r
on IRN 8 White
1
00
.0 and u
p B
ras
s None

2
.0
- 40
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l TH P
urp
le
4
0
.0-300
.0 P
owdered i
r
on C
arbony
l SF B
lue

C
our
tesy o
fJ.W
. M
i
lle
r C
o.
, D
iv
is
ion o
fBe
l
l I
n
dus
trie
s.

I
tisimportan t toconside
r theef
fect oftheslug placemen t within aco
il
o
n t
he Qo ft hei nductor
. When the s
lug ente
rs t
hec oi
lc omp letely, th
e Qis
t
he h
ighe
st within t h
e recommended f r
equency range. Table 2-4 show s t
he
r
e
sult
s ofl a
bo ratory te
sts made on two se
ries 4
2 J.W. M il
ler c oi
ls. One i
s
t
hep H r
ange and t h
eo ther i
sinthe mH range. I
nb oth case
s th e Qd ropsas
t
he s
lug i
sw ithd rawn f rom th
e co
il
. T hi
s e f
fec
t clearly d
emon s
trates t
he
68 A
ppl
ica
tion o
fRod
s, B
ar
s, a
nd S
l
ugs C
hap
.2

n
eed t
o choo
se a c oi
l which h
as the r
equi
red Qu (
de
term
ined b
y t
he
d
es
igne
r) a
t aspec
ified v
a
lue of i
nduc
tance
.

TABLE 2
-4 R
esu
lts o
fla
bora
tory t
es
ts o
nJ.W
.Mi
lle
rco
ils
.

DC T
est
S
lug Q
u" Core R
esi
stanc
e F
requency
P
osi
tion L Ma
terial ( IMHz )

F
ul
l 5
.
8 gH 1
55 C
arbona
l
H
alf 3
.
8 gH 1
30> E 0
.
466 8
O
ut 2
A g1 1
00

F
ul
l 5
.
8 m
11 8
5 C
arbony
l
H
alf 3
.
8 mN 7
5 C 2
1 2
.
5
O
ut 3
.
4 mH 7
0

aC
omp
ari
son b
e
tween Qu a
nd p
o
sit
ion o
fth
eco
i
lsl
ug
,in
dica
ting m
aximum Qw
hen
t
h
esl
ug i
sfu
l
ly i
n
to th
eco
il.

2
.5
.2 P
r
act
ica
lCi
rcu
its

We h ave d iscus sed t he i mpo r

tance o f Qw hen as lug -
tuned i nduc to r is
u
sed i n an arrow -band c ircuit. Ano th er s i
gn if
ican t p oin t o f conce rn i s
s
tabili
ty v ersu s t empe ra tu re. T he e ffects o f long-term d rift a re particu la r
ly
a
nnoy ing i n mo st f ree-runn ing o scillato rs of th e type s hown i nF ig. 2 -26a .
T
yp ica lly, d rif
t s i nf requency w h
ich e xceed , say, 1 00 H z a re u naccep tab le
b
y p re sen t-day p e rfo rmance s tanda rd s
. I n s t
ringen t a pp l
ica t
ion s t he d rift
c
anno t b e p erm itted t og o b eyond af ew h ertz.
I
na ni dea ls i
tua tion t hed esigne rw ould n otu se a ni n duc to rforf requen -
c
y c ont ro l i ft h at i nduc to r c on tained amagne tic c ore. T his isb ecau se t he
c
ore p ermeab i
li ty c hange s w ith t emp era ture. A lte rnative ly, t he d e
s igne r
would a ttemp t t ou t
ilize am echan ica l
ly r ig
id c o
il w h
ich w as air w ound o r
c
on tained o n al ow -lo ss f orm s uch a sc eram ic. T he s hortcom ing o ft his a p-
p
roach i sb rough t o n b y t oday 's e mpha si
s o n m inia turiza tion . Ag ood a ir-
wound , s t
ab le i nduc to r f or t h e h igh-f requency s pectrum a nd t h e l owe r
would o ccupy c on side rab ly more v olume t han am agne t
ic -co re componen t
which p rov ided e qu iva len t i nduc tance .
We may a sk : Wha t a lte rnative s a re th e
re w ith r e
ga rd t o s t
ability? T he
c
lassic p rocedu re w hen m agne tic c ores a re con tained i nt he o sc
illa tor t ank
c
oil ist o u se t empe ra ture -compen sa t
ing d evices t o c orrec t f o
r l ong -term
d
rift. Mo stc ore ma te rial s h ave ap o s
i t
ive d rif
tc harac teristic — increa s
ing me
w
ith a ni n crea se i nt empe ratu re. A st hish appen s, t
h e Qd eg rade ss omewha t.
Carbony l Ep owde red -iron m ix , f or e xamp le, w ill h ave a Ye c hange o f
r
ough ly +0 .005 %/ ° C. T he Q w i
ll d egrade b ya pprox ima tely —0 . 02 %! ° C.
The c hange i np ermeab i
lity w i
th h eat c an b e corrected b yu sing fixed -va lue
c
apac ito r s w ith n ega tive -coeff ic ient p rope rties.
 1
80S
2 +
12 V
Osc
.
1
005
-2055 k
Hz 2
N4416

—1 8
20 p
F

7 L1
S
hie
ld

2
7 p
F
C
l C
2; L
i: 10 pH nom
. (co
re, C
arbony
l E
)
.
N
PO J
.W. M
il
ler 43A104C8I
T
uning 0
,„
,n =150 a
t2.5 MHz
3
65 pF

(
a
)

4 T
C I
i
c
5 J
. J
.C,
, (
01)
-
-214 p
F
C
6 I 1
" ,,6 p
- F
=5
5 p
F I
I
A
ssume C2 at I
m
idrange (
15 pF
)

eC22:

1
cr- 1 1
C
4 + 1 C
l +C
2 +C
3
+

C
5 C
6

(
b)
F
igu
re 2-28 D es
ign e
xample f
or aV EO that con
tains a s
lug
-tuned in
ductor (L
1) in t
he
f
r
equency
-dete
rm in
ing p
ar
tofthe c
i
rcu
it. E
xce
llen
ts tab
il
ity c
an b
eo b
tained w
ith t
h
is ci
rcu
itby
u
s
ing negat
ive
-temperature c
oeff
ic
ient c
apaci
tors a
tC3 t
h
rough C7 i
nc
lusive
. The c
apac
itors
c
ompensate f
orthe p
osi
tive d
r
ifto
ft he c
ore a
tLi (
a
).The e
f
fec
tive c
apac
itance i
npa
ral
lelwi
th
L
i i
sdemons
tra
ted i
n(b
).

6
9
7
0 A
ppl
ica
tion o
fRod
s, B
ars
, a
nd S
l
ugs C
hap
.2

Dr
ift i sn ot ap rima ry c onside rat ion w hen t he e quipmen t rema ins i na
r
e
latively s tab le t empe ra tu re e nvironmen t, w he re r oom t empe ratu rei sfair ly
c
onstan t, a nd w he re t he a mbien t t empe ra ture w ith in t he e quipmen t c a se
u
nde rgoe s m ino r c hange s. B ut w hen h ea t f rom t ube s, p owe r tran s
i s
to rs,
a
nd t ransforme r s i sp re sen t i nt he r egion o f t he o s c
illa to r, long-term d rift
w
ill become man ife st f o r c ertain.
Ap artial s olu t
ion t ot he d r
ift p rob lem i st os elect as l
ug -tuned i nduc to r
(
L1 o fF ig. 2 - 26)w hich h as al ow-s c ore. A lso , t hec oils hou ld b es e
t f ort he
d
esired i nduc tance w ith t he l east amoun t o f c ore e ntry i nto t he coil. T his
c
ond i
tion w il l n ot y ield t he m aximum r e
sona to r Q , b u t
, a ss hown i nT ab le
2
-4, the Qd eg rada tion i sn ot seve re . T he p rinc ipa l v i
rtue o fh i
gh Q i na n
o
sci
llato r t ank i sr educed n oise b andw id th a tt he o sci
lla to r o utput. T hi s i s
e
specially i mpo rtan t t o a chieve w hen t he o scilla to r i su s ed a s t he LO -
i
n
jec t
ion s ou rce f o
r ar eceive r m ixe r.
Apartf rom c hange s i n amb ien t t empe ratu re i nt hea r ea o ft heo sci
lla to r,
l
ong-term d rifti sl i
ke ly t or esult f rom RF c ircu la t
ing c u rren ti nt hec oil a nd
t
her e
la ted c apac itor s. F ort hisr eason i ti swi se t ou se ap hy sicaly l arge c oil,
c
ompa rative ly s peak ing , w hich h a s af a
irly l arge c o re a nd aw ire g auge ( Li tz
o
r ename led c oppe r) t ha t c an p as s t he c urren t w ithou t s ignifican t heating .
The mo re c apac ito rs t hat a re u sed i n p ara lle l a t c r
itica l R F p oints ( C l
t
hrough C 6 o fF ig. 2 -26a ) t o o bta in as pec if ied c apa citance , the l ower t he
d
rif
t f r om R F h eating . T his i sb ecau se t he R F c ur ren ts a re d is
t r
ibu ted
t
hrough s eve ral c apac ito rs r athe r t han af ew , t hereby r educ ing t he interna l
h
eating o fa ny o ne c apac ito r.
I
n t he p roven , h igh -stab ility o scillato r o f F ig. 2 -
26a , t he drift f r
om a
c
old s tart t o ap eriod 3 h ou rs l a
te r w a s s o s l
igh t t ha t i tc ould n ot b e
measured a ccu ra te
ly . T he m ax imum s hift, a s o bserved b y af requency
c
oun ter, w as l ess t h an 1H z in as table t empe ra tu re e nv ironmen t o f2 5°C .
L
i i sh ou sed i na n a lum inum s hield, t he w alls o f w hich s hou ld b e o ne
c
oild iame te ro rg rea tera way f rom t heo ute rs u rface o ft hec oilf orm .C lo se r
s
pacing sd eg rade t h er esona to r Qa nd c omp lica te t h em echan icals tabili
ty o f
t
he o sc
illato r. An a lum inum o r b ra ss e nc lo su re w il
l l owe r t h
e c oi
l i nduc -
t
ance s omewha t, r equ iring t hatt h es lug b e moved f arthe ri n
to t hec oilw ind -
i
ng. Iron t y pe so fs hield sh av e the o ppo site e f fec t, c ausing a ni nc
rea se i ni n
-
d
uctance . T he c oil s hie ld i su sefu l i n k eep ing u nwan ted R F energy f rom
o
ther p arts o ft h e c i
rcu i t ( compo site e qu ipmen t
) a way f rom t he o sc
illa to r
t
ank. A lso, t hes hie
ld e nclo su re h elp st om a
in ta in as t
ab le t empe rature w hen
s
hort-term c hange s i na mb ien t tempe ratu re o ccu r.
Po
ly styrene c apac ito r s a re suitab le f o r u se a tC 4
, C 5, a nd C 6. T hey e x-
h
ibit an ega tive t empe ra ture c oef ficien t w h
ich c ompen sa te s fort hep ositive
c
oefficien t o f t he c oil magne tic c o re. NPO c eram ic c apa citor s are suitab le
a
l
so a tt ho se c i
rcu it p o
in ts. S i
lve r-m ica c apac ito rs a r e n ot r e
commended i n
t
hei n
ter est o fo ptimum s tability, u nle ss t hey h ave k nown d riftc hara c
teristi cs.
S
ec
.2-
5 S
l
ug A
ppl
ica
tions 7
1

The s
e
rie
s-tuned Colp
itt
s format w
as chosen t
o perm
it us
ing h i
ghe
r
v
a
lue
s of i
nductance a
t L
i than wou
ld be p
ossib
le i
n apara
lle
l-tuned a
r
-
r
angement. T he ma jor advantage of the high L ist
hat ci
rcuit
-connec t
ing
l
eads and pr
in ted-c
ircui
t-boa rd conducto rs b
ecome a s mal
ler p a
rt of the
o
veral
l Lt han i str
ue w hen p a
ral
lel t
un ing isused
. Th
is aids stabi
lity a
nd
h
elps t
opreven t Qd egradation. Thi
s con s
iderat
ion ise
special
ly m eaningful
a
t fr
equenc
ie s above 5 MHz .
Osc
illator shor
t-term st
abi
lity i
saided b
y D 1, agate
-clamping d
iode
(
1N9
14 o r equ
ivalent)
. The d
iode l
im
its t
he p
osi
tive p
eaks ofthe s
i
ne w
ave,
i
ntu
rn leve
ling t
hepeak t
r
ansconduc
tance o
fth
e F ET
. T h
is s
erve
sas abi
as
s
t
abi
lizer and min
imizes c
hanges i
n j
unct
ion capac
itance. The l
a
tte
r, if
a
l
lowed t orun rampant
, wou
ld gene
rate con
side
rable harmon
ic ene
rgy. D
2
s
tab
ilizes t
he dra
in s
upply v
ol
tage a
t8 .
2.
The der
ivation o
f min
imum a nd maximum c apaci
tance r
ange fo
r th
e
o
sci
llator i
staken f
rom t
he e
quat
ion inFig
. 2
-26b. The L a
nd C c
omponent
s
h
ave b een a rranged t o i lus
tra te how Ca r i
sd eterm ined in t h
is type o f
o
sci
llator. T he effective t un
ing -capacitance r ange i sapproxima tely 5 t o
2
14 p Fw ith thea r
rangemen ts hown . T h
is circuitc an beextrapolated t of r
e-
q
uenc ies up to 10 MHz b y u
sing t he r
eac tance v a
lue s ofthe capacito rs and
i
nducto r
s shown .
An e xamp le ofh igh-Q s lug-tuned i nduc tors u sed in ap a
ssive b andpa ss
c
i
rcuit isg i
ven i nF ig. 2-27. In effec
t, w e a re look ing at athree-pole C ohn
t
ype o ftunable fi
lter w hich m ight beu sed t oo btain ah igh order ofr eceiver
f
ront-end s e
lectivi
ty. A lthough t he f
requency s pecified isfor the standa rd
AM b roadca st band, tunab le fi
lters oft h
i s type can b eused ata ny frequen -
c
y w here lumped c onstan ts are acceptab le - 150 MHz a nd lowe r
. T he im-
p
ortan t though t to k eep i n m ind i s that t he l oaded b andw idth ( B W L)
d
oub le
s each time the ope
rat
ing fr
equency i
srai
sed one o
ctave
. F o
r th
is
r
eason at h
ree
-po le f
i
lter o
fthe t
ype s
hown i
s more u
sefu
l a
tthe lower e
nd
o
f the fr
equency spectrum.
Fo
r t h
e f requency s pecif
ied i n Fig
. 2-27, c a
rbonyl Ec ore ma teria
l is
c
hosen. L2 a nd L5 compr ise individual r
esona tors f
or t
he fi
l
ter. L3 and L 4
a
re u
sed inc omb ination top rovide the th
ird resonator
. These two i
n ductors
h
ave twice the nom inal inductance o f t
he end coils s
o t
hat the n
et value of
t
he coi
ls i n p a
rallel equals t hat of the i ndiv
idual end s e
ctions o f the
f
i
lte
r -480 a nd 240 µH , respectively
. T hi
s s cheme enab
les the des
igne r to
u
se a t
h
ree-
section v
ariab
le c
apac
ito
r for t
uning, r
a
the
r than a f
our-gang
c
apac
itor
, which wou
ld be r
equ
ired i
ffour i
ndiv
idua
l r
esona
tors we
re con-
t
a
ined int he fi
l
ter
.
L
I and L 6 are a
dju
sted fo
r th
e d e
sired input a
nd output c
oupl
ing. L7
a
nd L 8 are used as bo
ttom-coupl
ing i nductor
s between the r
esonators
.
Sma
ll to
roidal induc
tors a
re s
uggested fo
r use atL7 and L8
. The coupl
ing
f
ac
tor
s o
fthe f
i
l
ter a
re c
hosen t
o p
rov
ide t
he d
es
ired BW L ,c
ons
isten
t w
ith
 5
50-1600 k
Hz

f
—— — 1— ——— - --- - t
-- — 1
I 3
65 3
65
I
1 1
C1A p
F C
1B 3
65 p
F C
1C l
1 P
F 1
I I

5
0 S2 5
0 52
-

i
nput o
utput
'
L
ic L
2 L
3 L
4 L
5

— — — — —

I S
hie
ld/i
n
g

L
i, L
6: S
ee t
ext

L
2, L
5: C
arbony
l Ec
ore
, 2
40 pH n
om.

L
3, L
4: C
arbony
l Ec
ore
, 4
80 p
H n
om.

L
7, L
8: 5pH (
s
ee t
ext
!

F
igure 2
-27 A high degree of r
ece
iver fr
on t
-end se
lectiv
ity can be a
chieved by u
ti
liz
ing a
t
hree
-sect
ion t
unable Cohn fi
l
ter
. High-Q slug-tuned in
duc to
rs ar
e used at L2 t
hrough L5.
S
ince L3 a
nd L
4 ar
e ef
fective
ly inpara
lle
l, the
ir in
ductances are t
wice t
hato f L
2a nd L5, t
o
p
erm
it t
r
ack
ing b
y means o
f C
l.

t
he i
nsert
ion lo
ss t
hat c
an be t
ole
rated i
nterms o
fn o
ise f
i
gure a
nd r
ece
iver
s
ens
itiv
ity. An i
nse
rtion l
o
ss of 4to 6dB i
s as
u
itable t
a
rge
t amount f
orthe
f
r
equency s
pec
ified
.
I
n the t
e
st model, t
he a
utho
r e
mployed J
.W. M
ille
r 4
3 A224CB
I i
nduc
-
t
o
r s a
tL 2 and L5
. T he inductance range is138 to2 75 pH, with aQu of 128
w
ith th
ec ore s
e
t for 138 pH . I
nductors L3a nd L 4are J.W. Miller43474CB I
p
arts
, with arange of2 40 to 580 H. Qu a t240 1.
el
l is135. T he Q ofb oth
c
o
il types was measured at7 90 kHz.
The dashed li
nes in Fig. 2
-27 ind ica
te extensive sh
ielding of
' the fi
l
ter
f
rom o u
tside i
nf
luence s
. E ach re
sona tor iss
hielded fr
om t he othe
rs. Cl
, the
t
h
ree-sec
tion t
un
ing capac
itor
, shou
ld be c
onst
ructed w
ith sh
ield b
aff
les
b
etween th
e r
otor s
ec
tions t
o min
imize l
e
akage f
rom one f
i
lte
r p o
le t
o t
he
n
ext
.
Th
isc i
rcui
tw asd eve
loped p r
ima r
ily t
od emonstrate j
ustone appl
ication
f
or s
lug-
tuned inductors
. T here isno r
eason why toroida
l or p
ot-core uni
ts
c
ould not be s
ubst
ituted for the t
ype of i
nductor
s shown . Were th
is done,
h
oweve r
, itwould beneces
sa ry toin
clude tr
i mmercapacitor
sa teach se
ction
o
f t
he f
i
l
ter t
o p
erm
it t
r
ack
ing
.

72
2
.
6 R
F C
hokes

I
tisu
sefu
l toinc
lude magnet
ic-core RF c
hoke
s in many d
esign
s, p
art
icu
lar
-
l
ywhen min
iaturiza
tion i
s akeynote
. Fe
rri
te o
r powdered
-iron c
hoke c
ore
s
p
ermitla
rge inductance valuestob erea
lized in much s mal
lerv olume than i
s
t
rue w
hen ai
r-core or d
ielectr
ic-core c
hoke s a
re bui
lt. A nother advan
tage to
t
he c
hoke wi
th amagne tic core i
sthat considerab
ly f ewer tu
rn s ofwire a
re
n
eeded f
or aspecif
ied inductance, a
sc ompa red to achoke o fthe s
ame value
wh
ich u
ses n
o core materia
l. T h
is g
rea
tly lowers t
he dc re
sis
tance o fth
e wind-
i
ng and el
evates the Q. F igure 2-
28 s hows ac ol
lect
ion o f mode rn RF
c
hokes which are bui
lt in v
arious phys
ical formats
. S ome RF c hokes are
a
vai
lable i
ne ncapsula
ted fo
rm . Others a
re bu
ilt w
ith th
e windingse xposed.
T
he des
igner decides wh
ich st
yle i
sneeded , i
naccordance wi
th the environ-
men
t in w h
ich t h
e choke wil
l be used ( humidi
ty, chemical ef
fects, et
c.)
F
igure 2-29 c
ontain
s pic
toria
lr ep
resentat
ionsof aso
lenoidalchoke (a
), api
-
wound unit (
b
), and ap owertype o
fs o
lenoida
l RF choke (c
). T
hese i
lustra
-
t
i
on s por
tray only t
hree of t
he myr
iad formats t
hat RF chokes t
ake. Some
h
ave two or more piwindings, o
thers a
re e
ncased i
np henol
ic mate
rial
, and
s
o on.

2
.6
.1 C
hoke App
lica
tions

RF c
hoke
s a
re n
ot s
e
lec
ted i
nrandom f
a
shion d
uring t
he d
es
ign p
er
iod
.
The
re i s a d efini
te a nd n eces
sa ry relat
ionship b etween t he c hoke
c
haracte
ris
tics and the ci
rcuit poin
t a twhich itisused. I
fthe choke isused
a
s ac hoke
, i n the true sen
se o f the word, the r
e ac
tance should be con-
s
i
derably higher at the l
owe st ope
ra t
ing frequency than t
he i mpedance of
t
he ci
rcu
it tow h
ich i tisconnected. Av i
ab le r
ule o
ft humb isto ensure t
hat
t
he RF choke has an XL w hich isf our times or g
reate
r the ci
rcuit im-
p
edance
. This p
r
inciple i
sdemon s
t ra
ted inFi g
. 2-
30, whe
re ac a
thode-driven
RF power ampl
ifie
r rece
ives exc
itation in para
llel w
ith a ca
thode c hoke,
RFC1
. T he i
nput impedance o
ft he amplif
ier atful
l d
rive isapprox
ima tely

F
igure 2
-28 G
roup o
f magne
tic
-co
re R
F c
hokes
.

73
 S
olenoida
l P
I
w
inding w
ind
ing
S
lot S
lot

W
ire l
e
ad W
ire l
e
ad
Magne
tic c
ore Magne
tic c
ore

(
a
) (
b
)

F
err
ite
r
od
1
25
B
if
ilar w
inding
h
eavy-gauge w
ire

(
c
)

F
igu
re 2
-29 As
mal
l s
o
leno
ida
l R
F c
hoke i
sseen i
n(a
). Ab
ank
-wound R
F c
hoke i
sil
-
l
u
stra
ted i
n (
b
). Ab
i
fi
lar
-wound p
owe
r c
hoke i
sdep
icted i
n(c
). A
l
l t
h
ree c
hokes a
re
wound o
n magne
tic
-co
re ma
ter
ial
.

RF
l
i
near a
mpli
fie
r
3
-30 MHz

3
-500Z
v
i

To
m
atch
ing 0
.01 p
F
n
etwork 0
.01 p
F
XL > 4
Z,„ XL > 6
00 S2

R
FC1 T
hus
,
Z
,„ 1
50 S
2 XL
>
- 3
2 pH

• :P
has
ing
5V
ac 1
4
,5 A
F
igure 2
-30 D
esign e
xamp
le f
o
r ab
i
fi
lar
-wound f
i
l
amen
t c
hoke o
f
t
he t
ype s
een i
n(c
) o
f F
i
g. 2
-29
.

74
S
ec
.2-
6 R
FChok
es 7
5

1
50 Q
. Therefore, XL for RFC
1 s hou
ld beequal toorg
rea
terthan 6
00Q at
3MHz —the l owes
t o pe
rat
ing frequency. Th
is re
qui
rement c
an be me
t by
u
s
ing afer
rite-
rod c o
re tha
t is0.
5 x7 .5 i
n
., wi
th apio
f 1
25. The r
equ
ired
i
nduc
tance for 600 Q at 3MHz c an be f
ound by

L XL 6
00
i
ef - -
2
/
If 6
.28 x 3— 3
2 pH

w
here fisi
n MHz. Once t
h
is i
sknown, t
henumbe
ro ft
urn
st oob
tain 3
2 pH
o
n the c
ore s
pec
ified c
an be d
e
termined f
r
om the AL f
ac
tor o
f Fi
g. 2
-3c
(
448
). Thus
,

N = 1
00 N
.
/Lpt
i ÷ AL = 1
00 ‘
,
/32 ÷4
48 = 2
6 t
u
rns

w
he re N i st he numbe r o f tu
rn s des
ired.
T
he f i
lamen t/cathode c hoke u se s ab ifi
lar winding. T h
is can b e con-
s
i
dered a s as ingle-wire w inding i n the calcula
tions. The resul
tant i nduc-
t
ance i sessential
ly the same f or asingle winding versus abif
ilar winding if
e
ach w inding o ccupies the same amoun t ofs pace o
n t h
ec o
re. The Q r emains
t
hes ame a lso. So, too btain 32 pH o fi nductance wew illuse 26bif
ilart urns
o
fe name led c opper wire, close-wound , ass hown i nFig
. 2-29c.
T
he b if
ilarw inding c an bee xtended t of i
l
l 6in.o fthecore
, inw hich case
t
hei nduc tance w i
llb er oughly 1 00 I
.
4 H (4
5 b i
fi
lart urns o
fN o
. 14w ire)
. T he
c
ore, t h
usu sed, wi
lle xhibit aQ o
u f 150 at 8MHz . T he No
. 1 4wire wi
llp ass
t
he 14.5-A f i
lamen tcu r
ren t withoute xcessive heat
ing o rIR lo
sses. The core
mate
rial chosen for RFC 1 s at
i sfies the Bm a
x r
e quiremen ts treated i nC hap
-
t
e
r 1 .T he XL >44 , isn ecessa ry t o prevent p owe r loss through t he R F
c
hoke. F ur
the rmo re, ifthe XL i stoo l ow, an intolerable m i
sma tch can re-
s
u
lt between t he signal s
ou rce a nd the load w hen R FC1 i splaced i ns hunt
w
ith the 50-4 driv
ing s ource.
The as
semb led R Fchoke c an b ecoated w i
th g lyptolv arnish top rotectit
f
rom d amage a nd mo i
sture. A l
te rnatively, the w inding can b e e ncased in
h
eat-
sh r
ink t ub
ing . Formva r-in sulated c opperw ire isrecommended f o
rt h
e
b
if
ilar winding o n R FC1 o f Fig. 2 -
30. T his i
nsula ting m a
te r
ial i stough, as
w
ell as be
ing r e
sis
tan t to damage f rom c hemicals , hea
t, a nd oil
.
S
ome a ddi
tional a ppl
ica t
ions for R F chokes ar e g
iven s
c hema tically in
F
ig. 2-3
1. In th
is examp le t he magnetic-core in
duc tors a
re u
s ed i nt h
e b ase
r
e
tu rn of aClass Ca mpl
ifier (RFC ') and inthe Vc line t
othea mplif
ier, Q 1.
Once again we shall o b
se rve th
e 4 x Zr ule o
f t humb for XL .T he b ase-
r
e
tu rn choke should exhibit areactance of 12Q or mo re
.T hi
sr equiresa ni n-
d
uctance ofa tl e
ast0 .83 p H
. As t
anda rd choke value of 1pH w ould b e a
s
u
itab le c
hoice.
RFC2, the col
lecto r c hoke of QI , has an a pproximate c ol
lec tor i m-
p
edance o f3.72 , based o n the s
tanda rd re
lat
ion ship Z = I fec.
V2P 0, w here
 R
F power
amp
lif
ier 2
.3 MHz 2
5.w
zco
Ii 3
.7 S
t o
utput
To Z
„, 3S
Z o
i
t
o
i
nput l
ow-pas
s
m
atching f
i
lter
n
etwo rk

R
FCq R
FC2

B
ead

T O
.01 e
l
F I 0.
0
114F j22 'IF
2
5 y

R
FC3

Vîc

13
Zco
II - -
T
2P0

XLI
RFC11 4Z,
, -
XL(
RFC?
) 4Z c
of
i +
13 6 V

R
l. s
ee t
ex
t
F
igu
re 2
-31 A
ddi
tiona
l u
ses f
o
rmagne
tic
-co
re R
Fchokes a
reg
i
ven h
ere
. R
FC1
, R
FC2
, a
nd
R
FC3 a
re d
i
scussed i
nth
e t
ex
t.

Po i
sthed es
ired o utpu tp owe ri nw atts. T hu s
, XL .f orR FC2 s hou ld be 1 4
.8Q
o
rg r
ea ter. Atf ou rt imes Zcol t h
isc all
s f or 1.02 µ H. O nce a ga in, as tanda rd-
v
alue c hoke o f 1p H will suffice.
RFC3 i sused a s ad ecoup l
ing c hoke i nt h
e l ic
e supply l ine. S ince / c
o
il wil
l
b
e app rox ima te
ly 3 .67 A , alow ing 5 0% e ff
iciency f or t he amp l
ifier, the
s
upply-line i mpedance i srough ly e qual t o 3.7 Q( Z =E /I), RFC3 s hou ld
h
ave a pp roxima tely 1µ H ofi nduc tance a lso.
Powe r tr
an s
isto rs t e
nd t o self-o sci
lla te at t h
e o pera t
ing f requency a nd
e
l
sewhe re in t h
e s pectrum b y v irtue o f t uned b ase/tuned c ollecto r condi-
t
i
on s
. T he greater t he transis
to r g ain, t he w orse t h
e p roblem . T ypical HF ,
VHF, a nd UHF p owe r transistors e xhibit g a
in s of 1 3d B or mo re. Stabil
ity
i
s
,t herefo re, ad esign p roblem i fc are i sn ot taken w i
th l a you t a nd c ompo -
n
ents election. Int h
eo ry, thet ran s
i storg ain i ncreases 6d Bp ero ctave a sthe
f
requency i slowe red. B ecau se o f t h
is p honomenon , self-o scillation a tl ow
f
requency a nd VLF i st he principa l ma lady t o c onside r
. I f ap owe r t r
an-
s
i
stor i so perated s omewha t b elow i t
s r ated s a
tura ted p owe r-ou tput r a
ting
(
the poin t atw hich n o furthe r o utpu t can b e o btained w i th a n increase i n
d
rive
), t heb eta rises and s tabil
ity i s ma rginal. T his isb ecau se a st hec ol
lec-
t
or curren t drops, t he beta rises.
When t ransistor i nput a nd o utpu t capac itance s ar e sim ila r, and w hen
b
ase a nd c o
llector c hoke s are o f the same o r a pprox ima te v alue, t h
e t uned
b
ase/tuned c ol
lecto rs ynd rome a r
ise s. Ift he R Fc hoke sh ave h igh Q ,s uch as

7
6
S
ec
.2-
6 R
FChoke
s 7
7

t
hey m
igh
t w
hen f
e
rri
te c
ore
s a
re u
sed
, t
hec
ond
ition i
squ
ite a
pt t
ohappen
.
T
herefore
, iti
ssomet
ime s n
ece
ssary t
os wamp the c
hokes asshown inFig.
2
-31
. R FCI isshown wi
th a s
ing
le min
ia ture h
igh-
.
i fe
rri
te bead in s
e
ries
w
ith th
e grounded e
nd. A b
ead of 9
50 p issl
ipped ove
r the p
igta
il o
f the
c
hoke t
o swamp t h
e choke Q
. L aborato
ry measurement
s p
roved tha
t a
s
i
ngle b
ead i
n
creased t
he c
hoke i
nductance b
y 1pH at2.
5 MHz. The c
hoke
Qfe
ll f
rom 6
0 to 10 w
hen t
he b
ead w as a
dded.
An a
lternat
ive Q-kil
ler t
echnique i
semployed a
t RFC2. RI isp l
aced in
p
ara
llel wi
th the choke to l
ower the Q
. The va
lue of r
e
sistance should b
e
s
e
lec
ted t ostab
ilize t
he amp
lif
ierw i
th t
he h
ighestohmic v
alue pos
sible. T
he
l
ower th
e r e
sis
tance of RI, the more RF power w
il
l be diss
ipated in t
he
r
e
sis
to r
. T yp
ical
ly, v
alues fr
om 150 t
o 4
70 Q a
re sa
tisfac
to ry
. Bypa
ss
c
apaci
to rs w
hich a
re e
ffec
tive a
t v
ar
iou
s f
r
equenc
ies i
n the spec
trum a
re
u
sed a
tthe j
unc
tion o
f RFC2 a
nd RFC3
. T
hey a
re a
n i
mpo
rtan
t p
art o
fthe
d
ecoup
ling n
etwork
.
S
olenoida
l RF chokes need n
ot be used fo
r RFC1 t h
rough RFC3 . Smal
l
t
o
roids can s
erve a
sthec ores f
or t
hese chokes. Th
is cou
ld enhance s
tab
ili
ty
b
y means of t
he s
elf
-shie
lding qual
itie
s o f t
oroid
s.
A wide assor
tmen t o f b
lank c oi
l f orms w ith pig
tai
ls aff
ixed are
manufac
tured f
or u
se a
s RF-
choke c
ore
s. T
hey a
re a
vai
lab
le i
n v
ar
ious pi
v
alues
.

REFERENCES

[
1
] W.
J.POLYDOROFF
, H
igh
-Fr
equen
cy Magne
tic Ma
ter
ial
s. N
ew Y
ork
: J
ohn W
iley
&S
ons
, Inc
., 1
960
.
[
2
] HE
NRY JA
SIK
, Antenna E
ngine
ering H
andbook
. N
ew Y
ork
: M
cGraw
-Hi
ll B
ook
C
ompany
, 1961
.
-
3

APPLY
ING TORO
IDAL CORES

T
he r
u
les g
ove
rning c
ore s
e
lec
tion w
ith r
e
spec
t t
o p
hys
ica
l s
i
ze,
p
ermeab
ili
ty, f
requency, and Bm
ax were d
i
scussed i
nC hapter 1.I
nt h
is s
ec
-
t
i
on we f
ocus our a
t
tention on s
ome o fthe p
ract
ica
l appl
ications oft
oro
ids
i
n c
o mmunica
tions ci
rcui
ts. Comp le
te des
ign examples wi
ll be g
iven t
o i
l
-
l
ustra
te c o
re se
lection and actual ut
il
ization of i
nductor
s a nd t
ransforme rs
i
n typica
l c i
rcu
its. Whe rever itispossib
le and pract
ical to do so
, rules of
t
humb w ill beoffered astime-sav
ing shortcut
s forthe e
ngineerort echnician
who i sengaged in developing prototypes. From these p
lateaus the proof-
b
uild or production-stage ci
rcuit
s can evolve w
ith minimum r ef
inemen t ef
-
f
ort
.

3
.
1 L
ow-Leve
l C
ircu
its

F
or the purpose o f d efini
tion, low l eve
l i n th
is b ook r efers to c ircuits i n
wh
ich the powe rl evel isle
sst han 1W . Ins ome e nginee r
ing c i
rcle s th
i s t
erm
r
e
lates t
o p ower l e
vels int he m W reg
ion . F or the mo s
t p art, the e xp ress
ion
i
s amathema tical o ne. Howeve r
, ith a
s b een defined h ere as itw i
ll b e used
b
y the au
thor .
I
nc ommun ications e quipmen tthere are an umbe rofl ow-levelc i
rcu i
tsi n
w
hich in
duc tors or transforme rswith magne t
ic cores fi
nd a pplica tion. P rom -
i
nent among t hese c i
rcuits are RF amp lifiers
, I F amp l
ifiers, o scillato rs
,
m
ixers, d
etector s
, tuned a udio amplifiers
, a nd fi
lters. Some o ft hese c i
rcu i
ts
o
perate i
nn arrow -band f a
shion, w h
ile othe rs a
rec lass
ified a sb roadband i n
t
he
ir functions. T he n arrow -band circuits h ave reasonab ly f lat r esponse s
o
ver ar
ange o
fhe
rtz o
r k
i
lohe
rtz
, d
epend
ing o
n t
hed
es
ign
. B
roadband c
i
r-

7
9
8
0 App
lying T
oro
ida
lCores C
hap
. 3

c
uitse xhib i
tr e
spon sesa sg rea ta ss e
ve ral GHz ,c onve rse
ly . Ing ene ralt erm s
,
n
arrow -band c i
rcui tsare n ot a sc omp licated t od esign a sa reb roadband c ir
-
c
uits. I n e i
the r case i ti sn ecessary t o pay s pec ia
l a ttention t o t he core
material u sed, w hi
le a l
so c on side r
ing t heo perating p arame terso ft h ea ct
ive
d
evice s i nt h
e r e
la ted c i
rcuit. O ur t r
eatmen t of m agnetic c ores w ill b e ex
-
p
anded t oinclude o theri mpo r
tan td esign f eatures f orth ecompo s
ite c ircuit
s
u
sed a se xamp les.
An a rrow -band c i
rcuit c an b e structured t oe ncompa ss aw ide r ange o f
f
requenc ies by mak ing i tcon tinuou s
ly t unab le o ver the required f requency
s
pread . O nth eo ther hand , s ome n arrow -band amp lif
ie rsa ref i
xed -tuned t o
o
pe rate o n as ingle f requency , s uch a s w ould b e t he case w i
th a n IF
amplifier. C on t
inuou sly t unab le n a r
row -band c i
rcuits a re i ndigenou s
,
p
rima rily , tot he front end so fr adio r e
ceive rsa nd t hes tages ofs ome mu lti
-
b
and r adio t ransm itters
, t he l a
tter o f w hich e mploy v acuum t ubes.
Magne t
ic-co re m a
te r
ial i sseldom u sed i n low -
level c i
rcu its a bove a p
-
p
rox ima tely 1 50 MHz . T he s ame i sn o
t q uite ast r
ue o f high-level c ircuits
,
where b roadband t ransm i
tte rsc on tain ferritesi nd evicesc al
led i s
olato rsa nd
c
i
rcu lato rs. F igu re 3 -1 s how s a n umbe r o f t oroidal i nduc to rs a nd
t
ransfo rme r s w h
ich a re ty p
ica l o f the kind d i
scu ssed i nt h
is c hapte r.

3
.1
.1 R
F Amp
lif
ier
s

Af i
xed-tuned R F ampl
ifier f
oruse a
t2.5 MHz i sus
ed a s adesign exam-
p
le i
nt hi
s sect
ion . F
igure 3-2 c
onta
ins the c
ircuit and some p ert
inen t d
ata
t
hat app
ly t oi t
.
L
et u s as
sume t hat Q I has b
een chosen f or low noise a nd ful
l gain
c
apabil
ity at2. 5 MHz. As ui
table r
u
le ofthumb f o
re nsuring adequa te g
ain
a
tfoi stochoo se atr
ansis
tor w h
ich ha
s an_TTrat
ing a tle
ast 10t imes fo Th
is
c
als for an fr o f 2
5 MHz m inimum w hen select
ing Q1.T he s ymbol fr
s
pec
ifies th
e frequency atw hich t
he sma
ll-s
igna l f
orwa rd-current ra
tio is1

F
i
gure 3
-
1 V
ar
ious t
o
roida
l i
n
duc
tors a
nd t
r
ans
forme
rs.
 R
F a
mpl
ifie
r

f
o =2
.5 MHz C
l 2
.5 MHz
S
i
g. T
1 - 6k
zk n 1
2
i
n 2
N2222A T
o b
ipo
lar
(
50 S
I
) zk 6
00 ea
l m
ixe
r
0
.006 p
F (
AL k 6
00 S
Z
)

Xc
i ,XE
A 2
00 1
2atf
o l
c =1
.5 mA
Xc
2 ,Xc
3 ,X 5 t
ç 1
0S2a
tfo VE =0
.7
C
l, C
4: 3
18 p
F n
om. RE = V(
8 0
.7 s
i
l
icon
)

I ZZs
e
c R
1 I
OR E
N
CT 1
)= N(
T2) Zr '
y
—
sec R
2: S
elect t
oo b
tain
2VE8 1
.4 V) w
ith
XL =Xc a
tfo
R
1-R2 p a
ir
.
'
. XL T
i (
s
ec)
, T2 (
p
ri) =2
00 = 1
2
.7 p
H
r (
01) 1
0/0

F
igure 3
-2 D es
ign example f
o
r asma
ll
-signa
l R F amp
li
fieri
nwhich t
wo t
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
rs
(
Ti and T
2) a
re used
. Des
ign p
rog
ress
ion isdiscussed int
he t
ex
t.

(
uni
ty) inthe c
ommon -em
itte
r sta
te. Thi
s isknown as th
e ga
in-bandw id
th
p
roduc t
. The s
ymbol f
or s
mal
l-curren
t forward
-curren
t rat
io isl
ie .
f T
he h f
e

o
f QI mu st b
e equa
l to o
r grea
ter than t
he vo
ltage ga
in re
quired of the
ampl
ifier i
f

N
I
N
2

T
hus, i
fwed e
sired av o
ltage ga
in of 10forthecircui
to fFig. 3
-2, t
heQ I hf
e

s
hou
ld be nol e
ss than 10i fthe p
r
ima ry and s
econda ry windingso fT 2have
a
nimpedance r at
io of I.If
, with t
hes t
ep-down r a
tio shown int hediagram,
t
heci
rcu
it mu st provide av o
ltage g
ain of 10a
tt h
eo u
tpu t po
rt, t
heh fe w
i
ll
n
eed t
ob e propo r
tionately hi
gher t
h an 10
.
An a
rbitrary X ,issuggested f
orC l and C4
. I twi
ll be2 00 Q, wh
ich cal
ls

8
1
8
2 App
lying T
oro
ida
lCo
res C
hap
.3

f
oran XL o
ft hesame ohmic v
a
lue a
tre
sonance. T
hus
, thes
econdary o
fTi
a
nd th
e pr
ima ry of T
2 have a
n XL o
f 200 Q
. The r
equ
ired i
nduc
tance o
f
t
hose t
wo winding
s is

L XL
— 1
2
.7
1
1H —
— 2
/
tfmHz

w
hen t
he para
lle
lc apaci
tance is3
18 p
F atfo
.
The c
haracte
ris
tic impedance o
f t
h
e tuned w
ind
ing
s c
an b
e d
e
term
ined
w
hen t
he s
erie
s res
istance, R
, isk
nown:

Z _ X L2 o
hms

o
r w
hen t
h
e Qi
sknown
, b
y

Z = XL x Q

w
here Z isino hms and Q = X/R.
I
nthisdesign example we wil
l assume that t
he f
ac
to r Ris 1Q
, made up
b
y the a
c re
sistance o
f the t
r
an sforme r w
inding. Th
is being t
he c
ase
, Q =
XL /
Ro r200. From theequat
ion f ori mpedance w
en ote th
at Z =200 2/
1 =
4
0
,000 Q.Similarly
, when XL and Q a r
e known, Z=2 00 x 200 = 40
,000 Q
S
tar
ting with T1 ofFig
. 3-2, th
e turns ra
tio
, pr
ima ry tose
condary, is

N = VZ
scc/Z
pri =V 4
0
,000/50 = 2
8 :1

T
he t
ap p
oin
t o
n t
h
e s
e
conda
ry w
ind
ing c
an b
e o
bta
ined f
r
om

I
V = V
40,000/600 = 8
: 1

a
s ta
ken from t he bas
ic equa tion f orN .
I
n m ak
ing ac ore se
lection , we f ind o ne t
hat israted for op
timum Q a t
2
.5 MHz , th
ef oinF ig. 3-2
. C arbony l Ew i
ll be chosen because ofits 1-to
3
0-MHz r ecommenda tion. I thas ap t
io f 10, w h
ich w i
ll permit an a mple
n
umbe r of coi
l turns to o btain a p ractical rea
lizat
ion o f the tu
rns ratios
d
ete
rm ined ear
lier
. A0 .5
-in .-diame te r c
o re w
il
l b e la
rge enough too perate
w
ithout sa
turating in thi
s t ype of c ircui
t, assum ing that abnormally large
s
i
gnals are not present at th e input t o T1. An Am idon A ssocia
tes T 50-2
p
owde red-
iron c ore is suitable ( s
ee A ppendix E f o
r a va
ilable Am idon
c
ores
).
The AL f a
ctor for aT 50 -2 co re is5 0
, so to lea
rn h ow m any turns are
n
eeded too btain an inductance o f 1 2.7 µH , we apply

n= 1
00 V Lim /
AL = 1
00 V
12.7/50 = 5
0 t
u
rns
S
ec
.3-
1 L
ow-Lev
elC
i
rcu
its 8
3

where n i st he n umbe r o f unknown t urn s a nd AL i st aken f rom t he

manufac turer's l itera
ture , o r d
ete rmined a so utl
ined i nC hap ter 1 .
The n umbe r o fp r
ima ry t u
rn s for TI i so btained b y n/N ( 50/28 ), w hich
c
a
l ls f o
r ap r
ima ry c onsisting of 1 .78 t urn s
. S i nce this isa n i mprac tical
n
umbe r
, at wo -tu rn p r
ima ry isu sed. T he c ore s i
ze v er
sus w ire g auge t a b
le
i
ndica tes that 5 0 t urns o f N o
. 2 6 ename led w ire w ill fi
t on a1 50 c o re. T o
e
ase t he wind ing j ob somewha t
, N o
. 2 8 wire w ill b e u
sed, t hereby a low ing
u
p t o6 4 t urns t o b e a pp
lied t ot he core.
The t a
p p ointo n TI( seconda ry ) isfound b yn /N ( 50/8), w hich c allsf or
t
he t ap b e
ing p laced 6t urns above t he g rounded e nd o f the w ind ing . T he
c
a
lcu la t
ion s f or T 2 are p erformed i na n i dentical manne r, t aking i nto a c
-
c
oun t th ed ifferen t impedance l e
vels. Iti sw o
rth o bserving tha t ire spec tive
o
ft hec ompu ted i mpedance o ft hes econda ry w ind ing ofT I ( 40,000 Q ), the
r
e
su ltan tt urnsr a
tio b etween t h
ep r
ima ry a nd t h et ap pointt og round o nt he
s
econda ry, s a
tisfy t h
e 5 0- t o 600-Q c ond ition. T his ilustrates t he r e
la tive
u
nimpo rtance o fk now ing t he Qo ft her esona to r( provided t hati tishi gh)o r
t
hea c r e
sistance , R , p rovided t nat thel arge w ind ing o fthe tran sfo rme rh as
c
on s
ide rab ly more t urn s than the low -
impedance w inding a nd t ap. D e
ta i
ls
f
orb i as
ing Q 1 o fF ig. 3 -
2a rebeyond t hei nten to ft hisv o
lume , b utd ata a re
g
iven i nt he d iag ram a s guides ina pprox ima tion . Ad etailed d iscu ss
ion o f
amplifiers a nd b ia s
ing m ethods i scontained i n ab ook b y L enk [ 1
].

3
.1
.2 C
apac
itive
-Div
ide
r Ma
tch
ing

I
ti sn ota lway sn ece ssary tou se thet ransforme ra rrangemen to fF ig. 3-2
f
or ma tch ing t hesource t othe lo
ad . The a pproach s een i nFig. 3-3s implifies
t
he wind ing p roce ss for t o
roidal i n
ducto rs b y e
limina ting t h
el i
nk w inding .
I
nt h
is e xamp le w e find ac apacit
ive divide ra tthei npu ta nd o utputp ortso f
t
he R F a mp l
if ier
. Emp loymen t o fa n F ET a tQ I e l
im inates t h
e n eed f or a
t
ap poin to nL i and L 2, s i
nce theg ate 1i mpedance i si nexcesso f IMQ a nd
t
hed rain i mpedance w ith 1 .2 mA o fc urren tis1 0
,000 Q . Howeve r, ifthei n
-
p
ut a nd o utpu t impedance s of t he a
ctive d evice w ere l e
ss than 1 0
,000 Q ,
s
u
itab le t ap p o
ints c ou ld b e placed o n L I a nd L 2 w h
ile s t
i
ll u sing t he
c
apacitive d ivide r
s.
I
no rde r f or th
e s cheme o f Fig
. 3-3 tob e applied, Ri n must b e les
s t han
RL .F ur
the rmo re, QL h as toe xceed 1 4
.1 , ass hown b y t he equation i nt h
e
d
esign e xamp le. T h
is m eans that the BW L o f t
he t wo r e
sona to r
s c anno t be
o
fs uch m agn itude a st or e
quire aQL l ess than 1 4
.1.
F
o r o urd esign exerc ise we wil
l specify aBW L o f5 00 k Hz. T hiss at
isfies
t
he QL r estriction w ith ar esul
tan t va
lue o f 2. CT c
0 on s
ists oft he n om inal
v
alue o fC l, a scompu ted , inseries wi
th t hecalculated v alue o fC 2
. S tep 4
o
fF ig. 3- 3 prov ide st h
er equired CT t om eet ourb andw idth and i mpedance -
t
ransfo rma tion p arame ters. Si
nce X ,
.a nd XL a ree qua la tfo,a nd b ecause X ,
=2 50 , ther equ i
red i nduc tance f o
r Li a nd L 2i s4 H . From s t
ep 5w el earn
t
hat C ln om =6 8.4 p F a nd C 2 =8 33 p F, asd efined b y DeMaw [ 2
].
 R
F amp
lif
ier

2
7 k
sz l
o
ok n
— ww— •
— Ame
v--0 +
1
2 V
R
; n= 1
0 k
SZ
C
4 1
0 MHz
Q
1 3
N211
G2 /
I/
=1
0 MHz
RL = 1
0 k
.
S-2 \ C
3 C
6

R'
L

C
l
5
0 n
9
10 S
2
EL
1
C
7
1
0 k
S2

.1
5
0 S
l
2

C
2 I
C
8

1
00 1
2

+
12 V

Xc (
C3, C
4, C
5, C
8) < 1
0Sl
t 0
.00
15 p
F

R
,, <R t
. a
nd R'
L <

RL
>j — -
1 a
nd Q >
• -1 • 0L > 1
4
.1
L 1
3
L

1
: S
e
lec
t BW L (
0
.5 MHz
)

f
o
2
: QL , - 1
0 MHz _ 2
0
f
2 f1 0
.5 MHz

3
: CT = C
l +C
2 a
nd CT = C
6, o, + C
7

°
L
4
: Cr = x1
06 = 6
3.6 p
F =Xc 2
50 L„H = 4pH
2
r
rfo (
RL/
2
)

5
: C2 - 1= 1
3
.1
J
RL
C
lno„, R
,n

C
1, 0„
, =6
8.4 p
F, C
2 =8
33 p
F, C
6no „
, =6
8.4 p
F

a
nd C
7 =8
33 p
F

F
igure 3
-3 D
esign d
ata f
or u
s
ing c
apac
it
ive d
i
vide
rs t
o e
f
fec
t a
n i
nput a
nd o
utpu
t ma
tch
when n
arrow
-band t
o
roida
l i
n
duc
tors a
re u
sed w
ithou
t t
aps o
r l
i
nk w
ind
ings
.

84
S
ec
.3-
1 L
ow-Lev
elC
i
rcu
its 8
5

From ap ra c t
ica lv i
ewpo int, se
lection o fthet oroid c o
re i sl e
ssd iff
iculti n
t
h
is e xamp le t han w a s the case re
lated t oF ig. 3-2
: I ti sn o
t i mpo r
tant h ow
f
ew t urns a re u sed i nt hew ind ing w hen t h es mal
le r prima ry i sn ot re
quired .
T
he c ore m a te r
ia l shou ld, o f cou rse, b e sui
tab le f or t he c hosen f o
. A
powde red -iron c or e wi
th a nS Fm ix w il
lr esult ina no ptimum Q , (Q ,shou ld
a
lway sb ec on side rab ly greatert han QL) .An Am idon A ssoc iatesT 50
-6 c ore
i
sused . I ti sa nS Ft ype, has a1 .4
;of 8a nd i srecommended f oru se between 2
a
nd 5 0 MHz . T he c o
re d iame teri s0.5 i n
. T he AL f a
ctor f or thist oro
id c ore
i
s4 0
. T herefo re, t he required n umbe r o ft u
rns f o
r L I a nd L 2 o fF ig
. 3-3 i s
3
1.6, u sing t hee qua t
ion f rom S ec. 3.1.1 . Aw ind ing o f31 o r3 2t u
rn swillb e
a
ccep tab le.
Mica c omp ression t r
imme rs are s u
itab le for u se atC I a nd C 6 of Fig.
3
-3. Si
lve r-m ica c apacitorsc an beu sed a tC 2a nd C 7
. B oth t ypesw illensu re
a
dequa te capac ito r Qt o preven t Qd eg rada t
ion o f t h
e t wo r esona tors. C l
a
nd C 6a r
e s pec ified a sv ar
iab le capac itors toa l
low p eak ing a tp reci
sely 1 0
MHz. T h
is make s i tp o
ssible t ous e the n earest st
anda rd c apac i
to r va
lue a t
C
2 a nd C l, w hich i nt h
is d e
sign w ould b e 820 p F. Fixed -value c apacito rs
c
ould b e placed a ta l fou r points ifL i a nd L 2 w ere replaced b ys lug-
tuned
i
nducto rso ft h et ype t r
eated i nC hap ter2 . H oweve r,th et o
ro idsa re ab et
te r
c
hoice i n t he i n
te rest o f circuit s tabili
ty , o w
ing t o t heir s elf
-shielding
c
harac teristics.

3
.1
.3 I
n
ter
stage C
oup
ling

Tuned t oroidal transforme rs a ree xcel

len t asc oup ling elemen ts between
amp l
ifier stages i n ar e
ceiver o r t ransm it
te r
, a s shown i nF ig. 3- 4
. F o r the
p
u rpose o fi lustrat
ion w e wi
ll a ssume t hat theg t o
f f QIa nd Q 2i s3000 a nd
t
hed rain i mpedance ( Zd)o fQ 1 i sa pproxima tely 4 000 Q . Zi n oft hes ou rce-
d
riven a mp l
ifier, Q 2
, i sr ough ly 33 Q w hen g t .i
f s3 000. T hese c harac -
t
erist
ics call f or aT i t u
rn s ratio o f 3.4
:1 t o e n
su re max imum t r
an sf e
r o f
e
ne rgy from Q 1 toQ 2. C1i su sed t ot une t h
e p r
ima ry o fT 1 tor esonance a t
f
o
. ana rbitrary XL a nd Xe o f2 00 Q, then om ina lc apac itance o fC l at
r
esonance i s4 54 p F and t he in ductance o f t he prima ry ofT I is1 8 H . I n
o
rde r for C 2a nd C 3 tof unction e ffect
ively a sb ypa ssc apacito rs, Xe s hould
b
e 1 0 Qo r l e
ss. A0 .01-pF c apac ito r wil
l s uff
ice a s ac lose standa rd v a
lue .
R
I i sc hosen f or the bias requi red a tQ 2
.
An S F type o fp owde red-iron c ore wi
ll b e sui
tab le f o
r T i t os a
tisfy t he
h
igh -Q r equiremen t of the tuned t ransforme r. An Am idon T 50-2 co re w il
l
b
e s at
isfacto ry ( AL = 5 0
), requ i
ring 6 0 turn s of No . 3 0e name led w ire f o
r
t
he p rima ry w inding. T he s econda ry of T I will c on tain 1 8 turn s of w ire.
A
l though w e have specified a t ype S F core, aC arbony l Cc ore w ou ld b e
s
uitable a l
so . Itw ould r equire f ewe r t
urns o f wire b ecau se o ft he highe re i
(
2 0)
.T he S Fc ore has a;4of 1 0
. I f aC -type c ore w asu sed,w ec ould s e
lec ta n
Am idon T 50-1, w h
ich h asa n AL o f 1 00. That b e
ing t h echo ice, thep rima ry
 R
F amp
lif
ier R
F a
mpl
ifie
r

Z0 3mA

0
1, 0
2 (
g
,$)=3
000 Xc (
C2, C
3) c1
0 1
2 =0
.009 p
F m
in.

Vo
s 1
2 V
Xc
i 2
00 na
t10 =4
54 p
F n
om.
Z -4
000 S
2
l
os 0
.003 A XL (
T1p
r
i.) =2
00 e
2 =1
8 pH

1
06
Z
.n — 3
33.0 e
2

N(
T1) - z
P "

F
igu
re 3
-4 T
oro
ida
l t
r
ans
forme
r (
Ti
) u
sed f
o
rin
ters
tage c
oup
ling
.

o
fT i w ould c ontain 4 2 turns of N o
. 28 w ire and t hes econda ry w ould con -
s
i
sto f 1 2t urnso fw ire. Either type ofc ore ma terial w il
ly ield e xcellent Qa t
1
.75 MHz .
At r
ifi
la r-wound t oroidal transforme r i sil u
st rated i nF ig . 3 -5. In this
c
i
rcu it am ixe r, Q I, suppl i
es signal voltage t o ah alf-
lattice c rysta l fi
l
te r,
FL1. TIi st uned b y m eans o ftr
imme rC l. T he tran sforme rp ha sing i ssuch
t
hatY I and Y 2a re supplied with energy t h
at h as a1 80° d if
f eren tial
. R I is
u
sed t o imp rove t he mixer I MD a nd R 2 isc hosen t op rovide t he fi
lter ter-
m
ina tion t hat e n
su res m inimum p assband r ipple.
T
he r u
le o ft humb f or XL a nd X,. inF ig. 3-4 c an b e used i nt his ci
rcu it
e
xamp le. T herefo re, the winding s ofT i w il
l h ave a n inductance o f3 .
5 p 4H
a
nd C lim ,w il
l b e 8 p F. A n S F type o f p owde red -
iron c o re w ill be a p-
p
rop riate fo r use a t 9 MHz . Ifw e e mploy a n Am idon T 50-2 t oroid c ore,
which h asa n AL f actor of5 0, the t
ransforme rwillc ontain 2 6t urn so fwire
f
or each w ind ing . Since t he t
hree wind ings a re app lied i np arallel, thec o re
w
ill require a n equ ivalent o f79 turns. T hi
s c al
ls f orN o. 3 0e name led wire .
To ease t he w inding a ssignmen t
, o ne cou ld use al arger c o
re o f t h
e same
material, such a s aT 68-2. T he required n umbe r o f tu
rn s w ou ld b e 2 5

86
 M
ixer
4
0673

S
ig
.
i
n

To
( -0 IF
ampl
ifi
er

Y
2

• P
has
ing

I
-- V00

F
igure 3
-5 At
o
roida
l t
r
i
fi
lar
-wound t
r
ans
forme
r (
Ti) i
sexce
llen
t f
o
r c
oup
ling as
i
ngle
-ended
m
ixe
r t
o ah
a
lf-
lat
tice f
i
l
ter
.

b
ecause o
f the h
igher AL (55
). Since a 25-turn tr
if
ilar w inding i
sa pprox-
i
mately e
quiva
len
t to 75 tu
rns, No. 28 wire w ould s
atisfy the r
equirement.
C2 and C
3 fol
low the ru
le se
t for Fig. 3-
4. T he appl
ica tion of b
if
ilar and
t
r
ifi
larwindingscan be made e
as
ie rb y f
i
rstt wis
ting t
hew iresapproximately
e
i
gh t t
imes per i
n
ch. Ident
ification o
fthe windingscan begreat
ly simp
lif
ied
b
y using t
hree d
iffe
ren tco
lo rso fenamel i
nsulat
ion. Red
, green, a
nd b
rown
a
re the t
h
ree mo s
t c ommon c olors a
vai
lable. The w
ire s
izes s
pecif
ied i
nt he
f
oregoing te
xt a
re those wh
ich w i
ll f
i
t on t
hec ores i
nd
icated fo
rT I ofFigs.
3
-4 and 3
-5.

3
.1
.4 T
oro
idsi
nFi
lte
rs

One of the mo st appropriate circuit applica

tions f o
r magne tic-core in
-
d
uctors isin fi
lters
. T oro
ids o r pot cores are th
e choices of most d es
igners
when t
he o perating frequency i sath igh frequency a nd lower. T he advan-
t
age in us
ing e i
ther type of c ore ist he h i
gh Q a ttainable and t he se
lf-
s
h
ielding prope rtie
s o f t
oroids a nd p o
t co res: I
solat
ion b etween t he fi
l
ter
p
oles i
sessential to proper performance .
Ad e
sign e xamp le for ab andpa ss fi
lte
r w ith a 600-Q characterist
ic im-
p
edance isgiven i nFig. 3
-6. Itisb a
sed o n thei mage-parame ter c
oncep t. To
e
nsure ac enter fr
equency ( fo)of 2
50 kHz, L I requ
ires 77.18 pH of i
nduc-
t
ance a nd C 2 mu st have 4336 p F of capacitance
. C l, the top
-coupl
ing
c
apaci
tor , requ
ires 56 p F ofc apaci
tance. Cl a nd C2 should b
e made par-
t
i
ally variable by pl
acing tr
i mme rs i
n pa
rallel with f
ixed-value c
apac
itors.
Th
is wi
ll allow for fi
nal op
tim iz
ing of t
he fi
lter tocompen sate f
or p
aras
itic
i
nduc
tance s and capacitances w h
ich may exis
t. H igh-Q capaci
to r
s of
t
emperature-
stab
le character
istic
s s
hould b
eused. Polys
tyrene
, s
i
lver-m ica
,
o
r g
lass c
apacito
rs are s
ugge s
ted.
The t
oroid c
ore
sf or use a
t LIare c
hosen f
oro p
timum Q at fo.Carbonyl

87
 Cl

R,
„ R,
2 C2 C2 Li 6
00 n
6
00 2 Li

R =s
oon f
o =0
.250 MH z OW L =0
.05 MH z f
2 =0
.275 MH z

=0
.225 MH z

f
o
1 OL - f -5
2 '1

7
.96 (
f
.i +f
2 )1
04
2
-- C1 -3
7
2
0 '
,12
6
605 -5
56 pF
f
, f
2R

3 C2- [ 3
.
2 1
f 8
1
21(106
))R _ [71
,
8
.550 1_ 4
25 ;
33_
i
3 pF
1'
(

2 2

[
.0796 (
12 - f
, )R 2 [ 2
.388
4 Li-2 =7
7
.18 pH
.
0618

5 --C
hoose atoroid c
ore (
Amidon T6
8-15
). A.
= 0.
196 c m 2,
AL = 1
80, OD =0.68 i
n
.
, p, =2
5 a
nd 8,, =22 k
i
logauss
.

6--N =
100 \
/ 4,11A, = 1
00 N/77
.18/
180 =6
5 t
u
rns

x1
08 2 x1
08
7 1
3
. - -1
4
.1 g
aus
ses
P 4
.44 A
,
, N(
f„,
„, X1
06) 1
4
,141
,400
F
igu
re 3
-8 D
esign p
rog
ress
ion f
o
rus
ing t
o
rold c
ores i
n ab
andpass t
ype
o
ftwo
-sec
tion f
i
l
ter
.

GS
-6 i ssu
itable. Itha s al
.
/ of2 5 and isre
commended f or u
se f
rom 0 .
1 t o2
MHz . An Am idon T 68-15 wil
l b e s
at
isfac
tory for use at L
I. The e
qua tions
o
fF ig. 3
-6 demons trate clear
ly that Bop i
so n
ly afraction ofthe Bm
ax r
ating
o
f the co
re. T herefore, saturat
ion w i
ll no
t occur.
A
nother design examp le isoffe
red inF ig
. 3-
7. T he ci
rcui
t shows h ow a
t
o
roida
l inducto
r can b
e u
sed e
ff
ect
ive
ly i
n at
uned a
udio amp
lif
ier t
o ob
-
t
a
in apeak re
sponse a
t700 Hz
. The v
a
lue o
fCl i
schosen s
o t
hat t
he c
orn
-

88
 A
F a
mpl
ifie
r A
F a
mpl
ifie
r

2 mA =7
00 H
z
R
„ 0
.03 p
F
Q
I 0
2
C
l

3kS
2 C2
R
1 0
.47 p
F

.
r
1
00 S
t
-
Max
. C
I

+
24 V

R„
I R
1 +Xc
i

Xc
i =7
583 S
2

Rd ]R
1 +Xc
l =9
833 1
2

XC
2 ,XL
1 =4
83

1
. S
e
lec
t Rs f
o
r 1
,of 2mA

RO 9
833 0=—
2
. 0= = -2
0.3
XL 4
83 R2

f 7
00 H
z
3
. - ° - -3
4.5 H
z w
ith R
2 a
t 01
2
L QL 2
0
.3

4
. SW L = 1
43 H
z w
ith R
2at 1
00 S
i

5
. C
hoose ato
roid c
ore f
o
r Li (
110 mH)
. Am
idon F
T 8
2-72 f
e
rri
te,
p
, =2000
, AL = 172, OD = 0
.8 i
n
.

6
.N=1
0
0 IL =1
000 N/
110
/1172 = 3
06 t
u
rns

F
igure 3
-7 Ah i
gh-Q to
roida
l i
nduc
torisemp
loyed i
nth
is d
es
ign e
xamp
le o
f at
uned
a
udio amp
li
fie
r. R
2serves as aQ (
bandw
idth
) con
tro
l.

b
ination o f Cl and R I wil
l b e high e nough in v alue to p revent excess
ive
l
oading o f t
he re
sona tor , LI/ C2. Av a
lue o fa pp rox ima te
ly 9 833 Q result
s
f
rom t he v a
lues i nd
ica ted. Once t his informa tion i se s
tab l
ished, w e can
c
hoo se an arbi
trary v alue for X c2 and X1 ,wh ich f o
r t h
e p urpose of thi
s
d
emon s
tration is483 Q . The d e
sign procedu re can n ow prog ressa sshown i n
s
t
ep s 1t h
rough 6o fF ig. 3-
7. T he bandw idth oft he resona torc an bev a
ried
f
rom r oughly 35 H zto 1 43 Hzb y mean so fR 2
. A sr e
sistance isa dded atR 2
,
t
he resonator Q drop s a nd the bandw idth increa se s
.
In order to ob
ta in a prac t
ical real
ization of t he inducto r
, L i, a h
igh-g
f
err
ite core iss
elected. T he tuned ci
rcuit wil
lb er esonan ta t7 00 H zw hen C 2

89
90 App
lying T
oro
ida
l Cores C
hap
. 3

i
s0.47 1 .
/
F a nd L l has 10 mH o f inductance . An Am idon F T-82-72 t oroid
c
ore m eetso ur requiremen ta nd wi
llc ontain 306 turnso fwire t op rovide the
i
nductance s pecif
ied. T he skirt se
lectivity o f the re
spon se c urve c an b e
e
nhanced c on s
iderably b y cascading a nothe r f
il
ter se
ction after Q 2. Ad ual
1
00-Q c on trol could t h
en b e e mployed i np lace of R2. T h
is w ould p ermit
b
andw id th c ontrol over both r e
sona tors, simultaneously.
Toroida l inductors arew el
ls u
ited t ot h
eh armon ic fi
l
terd epicted i nFig.
3
-8
. I n this examp le cascaded p in etwo rks are used as ah a
lf-wave f i
l
ter to
r
educe t he h armon ic c urrents o f a5 -MHz l o
cal o s
cil
lato r. S ince t he
c
haracteristic impedance o f the bi
lateral fi
lter is50Q, and b ecau se aQL o f
1isspecified, XL f or the two inducto rs wil
l be 50. Xt,fo
r C l a nd C 3 isalso
5
0, and Xt.f or C2 is25. Step s 1through 6i lustrate t
hes imp le prog ress
ion
f
or des
ign ing t he fi
l
te r t
oh ave anf ( — 3d B) of 6MHz . In mo st practical
s
i
tuation s w here this type o f fi
l
ter i sused, the nearest st
anda rd c apacitor
v
a
lue c an b e e mployed .

F
L1
s
on u L
2
5
.0-5
.5 L
oca
l T
o
MHz o
sc. m
ixe
r
5
0St
C3

XL
1, 5° X
cz =2
5 2
/ =-
31 d
B

XCI.XC
3 =5
0 C
O =6 MHz 3
f= -
53 d
B

Qt
. (
FLI) = 1

XL 5
0
1
. L
1, L
2 (
pH) - -1
.32
2
7
rfA
i ,
m 3
7
.68

1 1
2
. C
l. C
3(pF
) - - 0
.00053
2
1
rf m „
, Xc 1
884

1 1
3
. C
2 (
pF) = — =0
.001
2
7
r/mHz Xc. 9
42

4
. C
hoose c
ore f
o
r 5MHz (
Amidon T5
0-2
)

5
. N =1
00 ‘,
/-
1
_04 1
A =1
00 ‘7
1.32/50 =1
6tu
rns

6
. C
hoose n
eare
st s
t
andard v
a
lue
s f
o
r C
l, C
2, C3
.

.C
l, C3= 5
10 p
F a
nd C
2 =1
000 p
F.
F
igure 3-
43 T oro
lds arew e
llsu
ited f
o
ru se inharmon
ic f
i
lters b
ecause o
f
t
he
irself
-shie
lding proper
ties a
nd compactness
. Here L
i and L2areused
i
n aha
lf-wave low-pass f
il
ter
.
S
ec
. 3
-
1 L
ow-Leve
lCi
rcu
its 9
1

A f
i
ve-po
le C
heby
shev f
i
l
ter w
ith a l
ow-pa
ss r
e
sponse i
spre
sen
ted i
n
F
ig. 3-9
. I
n t
his e
xample t
here a
re t
h
ree to
roidal i
nduc
tors employed, LI,
L2, and L
3. A maximum RF p ower l
eve
l of 1000 W isspecif
ied, wh
ich
r
esul
ts ina
n r m
s vo
ltage l
e
vel o
f 24 ac
ross 50 Q
. With t
he in
duc t
ive r
eac-
t
ances s
pec
ified th
e e nd induc
tor
s requ
ire 1
0.1 pH o f i
nduc
tance and t
he
c
ente
rc o
il has a
n inductance o
f 1
4.28 H. T
hef , 0 (— 3d
B) i
s1675 kHz
. C
l
a
nd C2 compute to t
he s
tandard value of0.002 F. Si
lver-m ica c
apac
itors
w
ith ara
ting o
f6 00 V w
il
l be s
uitable a
tC l and C2
, provided tha
t an SWR
o
f 1preva
ils i
nthe tr
ansmiss
ion l i
ne.
C
arbonyl C mate
rial i
sse
lected for t
he t
oroid
s. Itwi
ll provide a
dequate
Qat t
he operating fr
equency o f t
he fi
lter
. T he pi o
f th
e materia
l i
s20. An
Amidon T106-1 co
re isused. I
tis1.06 in. w
ide and 0.437 i
n
. th
ick. The I
Dis
0
.56 i
n. The max imum a ccep
table flux d en
sity of the mate
rial c
hosen i
s
1
2,000 G
. D es
ign steps 3a nd 4of Fig
. 3 -
9 yie
ld a1 30
p of235 G for L1and
L
2, w
i
th as
a
tura
tion d
ens
ity o
f 1
94 G f
or L
2. (
B0p i
sth
e o
pera
tiona
l f
l
ux

FLI

• —r
6-0
1 —*-1l- n
Ye r-
I—-
f9 0
.0
0
-2
24
L
I

5
012 C
1 T C
2 5
0

P
,
„= 1
000 W
I T
J
_

5p
ole C
hebyshey

X u ,X L
3 =1
06.8 XL
2 =1
50.3

Xc
l ,XC
2 4
5.8 2
f =- 4
5 d
B

f
a =1
600 kHz 3
f =- 6
5 d
B
1
„
.= 1
675 k
Hz 4
f= -
78 d
B

L
i, L
3 =1
0
.1 pH L
2 =1
4
.28 pH C
I, C
2 =0
.002 p
F

1
. C
hoose ato
roid c
ore (
Amidon T
106 -1,
AL -280
, 12,000 G
, A
„= 0.706 cm 2 )

2
. L
i
, L
3 -1
9 t
urns N
o. 1
6 w
ire
. L
2 =2
3 t
u
rns N
o. 1
6 w
ire

3
. B (
L1, L
3) = 2
24 x 108 -2
35 G
4
.44 x 0
.706 x 1
9 x1
.
6 x1
06

2
24 x 1
06
4
. Bo
p (
1
-2)= -1
94 G
4
.44 x0
.706 x 2
3 x1
.
6 x1
06
F
igure 3
-9 C
ore s
e
lec
tion mus
t b
e b
ased o
n t
he Bo
p o
f t
he c
i
rcu
it. L
l.
L
2, a
nd L
3 a
re c
hosen a
cco
rding
ly i
nth
is d
esign e
xamp
le.
9
2 A
ppl
ying T
oro
ida
lCo
res C
hap
.3

d
ensity a nd i s a mo re d ef
in i
tive term t han Br im ,w h
ich w a
s i n
troduced
e
arl
ieri ntheb ook. B oth t e
rm s find c
ommon u sage i nthei ndu s
try,a nd t hey
r
efer tot hes ame c ondition. )
Both v alues are w ell below t h
e leve
l a t which s aturation t akes p l ace.
S
ome h eat
ing o ft hep owde red-i
ron c o
res will o
ccu r
. T herefo re, itisi mpo r-
t
ant that a mple venti
la tion b e in
cluded int he design .
Some R Fe ngineers p refert ouse Ep„k rathert han Erms fort he B0 r, e
qua -
t
i
on. T hisw il
la llow a dditionall eeway inchoo s
ing ac ore thatw illo pe rate in
t
he li
nea r p o
rtion o f its curve. Howeve r, w hen 1 301,iscon s
ide rably b e
low
B
sat fo
r ag iven c o
re, asi st
h ecase inFig. 3
- 9
, the Ems f a
cto ri ssa
tisfac to ry.
A ne xamp le of ah igh-pa ssfil
terthatc ontainst oro
idali n ducto r
si sgi ven
i
n Fig. 3 -
10a. A f i
l
te r o f th
is type w ou
ld b e us ed a t t
he 5 0-Q i npu t o f a
mar
ine -band r eceiver t o prevent broadca s
t-band s ignals from o ver
load ing
t
he m ar
ine r eceiver fron t e
nd . This d
esign isb a
sed o n the image -pa rame ter
c
oncep t
.

•
1800 pF '
910 pF '
1800 pF

C1 C3

S
2 Li1 L2 5
0S2

XL
I ,XL
? =2
4
.55 = 2
.3 µH Ç,= 1
.
7 MH z(
-3 d
B)

Xc
i ,Xc
3 =5
0 =1
873 pF

Xe
2 =1
00 =9
36 pF

Li
, L2 - 2
1 t
u
rns No. 22 w
ire o
n
S
F c
ore (
Am idon T50
-21

-N
eare
st s
t
andard v
a
lue

(
a
)

(
b
)
F
igure 3
-10 The c
ircu
it i
n(a uses t
wo t
o
roida
l i
nduc
tors
i
n ahigh
-pass f
i
l
ter
. T he p
ic o
r
iel v
iew i
n (
b) s
ugges
ts a
m
ethod fo
r di
scou
raging unwan
ted c
apac
it
ive c
oup
ling
b
etween t
he f
i
l
ters
ect
ions.
S
ec
.3-
1 L
ow-Leve
lCi
rcu
its 93

The core m ater

ia l for L i and L 2 isty pe S F p
owde red i ron . An Am idon
T
50-2 core isu sed. T o prov ide the required 2 .3 µH o fi nduc tance , thec ores
w
il
lb ew ound w ith 2 1 tu
rn so f No. 22e name led w i
re . CI, C 2
, a nd C 3 c om -
p
ute tov a
lue s sl
ightly d i
f ferent than tho se given int hes chema tic d
i ag ram ,
s
o thenea re
st standa rd values have b een s pecif
ied. T he c hange i nfi
lte rp er-
f
ormance w ill be m inima l w hen u s
ing t he v alues li
sted i nF i g. 3-
10a .
F
igure 3-10b i lustrates t herecommended w ay toa s
semb le t hef i
l
te r.T he
s
ame l a
you t technique i ss ugges
ted f or a l
l th e f
i
lters d escribed i nt h
i s sec-
t
i
on. A lthough t oroid s h ave a s e
lf-shield ing cha racte r
istic, i ti sb es t to
i
so
late them f rom o ne ano ther ins h
ielded c ompa rtmen t s
. T his wi
ll p reven t
u
nwan ted s t
ray c oup l
ing b e
tween t he l eads. C apacitive c oupling i sa lso
d
i
scou raged b y thi
s m ethod . Ad ie-cast e nclosure iss u
itab le f or ac omme r-
c
i
al produc t li
ne. D oub le-clad printed-circu it
-boa rd m aterial i sea
sy a nd i n
-
e
xpensive to u se fo r proto types a nd l abo ratory mode ls. T he si
lver-m ica
c
apacitors can b e suppor ted b y their pigtails
, a sshown .

3
.1
.5 T
oro
idsi
nIn
strument
s

T
here arec oun t
les s a
pplication s for to
roid s i
nt e
st i n
strumen ts. We w il
l
e
xam ine a f ew e xamp les h e
re f or the p urpose of i lustration. T he fir
st
p
resentat
ion i sthato f asimple 2 0-dB b id
irectional coup ler( Fig. 3-11). The
c
i
rcu i
t isused a sa na t
tenua toro ft he nond iss
ipative va r
iety. P orts Xa nd Y
a
re forthes ignals ource and a5 0
-Q l oad. As t
raightl ength ofw i
re c onnects
Xa nd Y, pa ss
ing t h
rough t h
e c ore toc onsitute asingle t u
rn o ft he current
t
ransforme r
, T l
. T he s e
conda ry w inding o f Tl c on tains 1 0 t urns. A
0
.5-
in.-diame ter f e
rrite core isu sed. I thas ai tof 950 ( Amidon F T50-43
c
ore), ensuring b roadband c harac ter
istics throughou t t he h igh-frequency
s
pectrum. When p o
rt Zi st e
rm ina ted in 5 0 Qr es
istive, t h
is l oad w i
ll be
r
efl
ected through T i i naccordance w i
th t h
et urnsr a
tio s quared . As ar esul
t,
t
hec ore wi
ll appea rt ob e a0.5-Q r e
sis
tance i ns e
riesw ith t h
et h
rough -
line.
Th
isc ondit
ion w illc ause thes ource a tp o
rt Xt olook i n
to 5 0
.5 Q . S i
nce the

T
i

F
igure 3
-11 At
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
rs c
an b
e
u
sed a
s s
hown h
ere t
o c
ons
truc
t a2
0-dB
b
i
direc
tiona
l c
oup
ler (
s
ee t
he t
ex
t).
9
4 App
lying T
oro
ida
l Cores Chap
. 3

r
a
t io oft he resi
stances i s50/0.5, or 1 00, the p owe r de
livered atp ort Zw il
b
e —2 0 dB o fthat appea r
ing a tp ort Y . T he u sefulness of t
his type o fa t
-
t
enua tori sseen w hen thes i
gnals ou rce ist oo greati nm agnitude t ouse s a
fe-
l
yw ith s ome i n
strumen tation.
Ane xtension o fthec i
rcuitg i
ven i nF ig. 3-11 i sshown inF ig. 3-
12. I nthe
e
xamp le given, w eseea n SWR i ndicato r for use i nan R Ft r
an smission l i
ne
o
f5 0 Qi mpedance . Tl isac urrentt r
an sforme rw ith theequivalento f ao ne-
t
urn p rima ry. T he vol
tage a ppea r
ing a cro s
s t h e tr
ansforme r seconda ry is
p
ropo rt
iona l tot h
ec urrent int he through -line , asi sth
e voltage acro ss RI.
The v o
ltage a ppearing att h
ej unction o f CIa nd C 3 isr
educed f rom t hato n
t
het hrough -
line byt heratio oft hec apac it
ive d ivider. C1i sadjusted sot hat
t
he voltage a tC l, C3, and D I isthes ame a st hat across R
I . When J 2 i ste
r-
m
ina ted i n a5 0
-Q l oad, t h
e t wo v oltage s w il
l b e equal and o f o ppo s
ite
p
ha se, thereby c ancel
ing. T his wil
l p rov ide ar eading ofz ero atM I t o in
-
d
icate aV S WR o f 1.
T
e rmina ls J1a nd J2 are n ow r eversed a nd C 2 isadjusted to prov ide a
n
ulla t M 1w ith JI te
rm inated in5 0Q .T he bridge w illatthisjuncture b ea d-
j
usted p rope rly for a5 0-Q c haracte r
is t
ic i mpedance . With t he load c on-

T
1

J
1 J
2

5
0 n

R
F
CJ3
HC
1
m -
-
I-
3
0
P
F e

±
—'1

F
igu
a
re 3
-12
n SWR i
nd
ica
tor o
T
he b
r R
F p
as
owe
ic c
r b
r
on
idge
f
igu
. T
h
rat
ion o
is c
i
rcu
i
f F
i
t i
g
.
sb
3
-
1
c
an b
ased o
eu
n t
sed a
he c
l
ss
ass
hown h
ic d
es
ere t
ign b
y
oprov
ide

Wa
rren B
ruene o
f C
ol
lins R
adio C
o.
S
ec
. 3
-
1 L
ow-Leve
lCi
rcu
its 9
5

n
ected t
oJ2
, t
he s
ource t
oJ1 a
nd t
hem
ete
rsw
itched t
ore
ad f
orwa
rd p
owe
r
(
F), af u
ll-scale re
ad ing should b e noted at M I w hen R 3 i
sadjusted for
g
reate r re
sistance than w as present during the adjustmen t o
f Cl a nd C2.
Typically
, R 3 i
sset for maximum m eter sen
sit
ivity during t
he nul
ling pro-
c
edure . The reaf
ter, the control isadjusted for fu
ll sca
le at MI when max -
i
mum p owe r isfl
owing t hrough t h
e bridge.
The ci
rcu i
t issu
itab le f
or re
lative SWR mea suremen ts, a
sshown i nF
ig.
3
-12. Add itional switches and tr
im p ots can be i
nser
ted b e
tween SI a nd t
he
t
wo RF c hokestoprovide c
al
ibra
ted RF powerread
ings i
nb o
th the f
o
rwa rd
a
nd r e
flected modes . T his t e
chn
ique p e
rm its ac
tual RF p ower
mea
suremen ts i
nboth di
rec
tions
. An accura
te means o
f measu
ring V S WR
w
i
ll resul
t.
The arrangement shown at Fig
. 3-
12 ispat
terned af
ter t
he bas
ic RF
p
ower bridge deve
loped by Wa rren Bruene of C o
llins Rad
io in th
e 1 950s
.
Mos
t comme rcial RF br
idges that a
re used for powe r a
nd SWR m ea
su re
-
men
t (u
sing a curren
t tran
sforme r) a
re founded o n the B
ruene des
ign.
Ano
the rusefulappl
ication o
f atoroidaltransforme risseen a
tFig. 3-13
.
T
his c
i
rcu
it c
an beused a
s are
turn
-loss b
r
idge fo
r measur
ing i
mpedance
. I
t
c
an b
e employed a
l
so as a6-dB hyb
rid co mb
iner w
hen, fo
r e
xample
, two
s
i
gna lgene rators mustb ec onnected t o ates
tc i
rcuit. An e xamp le ofs uch an
a
pplicat
ion c an b eenvis
ioned w here the dynam ic range o f ar ece
ive r mustb e
measured.
When t he c i
rcui
t o f F ig. 3-13 i s used a s ar e
tu rn-loss b r
idge , the
u
nknown i mpedance i sconnec ted top or
tX . I
nit
ial s e
tup c als for applying
p
owe rt othe bridge w hi
le p or
t Xi so pen -o rshort
-circu ited. A5 0-Q detector
i
sconnec ted to port Y. Signal powe r isincreased u n
til af u
ll-scale re
ad ing is
o
btained o n detector me ter. N ext
, t he unknown i mpedance i sa t
tached a t
p
ort X. W ith t he same l evel of powe r a ppl
ied to t he b r
idge , the m eter is
o
bserved f or scale reading. T he rat
io o f t he meter r eading s, expressed i n
d
ecibels
, ist he re
turn loss (dB = 2 0 l ogE,/E2) .T he grea ter the re
turn l os
s,

5
0 n

5
0 n

-
=
F
igure 3
-13 At
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
r c
an
b
eused e
f
fec
tive
ly a
sthe h
ear
tof ar
e
turn
-
l
o
ss b
r
idge f
o
rimpedance measuremen
ts.
9
6 A
pply
ing T
oro
ida
lCo
res C
hap
. 3

t
he cl
oser t
he unknown impedance isto 50 Q
. T 1 i
swound on aferr
ite
t
o
roid core o
f9 50 Q (
Amidon FT50-43
). Itcon
tains 1
0 b
i
fila
r t
urns o
f No.
2
4 enameled wire
. Thi
s bas
ic c
ircu
it w a
s descr
ibed b
y H aywa
rd in So
lid
S
tate De
sign f
or t
he R
adio Ama
teur [
3
].
When t
hec
i
rcu
ito
fFig
. 3
-
13 i
sused a
s a6
-dB h
ybr
id c
omb
ine
r, ap
ai
rof
s
i
gnal s
ource
s are c
onnec
ted t
o p
ort
s Zand Y. The e
quipment u
nder t
e
st i
s
a
t
tached to po
rt X
. Ifeach g
ene
rator i
sad
justed t
o del
ive
r 20 mV to t
he
c
ombiner
, an ou
tpu
tv o
ltage o
f 10mV wi
ll r
e
sul
t, th
e reby c
ausing alo
ss of6
d
B. The i
so
lat
ion be
tween th
e gene
rators i
sde
sirable to p
revent o
ne si
gnal
s
ource f
rom p ha
se-modula
ting t
he o
ther
. Ifphase modu
lation we
re a
llowed
t
o take p
lace
, the r
e
sul
tant s
ideband
s could r
ender t
he measuremen
ts in
ac-
c
ura
te.

3
.1
.6 O
ther L
ow-Leve
l App
licat
ions

B
roadband passive a
nd ac
tive m
ixers depend u
pon toro
idal t
ransform-
e
rs in mos
t in
stancesto p
rovide abalanced-
to-unba
lanced (
balun
) transfor
-
mation. The s
ame i st
rue o
f ba
lanced-modu la
tor c
i
rcui
ts of t
he b
roadband
v
ariety. F
igure 3-14 conta
ins de
tai
l s fo
r ab as
ic doubly ba
lanced m ixe
r
(
DB M ) o
fthe f
our -diode pas
sive type. The s
ame configuration c
an be u
sed
f
ordiode-r
ing balanced modu lators. I
nth ela
ttercase t
hea udio i
sappl
ied a
t
J
3 and the s
uppressed-carr
ier RF e nergy istaken out a
tJ 2
.
The t
erminal i mpedance of the ci
rcuit s
hown i n Fig
. 3 -
14 isapprox
i-
ma
tely 50 Qw hen o ne of t
he p or
ts looks in
to a 50-Q load
. S ome modern
b
alanced mixer
s ofthe DB M type u
sed inthis i
lus
trat
ion ar
e fol
lowed atJ3
b
y ad ip
lexer
. Thiscan c
onsist o
fa n LC network tha
t ist
e
rm inated i
n50 Q.
T
he fc0 of t
he fi
l
ter i
sroughly th
ree times the I
F. Th
is t
echnique wi
ll h
elp
t
o ensure a 5
0-Q term
ination for t
he m ixer at a
l
l th
ree f
requencie
s of in
-
t
e
res
t, t
hereby improv
ing the mixe
r IMD c harac
teris
tics
.
To r
ea
lize op
timum b alance
, itisn
ecessary tha
t Ti and T2 o
fFig
. 3
-14
b
e a
ssymme tr
ical as p
oss
ible when i
ns
tal
led i nthe c
ircu
it. T
he s
ame ho
lds
t
rue fo r the f our d iode s. T hey shou ld b e selected f or d ynam ic b a
lance
(
c
losely ma tched f orwa rd and reverse re
sistance s
): h o
t-ca rr
ie rdiode soffer a
g
ood ma tch f or circu it
s o f th
is kind.
High -u c ore ma terial isused forT i and T 2
. T hi
s p erm i
t s t
hed esigner t
o
d
evelop r e
la t
ive ly s mall mixe r modu les w i
thou t sacrificing l ow-frequency
r
e
spon se. When c ore-w inding prov is
ions a rc available f or very li
ght gauge
w
ire, toroid d i ame ter s ass mal
l as0 .125 i n
. become p ract
ica l
. Qua rter-
inch-
d
iame terc ores a r
es pecified inFig. 3-14 top erm it hand w inding t h
et oroids
.
T
he ma terial i sf errite a nd the pi is950. I fe x
treme c are i sgiven to sym-
met
ry, t hi
s c i
rcu it s hould b e su
itable from 5 00 kHz t oa s high as 500 MHz .
Many c omme rcial
ly made DB Ms a re rated f rom t he low -frequency s pec
-
t
rum t o a bove 1 000 MHz .
 J
1
S
ig
.
I
n
(
50 n
)

J
1, J
2: 0
.5-500 MHz

J
3: d
c —5
00 MHz

XL(
T1 T2 = 200 1
.
2 C
ore
: F
T-23
-43
, pi =9
50,

[(
T1, 1
2) 6
4 pH =1
89 .
' N =18 Tr
ifi
lar
t
urns N
o. 34 enam w
ire

I
s
ola
tion (
mid
range
) D
1-D4
: Matched 1N914 o
r
h
ot-car
rie
r type
J
I t
o J2 4
5 d
B
J2t
o J
3 4
0 d
B
F
igu
re 3
-14 D
oub
ly b
alanced m
ixe
rs c
onta
in b
roadband b
a
luns (
Ti a
nd 1
2) a
s
s
een h
ere
. T
hese t
r
i
fi
lar
-wound t
r
ans
forme
rs h
e
lp t
oensu
re s
ymme
try
, wh
ich i
svi
tal
t
o b
a
lanced m
ixe
rs.

Port-to-ports i
gnal is
olat
ion a tthe spectral midrange o ft h
is mixe r i
sap-
p
roxima tely 45 dB f
rom J1 toJ 2
. Between J2a nd J3 i
tshou ld approach 40d B
.
XL f or the t
r
ifi
lar winding s ofTi a nd T 2 should be r oughly four time
s
t
he c
ircuit i mpedance att he lowes
t o perat
ing f requency. T herefore , a
n XL
o
f 200 Q w i
ll suff
ice, thus requir
ing s ome 6 4 pH of w inding i nductance
.
T
his cal
l s for 1
8 turns o
f No . 34e name led wire on an Am idon F T-23-43 or
e
quivalen t core
.
The b as
ic ci
rcuit ofFig. 3-
14 isu seful asa n RF switch or RF a ttenuato
r
when bi
as isapp
lied t
o t
he d
iodes i
nthe a
pprop
riate f
a
shion
. In s
uch c
ases
t
he Bop ofth
et r
ansforme
rs mustin
clude t
hedcbia
sa swel
lasthe a
cvoltage
a
pplied to t
hem.
F
igure 3
-15a d
emonstrates h
ow a b
roadband t
oro
idal t
ran
sfo
rmer (
TI)
c
an b
e used i
n adiode type o
f fr
equency d
ouble
r. In t
he s
ame c
i
rcu
it a
n
arrow
-band t
oro
ida
ltransfo
rme r
, T2, i
semployed
. At r
if
ila
rwinding c
on-
s
i
st
ing of 1
0 t
u
rns o
f No
. 28 enameled w
ire on a0
.375
-in.-d
iame
ter fe
rri
te
t
oro
id (9
50 J
.4
)wi
ll s
uff
ice f
or TI
. A powdered-
iron t
oro
id core i
srecom-
mended f
or u
se a
t T2
. This w
i
ll en
sure a h
igh Q f
or t
he t
uned ci
rcu
it —a
n
eces
sa ry s
t
ep t
owa
rd "launder
ing" the 2
fw aveform. I
fC I h
as anomina
l
c
apaci
tance of4
0pF, t
he s
econdary o
fT 2wil
lr equ
ire 0
.7 pH o
finduc
tance
.

9
7
 D
oub
ler

TI D
1 1
2

3
0 MHz

D
2

(
a
)

B
roadband +
12 V
ampl
ifie
r

0
.01 p
F 3
3 a
T
i
0
.
1 pF

¡
---o 5
0 a
0
.01 p
F
5
0 S
.20 -
1
0
.
1 p
F

0
1
2N5179

8
20 S
2

1
00 S
2 0
.01 p
F

(
1
)
)
F
igu
re 3
-15 I
n (
a
), T
i a
nd T
2 a
re t
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
rs a
s u
sed i
na
b
a
lanced d
iode d
ouble
r. The b
roadband ampl
if
ier in (
b
) conta
ins a 4
:1
t
o
roida
l t
rans
former (
Ti)
. T he amp
lif
ier i
s su
itab
le for use af
ter t
he
d
oub
ler i
n(a
).

An i
r
on core w
ith apio
f 8i
s ag
ood c
hoice a
tT 2
. Ift
he c
ore d
iame
ter i
s0.5
i
n
. (Amidon 150-6
), aw
ind
ing o
f 1
3turnsisrequ
ired
. No
. 20enameled w
ire
i
sre
commended. The o
utput t
ap o
n t
hetransformer s
e
conda
ry ischo
sen t
o
p
rovide a
n i
mpedance match t
o t
he doubler l
oad
. If i
tisfo
llowed b
y a
b
roadband amp
lif
ier l
i
ke t
he o
ne s
hown i
nFig
. 3
-
15b
, t
he t
ap s
hou
ld b
e s
e
t
f
or 5
0 Q.

98
S
ec
. 3
-
2 B
roadband T
r
ans
forme
rs 9
9

By u
sing a broadband transformer in t
he manne r ilust
rated in F
ig.
3
-
15b , t
he ampl
ifier w
il
l have afla
t re
sponse over s
everal o
ctaves
. One ad-
v
antage of t
h
is ci
rcuit i
sthat ithas a50
-Q c harac
teri
stic at t
he inpu
t and
o
utpu
t p
orts
. I
tis as
t
able a
nd p
red
ictab
le c
i
rcu
it b
y v
i
rtue o
f t
he s
hun
t
f
eedback f
rom c
ol
lec
tor t
o b
ase
, a
nd b
ecau
se o
fthe d
egene
rat
ive f
e
edback
p
rovided b
y R
I.
Q1 i
schosen for ah igh fr ifconsiderab le ampl
ifier bandwid th isre-
q
uired
. The dev
ice spec
ified has an fT in excess o
f 1000 MHz . Ti is a4:
1
u
nbalanced
-to-unbalanced transformer w hich step
s the 200
-Q c o
llector im-
p
edance down to 50 Q. As ui
table tr
an sforme r would consis
t of 1 5 b
if
ilar
t
urnsof No
. 24e nameled wire on a0
.5-in.-diame terferr
ite c
ore which hasa
pio
f950
.Th
is w
ould e
nab
le t
he amp
lif
iert
ode
live
r ar
easonab
ly f
l
ato
utpu
t
f
rom 3to30 MHz. A1 25µ f
er
rite c
ore wou
ld b
es u
itab
le i
nth
is c
i
rcu
itifthe
t
r
ansformer w
inding had s
uff
icient t
urn
s to e
xhib
it a
n XL of 8
00 Q a
t t
he
l
owe
st de
sired o
pera
ting fr
equency.

3
.2 B
roadband T
rans
forme
rs

T
he b
roadband t
o
roida
l t
r
ansfo
rme
r i
sone o
f t
he mo
st u
sefu
l a
nd c
om-
monplace c
omponen ts found int he RF commun icationsindustry. The f
orm
t
aken by t
hese tr
ansforme rs ispretty much the d
es
igne r's c
hoice, but he o
r
s
he may prefer t
he t
ransm iss
ion -l
ine transf
ormer to the conven t
ionaltype.
S
omewha t b e
tte
r eff
iciencies are avai
lable fr
om t he transmis
sion -
line ve
r-
s
ions
, according to s
ome d esigners. Howeve r, t
he i mpedance-transfo
rma -
t
i
on rat
ios o btainable wi
th transmiss
ion-
line tr
ansformers ar
e r e
str
icted to
s
pec
ific va
lue s
. T he de
signer has r
elat
ive f
reedom when w orking with con-
v
ent
ional b roadband t ransformers
: He o r she c
an develop a ny required
t
urn
s r at
io b ecause the t r
ansfo
rme r windings are separate f r
om o ne
a
nother
. T ransm i
ssion-l
ine t ran
sforme rs
, c onverse
ly, con s
ist of b
ifi
lar,
t
r
ifi
lar
, orq uadrifi
larwinding sofs o me d
efin
ite impedance. Itisqu
ite c
om -
mon t
o find the
se transforme r
s with 25-Q windings. The wires c
an be la
id
on t
he core i
n paral
lel
, t w
isted a gi
ven n umber of times p
er inch, o
r they
may c
onsist o
f miniature 25-Q coaxial c
able.
Most b
roadband tr
ansformers a
re w
ound o n fe
rri
te core
s because f
or a
s
pec
ified p ower
-hand
ling appl
icat
ion the fe
rrites provide much h ighe
r
p
ermeabil
ities
. Thi
s p
ermits t
he u
se ofc
onside
rab ly fewe
r turn
s ofw i
re fo
r
e
nsur
ing r
educed I
R lo
sse
s and a
dequa
te pe
rformance a
tthe l
ow e
nd o
ft he
t
r
ansformer bandw
idth c
urve. I
n t
h
is i
ns
tance w
e are c
ons
ider
ing t
he b
asic
r
u
le gi
ven e
ar
lie
r, w
here t
he t
r
ansformerwindingsshou
ld h
ave an XL t
hatis
e
qual t
oor g
rea
terthan f
our t
ime
s th
e impedance t
ow h
ich t
he w
indings i
n
-
t
e
rface
.
H
igh-µ c
ores a
reidea
l for b
roadband t
r
ansfo
rmeruse b
ecause t
hewind
-
i
ng
s yie
ld cons
iderab
le inductance a
t t
he l
ow e
nd o
f th
e operat
ing r
ange
,
1
00 A
ppl
ying T
oro
ida
lCo
res C
hap
.3

w
hile t
he c
ore m
ate
ria
l t
e
nds t
o "
disappea
r" a
s t
h
e o
pera
ting f
r
equency i
s
i
ncreased. Mo st tran sfo rme rs that ar e used f r
om 2t o3 0 MHz h ave apio f
9
50. H igherv alue so fp ermeab i
lity c an b eu s
ed , and o n s
ome o ccasions i tis
p
ractical toe mploy c ores w i
th al owe r pti(
125). T he l a
tter, howeve r
, isa p-
p
l
ied mo re common ly a t VHF , a sa re c ores of relatively low
P
rope r iden t
ifica tion o f the f ree e nds o f t he w indings o n mu lt
ifilar
t
ransfo rme rsc an b ecome a n exercise i nf rustrat
ion . T herefore, itispruden t
t
ou see name led w i re s o fdifferent c olor. S ome w ire m anufacturersp roduce
magne t wire that h as r ed
, g reen, orb rown i nsulation . B ut
, finding as ma l
l-
q
uan tity supplier i so ften i mpo ssible. Mo reove r
, t h e minimum -bi
ll
ing f e
es
i
mpo sed b ys ome s upp liers m ake iti mpractical top urchase s mal
lq uan t
ities
o
fw ire. A n accep tab le alternative t op urchasing c olor-coded e name l wi
re i s
t
o use a erosol spray -can p aint o f variou s colors t o s e
t the windings a part
v
i
sua lly. T he grea se -free l engths o f w ire are s t
retched o ut unti
l taut. T he
s
pray p aint ist h
en a pplied a nd a lowed t odry. E name l pain
t i sbet
te r than
l
acque r types o f sp ray p aint, as the c oa t
ing w il
l b e l e
ss prone t ocracking
a
nd f all
ing o ff w hen e name l isu sed. B lue, g r
een , r ed
, a nd w h
ite are good
c
olors t o use for e asy r e
cogn ition.

3
.2
.1 R
i
ft
*
lar
- Wound T
ransfo
rme
rs

F
igure 3 -16 s how s fou r p opu lar f orm s taken b y toroidal t ransfo rme rs
t
ha t e mploy b if
ila r wind ings. S ince t hese a r
e b roadband t ran sfo rme rs, the
c
o re m aterial mu stb ec ho sen t op rov ide suf f
icien t induc tance f ort h
el owest
operating f requency . The c ore c ross-sectiona l a rea mu st bea pprop riate for
t
h ep owe r l e
vel o ft h
e c i
rcu i
t. F or u se from 1 .
5 t o4 0 MHz , coresw ith 1 25µ
o
r 9 50µ a re c ommon .
As imp le p hase-reve rsal t r
an sfo rme r iss een i nF ig. 3 -
16a . T his i sa1 :
1
impedance -ratio c omponen t
. B oth p ort
sa res ingle-ended .T he w ind ing sc an
b
e f ormed b y twisting t he t wo c onduc to rs a bou t 1 0 t o 15 time s p er inch,
t
h en placing t h
em o n th e core a s o ne w ould d o w ith as i
ngle c onduc tor.
Anu nbalanced 4 :1 transfo rme ri silustrated s chema t
ically inF ig
. 3 -
16b .
Thisc onfigu ration i sespec ially us efulw hen stepp ing d own f rom 5 0 Qt ot he
b
a se of as o
lid-state, single-ended R F a mplif
ie r. Two o fthese t ransfo rme rs
c
an b eu sed i nc ascade , ass hown i nFig. 3-17d , too btain a1 6
:1 t ransfo rma -
t
ion. T he 4 :
1 t r
an sforme r isa l
so u sefulw hen s tepp ing u p from al ow c o
llec-
t
or i mpedance t o5 0 Qo r some o ther relatively l ow i mpedance .
A 4 :1 b alun ( balan ced t o u nbalanced ) i sp resen ted i n F i
g. 3 -
16c . A
popula r app l
ica t
ion f or t his device i sbetween a5 0-Q t r
ansm ission l i
ne a nd
t
he b alanced 2 00-Q t erm inals o f a n antenna . S im ilarly, itc an b e used b et-
ween a7 5-Q c oaxiall i
ne a nd t he3 00 -Q term inal so f af olded d ipole a ntenna .
An umbe r o f TV r eceiver s have u sed as olenoida l -wound r od t ype o fb a
lun
f
or u se between a7 5-Q c oaxial f eeder and t he 3 00 -Q i nput term ina ls oft he
TV -
set t uner. T oroida l-wound e qu ivalen ts w ould b e ideal for t hat use.
 R,
„- RL RL =4R
,„

1
:
1 P
hase r
e
ver
sal 4
:1

(
a
) (
b
)
• :P
has
ing

R,
„
U
nba
l.
R,
„ _
2

RL RL 4R„
,
B
al
,

4
.1 B
alun C
omb
ine
r

(
c
) (
d
l
F
igure 3
-16 F our c
l
ass
ic e
xamp
les o
f b
roadband t
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
rs. E
ach c
onta
ins a
b
i
fi
lar w
inding
.

A combiner t
ransforme r i
silus
tra
ted inFig. 3
-I6d. Two i d
entica
l im-
p
edances can be c
omb ined (R 'n a
i nd Ri ),a
s w ou
ld be t
he case with two
i
den
tica
lsingle
-ended ampl
ifier
s,toprovide as
i
ngle o
utput
, RL .For amatched
c
ondit
ion, RL w ould be equiva
lent to Rin/
2. Thus, ift
wo 5 0-Q d r
iving
s
ources w
ere used
, the lo
ad atthe remain
ing por
t w ou
ld be 25 Q.

3
.2
.2 Q
uad
rif
ila
r T
ransfo
rmer
s

A 9
:1 unbalanced
-to-unba
lanced tr
ansformer i
sse
en at i
n F
ig
. 3-17a.
T
his c
onfigura
tion isof
ten employed a
s astep
-down or s
t
ep-up c
oup
le r a
t
t
hei nputor outputo f asingle-ended sol
id-state amplif
ier. Itisusefula l
so in
matching coax
ial transmi ssion li
nes to low-impedance a ntenna s, such as a
s
er
ies-fed quarter-waveleng th vert
ical an
tenna .
I
n si
tua
tions w here a 9 :1 transforma t
ion i srequired f o
r b a
lanced -to
-
b
alanced te
rm inations, the transforme r of F
ig. 3-
17b i ssui
tab le
. Iti sof
ten
u
sed b e
tween p ush-pul
l d rivers and push-pull amplif
iers.
When the 1:1 tr
ansforme ro fFig. 3
-16a canno tb e u
sed, theb alanced-to
-
u
nba lanced vers
ion o f Fig. 3-17c wil
l be suitable
. T his ci
rcuit isideal fo
r
match
ing 75-Q coaxia
l fe
ed li
ne t
o a75-Q dipo
le a
ntenna.
The c
ascaded 4:
1 tran
sformers i
nFig. 3
-17d p
rovide a 1
6
:1 t
r
ansforma-
t
ion r
atio
. T1a nd T2are id
ent
ica
l, a
nd are t
he s
ame asth
e examp
le g
iven i
n
F
ig. 3-
16b.

101
 Ri
. =9R
,„
9
:1 unba
l.
t
o u
nbal
. 9
:1 b
al
, t
o b
al
.

(
a
) (
b
)
• :P
has
ing

T
i T
2
R
.,

4
:1 4
:1 -

=1
6R I
.

1
:1 ba
l. 1
6
:1 u nba
l.
t
o u
nbal. t
o u
nbal.

(
c
) (
d
)
F
igure 3
-17 Mu
lti
fi
lar w
ind
ings a
re u
sed o
n t
o
roid c
ores t
o e
f
fec
t t
he b
roadband
t
r
ans
forme rs i
n(a
) t
hrough (
c
l. Two 4
:
1 t
r
ans
forme
rs c
an b
e u
sed i
ncascade (
c
) t
o o
bta
in a
1
6
:1 impedance s
tep
-down.

3
.2
.3 B
roadband C
onven
tiona
l T
ransforme
rs

A
lthough t hec on sen sus among d es
igne rs seem s t
ob e t
hat tr
ansm is
sion-
l
i
nes t ransforme r
s a re mo re e f
fic
ien t than " conventiona l" transforme r
s
a
re, the fixed-
impedance r atios o fthe forme r are somewha t r
estr
ictive
. We
c
an a void t hose some time s c onfining p a
rame ters by u t
il
izing the conven-
t
ional type o f transforme rs seen i n Fig
. 3 -18. T he phy s
ical forma t for a
c
ommon ly u sed c onven tiona l b roadband t r
ansformer i s s hown
p
ho tograph ically inF ig. 3 -
19 . Ap ictoria
l r epresentat
ion i sprovided inF ig
.
3
-20.
T
he s imple ilust rat ion o f Fig. 3-
18 s how s h ow two b roadband c onven-
t
ional transforme rs m igh t b e used with as ingle-ended RF p ower amp l
ifier
.
The 4:1 t r
ansfo rme r o f Fig. 3-16b c ould b e used inp lace of T1 and T 2 in
t
his ci
rcu it, but only b ecause t he transfo rma t
ion i s4 :1 at bo
th amp lifie
r
p
orts. T i and T 2 of F ig. 3-18 wou ld c onsist ofs i
ngle toroid cores made o f
f
err
ite. Since t he o pera ting f requency i sf a
i r
ly high, a nd because the la
rge
w
inding o
f e
ach t
ransformer s
hould have a
n XL of 2
00 Q (1
.06 pH at 30
MHz), alow
-permeabili
ty mate
rial w
ill s
uff
ice
. A 0.5-
in.
-diame ter c
ore
w
ith a¡Ào
f 1
25 wou
ld b e as
ui
table c
hoice f
or T
1. Apair o
f 1-
in.-d
iameter

102
 C
las
s C
RF PA
To 50 Q.
MR F
449 h
armonic
f
i
lte
r
5
0 12
-
Q
I 3.
Q
i
npu
t (
30 W
)
(
1
.5 W )

G
ain z
-1
- 3 d
B +
13.6 V
vc 2
1
. Z c.
„ = 30
.
0

2
. T
urns r
a
tio
: T
I =4
:1, T
2 =4
:1
3
. XL : T
i (
o
ri)
, T
2 (
s
ec) 4x 5
0 n=200 Q
L
: T
i p
r
i), T
2 (
s
ec) =1
.06 pH
F
igure 3
-18 C
onven
tiona
l b
roadband t
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
rs (
Ti a
nd T
2)
a
re s
hown i
n aC
lass C R
F p
owe
r amp
lif
ier
.

F
igure 3
-
19 C
onven
tiona
l t
r
ans
forme
rtha
t m
igh
t b
efound i
n
av
ar
iety o
f R
F p
owe
r amp
lif
iers
.

f
errite c
ores (
125u i)can b
est
acked atop o
ne anothe
r atT 2 t
op rov
ide amp
le
Bop charac
te r
istics
. L i i
s adecoupling c
hoke. A fer
rite c
ore capable o
f
h
and ling t
he dcc urrent f
l
ow and a
ble top
rovide afew pH o
fi nduc
tance w
il
l
s
at
i sfy t
he requiremen t
.

1
03
 T
op view
t
oro
ids

End End
p
l
ate p
la
te
A

T
oro
icl
s

(
a
) (
b
)

E
tch

E
nd p
la
te A
C
oppe
r —

T
ubing

E
nd p a
te A

C
oppe
r
-T
ubing

1 2

E
nd p
la
te B E
nd p
l
ate B

(
c
) (
d
)
F
igure 3
-29 C
i
rcu
it a
nd s
t
ruc
tura
l d
eta
ils f
or ac
onven
tiona
l t
r
ans
forme
r t
hat u
ses
r
ows o
f t
o
roid c
ores
. T
he e
nd p
l
ates a
re made o
fpr
inted
-ci
rcu
it-board ma
ter
ial (
a) a
nd
(
c
)). A
n a
ssemb
led t
r
ans
forme
r i
sseen i
n(d
).

When p ush-pu l
l p ower amp lifiers are used, a s i n the c i
rcuits of F igs.
3
-21 a nd 3 -22, th
e c on st
ruction me thod s een inF ig. 3 -20 i s agood c hoice.
Two r ows o fh i
gh -pe rmeab i
lity ferri
te c ores (
950p, t ypical f or 2to3 0 MHz )
a
re la
id s ide bys ide asi nFig . 3
-20b . T he c
ross-sectiona la rea o ft hes tacked
c
ores i sse
lec ted fo r the powe r level oft he amplifier. Ap i ece ofc oppe r or
b
rass t ub
ing i sp assed t h
rough t h e cen
te r ofeach r ow o fc ores. T he end s of
t
he t ubes a re made c ommon a t e nd B o f t
he t ran sforme r, but t hey a re
i
so
lated f r om o ne a nothe r atend A , as seen i
n F ig. 3-20c . P r
inted -circuit-
b
oard ma terial issuitable for mak ing t he end p
late s
. E nd A i setched t op re-
v
entt he t
ubing e nds f rom b eing grounded o rinc ontac te l
ec trical
ly . T h
is ef-
f
ect
ive U -shaped t ubing c onduc to r consti
tutes ao ne-tu rn w inding o f the
t
ransfo rme r. End p late B r epre
sen ts th e c
enter tap o f tha t w inding , or t e
r-
m
ina l 4o f F ig
. 3- 20a.

104
 L
inear amp
lif
ier

R
,
5
0 S2
- T
o 5 0 S
2
i
nput fi
l
ters
(
4 W) (
100 W )
2
-30 MHz 2
-30 MHz

T1

F
igure 3
-21 C
i
rcu
it d
i
agram o
f at
yp
ica
l p
ush
-pu
ll s
o
lid
-sta
te R
F p
owe
r amp
li
fie
r i
n
wh
ich b
roadband t
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
rs (
Ti, T
2, a
nd T
3) a
re u
sed
.

T
he l
a
rge
r t
r
ansforme
r w
ind
ing i
sfo
rmed b
y l
oop
ing t
he a
ppropr
iate
n
umbe
ro fwire t
urns t
hrough t
hetwo p
ieces o
ftub
ing (
te
rm ina
ls 1a
nd 2of
F
ig
. 3
-20d
). The tu
rns ra
tio i
sse
t by c
onsider
ing t
he t
ubing a
s aone
-turn
w
inding, t hen using t h
e proper n umbe
r o f w
ire t
urns through t
he core
s
tacks
. T his c
onven tional tr
ansformer i
svery compact and s
ymme t
rica
l.
Once the tr
ansfo rme r i
sassembled i
tis as
imple ma
tter toaff
ix i
ttothe
main etched-c
ircu i
t b oard: end pla
tes A and B are so
ldered to t
he ap-
p
ropriate ci
rcuit
-board p ads
.
Ac
i
rcu
it e
xamp
le o
f ab
roadband l
i
nea
r R
F p
owe
r a
mpl
ifie
r i
sgi
ven i
n
F
ig
. 3-21
. T
1 and T3 a
re c
onvent
ional broadband tran
sformer
s of t
he t
ype
p
resen
ted i
nFig
. 3
-20. T
2 i
sap hase
-reve
r sa
ltransformertha
tc an b
ew ound
o
n afer
rite t
oro
id . Th
is t
ran
sforme
r has atwofold advan
tage: opera
ting
v
ol
tage f
or t
he c
ollec
tors o
fQ 1 a
nd Q2 i
ssupp
lied t
hrough th
e windings o
f
T
2, b
ut s
a
tura
tion i
sno
t aproblem b
ecause t
hecurren
t f
lowing t
hrough t
he
o
ppos
ing w
inding
s p
roduce
s oppos
ite f
i
elds
, t
hereby c
ance
ling. T
2 al
so p
ro-
v
ide
s a1 80 °p
hase r
eversa
l, p
lac
ing t
he co
llec
tor
s ofQ 1 a
nd Q2 i
nbalance
.
Forward b
ia
s fo
rt he t
ran
sis
tors i
ssupp
lied t
hrough t
hese
condary c
ente
r
t
ap o
fTI .D
1 r
egu
late
s t
heb
ias a
tapprox
ima
tely 0
.7 V
. Rf a
nd Cf c
omp
rise

105
1
06 A
ppl
ying T
o
roid
alC
ore
s C
hap
.3

t
hen ega tive f eedback n etwo rk s fo rt h ea mplifie r. R I s wamp st hes e conda ry
o
f T 1 t o a id s tability a t l ow f r
equenc ie s. D ecoup ling c hoke L I a nd t he
a
sso c
ia ted b ypa ss c apac ito rs a l
so h e
lp t oe nsu re s tab i
li ty.
An a lterna tive m ethod f or o bta ining n ega tive f eedback i ss hown i nF ig.
3
-22. I nt his examp le T i h a s at hird w ind ing f or u se i nt he feedback c ircu it.
The n umbe r o f t urn s f or t he f eedback w ind ing i sc ho sen t o d e
live r t he
n
ece ssary v oltage w ith r e
spe ct t o t he b ase w ind ing o f T I. S ome d esigne rs
p
lace t he f eedback w ind ing i nT 3 r athe r than T i. T he e ffect i st he s ame .
T2 o f F ig. 3 -22 s erve s t he s ame p urpo se a s 1 2 o f F i g. 3 -21 . T his
amp l
ifie r c i
rcu it i ss hown w ith a h alf-wave l ow -pa ss h armon ic f il
te r c on -
n
ected t o t h e o utpu t o f T 3. C ompen sating c apac i to rs ( Cc)a re c onnec ted
a
cro sst h es econda ry o fT 1 a nd t hep rima ry o fT 3 —a n ece ssa ry s t
ep i n many
b
roadband a mplifie rs t hat c ove rs eve ral octave s o ff requency . R I i si nc
lud -
e
d t op erm it p recise a dju stmen t oft he b ias f or b est l inea rity. Re a tQ 1 a nd
Q2 e s
tab lishe s d egene rative f eedback w h
ile a i ding t he d ynam ic b alance o f
t
he t wo t r
an sistor s. At y pica l v a
lue f or Re w ould b e 1Q .
I
nt he e xamp le o f F ig. 3 -23a w e f i
nd ap ha se-reve r sal t r
an sfo rme r u sed
a
t T 1 a nd a c omb ine r t ype o f t r
an sfo rme r a t T 2 . B oth t ransfo rme rs a re
b
ifi
la r w ound o n f errite t oro id c ores. F or i l ustra tive p urpo ses w e h ave
s
pecified ac o
llec to rc ha rac te ristic o f 1 5 Qf ore ach t ran sisto r
. T 2c omb ine s
t
het wo i mpedance st op rov ide a n o utpu t l e
ve lo f7 .5Q . I ns uch a ni nstance
t
he h armon ic f i
lter w ou ld b e t a
ilo red t oh ave a n i n put i mpedance o f7 .5 Q
a
nd a n o utpu t c ha rac te ristic o f 5 0 Qf or c onven tiona l t r
an sm ission l ines.
The h ybrid c oup ler s s hown i nF ig. 3 -
23a a nd b ( T l t hrough T 3) c an b e
wound t oroida l
ly o r o n b alun t y pes o f m agne tic c ore s. T hey a re u sed i n
many d esign s t oc omb ine t he o u
tpu ts o fi ndividua l p owe r a mplifier s, or t o
c
omb ine t he o utpu ts o fg roup s o f p owe r modu les. I th as b ecome s tanda rd
p
rac t
ice t o u se t his s tyle o f t ransfo rme r a tp owe r l evel s a s great a s 1kW
t
hroughou t th e h i
gh -f requency b and s.
Hyb rid t ransfo rme rs c an b e r eve rsed a nd u sed t o s plit as ingle p owe r
s
ou rce i nto t wo o r mo re b ranche so fe qual p ha se a nd a mplitude . When t h ey
a
re c on struc ted a nd u sed c or rectly , t hey p rov ide i sola tion a moun ts o f b e-
t
ween 3 0 a nd 4 0 d B f rom 1 .8 t o 3 0 MHz b etween t he t wo l i
ke p owe r
s
ou rces. T his i solation e nab le s t he s ystem t o c on tinue o perating , e ven
t
hough o ne o ft hep owe rs ou rce sm ay f a
il. Al though f ailu re ofo ne a mp l
ifie r
w
ill r e
su lt i n r educed p owe r o utpu t, ac on stan t lo ad i mpedance w ill e xist.
This w ill p ro tec t p owe r t ran sisto rs f rom d amage a nd w i
ll p rese rve t he
l
i
nea rity o f a mp lifier s w hich o pera te i nt h a
t mode .
The b alanc ing r esisto r s o f F ig. 3 - 23 ( R1 a nd R 2) k eep t he V S WR a ta
l
ow v a
lue e ven i fo ne o ft h ea mplifie rs f a
il
. E ach b alanc ing r es
isto r mus tb e
t
wice t heo hm ic v alue o ft hed riving s ou rce. T he re s
i sto rs hou ld b er ated f or
a
t l e
a s
t 0 .25 o f the o utpu t p owe r o f t he t o
ta l s ystem , a nd i t mu s
t b e t he
n
on induc tive t ype. G ranbe rg t rea ts t his g ene ra l s ubjec t i n d ep th i n
Moto ro la AN -749 [ 4
].
 RF l
i
nea
r a
mpl
ifie
r

2W H
armon
ic f
i
lte
r
5
0 S2
o
utput
L
1 L
2 100 W)
R
F
i
n
(
4W)

G p 1
4 d
B

Rf
a 0
,01 1
F Cc : C
ompensat
ing c
apac
ito
r

Rf
e :F
eedback r
e
sis
tor
0
.11
.
4F

gL
3

5
.6 S
./ 20 s
2 2
,
-
R
1 vVV
1, v r 1 0+13
.6 V

B
ias I+2
2 ;
I
F
i D1 1
s
e
t
1
00 12
-

F
igu
re 3
-22 1
1 h
as a t
h
ird w
ind
ing wh
ich i
sused i
nthe n
ega
tive
-feedback l
oop o
f t
h
is amp
lif
ier
.
 Amp
lif
ier

0
.1

T
o
h
armonic
f
i
l
ter
(
7
.5 1
2)

R
1( W
) =0
.25 Po

5
on

R
1 = 2x 5
0 1
2 =1
00 1
2

R
2 = 2x 2
5 5
2 =5
0 1
2
T
2

(
b
)

F
igu
re 3
-23 C
i
rcu
it t
hat s
hows t
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
r T
i a
s ap
hase
-reve
rsa
l c
o
llec
tor
c
hoke
. T
2 i
nth
is e
xamp
le i
s emp
loyed a
s ac
omb
ine
r t
r
ans
forme
r. I
n(b
) i
sseen ac
omp
lex
h
ybr
id c
omb
ine
r wh
ich c
ons
ists o
f f
our b
roadband t
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
rs (
s
ee t
he t
ex
t).

108
 3
.2
.4 V
ar
iab
le I
mped
ance Ma
tch
ing

The conven t
iona l-transfo rme r c oncep t w e h ave been d iscu ssing c an be
a
pp l
ied a ss hown i nF ig. 3-24a t oe ffect am atched c ond ition b etween , say,
5
0 Qa nd a n unknown l oad, RL .S ufficient reactance mu s
t b e pre sent inthe
w
ind ingst oensu re m inimum l o
sse sa tt he lowesto perating f r
equency o fthe
t
ransforme r
.T he se conda ry w inding o fthet oroida lb roadband t ransforme r
c
an c ontain as m any t ap point s as the d e
signe r d eems n ecessa ry. T I can be
i
nserted i nt h
e l i
ne b e
tween a k nown Ri n ,i
nclu s
ive o f a n SWR i nd
icator,
t
hen t h
e t aps on t he s e
conda ry w inding a re v ar
ied u nt
il the l owe st SWR i s
n
o ted —p referably a n SWR o f I .T his type o f t r
an sforme r i se specialy
u
sefu l when ma tch ing a5 0-Q t r
an sm ission l i
ne t o aq uarter-wave length v e
r-
t
i
ca l an
tenna : the f eed-point i mpedance i susua lly u nknown , o wing t o t
he
q
ua l
ity of t he ground ( conduc t
ivity) i nt he vic
in ity oft h
e a ntenna . Values
f
rom af ew o hm s u pt o30 Qa re t yp
ica l. The c ore ma terial isu sua l
ly ferr
ite
(
j
.
ei of 125 for HF- b and a pplication s) a nd the cr oss
-sec t
iona l a rea i schosen
f
or t he p owe r l e
vel i n use, i n a cco rdance w ith t h
e Bi n. r u
le s. Teflon-
i
nsulated w ire isr ecommended f or the transfo rme r wind ing s
.

RL

(
a
)

Cl C2

250
pF

2
5 pH

N.
C.

XL
I 3
15 1
2

Xc 3
15 S2
Xc 2 5
30 1

(
b
)
F
igure 3
-24 T
he t
r
ans
forme
r i
n(a
) h
as a t
apped
s
econdary t
o p
erm
it ma
tch
ing v
ar
ious i
mpedances
t
o as
pec
if
ied p
r
ima
ry l
o
ad. I
n(b
) i
s aT
- ma
tch
ing
n
etwo
rk t
hat c
onta
ins a n
arrow
-band f
o
rma
t. L
i
c
an b
e b
ui
lt a
s an
onres
ist
ive r
heos
tat
, u
s
ing a
t
o
roid c
ore a
s t
he f
ounda
tion (
s
ee Fi
g
. 3
-25
).

1
09
1
10 App
lying T
oro
ida
l Cores Chap
. 3

An arrow -band t ype of m atching c i

rcu it i si l
us t
ra ted s chema t
ica l
ly i n
F
ig. 3 -
24b , a nd p hotog raphically i n Fig. 3 -25 . L I i s at oroidal i nducto r
which h as b een w ound o n al a
rge p owde red -iron c ore. T he c omp leted
a
ssemb ly r e
semb les ap ower rheos tat ina ppea rance . B are w ire i sused f or
t
he w inding , a nd c are i sta
ken t op r
even t t he t urns f r
om s ho rt
ing t ogethe r.
T
he movab le a rm o f the variable-induc to r a ssemb ly s e
lec ts one t urn a t a
t
ime . It mu st n ots ho rt any two tu rns w hen i ti sinp osition . T he lowe re nd
o
f L I ( ma rked "N .C." ) isleft open t o preven t as ho r
ted -tu rn c ondition.
Underc erta in cond it
ion st hecircuiti sah igh -pa ss Tn etwo rk. D epend ing
u
pon t h
e v alue s of i mpedance b eing m atched , ab andpa ss r e
spon se c an
r
esult. C I, C 2, a nd L I are a d
ju sted i n s equence t o o btain t h
e l owe st
r
eflected p owe r p oss
ib le. I
nt e
rm so fn etwo rk l oss, C 2s hou ld b es e
t f ort he
maximum a moun t ofc apaci
tance t ha
t will p erm it am atched c ond it
ion w ith
r
esp ect to t h
e s e
ttings o f C
I a nd L. S ince c on siderab le RF v oltage c an b e
p
resen tw hen RL i sofh igh impedance , insula ting m aterialo fh igh dielectric
q
ua l
i ty shou ld b e used b etween t he wind ing a nd t he toro id c ore. H eavy -
g
auge s i
lver-p lated w ire isideal for the wind ing o fL I. R ule-of-thumb r eac-
t
ance s are l i
sted f o
r C l, C2, a nd L I of F ig. 3 -24b .
The li m
ita tion o ft he inductor s hown i nF ig. 3 -24b i st hatt her esolution

F
igu
re 3
-25 C
omme
rcia
lly made t
o
roida
l t
ype
o
fva
riab
le i
nducto
r. T
his u
ni
tis manu
fac
tured b
y
T
en T ac C o
rp. for use in t he
ir an
tenna
T
ransma
tch
. T
he w
ipe
risb
ui
lts
otha
titc
ontac
ts
o
ne w
ire t
u
rn a
t at
ime
. t
hereby p
reven
ting t
he
s
hor
ted
-tu
rn e
f
fec
t.
S
ec. 3
-2 B
roadband T
ransfor mers 1
11

o
f induc tance mu s
t b e i no ne- tu rn i n
c remen ts. U nder s ome c ircum stances
t
h
isc an p resen t ap rob lem , e spec ially i fthec o
re h as high p ermeab i
lity: one
t
urn c an r epresen tc on side rab le i n duc tance . Ac ontinuou sly v ariab le induc-
t
orc an b ere a
lized b ya dop ting t het echn ique s een inF ig. 3 -26.O ne half ofa
p
owde r ed-iron t oroid c ore i so b tained b ys aw ing thet oroid i nh alf.T he core
h
alf isa ff
ixed t o an i n
su lated a rm w hich i sc onnec ted t o a1 /-
4 i
n.-diame ter
b
rass s haft, a s s hown . As em ic ircu la r a i
r-wound c oil is moun ted o ppo si
te
t
he core h a
lf . Ith as a n I D t ha t p erm i
t s f r
ee p as
sage o ft he core h alf w hen
t
het uning s hafti srotated . T he o ve rall a s
semb ly iss imilart ot hato f as mal
l
p
oten t
iome te r s uch a s o ne m igh t u se a s a n a ud
io -gain c ontro l
. F or wide-
r
ange i nduc tance s t he de s
igne r c an s witch a ddi
tiona l i nduc tance i ns er
ies
w
ith t h e variab le o ne, or f i
xed -va lue i nduc tance c an b e p laced i np aralel
w
ith L1t o secure l ower m inimum - induc tance v alue s
. T his type o f unit is
i
deal f or remo te tun ing b y m ean s o f amo to r
. Iti su seful a l
so a s ap ane l
-
moun ted c on tro l
. C ircu i
t c onnec tion s a r
e m ade to p oint s Xa nd Y .
A v ersatile v a
riab le-impedance b roadband ma tch ing t ran sforme r i s
p
resen ted i nF ig. 3-27 . Itw a sd eveloped b yJ .S ev
ick o fB el
l L ab s. Itc onsis
ts
o
f af a
i rly large t oroid c o
re o n w h ich aq uad rif
ilar w ind ing i sp l
aced . I m
-
p
edance t r
an sfo rma tion s o f4 :1, 9 :1 , a nd 1 6:1 are ach ieved e asily with t h
e
b
asic c onfigu ration s hown . A dditiona l
ly , p o
in ts X, Y, a nd Z c an b e attached
t
ot hew inding sa tt hea pp rop ria te l ocation s t oobtain r atio sa sl ow as 1.5
:1.
When ma tch ing b etween r elative ly l ow i mpedance s, s ay 5 0 Q t o values

T
uning P
lexig
lass
s
haf
t header

A
ir
-wound
T
oroid
i
nductor
c
ore
g
lued t
o
ha
lf
h
eader

E
poxy•cement
co
re end t
o
i
n
sulat
ing a
rm

F
igu
re 3
-28 H
ow av
ar
iab
le i
nduc
torc
an b
e made f
rom o
ne-ha
lf
o
f at
o
roid c
ore
. T
his s
cheme was d
evised b
ythe a
uthorin1
970 f
or
u
se i
n al
ow-powe
r antenna T
ransmatch f
orfi
eld u
se. A
s t
he c
ore
h
a
lf e
nte
rs t
he 1
80° a
i
r-wound c
oi
l, t
he i
nduc
tance i
n
creases
.
Mechanica
l de
tai
ls we
re d
eve
loped b
y A
. P
f
ief
fer o
f O
ld L
yme
,
Connec
ticut
.
 F
igure 3
-27 C
i
rcu
itd
i
agram o
f aw
ide
-range
t
o
roida
l m
atch
ing t
r
ans
forme
r wh
ich w
i
ll p
ro-
v
i
de r
a
tios f
r
om 1
.5
:1 u
p t
o 1
6
:1.

b
e
low 5
0 Q
, t
he t
r
ansfo
rme
rcan h
and
le u
p t
o 1kW o
fpowe
r. T
hisi
sba
sed
o
n atoro
id-core d
iameter o
f2 .
5 in
. and aw
inding t
hat employs No
. 14 or
l
a
rger enameled w ire
. F or the medium and h i
gh f requenc
ies
, c ore
p
ermeabi
lit
ies o
f 125 a nd 4
0 are common. Cores w
ith 950 would be
s
u
itab
le forthebroadcastband and l
ower
. A10
-turn quadr
ifi
larwinding on
a2
.5-
in.-d
iameter t
oroid c
ore (
pi = 1
25) would b
esat
isfacto
ry fo
ru se f
rom
2to 3
0 MHz . T
he tr
ansformer le
ads s
hould be k
ept a
s shor
t as po
ssib
le t
o
m
inimize unwanted i
nductance
s. Th
is isespec
ial
ly si
gnif
icant a
t very l
ow
i
mpedance l
e
vel
s a
t t
he u
ppe
r p
art o
f t
he h
igh
-frequency s
pec
trum
.

3
.3 Antenna L
oad
ing

An i n
teresting application fo r t
o ro
id s or f
erromagne t
ic s l
eeve s i
si lu s
t rated
i
nF ig. 3-28. Ad ipole a ntenna can b e made s ignificantly shorterw hile ma in-
t
a
ining t he p roper h alf-waveleng th e l
ectrical c haracte r
ist
ic b y l oad ing i t
w
ith f err
ite. E xpe r
imen ts conduc ted i n t
h e VHF s pec trum i ndica ted t hat
p
hy sical
-leng th reduc t
ion sasg rea tas 2w ere e n
tirely p o
s s
ible b yusing l ow-m
f
err
ite s over the two h alveso ft he dipole. The v oltage a nd current d istribu-
t
ion o f t
h e s
y s
tem r emained l i
nea r
, a nd no mea surable d egrada t
ion i ne ff
i-
c
iency w as o bserved . The la
rge r the cross-sectiona l a
rea o ft he toro ids, the
g
reate rthes ize reduction. As imilar r e
sult w ould b e h
ad b yi ncreasing t he pe
o
f th e fe
rrite m aterial
, c ons
isten t with sui
tab le Q v ersus f r
equency .

1
12
 F
err
ite s
l
eeves o
r
t
oro
id co
res

o
L
ow-Z
b
a
lanced
l
i
ne
F
igure 3
-28 F
er
rite c
ores o
rsl
eeves c
an b
e p
l
aced o
vert
he c
on-
d
ucto
rs o
f ad
ipo
le a
ntenna t
odec
rease t
he a
ntenna l
e
ngth
. F
i
eld
.
s
t
rengt
h m
easu
remen
ts i
n
dica
ted n
o mea
sureab
le d
egrada
tion i
n
a
ntenna p
er
formance a
s ar
e
sul
t o
f t
he l
o
aded d
imens
ions
.

3
.
4 T
oro
ida
l D
ist
ributed C
apac
itance

When d esign ing t he t r

an sforme rs discu ssed e ar
lie r int his c hap te r
, i ti si m-
p
o r
tan t t o c on sider t he d ist r
ibu ted c apa citance o f t he i n ducto r o r
t
ransfo rme r. Many t hing s rela te t ot he d i
str ibu ted c apacitance . P a
r t o ft he
p
rob lem r e
sult s from t h e diffe ren t
ial v o
ltage b etween a djacen t t u
rn s
. T he
amoun to fc apac itance i sdependen t u pon t he t ype o fi nsula tion ( d
ielec tric)
o
n t he w i re a nd t he c ore m ate r
ia l
. I f mo is ture i sp resen t —even i ns mall
q
uan tities— ita l
so a ffects t h
ec apacitance . T his p arasitic capac itance c an b e
r
egarded a s af ixed -value c apac ito r inp a
ra llel w ith t het oro id w ind ing . T he
w
ind ing i nduc tance a nd s t
ray c apac itance e stablish t he s e
lf -
re sonan t f r
e-
q
uency o ft he i nduc to r.
I
f t he o pe rating f requency o f t he t oro id i s too n ea r t ha t o f s e
lf-
r
esonance , t he c i
rcu it Qi sl owe red a nd t he a ppa ren t induc tance i n crea ses.
Thi
si sp articula rly prom inen tw hen h igh o pe ra t
ing f r
equenc ie sa reu sed a nd
when t he t o
ro id h a s high i n duc tance . T o i lustra te t he ef fects o f t his u n-
wanted c ond it
ion , assume t ha t t he o pe rating f requency i s1 0% o ft hes e
lf-
r
esonan t f r
equency .T he resultan ta ctua l Qw ill ber ough ly 9 9% o ft hec om -
p
uted v alue . T he c ond ition w o rsen s a s the o pe rating f requency i sb rough t
c
loser t o t he s e
lf -
re sonan t o ne : ad ifferen tial o f 5 0% w i l
l d egrade t he
c
a
lcu la ted Q t o 75% .
Reduc tion o ft h ec apacitance c an b e r ealized b y a dop t
ing s p ecif
ic w ind -
i
ng t e
chn ique s
. F or e xamp le, as cramb le-wound c ore t hat o ccup ie s 3 60° o f
t
he t o
ro id w ill h ave r e
la t
ively h igh s tray c apac itance . Ac ore w ith , s ay, 9 00
t
urns w il
l e xhibit ap arasitic capac itance o f4 0t o7 0p F. T hisc an b ei mp roved
b
y u s
ing f ewer d eg ree s ofc ore c i
rcumf erence , s uch a s 3 25 ° .
Some d esigne r s use ap rog re ssive o r mod ified -bank s tyle o fw ind ing . A
g
ap o f Y ,t o 1/i
4 n. i sm aintained b etween t h ee nd s oft hew ind ing . T he s t
ray
c
apac itance w ill b e reduced s ome 5 0% o ver t he scramb le-wound 3 60° t ype

1
13
14 App
lying T
oro
ida
l C
ores Chap
. 3

o
f t
oroid winding
. Itshou
ld be n
oted t
hat t
he encapsu
lation ma
ter
ial u
sed
f
or po
tting to
roidal i
nduc
tor
s and tr
ansformer
s w il add somewha
t to t
he
d
i
str
ibu ted c
apaci
tance.

3
.5 P
ower S
upp
lies

T
oro
ids
, a
s w
ell a
s Uc
ore
s, p
ot c
ore
s, a
nd E c
ore
s, a
re u
sed e
x
tens
ive
ly i
n
t
ransformers for dc-
to-dc c
onverters and dc-to-ac i
nve
rters
. T he p
rincip
le
o
fo perat
ion forthese powersuppliesisre
latively s
imp
le: The tr
ansforme ris
wound o n acore that w
il
l prov
ide a h y
steresis l
oop whose shape isnear
ly
t
hat of are
ctangle
, asi ss
een inFig. 3
-29. This t
ype o
ftransformeri sfound
i
n Fig
. 3-30 (T
i).
Q Ia
nd Q2 ofthe s
ame c
ircu
it opera
te a
s sw
itches
. When one isoffthe
o
ther i
son, and v
i
ce ver
sa. So t
hat we may i
lust
rate th
e o
perational c
on-
c
ept
, le
t u
s a
ssume tha
t Q Ii
sconducting a
nd t
hatQ 2i sinc
utof
f. This c
on-
d
i
tion places th
e i nput v
oltage acro
ss t
he top h
alf o
f Np i o
r f F
ig
. 3.30
. As
t
h
is occurs, avoltage isinduced inal
l t
heT I w
indings. When Q
I conducts
,
i
n
stantaneous cur rent a
nd voltage p
eaks r
each maximum i nt
he t
r
ansformer
w
indings. This condit
ion w i
ll be ma
inta
ined unt
il th
e core o
fTI sa
turate
s.
A
t t
hi
s t ime t
he f
lux change rate w
i
ll drop tozero, and the i
nduced v
oltages
w
i
ll d
ecline toze
ro. Ast h
is happens
, the base d
rive di
sappea r
s fr
om Q 1. At
t
h
isperiod the c
urren
td ecrea
se s
, c
ausing the f
lux toincrease i
nthe o
ppo s
ite
d
i
rec
tion . S
ince avol
tage o fo ppos
ite polar
ity isinduced inthe w
indings of

I
dea
l s
a
turab
le C
ore c
harac
ter
ist
ic

F
igure 3
-29 An i
d
eal h
yste
res
is l
oop
f
o
r asatu
rab
le co
re would b
e aperfec
t
r
ec
tang
le, a
s s
hown here. (
Cou
rtesy o
f
Magne
tics D
iv
ision o
fSpang I
ndus
tries
,
I
nc
.)
 f
. -
>
-
•800 H
z
NF
B T
i

D1-D4
1
A, 1
000 V P
RV

3
0 K
1
0 W +
300 V

4
0 1
2 5
° /
I F C
l
4
50 V
1
0W
NS
EC
R
2
_
L
NpR1 P
. =1
45 W (
483 mA
)
E
ff
. 83% @ 1
45 W

+
14 V

2
0A

• —Heat sink
,
4
0s q
. in
che s
, Np Fi - 4
0TS C
T, n
o. 1
2enam
. (
b
ifi
lar
)
-
1 i
B n
ch thick
NF
B - 1
2TS C
T, n
o. 1
8enam
. (
b
ifi
lar
)
o
rgreate
r
Ns„ — 4
48 T
S C
T, n
o. 2
3 e
nam
.
W
ind on magnetic
s inc
. 51001-2A
t
o
rpid c
ore. K i
logausses z
-
-15.
0
1, 0
2 -Motoro
la C
ore t
ype
: O rthonol, 2
.5" OD, 1.
5" I
D,
H
EP G6006 o
requiva
lent
. 0.5" t
hick, t
ape wound.
F
igure 3
-30 B
asic c
i
rcu
it f
o
r ad
c-
to-dc c
onver
ter i
n wh
ich a s
a
turab
le t
r
ans
forme
r (
Ti
) i
s
u
sed
. Th
is c
i
rcu
it i
spat
terned a
f
ter o
ne t
hat w
as p
ubl
ished b
y D
elco D
iv
ision o
f GM C
orp
. i
n
AN
-18, a
n a
ppl
ica
tion no
te.

T
i, Q 2 goes into conduc t
ion. From t h
is po
int o nward
, the cyc
le keeps
r
epeat
ing.
A square wave wil
l a ppea
r across N of F
ig. 3-
30. The f
requency of
t
he QI, Q2 switching ac
tion isdete
rm ined b
y numbe r of p
r
imary t u
rns on
T
i, thedc operating v
oltage, and t
he fl
ux c
harac
terist
icsofthetoroid co
re.
Hence
,

Np
r
i Ebb X 1
08
=
4
B,Af

w
here Ebb i
sthe s
upp
ly v
ol
tage
, NI
i.
:
p ;t
he n
umbe
r o
f t
u
rns i
n o
ne-ha
lf t
he
p
r
imary w
inding, B the s
atura
tion f
lux den
sity i
nli
nes pe
r s
quare i
nch
, A
t
hec
ore a
rea i
nsquare i
nches
, and ft
he f
requency o
fs w
itch
ing i
nher
tz.T he

1
15
116 A
pply
ing T
oro
ida
lCo
res C
hap
.3

f
r
equency
, f
r
om n
o l
oad t
o f
u
ll l
oad
, s
hou
ld n
ot c
hange more t
han 50/
oif
t
he des
ign isd one c orrectly.
Osc
illa
tion isstar ted b y vi
rtue of RI and R 2
. T hese r
es
is tances provide
f
orward bias fo
r Q Ia nd Q 2
.T hi
sc ause
st het r
ansistorstoo pe ra
te above t he
l
ow-current, nonl
inea r portion oft he c
urve. A f u
ll-wave bridge rect
ifier is
f
ormed b y us
ing D 1 t hrough D 4
, as s
hown . R3 is aminimum -load resis
tor .
I
tisn ecessary to preven t t h
e 5 0
-µF fi
lter capacitor from c harging t o the
p
eak value o f t
he spike v oltage w h
ich ispresent. Itserve
s a lso as as af
ety
m
easure again
st s
hock haza
rd by b
leed
ing th
e de v
ol
tage f
rom C1w hen t
he
p
ower supply isi
nope
rative
.
T
he tu
rns o n1
V,„ can b
e va
ried innumber t
o ob
tain t
he d
es
ired ou
tput
v
ol
tage. The power r
at
ing of t
he c
ompo s
ite s
upply mus
t b
e kep
t inmind i
f
t
h
is isdone.

3
.5
.1 U
sing P
owe
r F
ETs a
s Sw
itches

Acircuit s
imilartothat o
fFig. 3-
30 isg
iven i
nFig
. 3 -
31. The ma
jord i
f-
f
e
rence ist ha
t Q I and Q2 a
re VMOS p ower FETs. The use o
fp ower FETs
e
nable
s t h
e designer t
oe mploy sma
ller c
omponents f
or ag i
ven powerleve
l.
T
his isbecause t h
e upper fr
equency li
mit o
f FET sw
i tches i
s much h
igher
(
100 MHz or g
rea
ter)
, the
reby permit
ting sw
itching frequencie
s of 50 kHz
o
r g
rea
ter. Sma
lle
r toro
id co
res can be u
sed and th
e oscil
lator ef
fic
iency i
s
h
i
gh. The f
i
l
tercapac
itor c
an be much l
ower i
nv a
lue th
an att h
el owerswi
tch-

VN 6
6AJ
•

0
1

+Vo
VN 6
6AJ

0
2

+B
ias
F
igure 3
-31 P
owe
r F
ETs (
VMOS
) a
re i
dea
l f
o
r u
se w
ith a s
atu
rab
le
t
r
ans
forme
r. T
he b
asic c
i
rcu
it s
een h
ere i
scapab
le o
f h
igh
ly e
f
fic
ien
t
o
pera
tion
.
S
ec
. 3
-6 C
ore D
opi
ng 11
7

i
ng f
r
equenc
ies o
f af
ew h
undred h
ertz t
o 3 kHz
. T
he S
i
licon
ix VN66Ais
s
hown are b
ut o
ne t
ype o
f VMOS p
owe
r F
ET s
u
itab
le f
o
r h
igh
-cur
ren
t,
h
igh
-speed s
wi
tch
ing
.
Other advantages a
re offe
red b y enhancemen t-mode p ower FETs: they
a
re n ot subject to d e
struction f r
om t herma l runaway o r seconda ry
b
reakdown . T hey cannot be d estroyed w hen o perated i
nto an open o r
s
horted lo
ad . Of more than casual intere
st to the des
igner ist
he low input
a
nd o u
tput c apac
itance cha
rac teri
stics of these FET s
: the i
nput amoun t i
s
t
yp
ically about 50p Fand theo u
tpu t ison the order of35 pF
. Thi
s explains
t
he fa
st swi
tching t
ime tha
t t
hey wi
ll p
rovide
. Power FETs a
re s
omewha
t
more e
ff
icient a
tthe h
igher o
pera
ting v
ol
tages, s
o t
he c
i
rcu
it s
hown i
nFig
.
3
-31 w ou
ld b e i
deal fo
r use from a24- to28-V d
c supply. D o
ts indica
te the
po
lari
ty oft he fe
edback a nd pr
imary windingsofT 1. The same type o
fc ore
mate
rial spec
ified fo
rT I ofFig. 3
-30 (Magnet
ics
, Inc.
, O r
thono l) isr
ecom -
mended fo r t
he lower osc
illa
tor fr
equencies
. Af e
rri
te toroid co
re w ould be
mo
re appropria
te fo
r h
igh o
pera
ting f
r
equenc
ies (
10 t
o 5
0 kHz).
F
igu
re 3-32 show
s how a
n Or
thonol c
ore c
ompare
s toothe
rs wh
ich a
re
u
sed for d
c-
to -dc conver
ters and d c
-to-ac in
ve r
ters. The B-H l
oop c
lo
sely
a
pproaches the cla
ssic r
ec
tangle discussed ear
lier.
The c
ore l
oss versu
s fl
ux d
en s
ity a nd f
requency isshown inthec
urve
s of
F
ig. 3-
33. The curvesare f
or2-m i
l O rthonol such as t
hat u
sed i
nTi o
fFig.
3
-30.

3
.6 C
ore Dop
ing

There i
sseldom a n app
licat
ion f or toroidal inducto
rs or t r
an sforme r
s in
which s
ome f orm of p
rotect
ion a gains
t dirt
, a bra
sion, and mo isture isnot
u
sed. The f
inal c
omponen tisu sual
ly coated with alow-loss
, durab le pro
tec-
t
i
ve lacquer or c
ompound . T h
is can take the form of simple imp regnation
o
ft hecore and w
inding with coi
l dope, or in amore elaborate situat
ion the
a
ssemb ly may b e encapsu lated b y mean s of apott
ing compound .
There are an umbe r ofr easonsw hy w em ight want tosealt he winding o f
atoroidal
-wound c o mponen t. First, movemen t of the c
oi
l o r transforme r
t
urns has as i
gn ificant effect o n t
he eff ect
ive inductance. T h
is i sespecially
t
rue when as ingle -
layer wind ing isa pplied to acore and when t here isspace
b
etween t he turn s. Any c hange i n induc tance can have a ser
ious e f
fect o n
c
i
rcuits which p e rform a s osc
illato r
s or f i
l
ters. In th
e ca
se o fa n oscillator,
t
he fr
equency s t abil
ity can b es ubstanda rd ifthe tu
rns areallowed t o move .
F
urthe rmore, i ft he overall piece ofe qu ipment inw h
ich the t o
roid i sused
h
appens t
o b
e i
n an e
nvironment where v
ibra
tion t
akes pl
ace
, frequency
modu
lat
ion may r
e
sul
t when the t
urns of t
he co
il v
ibra
te. A n
arrowband
f
i
l
ter w
i
ll n
ot h
old a
l
ignmen
t i
fth
e i
nduc
tor
s a
re i
n
capab
le o
fbe
ing s
t
able
.
 B(
kG)

2
2
1
3
-H loops o
f S
upe
rrnendur
s
a
turable ma
ter
ials
2
0

1
8

magne
sil
1
6

O
rthono
l
1
4

1
2

1
0

8
P
erma
lloy 8
0

6 _
r
5
0
00P
erm
.
f
e
rrite
4

0
.5 0
.4 0
.3 0
.2 0
.1 0 0
.
1 0
.2 0
.3 0
.4 0
.5
H(
0e)
F
igure 3
-32 C
ompa
rison o
fco
re t
ypes f
o
ruse i
nsa
turab
le r
e
acto
rs. T
he O
rthono
l c
ore h
as a
n
a
lmos
t i
dea
l r
ec
tangu
lar h
yste
res
is c
harac
ter
ist
ic. (
Cour
tesy o
f Magne
tics D
iv
ision o
f S
pang
I
ndus
tries
, I
nc
.).

T
herefore
, i
tisp
ruden
t t
o a
ff
ix t
he c
oi
l t
u
rns t
o t
he c
ore ma
ter
ial i
nfi
l
ter
s
a
s w
el
l a
s o
sc
illa
tor
s.

3
.6
.1 S
imp
le D
oping Method
s

Figure 3
-34 s
hows two broadband , tr
if
ilar-wound toro
idal t
ransforme rs
b
e
ing u sed i
n adoubly b
alanced pa s
sive m ixer
. The tr
ansformer wind ings
h
ave been sea
led by means of polystyrene-base co
il cement (Po
ly s
ty rene
Q
-Dope ). T
his i
s ah
igh-d
ielect
ric substance w h
ich has atough c
onsistency.
T
hree c
oats o
fcemen
t w e
re a
ppl
ied t
ot h
et o
roid
ss hown inth
ep hotograph.
T
he l
as
tc oat
ing w
asallowed t
oflow t
hrough t
he c
ore c
ente
r and a
round the

1
18
 1
00
9
0 I I II 1
111 I I¡
III
8
0
7
0
6
0
5
0

a
o 2m
il o
rthono
l
3
0

2
0

1
0

7
6
)
lb

5
W
ss (/

4
o
ore l

3
C

1
0
.9
0
.8
0
.7
0
.6
0
.5

0
.4

0
.3

0
.2

1 1 I 1 I
II
o
h
i
Q
f
l
o Ó Ó S<
2"
, 2
; 8 à
('
2. §g
o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o

F
lux d
ens
ity (
g
auss
)
F
igure 3
-33 F
l
ux d
ens
ity a
nd f
r
equency o
f o
pera
tion v
ersus c
ore l
o
ss i
sil
-
l
u
stra
ted h e
re. These cu
rves are b
ased o
n 2-m i
l Orthonol c
ore ma
ter
ial
.
{
Courtesy o
f Magnet
ics D
ivis
ion o
f S
pang I
ndus
tries, I
nc
.).

o
ute
re dges. This h
elps keep thetran
sforme rsinp lace onthe printed-circuit
b
oard. There isno copper conductor on the c
omponen t s
ide ofth e pr
in ted-
c
i
rcuit b
oard. Had t here been
, each transformer w ould have been eleva ted
a
tleas
t 'Ai n
. above the copper g
round p lane, u
sing a n i
n
su la
ting pede s ta
l.
S
uch an el
evating i
nsulator se
rves two purposes: itpreven
t s a
brasion o ft he
w
indings and consequent s ho
rt-c
ircuit c
ond i
tions. A l
so, plac
ing t h
e t rans-
f
ormer somewha t above the copper ground plane r
educes u nwanted
c
apac
itive e
ffec
ts between t
he wind
ings and ground
. In asymme t
rica
l ci
r-
c
ui
t, s
uch as abalanced m
ixer, a
l
lstray c
apac
itance a
nd i
nductance mus
tb e
k
ept t
o am in
imum .
 7
.
7

"
•
11
10
11 ~
11
11
11
1
11;

Jk
le

F
igure 3
-34 T
he t
wo t
o
roids s
hown i
nth
is modu
le a
re t
r
i
fi
lar wound
. T
hey h
ave b
een
d
oped w
ith p
olys
tyrene Q
-dope t
o s
ea
l t
hem a
gains
t mo
istu
re.

An examp le o ft oroid d op ing w ith p oly s

ty rene c emen t iso ffered i nF ig
.
3
-35. E ach o ft het h
ree t oroid s h asb een g iven s eve ralc oatso fQ -Dope . The
l
arge t oroid i s p art o f t he t ank c i
rcu it o f aF ET v ariab le
-frequency
o
scil
lato r
. D irec tly b e
low i t a r
e t hree t empe rature-stab le p o
ly s
ty rene
c
apa c
ito rs
. T hey a re p art of t h e oscil
lato r LC c ircuit. T he c apacito r
s h ave
a
l
so b een a ffixed t ot he pc b oa rd b y m ean s o fQ -Dope , t hereby p reven ting
u
nwan ted i n
stab ility f r
om v ib ration .
Anothe rd esirab le end r e
su lto fc oild oping i st hat mo isture i skepto utof
t
he wind ings. A s w e l e
arned e a r
lier i nth e chap te r
, t h
e mo isture c onten t in
t
he air has a n e ffect o n the d istribu ted c apaci tance b etween t he turns o fa
t
oroidal i nduc tor. I n the inte rest o f s t
abili
ty , t he d i
stribu ted c apaci tance
must rema in u nchanged .
I
ns i
tua t
ion s w here w e m igh t wi sh t os t
and t h e toroid o ne nd fore ase o
f
moun t
ing a nd t ol essen u nwan ted c apac itive e ffec ts, the m e
thod i lustrated
i
n Fig. 3 -
36 i ss ugge sted. T he t oroid i sf i
rst " gunked" w i
th Q -dope a nd
a
lowed t o dry. T hen a g ene rous d ab o f GE S ila s
tic c ompound o r R TV
s
ealant i sd ropped o n t he p rinted -circuit b oa rd . T he t oroid , w hich h as
a
lready b een s olde red t ot he c ircuit b oard , isa lowed t o " f
loa t" i nt he ce
-
ment a s s
hown . O nce t he compound h as se
t, t he t oroid i sh e
ld s ecure ly in
p
lace. T he c ompound a lso f unc tion s asa n eff ective s hock a bsorbe r.

3
.6
.2 P
ott
ing T
echn
ique

I
tiss
tandard p
ract
ice to imbed low-frequency to
roids inpo
tting com
-
p
ound. Many Mi
l-Spec products r
equire pott
ing procedures t
o p
rotect t
h
e
c
omponent f
rom mois
tu re
, oi
l, d
ir
t, and fungus. A
lthough thepot
ting com
-
p
ound a
lways ha
s some effe
ct on th
e elec
t r
ical c
haracte
ris
tics o
f atoro
ida
l

1
20
 F
igure 3
-35 T h
ree t
oro
ids are s
een o
n th
is p
c board
. Each has b
een coated
g
enerous
ly w
ith G
-Dope t
o a
f
fix t
hem t
o t
he c
i
rcu
it b
oard a
nd p
rotec
tthe w
indings
f
r
om a
bras
ion a
nd mo
istu
re.

T
oro
id

GE S
i
last
ic
compound

P
C b
oard
F
igure 3
-38 At
o
roid c
an b
e e
dge
-moun
ted b
y
f
l
oat
ing i
tin ad
ab o
fsi
licone c
ementsuch a
s G
E
S
i
last
ic o
r R TV sea
lant. The cement has a
r
ubbe
r-l
ike c
ons
istency when d
ry
, t
hereby f
unc
-
t
i
oning a
s as
hock moun
t.

i
nductor or t
ransformer, t
h e p
roblem i so
fm inor consequence a tthe l
ower
f
requencies
.
V
arious k
ind s of c
hem ica
l c ompounds a re ava
ilable
, a nd each has a
s
pecif
ic s t
abi
lity factor a nd dielectr
ic quali
ty. Once t he a ppropr
iate
s
ubstance iss
elected by t
he des
igne r
, the t
oro
id c an b
e encap sula
ted inthe
manne r s
hown a t F
ig. 3-
37 . Al
though t he i
lustrat
ion d ep
ict s but o
ne of
many p
ot
ting fo
rmats, i
tiso
ne o
fthe mo
stcommon o
nesused b
yth
eindus
try.
T
he induc
to r o
rtran
sformer i
swound, t
e
sted
, t
hen c
onnec
ted t
o ap
iece

121
 Mount
ing
s
tuds

(
b
)
To
roid
t
e
rm ina
ls

E
poxy po
tting
b
lock

F
i
gure 3-
37 T
he l
ongev
ity o
f t
o
roida
l t
r
ans
forme
rs o
r i
n
duc
tors c
an b
e
e
nhanced g
rea
tly b
y p
l
acing t
hem i
n ap
otted a
ssemb
ly o
f t
he t
ype s
hown
h
ere
. Mos
t M
i
l-Spec c
ont
rac
ts c
a
ll f
o
r t
h
is k
i
nd o
f e
ncapsu
lat
ion
.

o
f c i
rcuit b oa rd t hat h as b een f i
tted w ith s o
lde r te
rm ina ls. A mo ld o f
s
uitable dimen sion s i sc ho sen n ext. I ti sc oated i n
terna l
ly w ith si
licone
g
rease t opreven t the p otting c ompound f rom a dher
ing t o it
.T he toroidal
a
ssemb ly and t e
rm ina l boa rd i sin
se r
ted i nthe m old, then th ep ott
ing c om -
p
ound i spou red. Moun t
ing s tuds are a lso c ontained o n thep r
inted -c
ircu i
t-
b
oa rd heade r i f moun ting i stob e d one a tt he terminal s
. Al ternatively, as
s
een i nFig. 3 -37, the s tud s can b e affixed t o one si
de o f the f i
nished p ro-
d
uc t
. Ift he la
tte rm ethod i sused, t he mo ld mu st have h oles o n one w a
ll to
a
ccommoda te t he s t
ud s.
Many p o
t ting c ompound s mu st be b aked f or aspecified p eriod o ft ime
a
fter they have b een p oured i n amo ld. T his cur
ing p roce ss ensures as table
a
nd r e
liable c omponen t f or fi
eld u se.
Va
riou s dye s are a vailable f o
r m aking t he encapsula t
ing m aterial prac-
t
i
ca l
ly any colo rt hed e
s igne rs pec
ifies. S ome c ast
ing r e
sin sw hich a r
es o
ld in
h
obby s t
ores a ree ntirely s u
itab le for o ne- shot laborato ry expe r
imen ts with
e
ncap sulat
ion . F ew o ft hem r equire o ven b aking, and d yesc an b em ixed i n
-
t
o the res
in a sd es
ired .

REFERENCES

[
I]JO
HN D
. LE
NK, Handbook o
f Modern S
olid
-Sta
te Amp
lif
ier
s. E
nglewood C
l
iff
s,
N
.J.
: P
ren
tice
-Ha
ll
, I
nc
., 1
974
.
[
2
] M
.F . "Doue
." D
E MAw
, ARRL E
lec
tron
ics Da
ta B
ook
. N
ewing
ton
, CT :ARRL ,
I
nc
., 1976
.
[
3
] WES HA MARD AND M.F
. "Doue" DE MAw, S
olid S
tate D
esign f
or t
he R
adio
Amateur
. N
ewing
ton, CT :ARRL ,I
nc
., 1
977
.

1
22
4

B
EADS
, S
LEEVES
,
AND POT CORES

A
lthough w
e c
ove
red t
he s
ubjec
t o
f t
o
roids i
n C
hap
ter 3
, t
he f
e
rri
te
b
eads a
nd s l
eeves tr
eated in t
his s
ect
ion ar
e simi
lar to th
eir doughnu
t-
s
haped c
ousins, th
e toroid
s. The pr
incipa
l di
ffe
rence be
tween b eads a
nd
t
oro
ids i
sthat th
e former are o
f adi
fferen
t a
spect r
at
io, phys
ica
lly, a
s c
an
b
e seen i
nthe p
hotograph o
fFigure 4-
1. The d
iame
ter/
length r
atio o
fbeads
i
sgreate
r than f
or t
o
roids
. Sim
ilarly
, the ID/OD r
at
io isg
reate
r, and b
eads

o
i
g
e
teze
ivi
i)

F
igure 4
-1 P
ot c
ore a
nd s
ome f
e
rri
te b
eads
.

123
1
24 B
ead
s, S
l
eev
es, a
nd P
otC
ore
s C
hap
.4

a
reg enera lly much s maller o verall th an the typ
icalt oroid c ore. F
inally, the
a
pplicat
ion s t o w h
ich b eads a re p u t a r
e s omewha t a part from t hose o f
t
oroids.
We c an e nv i
sion t he f errite s l
eeve a s al ong f e
rrite b ead w h
ich h as a
r
e
latively t hin w all
, c ompara tively s peaking . Itcan beu sed f or many o ft he
t
a
sk sa s
signed t ot heb ead , asw es ha
ll l e
arn i nth
isc hap ter. F o
r mo s
tc ircuit
a
pplication s t heb ead, sleeve, a nd p otc o
re ar eused tos urround t hec onduc -
t
or (s
ingle w i
re o r coil
), w herea s the c onduc tor ison th e outer su
rface o fa
t
oroid c ore. T hus, the b ead, s l
eeve , a nd pot core not o n
ly i n
crease the i n
-
d
uctance o f t he conduc to r, b ut al
so s e
rve a sshield m aterial for t
he in duc-
t
or.
P
ot c ore s a nd c up c o
res a re t wo -piece u n
its. O ne -half of the f e
r r
ite
c
y
linde rc onta insa n insula t
ing b obbin o n which a ninduc toro rt r
ansfo rme r
w
inding i sp laced. T he r ema ining c o re half fi
ts over the b obbin and m ates
w
ith the f irst h a
lf of t he c o
re . T he t wo s e
ctions are t i
ghtened t ogether b y
means o f an onconduc tive s crew -and -nu t assembly. T he r e
su l
tant device i s
a
n enclo sed , s h
ielded t ransfo rme r or i n
duc tor
.

4
.
1 P
rope
rties o
f B
eads

T
he p hysical and e l
ectr
ica l characteristics o f the f e
rrite b ead ar e shown i n
F
ig. 4 -2
. Ab lank b ead i sdepicted i np a
rt ( a)
. P art ( b) show s as ingle-wire
c
onduc torp assed t h
rough t heb ead. P ar t (c
)i ndicatest hee xis
tence o f Ra nd
Lc omponen ts t h
atr esult from thea ssemb ly s een a tB . When af erri
te bead
i
si n
se rted in s er
ies w i
th a n a c voltage , t he cond ition s hown i n Fig. 4-3
p
revails. T herefore, the i mpedance e xh ibited b y o ne o r mo re bead s sl
ipped
o
ve r ac onduc torc an beu sed toc onside rab le advan tage w hen i tisdesired to
s
upp ress as e
le cted frequency o r b and o f f requenc ies. T he a moun t ofs up-
p
ression i sdependen t upon thep ie o
ft he f e
rrite, thes ize oft heb ead ,a nd the
f
r
equency o ft h
es uppressed energy. T he i mpedance p resented b yt he fer
rite
ma
te rialc an bei ncreased b y winding t wo o r mo re turn so fw ire through t he
b
ead. T his i
ss een inF ig. 4-4a. A n alterna tive b ut mo re costly m ethod f or
i
ncreasing t he s e
ries impedance i ss hown i np a r
t ( b
), w here t wo o r mo re

B
ead

B
ead C
onduc
tor E
quiva
lent c
i
rcu
it

C
a
) (
b
) (
c
)
F
igure 4
-2 P
hys
ica
l a
nd e
l
ect
rica
l c
ompa
rison o
f af
e
rri
te b
ead
.
 zb
e
a
d

F
igure 4
-3 S
chema
tic r
epresen
ta-
t
i
on o
f af
e
rri
te b
ead when i
n
ser
ted i
n
as
i
gna
l p
ath
.

ZI Z
2 Z
3

B
ead

(
b
)

(
a
)
F
igure 4
-4 T
he e
f
fec
tive i
nduc
tance o
f af
e
rri
te-
loaded i
mpedance c
an b
e i
n
creased
(
a
) b
y l
oop
ing o
ne o
r mo
re w
ire t
u
rns t
h
rough a s
i
ngle b
ead
, o
r (
b
) a
dding b
eads i
n
s
er
ies o
n as
i
ngle c
onduc
tor
.

b
eads c an b e used i
n as t
ring to exceed t he i
nductance o f as i
ngle compo -
n
ent.
An i nc
rea se in bead/conduc tor i nductance can b e achieved e as
ily by
u
ti
liz
ing as l
ightly d
ifferent f
orm o fb ead —one w hich has two or mo re hole
s
t
hrough i t
. Figure 4-
5 c onta
in s e
xamp les ofthree popular mu lt
ihole beads.
The device s e
en i n pa
r t (
c) iscal
led a b alun core
. T he t wo h o
les are o f
s
omewha t l a
rge r d
iame ter than those f ound i n fer
rite b eads. The b ead
s
hown i nF ig.4-2a, p
lus those inFig.4 -5a and b,are notsuitable forp as
sing
more than o ne turn of medium -gauge w ire th
rough t heir bores
. T he balun
c
ore i
nFig
. 4-5c i
sid
eal w
hen s
eve
ral t
u
rns o
fwire mus
t b
e w
ound t
h
rough
t
he c
ore h
ole
s.
S
ome manufac turersw il
ls upply fer ri
te bead s t
ha
t areassembled on No.
2
2 AWG t i
nned c oppe r w ire
. F air-R ite P roducts C o
rp . is one such
f
abr
icator
. T he b eads c an b e supp lied, t aped, and ree
led f or use by
a
utomatic i
nser
tion appa ratus for p
r
in ted-circuit b
oards. They a
re supp
lied
i
naccordance with EIA S tanda rd RS -296 -C.
F
err
ite b
eads are ava
ilable in avarie ty ofp ermeabi
lit
ies
. Ma te
rialwith pi

1
25
 (
a
) (
b
) (
c
)
F
igure 4
-5 F
er
rites a
re a
vai
lab
le f
o
r u
se a
s b
a
luns o
r s
i
ngle i
mpedances i
n t
he
f
o
rms s
een a
t (
a
) t
h
rough (
c
). T
he n
umbe
r o
f h
oles w
i
ll d
epend o
n t
he a
ppl
ica
tion
.

v
a
lues o
f2500 a
nd 5
000 i
sexce
llen
t fo
r f
requenc
ies up t
o40 MHz
. From 4
0
t
o200 MHz ab
ead w
ith 8
50 mii
srecommended. Above 2
00 MHz i
tisb
estt
o
e
mploy b
ead mate
ria
l t
hat ha
s a2 50 pi c
haracte
ris
tic
.
T
he a
bso
rption o
f f
er
rite bead
s can be enhanced mea
surab
ly b
y u
s
ing a
b
ead and a c
apaci
tor in s
er
ies, bu
t w
ith t
he lo
ad in p
ara
lle
l wi
th the
c
apac
itor (
F
ig. 4
-6
). The r
e
sultant d
amp
ing v
alue i
sequ
iva
len
t to t
he b
ead
i
mpedance mu
ltip
lied b
ythe r
eac
tance ofthe c
apaci
tor. I
tcan b
eseen f
rom
t
h
is t
hat t
he th
ree bead
s shown in F
ig
. 4-6 would by t
hemse
lves e
xhib
it a
s
e
ries i
mpedance o
f7 5 Qat2.2 M Hz
. Through the a
ddi
tion of C
l, t
he ef
-
f
e
ctive d
amping impedance h
as b
een el
evated t
o 5422
.5 Q. T
he benef
its o
f
t
h
is me
thod are e
spec
ial
ly si
gnificantw hen i
tisn
ecessary t
o f
il
teru nwanted
f
r
equencies f
rom powerle
ads. A ttenuat
ion amount
s of5 0 dB o
rg rea
terare
c
ommonp lace a
t VHF and higher. in RFI a
nd EMI fi
l
tering app
licat
ions i
t
i
sst
anda rd p
rac
tice t
o use f
eed
through capac
itors i
ncombination w
ith f
er-
r
i
te beads a
t t
he en
trance and ex
it p
oin
ts of sh
ield e
nc
losure
s that c
onta
in
s
ens
itive c
i
rcui
ts. The f
e
edth
rough c
apac
ito
r se
rves a
l
so a
s ac
onnec
tion t
e
r-
m
inal for t
he i
nte
rnal a
nd e
xte
rna
l ci
rcu
it w
ir
ing.

4
.1
.1 S
hie
ld-Bead A
ttenuat
ion

I
n ac
tual d es
ign w ork itisoften necessary tospecify t
he at
tenua t
ion re-
qu
ired of ab ead o r s
tr
ing o fbead s
. Ats uch times itis ad
es
ign requiremen t
t
o conve r
t th
is i nformation into an equivalent i
mpedance . We will now ex-
amine the re
lationship be tween the t
wo k inds ofdata. We wil
l lea
rn h ow to
c
onve rt one type ofr equirement into the othe
r by m eans of e
qua t
ion s
.
T
he insert
ion l oss o
r a t
tenuation of ab ead ind ec
ibels i
so b
tained b y

a
t
tenua
tion = 2
0 l
og
10 EL
ELB

whe
re EL i
sthe v
ol
tage ac
ross t
he load w
ithou t t
he bead inthe s
igna
l path,
a
nd ELB isthe v
oltage a
cross t
he load afte
r the b
ead h a
s been in
serted.
F
igure 4
-7a and b show th
e two c ondi
tions of the e quat
ion. A desired
amount o
f a
t
tenuation c
an be o
btained through empirical mean
s bys imply

126
 Zr -7
5 S2

Z1 Z2 Z3

0
.00
1 1
.
4F
X,
= 7
2.3 1
2
Cl

2
.2 MH z

Z
.zt
rop . ZT xX,
.= 5
422
.5 S
2

Z1
, Z2
, Z3
: p
,= 5
000

F
igure 4
-6 S
igna
l a
bso
rpt
ion c
an b
e i
n
creased
g
rea
tly by u
s
ing ac
apac
itor i
ncombinat
ion wi
th f
e
r-
r
i
te beads
, a
sshown h
ere
. The l
oad i
sinpa
ral
lelw
ith
C
l.

E,= 3 V

EL
A
ttenua
tion = 2
0 l
oge i7
,
9

3
=2
0 l
o
g10 — =1
6
.9 d
B
0
.7
(
a
)

(
b
)

F
igure 4
-7 How t
he a
t
tenua
tion o
f af
e
rri
te b
ead (;
) c
an b
ede
term
ined
(
s
ee t
he t
ext
).

127
1
28 B
ead
s, S
l
eeves
, a
nd P
otC
ores C
hap
.4

a
dding b
eads and making compara
tive v
ol
tage measuremen
ts u
nti
l t
he
d
es
ign ob
jec
tive i
smet
. T he l
i
s
t ofci
rcui
t d
esigna
tor
s inFig
. 4
-7 i
s
:

E
, s
ource v
ol
tage
.
EL l
oad v
ol
tage b
efore a
dding as
h
ield b
ead
.
ELB l
oad v
ol
tage a
f
ter a
dding a b
ead
.
I
A c
i
rcu
it c
urren
t w
ithou
t ab
ead
.
1
8 c
i
rcu
it c
urren
t a
f
ter a
dding a b
ead
.
ZG s
ource i
mpedance
.
ZB i
mpedance o
fbead
.
ZL l
oad i
mpedance
.

A
ttenuat
ion inre
lat
ionship t
osh
ield
-bead i
mpedance c
an bee
xtrac
ted f
rom
t
he f
ol
low ing e
quat
ions, wh
ich app
ly t
o t
he f
oregoing l
i
s
t of s
ymbols a
nd
F
ig. 4
-7
.

EL I
A ZL _
E
s xZ
ZG + ZL

E,
a
nd EL
B = IBZL _ X ZL
ZG + ZB + ZL

EL EsZL /
(ZG +
A
lso
, a
t
tenua
tion = 2
0 l
og
,. — —2
0 l
og
,.
ELB EsZL /
(ZG + ZB +
ZG + ZB + ZL
a
nd a
t
tenua
tion = 2
0 l
og
,.
ZG + ZL

I
tisr
ead
ily a
ppa
ren
t f
rom t
he e
qua
tions t
hat a
t
tenua
tion i
sre
lated t
o
t
he shield-bead i mpedance , the g enera
tor i mpedance , and t he l oad i m-
p
edance . Itisneces sary to know o r be ab
le toa pp roxima te the i mpedance s
o
f the generator a nd load i norde r to s
pecify one int erms o f the other.
At ypica
l set ofd ata for aspecified ferr
ite bead isg iven i
nF ig. 4 -8
. T he
c
urves f or i
mpedance , series i
n ductance, and r e
sistance h ave b een d rawn
v
ersus frequency f or as ubm in
ia ture bead that has ap tiof 5
000. C urves for
o
ther types and sizes of beads a re ava
ilable fr
om t he m anufacture rs.
A group o f curve s f o
r a n Am idon A ssoc
. F B101-43 f e
rrite b ead a re
p
résented inF igs
. 4 -9, 4
-10 , a
nd 4 -11. The bead h as api of9 50, a n OD o f
0
.138 in., a
n I D of0 .051 i n
., a
nd al eng
th o f0.118 i n
. Mea suremen ts w e
re
made with a0 .5-
in , leng
th o fw ire through the bead . Figure 4-9 c ontains a
c
urve f
or ope
rat
ing f
requency v
ersus i
mpedance i
no hms.
Two c
urves a
re s
een i
n th
e example a
t F
ig. 4
-10. One i
sfor r
e
sis
tance
 B
ead D
i mens
ions

Magne
tic Path Magne
tic C
ros
s
OD (
i
n.) I
D (
i
n.) H(
i
n.)
L
ength le (
cm) S
ect
ion A, (
cm 2 )

0
.
138±0
.008 0
.051±0
.004 0
.
128±0
.010 0
.64 0
.0033

M
agne
tic P
roper
tie
s
-
.
,
I
n
itia
l p
ermeab
ili
ty p
, ±3
0% 5
000

L
oss f
ac
tor (
t
an Up
) a
t 1
00 k
Hz 1
0 x1
0 6

H
yste
res
is f
a
cto
r (
h/p 2 ) 1x 1
0 .
6

S
atura
tion f
l
ux d
ens
ity (
8 5)a
t 50
, 4
000 g
aus
s

R
emanence (
8,
) 1
000 g
auss

C
oerc
ivity (
H,) 0
.1 o
ers
ted

R
esis
tiv
ity 1
02 o
hm-cm

C
urie t
empe
rature (Tc.
) >1
40 °C

S
er
ies i
mpedance v
s
. f
r
equency S
er
ies i
nductance a
nd r
e
sis
tance v
s
. f
r
equency
5
0 5 5
0

4
0 4 4
0

1
7
;
E30 3 3
0 -È
_
c _
C
o o
7
\"
1
-.2
0 2
0 c

1
0 1 1
0

O o
0
.1 0
.5 0
.10 2 5 1
0 2
0 5
0 1
00 3
00 0
.1 0
.5 0
.10 1 2 5 1
0 2
0 5
0 1
00

F
requency (
MHz
) F
requency (
MHz
)

F
igu
re 4
-
8 E
l
ect
rica
l s
pec
if
ica
tions f
o
r ag
i
ven f
e
rr
ite b
ead wh
ich h
as apio
f 5
000
. I
tisa
ssumed
t
hat t
he b
ead i
ssl
ipped o
ver as
t
raigh
t p
i
ece o
f w
ire w
ith p
i
gta
ils n
o l
onge
r t
han 1
/
4 i
n
.
(
Cour
tesy o
f Am
idon A
ssoc
iates
.)

a
nd the o
ther i
sforinductance
. Both curvesare r
efe
renced t
oo pera
ting f
re
-
q
uency.
T
he curve of F
ig
. 4-11 shows th
e relat
ionship be
tween at
tenuat
ion and
f
r
equency. Itcan b
es e
en that a
sthe opera
ting f
requency i
sin
creased, t
he a
t
-
t
enua
tion i
ndec
ibe
ls e
s
cala
tes a
lmo
st l
i
nea
rly
.

129
 I
mpedance v
s
. f
r
equency
8
0

6
0
7
.
-
E
.
c
o

u 4
0
-
o
V
i
o
.

2
0

1
0 5
0 1
00 1
50 2
00 3
00

F
requency (
MHz
)
F
igure 4
-9 O
pera
ting f
r
equency v
ersus i
mpedance f
o
r a
n Am
idon A
ssoc
iates
F
B10
1-43 f
e
rr
ite b
ead (
950p
).

I
nduc
tance a
nd r
e
sis
tance v
s
. f
r
equency

0
.
14 3
5

0
.
12 3
0
p H)

0
.
10 2
5 _
g
tance (

0
.08
nduc

0
.06
I

0
.04

0
.02 0
5

1
0 5
0 1
00 5
00 1
000

F
requency (
MHz
)

F
igu
re 4
-
10 S
er
ies r
e
sis
tance (
R
) a
nd i
n
duc
tance (
L
) v
ersus o
pera
ting f
r
equency f
o
rthe
f
e
rr
ite b
ead s
pec
if
ied i
nFi
g. 4
-9
.

4
.1
.2 P
rac
tica
l App
licat
ions f
o
r B
ead
s

Many RF ci
rcui
ts ar
e subjec
t to se
lf-osc
illa
tion in t
he VHF and UHF
p
arts of t
he s
pec
trum. T he c
ommon t e
rm f or th
is c
ondition is"pa
rasit
ic
o
sc
illa
tion." The malady isespec
ial
ly c o mmon w hen bipola
r tr
ansis
tors
w
ith h
igh f
Tra
ting
s a
re u
sed
. T
he s
ame i
str
ue o
fFET
s t
ha
t h
ave h
igh max
-

1
30
 A
ttenua
tion v
s
. f
r
equency
2
0 r

1
8 _

1
6 -
dB
ion ( )

1
4

1
2
t
tenua

1
0
t
A

2 3 4 5
i 6 7 8 9

F
requency (
MHz
) x1
02

F
igure 4-
11 A ttenuat
ion with respec
t t o o
pera
ting f
r
equency wh
ile u
s
ing a
n
Amidon Assoc
iates FB101-43 f
e
rri
te bead.

i
mum o perating f requenc ies, s uch a s t he 2 N4416 c lass o f d evice s. VMOS
p
owe rF ETs, b ecau se o ft heire x treme ly h igh g i rating s( 250,000 pmhos b e-
i
ng t ypical) a nd h igh u ppe r-frequency l i m
its, are p rone t o VHF p arasitics.
I
na l
l c ases the a noma ly i sencou raged b y long t ran sis
to r a nd c ircuit l eads.
When p rinted c ircu its a re u sed , p ara si
tics b ecome m anifes t mo st e as
ily
when t he etched c onduc to r
s a re q u
i te l ong between c omponen t p oints t hat
r
e
la te t ot hea ctive d evice s. Prin ted -circu it boa rdso ft hed oub le-clad v ariety
a
rer e commended i ns ituation sw he re t hep arasit
ic c apacitance sb etween t he
g
round p lane a nd t hee tched f oils w i l
l n ot impa ir c i
rcu i
t p erfo rmance . T his
t
ype o fb oard ma terial, a f
te re tch ing , h as as o
lid c oppe rs urface o nt hec om -
p
onen t s ide o f t he b oard. I ti sc onnec ted t o sys tem g round a nd t o t he
g
round f o
ils o n t he e t
ched s ide o f t he b oard. P arasit
ic o scil
la tion s a re
d
iscou raged b ecau se t he l a
rge g round c onduc to r h e
lp s t o break u p o ther-
w
ise e xisting RF g round l oop s. F urthe rmore , s mall a moun tso fc apaci tance
e
xist b etwe en th ee tched c onduc to rs a nd t heg round p lane. T his a ids ind amp -
i
ng VHF a nd UHF s elf-oscillation .
When a l
l othe r p reven tive m easure s fai
l to s top u nwan ted o s
cillation s,
i
nsertion o fo ne o r mo re f e
r r
ite b ead s d i
rec t
ly a tt he g a
te o r b ase o f at ran-
s
i
sto rw il
l h e
lp. F igu re 4 -12 s how s t h
is t e
chn ique . Z 1 i s a950g s ubm in ia ture
b
ead . I ti sloca ted a s c lose t o t he c ase o f QI a s p ossible. I tw i
ll p re sent
n
egligib le r e
actance t ot he 5-MHz o pera t
ing f requency , b utw illa ppea ra sa
l
a
rge s eries i mpedance a t VHF a nd h ighe r
. S im i
la r results c an b e had b y
p
u t
ting t heb ead i nt h ed rain o rc ollec to rl e
ad, p rov ided t hat t ho se lead sa re
"hot" a t RF . T he o scillator o f F ig
. 4 -12a h as ab ypa ssed d ra in, m aking i t
i
mp rac tical to i nse rt Z 1 at th a
t p or t. We re th
i s circu i
t a ffl
icted w i
th VHF

1
31
 0
1 2
N4416
5 MHz

(
a
) O
sci
lla
tor

1
50 MHz
0
1 MRF210
( —o Po
R
F
i
n
Z
1 D -RFC1

Z
2

Z
3 =1
0 S
I

Z
4
Va .

(
b
) VHF amp
lif
ier

R
F
i
n

(
c
) HF p
owe
r amp
lif
ier
F
igure 4
-12 Af
e
rri
te b
ead i
sused i
n(a
) t
o s
upp
ress VHF/UHF p
aras
it
ic o
sci
lla
-
t
i
ons
. F
our b
eads a
re emp
loyed i
n(b
) a
s ab
ase i
mpedance o
flow O
. F
ourb
eads a
re
a
ppl
ied i
n(c
) f
o
r p
aras
it
ic s
upp
ress
ion
.

p
aras
itic
s, the VHF e
nergy would b
e r
ead
ily a
pparent b
yo bserv
ing t
heo u
t-
p
ut wavefo
rm ( E0)b
y m eans o
f awide
-band o
sci
lloscope
. T he VHF e
nergy
wou
ld be super
imposed on th
e 5-MHz si
ne wave
.
ZI t
hrough Z4ofF ig
. 4-12c a
re u
sed f
orthepurpose j
ustdi
scussed. Bu
t,
b
ecause ofthevery h
igh gh ofthe t
wo VMOS p owe r FET
s, a
nd because t
he
d
evices a
re connec
ted i n ap a
ral
lel a
rrangement (i
ncrea
sed lead le
ngths
),
p
arasi
tic o
sci
lla
tion i
s ap roblem. Complete s
t
abi
lity r
esu
lted i
nt h
is ci
rcu
it

1
32
S
ec
.4-
1 P
rope
rt
ieso
fBead
s 1
33

o
nly a f
ter ab ead ( 950 p) w as placed i nb oth t he drain a nd gate l e
ads. Iti s
p
ractical toe mploy a1 0- to2 2-Q 1 2 -
/ W n oninduc tive r esis
to ri np la
ce o fZ 1
a
nd Z 2 f or p ara si
tic supp ress
ion . I n f act, m any d esigne rs use that techni-
q
ue. H oweve r, i fres
istors w ere si
tua ted a tZ 3 a nd Z 4, t he dc voltage drop
a
cross them w ould b e prohibitive: t he b ead s o ffer ab et ter so
lution .
I
n Fig. 4 -
12b w e find Z 1 through Z 4 s erving ad iffe rent purpo se. H ere
t
hey prov ide a n i mp edance a cro s
s w hich t he d r
iving e ne rgy to Q 1 iss up-
p
l
ied. I fw eu se t heb eads specified f or t hec urve o fF ig.4 -9, e
ach b ead w i
ll
e
xhibita n i mpedance o f3 8 Qa t 150 MHz . At otal impedance o f 1525 2w i
ll
b
ep resentw ith t hef our bead s— somewha t mo re than t hem inimum r equire-
mento ff ourt ime st heb ase impedance s pec ified ( 10Q ).T he prima ry advan -
t
age inu s
ing t heb eads instead o f ac onven tiona lw i
re-wound s o
leno idal R F
c
hoke i sthatt he Qw illbel ow f orZ 1 t hrough Z 4compa red t o awire-wound
c
hoke . This i s ad esirable cond it
ion i nt he i n
te resto fc ircui t s
tabi
lity. Many
t
imes as o
lid -sta te a mplif
ie r wil
l b reak i nto s e
lf-oscillation b y v i
rtue o f a
t
uned b ase/ tuned c o
llector cond ition b rough t o n by t h e R F choke s int he
b
ase and c ollec to rl e
ads. T he input a nd o utpu tc apac itance o fthet ransis
to r
h
elps to estab lish t he f r
equency o f o sc illation . B ut, i ft he base-return i m-
p
edance i so fl ow Q , a nd ifth ec ollec to r RF c hoke ( RFC» o fF ig. 4-12b is
o
fl ow Q, s e
lf -o sci
llation i sunlikely. T he c o sto ffourb ead s v
ersust hato fa
c
omme rcially made R F choke i ssim i
la r
.

4
.1
.3 B
ead
sas QK
i
lle
rs

I
ff o
rt hep urpo se ofm anufac tu ring e xpediency w ee lected t ou seh igh -Q
s
olenoida l or l a
yer-wound R F choke s f o
r i mpedance s, w e m igh t easi
ly e n
-
c
oun ter RF i ns
tab il
ity. T hisp o
s s
ibility w asd iscu ssed i nS ec.4 .1.2,w here w e
r
ecogn ized t he p oten t
ial i nstabili
ty o f t he circui t o f Fi g
. 4 -12b . A n R F
p
owe r a mpl
if ier w hich c ontains t wo c onven tiona l R F c hoke s iss hown i n
F
ig. 4-13a. RFC 1 and RFC2 c ould l ead tou nwan ted t uned b a
se/ tuned c ol
-
l
ector i n
stability i ft he self-resonan t cha racte r
istic s o f the t uned c ircu i
ts
f
ormed b yt hec hoke sa nd thee xist
ing c ircuitc apac itance sw ere similar.O ne
s
olution t oth eprob lem w ould b et os wamp o ne o rb oth o ft he RFc hoke sb y
s
hun t
ing t h
e i nduc tor(s) w ith a l ow -ohmage , n on induc t
ive r esistor. T h
is
would l ower t he Qa nd d i
scou rage s e
lf-oscillation o fQ 1
. T he m ajo r sho rt
-
c
om ing o fus ing para l
lel resistance i st h
a t parto ft hea mplifierp owe rw ould
b
ed issipated i nt her es
istance : t h
et rade-of fo fg ain a nd s tage e f
ficiency f o
r
s
tabi
lity m igh t be proh ibitive a s fa
r a s the d es
ign o b
jec t
ive i sconce rned .
I
fw e w ere toa dd h igh- .
if e
rrite b eads a ss hown a tR FC ' a nd R FC2 o f
F
ig.4 -13a,t h e Qo ft he choke sw ould d rop t o av ery l ow v alue .Z 1 and Z 2i n
s
uch a n examp le w ould b e m iniatu re bead s w ith apio f9 50. As ingle b ead
would b e placed o ve r the ground -retu rn p ig
ta il ofe ach c hoke , and a sc lose
t
o t he b ody o f t he c hoke a s po ssible. L abo ra tory i nvestigation s, w hi
le
 L
i

VC
C

(
a
)

S
ig
i
n

-
(
b)
F
igu
re 4
-13 Z
1 i
sused i
n(a
) a
nd (
b
) t
o l
owe
r t
he c
i
rcu
it Q(
s
ee
t
he t
ex
t) a
nd e
nhance amp
li
fie
r s
t
abi
li
ty.

u
s
ing aB oon ton 160-A Q m eter
, revealed a Q r
educt
ion o f87.5 % w hen a
s
i
ng le min
iature 950µ bead w as added to t
he p
igta
il of a10-
1
.¡H solenoidal
-
w
ound RF c hoke
. T he m easuremen t was made at25 MHz . The Qi,dropped
f
rom 8 0 t
o 10, and the e
f fec
tive inductance i
ncrea
sed a pp
roxima te
ly 1 H .
N
ex t, t
wo beads were used a nd the measurements r
epeated
. T he Qu degrad
-
e
d t oapproximately 3a nd th e i
nductance ro
se to 12 pH —a Q reduct
ion o f
s
o me 96% .
We m ight ask ourselves att h
is junc ture: Why n ot simply use as t
ring of
f
err
ite beadsi nplace of ab ead/RF c hoke c omb inat
ion? A t VHF a nd higher
t
hi
s w ould be the more p ract
ica l te
chn ique. Howeve r
, int he HF p ar
t o fthe
s
pectrum i tmight requ ire a prohibitive n umber o f beads to r
ealize the im-
p
edance r equired for t he ci
rcuit. T herefore, itisl e
ss dif
ficult to ut
ilize a
w
ire-wound c hoke and l ower t h
e Qb y adding one or more f e
r r
ite bead s
.
There are some circu i
ts i n which t he base re
turn o f ap ower t r
an s
istor
c
an tole
rate as mall amoun t ofseries res
istance withou t i
mpo s
ing at hrea tto
t
he Class Ct ransi
stor amp l
ifier. In such a n examp le we could s ubs
titute a
5
0- to 100-Q compo si
t ion resistor for Z l
. T his would lower the choke Q t o

1
34
S
ec
.4-
1 P
rope
rti
eso
fBead
s 1
35

a
n acceptab
le leve
l. The m e
thod i s not r
e
commended , as th
e re
ve r
se-
b
reakdown prof
ile t
hat r
esu
lted c
ould damage t
hetrans
i s
tord u
ring p
eriods
when d
rive was appl
ied
. T he d
est
ruction would be gradual i
n anorma l
s
i
tuat
ion, and t
he fau
lt would b
e observed a
sbeta d
egradation
.
The Q -kill
ing p rocedu re s
hown i nF ig. 4
-13a can b ea pp
lied int h
ec ase
o
f t he broadband t r
ansfo rmer, T i, seen inFig. 4-13b. O ne or more h igh-
p
ermeab ility b ead s would s imply b e placed over the re
turn lead oft he T i
s
econda ry w ind ing, ass hown . T he bead p ermeabili
ty discussed inthis sec-
t
i
on ( 9 50)i sn o
t manda to ry. The a u
tho rh aslearned through yearsofc ircuit
d
esign a nd a pplication tha t a950g f err
ite m a
te r
ial repre
sents ag ood c om -
p
rom i se f or circuits from 2 t o 450 MHz . Howeve r, beads with lowe r
c
ha racteristics c an be emp loyed p rovided that the de
sired re
sults ar
e re a
liz-
e
d. A t t he h igh e nd o f t h
e f r
equency r ange just m en
tioned ( 100 to 4 50
MHz ), p ermeab ili
ties of 1 2
5 and 2 50 w ork qui
te nicely for u
se asshown i n
F
ig. 4 -13.

4
.1
.4 B
ead
s f
o
rDecoup
ling

A
t VHF a nd highe r the ferr
ite bead become s o ne ofthe most ef
fect
ive
c
omponen ts available a t l ow c os
t f o
r R F f i
l
tering a nd decoupling. Z1
t
h
rough Z 6i nFig. 4-14 a re us
ed i nthe Va .s
upply line
st opreventu nwanted
m
igrat
ion o fsignale nergy f rom o ne st
age toth e o
the r
. Iffeedback vol
tage
w
as permitted to t r
avel a long t he Vc ,le
ads, ins
tab il
ity could ve
ry easi
ly
r
e
sult atQI, Q 2, or b o
th . Cl a nd C 2 p
revent Qd egradat
ion ofR FC] and
RFC2 w h
ich w ould o the rwise be caused by the use of Z1/Z2 a nd Z5/Z6 .
T
hese capacitors become p a r
t o f th
e R F decoupling n e
two rks al
ong w i
th
C
3, C4, and Z 3/Z4. T hree different va
lues of capacitance are u
sed int he

VHF VHF
d
r
ive
r 1
50 MHz ampl
ifier
0
1 02

R
FC1

C
l
I
L R
FC2

C
2

0
.00
1 0
.001(7F 1
Z
1 Z
5

Z
2 Z6

VC
C
0
.01 Z3 Z4 0
.
1

4
F I e
L
F I C4

F
igure 4
-14 E
xamp
le o
f f
e
rri
te b
eads i
n t
he d
ecoup
ling n
etwo
rks o
f t
he Vc l
i
ne. 02
u
ses f
our b
eads a
s ab
ase
-re
turn i
mpedance
.
1
36 B
ead
s, S
l
eev
es, a
nd P
otC
ore
s C
hap
.4

d
e coup
ling c i
rcuit
. This prov
ides effe
ctive b
ypa s
sing ove
r arela
tive
ly wide
r
ange off requencies
, thereby d
iscouraging s
elf
-osci
lla
tion inand be
low the
VHF re g
ion . Beads t
hat have p
i v
alues of 1
25 to950 a
res u
itab
le fortheci
r-
c
uito fFig.4 -
14 . F
our beadsares hown between thebase o
fQ 2and ground.
They funct
ion a s abase
- re
turn impedance, asisthecase wi
th th
ec i
rcui
t of
F
ig. 4-
12b .

4
.1
.5 R
educ
ing I
nc
iden
talR
adi
ation

Cer
ta in practica
l a nd legal r
es
trict
ion sexistw i
th r egard t
ot hem ax
imum
t
o
le rable i n
cidental radiation from speci
fied R F gene rators a
nd t r
ansm it
ter s
.
Ad esigne r mu st ensure t ha
t equipmen t wil
l n ot in
terf e
re wi
th o ther pieces
o
f a ppa ratus in ac ompo si
te or in
terfacing system . F ur
thermo re, excess
ive
i
nciden tal radiation f rom a s pec
ified m odule o r it
s e x
ternal wiring cou ld
e
asily c ause i nterf
e rence t o other s e
rvices, s u
ch a s TV r eceivers, FM
r
eceiver s
, or c omme rcial two-way r ad
io services nea rby. Fer
rite bead s are
e
xcellen t infil
tering ar rangemen ts of t
he type ilustrated inF ig
. 4 -
15.

P
owe r S
hie
ld
a
mplif
ier b
aff
les
F
C
7
) D
r
ive
r O
sci
lla
tor
Cf
;
i
ir D

L
1 1:
0
3 ( )
0

1
1
11
11
1 L
2 C
l C
2 C
3 t
7
1

u
C
8
zl Z
2 Z
3 rt

(
4. u
d
c I
n
I
C
5 C
6
C
4

RF V
cc V
cc
o
ut 03 0
1

C
1-C6
, i
n
cl: 0
.001 p
F f
e
edthrough

Z
1, Z
2, Z
3: 2e
ach 9
50p
, b
ead

FLI: H
armon
ic f
i
l
ter
F
igure 4
-
15 S
ugges
ted me
thod f
o
rut
i
liz
ing f
e
rri
te b
eads t
opreven
t i
n
ciden
talr
ad
iat
ion
o
r p
i
ckup o
f R
F e
nergy when ac
i
rcu
it modu
le mus
t b
ewe
ll s
h
ielded
.
S
ec
. 4
-2 F
er
ri
te S
l
eeve
s 1
37

The e
xample s
hows acompa
rtment
ized t
h
ree-s
tage t
ransm
itte
r tha
t is
s
t
ruc
tured i
n ash
ield
-compar
tment f
o
rma t
. The
re ar
e se
ven s
eparate s
ec
-
t
ions t
ot he RF modu
le. I
tisa
ssumed t
ha
t e
ach is RF-
t
igh
t wi
th r
espec
t to
t
he othe
rs. Addit
ional
ly, t
he t
op a
nd bo
ttom opening
s of t
he a
s
semb led
module are e
nc
lo sed by means of RF- t
ight cover
s . Double
-clad printed
-
c
ircu
it-board s
ec
tions ar
e sui
table f
or const
ructing the c
ompa rtmen t
s. Die
-
c
ast a
luminum b oxes a
re fr
equent
ly used for t
h e p
urpose as we
ll, but mus
t
b
e cast w
ith t
he des
ired compartments to a
ssure ease o
fa s
semb ly.
The V
„.s
upp
ly l
i
nestoeach o
fth
et h
ree s
t
agesinFig
. 4
-15 c
onta
in ef
fec-
t
i
ve RF f
i
l
ter
s wh
ich a
re c
omposed o
f two f
e
edthrough t
ype
s ofcapac
itor
s
(
Cl through C6
) a
nd two 950
1
.4;fe
rrite b
eads (
Z1, Z
2, and Z
3). T
hese ne
t-
works a
lso s
e
rve t
o d
ecouple th
e stages f
rom one a
nother
, a
s was done a
t
F
ig. 4
-
14. T
he feed
through capacitor
sp rovide am echanical a
dvantage
: t
hey
s
erve a
l
so a
s th
rough -
terminals for t
he operat
ing v ol
tages.
I
fthe e
quipmen t b
eing t
reated for i
ncidenta
l r adia
tion ope
rates i
nthe
HF s
pec
trum orbelow, Z1 t
hrough Z
3 can b
echanged t
olarge h
igh-u fe
rrite
b
eads wh
ich h
ave se
veral t
urns o
fwire l
ooped t
hrough t
hem. This wi
ll pro-
v
ide amuch h
ighe
rs e
rie
si mpedance t
han c
an b
es e
cured f
rom the minia
ture
b
eads i
nd
icated. Figure 4
-4a s
hows t
he method under d
iscuss
ion. Another
f
ea
ture o
ft hesh
ielding a
nd fi
l
ter
ing p
rocedure o
fF ig
. 4
-15 isthatunwanted
e
nergy e
xte
rior to the RF module c
anno
t e n
ter t
h e c
i
rcuit v
i a t
he s
upply
l
i
nes. S
tray energy p
ickup i
sdefea
ted becau
se oft
he s
hield b
ox a
nd it
s c
om -
p
artments.
Tab
le 4-1 conta
ins ali
s
ting of v
ar
ious size
s a
nd st
yles o
f f
err
ite b
eads.
Da
ta ont he va
rious pe
rmeabi
lit
ies a
re prov
ided a
tth
ee nd o
fth
e tab
le. The
C
lass 27 b
eads c
an b
e obta
ined wi
th wire l
e
ads fo
r u
se i
nhigh
-produc
tion
o
perat
ions. Having th
e l eads at
tached perm
its th
e use of in
ser
tion
m
echan isms w hich require c omponen ts to be s
upplied in la
rge t ape r e
els.
S
uch mach ines a r
e programmed t o ex
tract the c
omponen ts from t he reels
(
r
esisto
rs, diodes, capacitor s
, b eads, e
tc.)
, bend the pig
tails
, a nd insert the
p
arts i
nt h
e p roper pc-boa rd h oles
.
The multihole beads are useful w hen the i
mpedance n eeds tobe i ncreas-
e
d over wha t w ould be pre sented b y one or more single-hole beads . T he
t
urns of w
ire are p a
ssed t hrough t he var
iou s b
ead h o
les to increa
se t he i n
-
d
uctance
. T
he bead
s with v
ery h
igh 1
4
,va
lue
sli
s
ted i
nTab
le 4
-
1 a
ree
xce
llen
t
f
or u
se atmed
ium f r
equency a
nd lower
.

4
.2 F
err
ite S
leeves

There a
re avar
iety o
fa pp
licat
ions for f
e
rri
te sleeves. Ofsign
ificance t
ot he
d
esigner i
sthe fa
ct t
hat asl
eeve u
sed ove
r a n a
xial-
lead inductor w
ill mul
ti-
p
ly the i
nductance by af a
ctor o
f 2t o 10
, d epending u pon the ui o
f the
mater
ial a
nd it
s bulk
. The bas
ic s
leeve i
sseen inFig. 4-
16a. T he r
igh
t-hand
 TABLE 4
-1

T
ype 1 Type 2 Type 3
C
lass 2
6 C
lass 2
6 C
lass 2
6
-
• C

B -
I
- 41 ' B

•
T
ype 4
t
e
-
C
la
ss 2
7
-/
A- t -
j - '7

Par
s Nu mber Ma
ter
ial Type .
4 Di m
. B Do m
. C Di m
. D D
im.

i
n 0
.037/0
.039 0
.019/0
.022 0
.191/0
.191
2
673004501 7
3
m m 0
.94/0
.99 648/0
.56 4
.88/5
.03

2
673004601 7
3 u
n. 0
.010/0
.043 0
.025/0
.029 0
.155/1
.163
m m 1
.02 , 1
.09 0
.64/0
.74 39
4 ,4 1
4

1
673004701 /3 i i
n. 0
.052 4
.056 0
.027/ 0
.031 0
.085 0
.095
m m I52 I4: 0
.69 4_79 1
6 14
1

1
643004801 4
3 i
n. 0
.076 ,0
.084 0
.033 ,0
.038 0
.100 4
.112
m m I93 1 13 0
_84 09 7 1
,51 2
.84

2
643001201 4
3 1 i
n. 0
.068 0
.076 0
.041 ,0
.045 0
.400 ,0
.430
m m I - 3 I.
93 1
.04 I1
4 1
0 1
6,1
0 9
3

i
n. 0
.068 0
.076 0
.041 ,0
.045 0
.400 ,0
.4)0
2
.
673002201 7
3 1
m m I7
3 (
.93 (
.04 (
.14 1
0 1
6.10 9
2

I
I
). 0
.078 0
.041 0
.045 0
.053 ,0
.067
2
673000501 7
3
m . I8
8 1
.91
1 (
.04 11
4 1
.35 .17
(
1

I
n. 0
.074 0
.078 0
.041 0
.045 0
.140 ,0
.160
2
64)000201 4
3
m m 1
.
/11
4 (
.91 (
.04 I1
4 15
6. 4 06

2
6730002
111 7
3 i
n. 0
.074 ,0
.078 0
.041 0
.045 0
.140 ,0
.160
mm 1.88 I 9
1
1 104 I14 136 ,4
.06

2
6730 6
1901 7
3 i
n. 0
.107 0
.117 0
.065 0
.071 0
.40 60
.420
m m I 'I 1 9
" I6
5 I 80 1
0 1
6 1
0,6 7

i
n. 0
.121 .0
.148 0
.020 /
0.033 0160 ,0
.190
2
643004101 4
3
m m 2
.
5 3 76 0"
.
2 044 406 4 8
3

2
643004201 4
3 1 i
n. 0
.128 0
.148 0
.039 ,0
.033 0
.330 0.370
mrn 15 3"6 0 74 0
,84 8 3
8 1040

i
n. 0
.130 ,0
.146 0
.047 ,0
.055 0
.045 0
.055
2
643000401 4
3
min 530 3
.' I 11
9.1 40 11
4 I4
0

2
1
,43000101 4
3 I i
n. 0
.130 ,0
.146 0
.047 10
.055 0
.110 ,0
.126
mm 13
0 7
1 I1
9 1
.40 27
9 ,320

I
n. 0
.130 1
.146 0
.047 0
.055 0
.110/0
.126
2
664000101 6
4 1
mm 3
.30 3 7 1 I1
9 I4
1
/ 379 ,320

I
n. 0
.130/0
.146 0
.
1147 ,0
.055 0
.1 1
0'0
.126
2
673000101 7
3 1
m m 3
.30 ,3
.71 11
9 I 40 27
9 1 2
0

2
675000101 7
5 i
n. 0
.13 60
.146 0
.047 0
.055 0
.226 0
.246
mm 3
.34
1 171 I19 1 40 '
4 h2
1

i
n. 0
.130 0
.146 0
.047 0
.055 0
.150 0
.170
2
.
643000601 4
3 1
n
im 3 R
e 3'
t I1
9 I 40 381 4 1
2

1
673000601 7
3 1 i
n. 1
.130 0
.146 0
.047 0
.055 0
.150 0
.170
min 330 5 '
1 11
9 I 40 381 1
:

2
643000301 4
3 i
n. 0
.130 0 .146 0
.047 0
.055 0
.226 0
.246
nun 3
.)0 , 3 7 1 119 ¡
.40 5
,74 •
6
,25

2
664000301 I
n. 0
.130 4
.146 0
.047 ,0
.055 0
.226/0
.246
m m 3
.30
/3.71 1
.19 , 1
.40 5
.74 /6:
15

1
38
 I
n
. 1
.
130/0.146 0
.047/0.055 0
.226/0
.246
2
673000301 7
3 I
nu
ll 330/3
,71 1
.19/1
.40 5
.74/6
.25

L
n
. 0
.130 0
.047/0.55 0
.485/0.515
2
643000701 4
3 1
r
un
t 3
.
30/3 .71 1
.
19/1.40 1
2.32/13.08

i
n
. 0
.130/0
.146 0
.047/0.055 0
.485/0.515
2
664000701 6
4 I
Min 3
.10/3
.71 1
.19/1.40 1
2.32/13.08

I
n
. 0
.130/0
.146 0
.047/0.055 0
.485/0.515
2
673000701 7
3 I
n
un 3
.30/3
.71 1
.19/1 40 1
2.32/13.08

i
n
. 0
.135/0
.145 0
.065/0.075 0
.224/0
.244
7
.
643001301 4
3 I
n
un 3
.43/3
.68 1
,63/1.91 569/6 2
0

I
n
. 0
.153/0
.169 0
.074/0
.084 0
.457/0.487
2
643001401 4
3 1
mm 3
.89/4
.29 1
.88/2
.13 1 61 ,1
237

i
n
. 0
.157/0
.181 0
.063/0
.079 0
.
1715 0
.209
2
663001201 6
3 1
mm 3
,99/4
.60 1
,60/2
.01 470
, 5.
31

i
n
. 0
.190/0.210 0
.057/0.067 0
.240/0
.260
2
633022401 3
3 1 6
.10/6
.60
mm 4
,83
, ,5
.33 1
.45/I 70

i
n
. 0
.190,0.210 0
.057/0
.67 0
.240/0
.260
2
643022401 4
3 I
mm 4
.83,5
.31 1
.
43/1.70 6
.10/6
.60

i
n
. 0
.190/0
.210 0
.057/0.067 0
.422/0.452
2
643021801 4
3 I 1
0.72/(1,40
mm 4
.83/5
.33 I45/1 70

i
n
. 0
.190/0
.210 0
.057/0.067 0
.422/0.452
2
664021801 6
4 I
n
un 4
.83/5
.33 I45/1 70 1
0.72, 1.48

i
n
. 0
.190/0
.210 0
.057 0.067 0
.422 0
.452
2
673021801 7
3 1
n
un 4
.1
13/5
.33 I45/1 70 1
0 72 (.48

i
n
. 0
.208/0
.232 (
2
) 0
.029/0.041 0
.456/0.488
2
664001101 6
4 2 5
,28/5
.09 (
2
) 0
.74/1.04 1.58/12.10
mm
i
n
. 0
.226/0
.246 (
6
) 0
.035/0.041 0
.384/0.404
2
643225111 4
3 3 5
.74/6
.25 1
6
1 039/1,04 9.75/10
.26
n
un
i
n
. 0
.226/0.246 (
6
) 0
.035/0.041 0
.384/0.404
2
664225111 6
4 .
3
R
I M 5
.74/6
.2$161 0
.89/1.04 9.75/ 1
0
.26
i
n
. 0
.240/0
.260 1
6
1 0
.045/0.055 0
.436/0.486
2
664000901 6
4 2
nnn 6
.10/6
.60 (
2
1 1
.14/1.40 I1
.58/12.34

I
n
, 0
.291/0
.301 0
.089/0
.099 0
.287/0
.307
2
643000801 4
3 I 2
.26/2
.51 7
.29/7
.80
n
un 7
.39/7
.65
I
n
, 0
.291/0
.301 1
.089/0
.099 0
.237/0
.307
2
6640008010 6
4 I 7
.29/7
.80
i
nn
i 7
.39/7
,65 2
.26/2
.51

I
n
, 0
.291/0
.301 0
.089/1
1.099 0
.287/0
.307
2
673000801 7
3 I 7
.29/7
.80
7
.39/7
.65 2
.26/2.51

I
n. 0
.365/0
.385 0
.
187/0.200 0
.400/0.420
2
643006801 4
3 I 1
0.16/10.67
r
emi 0
.27/9
.71
1 4
.75/5
.08

I
n
. 0
.365/1
1.385 0
.
187/0.200 0
.400/0.420
2
67700680) 7
7 I 1
0.16/10.67
m
in 9
.27/9.78 4
.75/5
.08

I
n. 0
.370/0
.390 1
.
190/0.205 0
.
180/0.200
2
643002401 4
3 I 4
.83/5
.21 4
.57/5
.08
i
nn' 9
.40/9
.91
i
n
. 0
.542/0.582 1
.240/0
.260 1
.095/1
,155
2
6434000
1 4
3 1 2
7
.81/29 .34
m m 1
3.77/14.78 6
.10/6
.60

i
n
. 0
.128/0
.148 2
.720/2.71
10 0
.160/0
,190 -2
2 AWG TC W '
'
2
/43001111 4
3 4 6
9.09/70.61 4
.06/4
.83 >
c I'A (
38
.1 mm
)
n
un 3
.25/3
.76
I
n
. 0
.128/0
.14
11 2
.72
11/2.780 0
.330/0
.37
11 =22 AWG TC W*
2
743002121 4
3 4 6
9.09/70.61 8
.38/9
.40
n
un 3
.25/3
.76 N
I IV
: (
38.111111
1)

A
vai
lable b
ead si
zes a
nd permeab
ilit
ies
. Courtesy Fa
ir-Ri
te
C
orp. I
ni
tia
l permeab
ili
ties a
regiven he
re w
ith m a
teria
l
t
ype
: 33 =8 00 mu;43 =8 50 mu
; 6 3 =40 mu;64 =2 50 mu;
7
3 =2500 mu ; 7
5 =5000 mu ;77 =1 800 mu;

1
39
 (
a
) S
leeve
C
oil

(
b
)

Antenna

S
leeve

S
l
eeve

C
oax ia
l
li
ne

To
e
quipment

(
c
)
F
igure 4
-18 T
he b
asic f
e
rri
te s
l
eeve i
sshown p
ic
tor
ial
ly i
n (
a
). A
s
o
leno
ida
l i
nduc
tor i
sshown p
art
ial
ly i
n
ser
ted i
n
to t
he s
l
eeve i
n(b
).
F
er
rite s
l
eeves c
an b
e u
sed t
odecoup
le c
oax
ial R
F t
r
ansm
iss
ion l
i
nes
a
s s
hown i
n(c
).

i
lust
ra t
ion inp art( b
)s how sh ow t
hes l
eeve and as o
lenoida li nducto rc an be
u
sed i ncomb ination toe levate the c
oil i
nduc tance.
Additionalt ot hefeature ofincreased induc tance, th
es l
eeve f unct
ion sa s
a
n effect
ive shie
ld f or thec o
il
. Sti
ll another a dvantage i nu s
ing t hes l
eeve i s
t
hat itoffers physical protect
ion t o th
e induc tor. T h
is e l
im ina tes the need
f
or as pecial sh
ield c an o r the added burden o f encap sulation . T he w al
l
t
h
ickne sso ff e
rri
te s l
eeves is1 2% oft hesl
eeve o u
tside diame ter,o rg reater.
Th
isi sam anufactu r
ing requ irementt hat make s i
tpracticalt of abricate the
s
l
eeves b y mean s of the compac tion-press
ing o r ex
trusion t echnique s. T he
n
et re
sult isbeneficial todesignersw ho choo se t ouse thes leeve a s apro tec-
t
i
ve cove r
ing f o
r t he co
il with which itisused .

140
S
ec
. 4
-
3 F
er
rit
e&sh
in C
ores 1
41

S
l
eeve
s are a
vailab
le from Fa
ir-Ri
te Corp.
, for e
xample
, inpermeabi
li-
t
i
es f
rom 40 t
o 1200. The a
vai
lab
le si
zes r
ange f
r
om 0 .
115 i
n. OD/0.155 i
n.
l
ong t
o 1
.025 i
n. OD/2.03 in
. lo
ng.
Anothe rpract
ical u
se fo
rt he f
e
rri
te sl
eeve i
sseen i
nF ig
. 4-16c
. They can
b
e u
sed over acoaxial t
r
ansm iss
ion li
ne tose
rve asdecoupling sl
eeves
. This
h
e
lps t
o p revent RF energy fr
om t r
avel
ing on the oute
r c onductor of t
he
l
i
ne. T
his t
e
chn
ique i
sespec
ial
ly u
sefu
l w
hen a
r
ray
s o
f g
a
in a
ntenna
s a
re
c
ombined. The c
l
ecoup
ling s
leeve
s di
scourage u
nwanted rad
iat
ion o
f the
h
arne
ssing s
e
c t
ion
s of t
he a
r
ray. Such r
adia
tion c
an d
estroy t
he a
r
ray p
at-
t
e
rn a
nd gain i
fitisgreat enough in magnitude
.
S
imi
larly, f
e
rri
te sl
eeves can b
eu sed i
n RFI/E M
Is upp
res
sion b
yplac
ing
t
hem o
ver si
gna
l cab
les w h
ich enter and l
eave t
he v
ar
ious par
ts o
f a
n e
lec
-
t
r
onics s
y
stem
. T
he s
l
eeve c
an b
eaf
fixed a
tth
ede
sired l
o
cat
ion o
n t
hec
able
b
y means o
fSi
last
ic c
ompound o
re poxy c
ement
. H
eat
-shr
ink t
ub
ing i
sal
so
e
xce
llen
t fo
r s
ecur
ing th
e s
l
eeve t
o the c
able
.

4
.3 F
err
ite B
alun C
ores

T
he fe
rrite b
alun c
ore o
f F
ig
. 4-
5c isa
n excel
lent s
ubs
titute for ag
roup o
f
t
oro
id cores t
hat h
ave b
een c
ombined f
or broadband tr
an sfo
rme r a
ppl
ica
-
t
i
on s (F
ig. 3
-20
). The p
ract
ical l
im
it isse
t by t
he si
zes o
f a
vai
lable balun
c
ores. Mostofthem a
re r
e
lative
ly sma
llincro
ss-
sect
ionalarea
. This p
lacesa
r
es
trict
ion on t
he amount of p
ower tha
t c
an be h
andled s
afe
ly with fe
rri
te
b
aluns.
Al
though t
he t
erm "ba
lun" r e
fers s
pecif
ical
ly t o aba
lanced-to-unbalanced
t
r
ansfo rma
tion o
fi mpedance le
vels
, the
re isn or eason why ba
lun c orescan-
n
ot b e used f o
r a l
l manne r o f c onven t
iona l or t r
an sm is
sion-
line
t
r
an sformer
s. F
igure 4
-17 shows a150-W s ol
id -s
tate l
inear amplifier f
oruse
f
rom 2 to 30 MHz. The input t
ransforme r uses ab a
lun core t hat i
s'4i n
.
l
ong and 1 2 i
/ n. wide . Dr
iv ing powe rf orthe amp lif
ieri son theordero f 6W .
The l
arger t r
an sforme r o n the modu le isused a tthe amp l
ifier o
utpu t
. I ti
s
f
ashioned f rom t wo 1'4
- in. lengths o f fe
r r
ite tubing. E ach is 1/
2 in
. in
d
iame te
r. E nd p lates have b een made f rom p rinted-c
ircuit board ass hown
i
n Fig
. 3- 20. Howeve r
, t he principle of operation for t
h e two t
ransforme rs
s
een inF ig. 4-17 i sthe same . B oth are c
onven t
ional transformers.
Api
ctor
ial v
iew ofh
ow w
e migh
t e mp
loy aba
lun c
ore f
or ab
roadband
c
onven
tional t
ransfo
rme
r i
sgiven in F
ig
. 4-
18. The e
xample i
n pa
rt (a
)
s
how s t
hec ore f
rom one e nd
. The s
hield braid f
rom as mal
l p i
ece ofcoaxial
c
able ha
s b een placed inthe co
re holes
, then fanned asshown . The bra
id is
p
assed through t he holes so t
hat fanning can be done at each end of the
c
ore. Solder i s f
lowed o ver the f
anned a reas to s
ecure the braid in the
d
esired pos
it ion
. A t t
he farend ofthe core inFig. 4
-
18, the two sec
tions of
b
raid are joined and soldered. Th
is results i
n the w
inding C -D-E o f Fig.
 z
-
7
.
7
.
e
t
-
r
t
.

e
* S
e* A
I M
1
4
:w

F
igure 4
-17 A1
50-Ws
o
lid
-sta
te b
roadband amp
lif
ieri
n wh
ich ab
a
lun c
ore i
sused f
or
t
he i
npu
t t
r
ans
forme
r. T
he l
a
rge
r t
r
ans
forme
r (
outpu
t) i
s ac
onven
tiona
l t
ype wh
ich
c
onta
ins t
wo l
ong c
y
linde
rs o
ffe
rr
ite
.Th
is amp
li
fie
rwas d
esigned b
yHe
lge G
ranbe
rg o
f
Mo
toro
la S
emiconduc
tor P
roduc
ts, I
nc
.

B
a
lun
c
ore

C
oax
s
h
ield b
raid
(
a
) E

(
b)

F
igu
re 4 -
18 Me thod o
fu s
ing c
oaxia
l-cab
le s
hie
ld b
ra
id as t
he CD
Ew inding o
f (
c
)
T
he bra
id isp
assed t
hrough t
he ho
les of ab
a
lun core a
s s
hown in(a
) and (b
).

142
S
ec
.4-
4 P
otC
ore
s 14
3

4
-
18c. I
ne f
fect
, we have as
ing
le-
turn conduc
tor t
hrough t
he co
re, wi
th D
b
e
ing the c
enter t
ap. The s
ame re
sult c
an be o
bta
ined by u
sing th
in-wa
ll
l
e
ngths o
fbrass t
ubing inp
lace o
ft h
e sh
ield b
ra
id.
Wind ing A -B i sl ooped t hrough t hec ore a fter theproce ssshown a tAi s
c
omp leted . W ind ing C -D-E b ecome s the b asi s for the turns ratio o f t he
t
ransfo rme r, since i tisf ixed a to ne t urn. T hus , ifa1 0
:1 i mpedance r a
t io
wasr equ ired, w ind ing A -B w ould c onsist o f3 .16 turnso fi n
sulated w i re. I n
aprac t
icals i
tua tion w ew ould u se at hree-tu rn w inding f o
rA -B a nd tole ra te
t
he s l
ight m i sma tch t hat w ould r e
su lt.
I
nu t
il
iz ing t h
is t ype o ftran sfo rme r con struc t
ion , we need top ay a tten -
t
i
on t ot her ule e stab lished i nC hap te r 3 :the t ransforme r winding s mu ste x-
h
ibit a n induc tive r e actance t hat i sa tl ea
st f our t imes thec haracteristic i m-
p
edance o f t h e c ircu i
t t o w hich t he t ran sforme r w inding c onnec ts.
Therefo re, i fTIo fF ig. 4-18 w ere u sed t om atch as i
ngle-ended 5 0-Q d riv ing
s
ource t o a5 -Q b ase -to-ba se i mpedance i n ap ush-pu l
l sol
id- s
tate a mplifie r,
w
ind ing C -D-E w ou ld n eed toh ave a n XL o f2 0 Qo rg r
eater att he l owe st
o
pera ting f requency o ft he a mplifie r
. A s
sum ing i nth
isc ase thatt hel owe st
f
requency w as 2 MHz , w inding C -D-E w ould r equire 1 .
59 b al of i nduc -
t
ance , or g reate r. T he b alun c ore w ould b e c hosen f or ap ermeab ility t hat
e
nsu red t he d esign o bjective.
Ferr
ite b a
lun c o res a re used w ide ly a t the i nput p or
ts o f TV a nd FM
t
uner s for t he p urpo se o fc onve rting b alanced 3 00-Q f e
ed l i
ne tot he s ingle -
e
nded 7 5-Q r eceive r i npu t t erm ina l. T he c able-TV i ndustry e mp loy s
n
ume rou s b alun c o res f or similar a pplication s.

4
.4 P
ot C
ores

At y p
ical p ot c ore isshown b efo re and a f
te r winding a nd assemb ly i nF ig.
4
-19 . This d evice i sexcellent w hen t he designe r requires al arge amoun t o f
i
nduc tance a nd ah igh d egree o f magne t
ic self-shielding. F or examp le, w e
c
ould f abrica te a4 -H i nducto ro n ap ot core that h ad ad iame te
ro fo n
ly Y I6
i
n
. F urthermo re, excellent v a
lue s o f Q c an b e o b
tained w hen u sing p ot
c
ore s.
Anothe r a dvan tage i nthe u se of p ot cores ist he reduction in manufac -
t
uring c os
t w i th r e
spect t owind ing e quipmen t and w ind ing time. P ot co res
c
on tain pla s
tic b obbins o n w h
ich t he i n
duc tor or t r
an sforme r wind ings a re
p
laced . T he w ind ing procedu re i sfar le
ss c omp lex t han w hen toroid c o res
a
re u sed f or th e same p urpo se.
Owing t ot he s mal
l size ofp o
t c ores, miniaturiza t
ion b ecome s ar outine
p
rocedu re w hen a n inductor o r t r
an sforme r i sr equired i n acircu i
t. T he
moun ting t echn ique s f or po t co re
s m ake t hem c ompa t
ible w ith e tched -
c
i
rcu it boa rdsa nd m etalc hassis
. A n assemb led p o
t c ore can bei mp regna ted
t
o p rotect the w ind ing fr om d i
rt, mo isture, a nd f ungu s
. T he imp regna tion
 F
igu
re 4
-
19 T
ypica
l p
ot c
ore b
efo
re a
nd a
f
ter w
ind
ing
.

p
rocessw i
llalso h
elp tokeep th
ec o
re halvest e
nsioned properly
. A ny reduc-
t
ion o f p
ressure wi
ll cause the i nductance o f the pot-core winding t o
d
ecrease. S
imila
rly, d
irt o
r grease on the mating su
rfaceso ft h
ec ore halves
must beavoided t
oe nsure maximum i nductance. I
ti simportant, t
herefo re
,
t
op revent v
arni
sh or encapsula
ting m a
terial f
rom a ppearing on t
he ma ting
s
urfaces ofthe c
ore. Even th
e t h
inne s
t of fore
ign-ma tter la
yers w
ill re
duce
t
hec ore AL .

4
.4
.1 P
ot-Co
re H
ardw
are

Two c ommon s tyles o f po

t c ore a r
e d epicted inF i
g . 4 -20. The a ssemb ly
s
een i np art (a) uses am etal moun t
ing c lamp t oh old t hec ore halve s ti
ghtly
t
ogethe r. T he base p l a
te a nd the m etal cl
amp a reh eld t oge therb y m eanso f
s
c
rew s and n u
ts, the reby c onf
ining t he p o
t c ore be
tween t hem. A lterna t
ive-
l
y
, t h e entire assemb ly c an be s nugged a gainst ac ircu it b oard o r m e
tal
c
hassi s
. One o r mo re s h
im s (wa she rs) can b e used a t t he b ottom o f the
"
sandw ich" t op rov ide t he d
esired t e
nsion . Slots int h e c ore halve s permit
b
r
ing ing t h e tr
an sfo rme r or induc to r le
ad s o ut of the a ssemb ly.
The i n
duc tance a dju s
to r s
crew a t the t op of F ig. 4 -20a i sa n o ptional
f
eature o fs ome p ot c ores. Itc an b e used t o vary the c ore-wind ing i nduc-
t
ance b y a pprox ima tely ± 1 3 070
. T h
is s crew c onta in s af e
rri
te s lug that
b
r
idge s thea irg ap w ith in thec ore t oincrea se thein duc tance .T h
i s feature is
e
specially u sefulw hen p recise fi
nal a l
ignmen t o fhi gh-Q f i
lters ect
ion s isre
-
q
uired .
The core a s
semb ly s hown i nF ig. 4-20b i se n
tire
ly s u
itab le for mo st non-
c
r
iticalc ircuita pp l
ica tion s. The w ind ing i nductance i sp rede term ined w ithin
r
easonab le l imi
tso ft o
le rance bym eanso ft he AL fa c
to rw h
ich r e
la test othe
c
ore b eing u sed. A n ylon n ut and s crew i sused t o h old t he co re halves
t
ogethe r a nd to a ffix t he comp leted a ssemb ly to t h
e c ha ss
is or p c board.

1
44
 F
err
ite s
l
ug
I
nductance
a
djustor

Meta
l
moun t
ing
cl
amp

P
ot core
h
a
lf

I
Ny
lon
I b
obbin
1

r P
ot c
h
a
lf
o
re

Add washer
s
f
or re
quired B
ase
t
ens
ion p
l
ate

(
a
)

N
ylon
s
c
rew
Wa
sher

C
ore
h
alf

Ny
lon
b
obbin

C
ore
h
alf

Wa
she
r
N
ut
C
E P
(
b
)

F
igure 4
-20 B
reakaway v
i
ew o
f ap
ot-co
re a
ssemb
ly wh
ich h
as a
t
i
ne-ad
jus
tmen
t s
crew a
nd me
tal moun
ting c
l
amp (
a
). T
he
a
ssemb
ling i
n(b
) moun
ts b
y means o
f al
ong n
y
lon s
crew a
nd h
ew
n
ut
.

145
 2
-
sect
ion
b
obbin

(
a
)

3
-
sect
ion
bobb
in

(
b
)

E
nd
v
i
ew

L
ead s
l
ot

(
c
)
F
igure 4
-21 P
ot-co
re b
obb
ins a
re
a
vai
lab
le w
ith 2 (
a
) o
r mo
re (
b
)
w
ind
ing s
ect
ions
. A
n e
nd v
i
ew o
fa
b
obb
in i
sseen i
n(c
).

A
lthough f
e
rrous o
r b
ras
snu
tsa
nd s
c
rew
scan b
eused f
ort
hep
urpo
se, t
hey
w
il
l have s
ome eff
ect on the w
inding i
nduc
tance a
nd Q
. T
herefore
, t
hey
s
hould b
e a
voided wheneve
r poss
ible.
I
n addition t ot he si
ngle-section bobbin ofF ig
. 4-20, t
here a re t
wo- a nd
t
hree-sect
ion b obbins a vai
lab le
. T hese are seen i n F
ig. 4
-2 1a a nd b. T he
s
lots in t
he e nd p la
tes o f the bobbins are si
tuated t o a
l
ign w ith the s
lots in
t
he core h alves. T his fa
cil
ita tes b
ringing the transforme r o
r i nductor le
ad s
o
ut o f the core f or connec tion to the ci
rcuit
. S ome m anufac turers o
f p ot
c
ores provide ag la
ss-epoxy h eader w h
ich can b e aff
ixed to the top or bot-
t
om o f the c ore assemb ly. T he header isfi
tted w ith th
e desired n umbe r of
t
ermina l posts, consistentw ith the numbe ro fleads coming t h
rough t hec ore
s
lots
. T he t r
an sforme r or inductor leads ar
e solde red t
o th
e h eade r p
osts to
r
educe t he fragili
ty o f the leads
.

4
.4
.2 D
esign C
ons
ide
rat
ions

When p
ot c
ore
sare employed i
nnar
row -band LC t
ype
s o
fc i
rcui
ts, t
here
a
re some b
asic c
ons
iderat
ions which th
e designe
r must a
ddress pr
ior to
s
e
lec
ting acore
:

146
 1
. T
he o
pera
ting f
r
equency
.
2
. I
nduc
tor Q a
tthe c
hosen o
pera
ting f
r
equency
.
3
. Ope
rat
iona
l f
l
ux d
ens
ity (
B0p )
.
4
. R
equ
ired i
nduc
tance
.
5
. T
empe
rature c
oef
fic
ien
t o
f t
he i
nduc
tor
.
6
. L
ong
-te
rm s
t
abi
lity
.

7
. A
vai
lab
le s
pace f
or t
he p
ot-co
re a
ssemb
ly.

T
he se conside rat
ion s are affected s i
gnif ican t
ly b y t
he relat
ive l os
sf actor,
wh
ich i sexpre s
sed ma thema tically as 1 4
4 iQ
. T he co
re i sc hosen f or the
l
owe s
t r e
lat
ive l oss att he operating f requency , or r
ange o f ope ra
t ing fre-
q
uenc ies. This will h
elp t o e
n sure the h ighe st Qt ha
t can b e expected . T he
f
orego ing fa c
to r ref
lec ts the r e
lative l os
se s in the core. It v ar
ie s w i
th
o
perating f r
equency a nd the a c
tua l core ma ter
ial be
ing u sed.
C
urve s are a va
ilable from t he various manufac ture rs w h
ich s how t he
c
harac ter
ist
ic s of the diffe
ren t types o f f e
rrite w
ith regard t o opera t
ing Q
v
ersus f r
equency . There are cross-ove rp oints where d
ifferent ma terials may
a
c
tually c
oinc
ide, b
ut t
he c
hoice o
ff e
rrite wi
ll have t
ob eb a
sed onal
lofthe
c
ons
iderat
ions inthe s
even
-point c
ri
terion given ear
lier
.
A
s isthe c
ase w
ith o
ther f
orms of fer
rite and powde red-
iron ma
ter
ials
,
t
he n
umbe r o
ft u
rns f
or agi
ven va
lue ofi nductance can bedete
rmined b
y/ V
= 1
0 VL
/A L o
r N = 1
00 V L/A L ,w
here N ist
he requ
ired numbe
r of
t
u
rns
, Li
sin mH
, a
nd AL i
sthe manufacturer
's i
nduc
tance i
ndex f
or t
he
c
ore mater
ial b
e
ing u
sed
. An i
nduc
tance/A L /t
u
rns n
omog
raph i
sgi
ven i
n
F
ig
. 4-22.
The AL v a
lue s for pot cores are s t
anda rd, jus t a
s t hey are for to
roid s.
For t
his reason t hey can be specified f or each mode l ofc ore the manufac -
t
urer produce s. Av ariety of AL v alues can b e obtained f rom ag iven ferr
ite
m
ix b y ca
refully g r
inding ad efined g ap b e
tween t he innerc enterpostso fthe
p
ot cores. G enerally, the manufac turer grind s only o ne o f th
e centerpo sts
when s mal
l g aps are desi
red. B oth p osts are milled d own w hen larger gap s
a
re provided.
Qua l
ity factor ( Q
), as was stated e a
rlier inthe b ook , is am ea
su re oft he
e
ffec
ts o fthec ollect
ive losse
sw i
th r espect toc i
rcu it p
e rformance . T he th
ree
major loss factors are coppe r lo
s ses (winding ), core l o
sses, and c apacit
ive
l
osse
s i nt h
e w inding. T he Q i sa ffected, t h
erefo re, by t h
e n umbe r of coil
t
urns a nd the manne r in which t hey a re w ound o n t he pot-core b obbin
(
capac
itive ef
fects)
. The g
auge and type o
fw ire u
sed iss
i
gnif
icantindes
ign-
i
ng fo
r h i
gh Q . The la
rger w
ire diameters con
tribute t
o h
igher Qthrough
r
educed ser
ies re
sis
tance. L
itz w
ire i
sc ons
idered super
ior t
osol
id w
ire a
tthe
h
igher operat
ing frequenc
ies. Th
is isbecause l
it
z wire w
i
ll r
educe t
he e
ddy-

1
47
 1
00,000

1
0
,000

n
Iduc mH
tance ( )
1
00

1
0
2
5 4
0 6
3 1
00 1
60 2
50 4
00 6
30 1
000

I
nduc
tance f
a
cto
r, AL
F
igure 4
-22 Conven
ient nomograph f
o
rd e
termining i
n
ductance o
rw ire t
u
rns when t
he AL o
f
p
ot co
re i
sknown
. (Cou
rtesy o
f Magnet
ics D
iv
ision o
f Spang I
ndus
tries, I
n
c.)

c
urrent l
os
ses i
nthe w
inding —an a
id t
ohigher Q
. Li
tz-w
ire da
ta a
re p
rovided
i
nT able 4
-2.
A
s an aid t
o prede
termining th
e si
ze o f b
obbin needed f
or ag iven
n
umbe r o
fwire t
urns
, itisconven
ient t
orefer t
o t
he nomograph p
resented
i
nFig. 4-23. F i
rst
, the area occup
ied b y t
he t
urns int e
rm s ofsqua re in
che s
o
r square cen timeters mu st be d
ete
rm ined. This wi
ll be based o n the wire
g
auge, inclusive of the insula
ting materia
l on the wire. Itisa l
so assumed
t
hat th
e w ind ings wi
ll b e machine-wound i n la
yers rather than scramb le-
wound b y hand . Table
s 4 -2 and 4
-3 c
an b e c
onsulted to l
earn w hat bobbin
a
rea w
ill be o
ccup
ied b
y the chosen w
ire a
nd n
umber of t
u
rns
. Th
is i
nfor-
mat
ion can t
hen b
eused t
oselect abobb
in o
fapprop
ria
te a
rea b
yconsu
lting
F
ig. 4
-23.

1
48
 TAB L
E4-2 L
it
zwi
re d
ata
.

TU
RNS TURNS
W
ire S
i:e p
eri
n2 p
er o
ne S
ize p
eri
n
l p
eraW

5
/44 2
8
.000 4
,
34 1 7
2/44 1
.
500 2
32
6
/44 2
5
,000 3
.876 8
0/44 1
.
400 2
17
7
/44 2
,000 3
.
4 10 9
0/44 1
,
200 1
86
1
2/44 1
3
.000 2
,016 1
00/44 1
.
100 1
70
2
0/44 7
,400 1
.
147 1
20/44 9
00 1
40
3
0/44 4
,000 6
20 1
50/44 7
00 1
08
4
0/44 3
.000 4
65 1
80/44 5
00 7
5
0/44 2
.
300 3
56 3
60/44 2
50 3
8
6
0/44 1
.900 2
94

1
0
,000
so
rn ire
fw

1
000
u
T

1
00

1
0
0
.00
1 0
.01 0
.1 1
.0

R
equ
ired b
obb
in a
rea (
i
n. 2)
F
igure 4
-23 N
omog
raph t
hat s
hows w
ire g
auge
, n
umbe
r o
f t
u
rns a
nd b
obb
in a
rea i
n
i
n
ches
'. (
Cour
tesy o
f Magne
tics D
iv
ision o
f S
pang I
ndus
trie
s, I
nc
.)

149
 TA B
LE 4
-3 B
obb
in d
ata
.

MA
XIMUM TU
RNS

A WG W
ire Area (
c
iring
s) R
esi
stance C
urrentCapac
ity
(inA 1'
W
ireSi
ze Heavy Quad p
eri
n
.2 p
er c
m2 (O/1000ft
) a
t750ci
r

1
0 1
.470 1
2
,230 8
9 1
3.8 0
.9987 1
3
.840
1 9
,158 9
,821 12 1
7.4 1
.
261 1
0
.968
1 7.
310 7
.885 140 2
1.7 1
.
588 8,
705
1
3 5.
852 6
.336 176 2
7.3 1.0
01 6.
912
1
4 4
,679 5
,112 20 3
4.1 2
.5/4 5.
479
1
5 3.
758 4
,147 2
60 4
0.3 3
.181 4
,347
1
6 3
,003 3
,329 30 5
1.2 4
.020 3
.
44 1
1
7 2,
42 1 2
,704 4
10 6
3.6 5
.054 2.
736
1
8 1
.
936 2
,190 5
10 7
9.1 6
.386 2
.165
1
9 1
.
560 1
.
781 6
35 9
8.4 8
.046 1
.
719
2
0 1
.
246 1
.
436 8
00 1
24 1
0.13 1
,
365
2
1 1
.
005 1
.
170 1
.
000 1
55 1
2.77 1
.
083
,
/ 8
07 9
49 1
.
200 1
86 1
6.20 8
53
/
3 6
50 78 1
.
500 2
32 2
0.30 6
8 1
.
. 2
4 5
24 6
35 1
.
900 19
4 2
5.67 5
39
o 2
5 4
24 5
20 2
,400 3
72 3
2.37 4
27
0 16 3
42 4
24 3
.000 4
65 4
1.0 38
2
72 3
42 3
.600 5
58 5
1.4 2
59
/
8 2
19 2
76 4
.700 7
28 6
5.3 2
12
2
9 180 2
31 5
.600 8
68 8
1.2 1
71
3
0 144 1
88 7
.000 1
.085 1
04 1
33
3
1 17 1
54 8
.500 1
.317 1
31 1
06
3
2 9
6
.0 1
28 1
0.500 1
.628 1
62 8
5
3
3 7
7
.4 1
04 1
3.000 2
.015 2
06 6
7
3
4 6
0.8 8
2.8 1
6
,000 2
.480 2
61 5
3
3
5 4
9
.0 6
7.2 2
0.000 3
.
100 31 4
2
3
6 3
9
.7 5
4.8 2
5,000 3
,876 4
15 3
3
7 3
2
.5 4
4.9 3
2
,000 4
.961 5
12 1
7
3
8 2
6
.0 3
6.0 3
7.000 5
.736 6
48 ,
1
3
9 2
0
.2 2
8.1 5
0
,000 7
.752 8
47 1
6
4
0 1
6
.0 2
2.1 6
5
.000 1
0
.077 1
,080 1
3
4
1 1
3
.0 8
0
,000 1
2
.403 1
.
320 1
4
2 1
0
.2 1
00
.000 1
5
.504 I
,
660 8
.5
4
3 8
.4 1
25
.000 1
9
.380 2
,
140 6
.5
4
4 7
.3 1
50
.000 2
3
.256 2
.
590 5
.5
4
5 5
.3 1
85
,000 2
8
,682 3
,
348 4
.
1

C
omte
Rv o
fh.
1
4gnc
tic
!
:
.. D
i
vis
ion o
fSn
ane I
n
dus
trie
s, I
n
c.
S
ec
. 4
-
4 P
otC
ores 1
51

L
ong
-term s
tab
ili
ty (
DF„
) o
fth
e c
ore a
s
semb
ly i
s ama
tte
r o
f more t
han
c
asual conce
rn w hen magne
tic c
ore ma
terial i
sused for na
rrow-band ap
-
p
l
ications. Stabi
lity drif
t c
ause
s ad ecrease i
n i nduc
tance. In common
e
ngineer
ing t e
rm inology, t
h
is phenomenon isr e
fe r
red to as "d
isaccom
-
moda
tion
."
D
isaccommoda tion c
an bec
alcula
ted f
oreach p
ot-core s
ize a
nd AL f
ac
-
t
o
r. T
he dr
ift t
ake
s place a
t al
oga
rithmic r
a
te a
nd t
he long-
te rm s
hif
t i
nin
-
d
uctance c
an b
e d
ete
rmined f
r
om

A
L T
2
— DF
, xl
og
T
I

whe
re AL/ L i
sthe d
ecrea
se i
ninductance be
tween t
imes T
I and T
2, DF, i
s
t
he ef
fec
tive d
i
saccommoda t
ion coeff
icien
t ofthe c
hosen c
ore
, a
nd Ti a
nd
T
2 a r
e time d
iffe
rences
. For t
he p
urpose of def
ini
tion conce
rning the
f
oregoing e
qua
tion, T
I ist
he t
ime l
apse b
etween manufac
ture o
f the c
ore
(
these d
ata a
re u
sually marked on t
he s
h
ipping carton
) and the time i
tis
s
oldered i
nto t
he ci
rcuit
. T2, on t
he o
ther hand
, i sthe t
ime lap
se from
manufactu
re t
o the pe
riod when t
he p
roduct i
nw hich t
he core i
sused ha
s
e
nded.
D
isaccommoda t
ion commences the momen
t t hecore isf
abr
icated bythe
manufacturer
, t h
rough it
s pe
r iod of c
ool
ing ( Cur
ie t empe
rature)
. S ub
se-
q
uent to th
is time fr
ame, ift
he core i
stherma
lly or m echan
ical
ly shocked,
o
r ifitisdemagne tized
, th
e induc
tance can i
ncrese to it
s o
r
iginal va
lue. I
f
t
h
is occur
s, di
saccommoda t
ion s ta
rts anew. In v
i
ew of the
se tr
ait
s, the
d
es
igner mus
t take a
l
lthe p
ossib
ili
tiesin
to accountwhen d
es
igning aci
rcu
it.
Bu
t if ar
e
lat
ive
ly normal e
nvironment ise
xpec
ted f
or t
he equ
ipment, t
he
l
ong-
term c
hanges i
npot
-core induc
tance w
i
ll b
e s
mal
l. Mos
t ofthe c
hange
w
il
l t ake p l
ace d ur
ing t he f
i
rst few months af
ter the core is manufactured.
I
ti sr e
commended , therefore
, that t
he unwound c ore
s b e a
l
lowed t o age a
s
ufficient l ength of t ime before they are placed i n the manufac tured
p
roduc t.
Effect
ive p ermeabil
ity 0.0 i
sa s i
mpo r
tant when w ork
ing w ith po
t cores
a
s iti sw i
th a ny magne t
ic-core mater
ial
. Un l
ike th e t
oroid core, apot core
h
as ad ef
ined g ap. The ai
rg ap d
etermines the1.
i
,a nd hence the AL fac
to rfor
a
ny g iven t ype of po
t c o
re. The la
rger th
e air g
ap, t h
e lower the AL .C on-
v
ersely, the l a
rger t
he airgap, t
he bet
ter the s
tab
ility oft h
e inductance with
t
ime a nd tempe ra
ture. Ad ef
inite degradation of the Qw il
l accompany in
-
c
reases ina i
r gap. These condi
tions d o
, t he
refore, confl
ict somewhat w
ith
o
ne a nother from a d es
ign-objective vi
ewpo int
. S ince st
abil
ity a
nd Q are
b
oth h igh
ly d es
irable in n
arrow -band c i
rcuit work, the ai
r gap must b
e a
c
omp romise value inorder t
o str
ike an acceptable balance be
tween t
he two
d
esired conditions —Q a nd s
tabil
ity.
Ar
epre
sen
tat
ive c
i
rcu
it f
or ap
otc
ore w
ith a
nai
rgap i
sse
en i
nFig
. 4
-24
.
 C
ros
sse
ction

(
A„
, a
nd A 9 ,c
ons
ide
red c
ons
tant
)

L _ 0
.47
rN 2 x 1
0 8
h
enr
ies
/
,
.
,/1
,A, 4
-191
A9

F
igu
re 4-
24 R ep
resentat
ion o
f apot c
ore w
ith i
t
s g
ap. D
esign
c
ons
ide
rations a
re d
eta
iled i
nthe t
e
xt.

F
or a
n i
nduc
tor w
ound i
nth
e manne
r s
hown
, t
he i
nduc
tance c
an b
e f
ound
b
y

0
.4
TrN2 x 1
0-8
L = h
enr
ies
g
P
i
-Am A g

w
here A,„ and Ag a
re a
ssumed constant
, A,
,, i
sth e e
ffect
ive magnet
ic path
a
rea i
nc m'
, Ag th
ee f
fec
tive gap a
rea i
nc m
', Nt he numbe rofc o
ilturns
, 1„
,
t
he l
eng
th o fth
e magnetic p
ath incent
imeters
, / g t
he l
ength o
ft he a
i
r gap,
a
nd 1
.
t
,the in
it
ial p
ermeab
ili
ty o
f t
he c
ore
. T
he d
enom
ina
tor i
swr
itten
c
us
tomar
ily a
s

PeA

w
hich i
sth
e r
e
luc
tance o
fth
e magne
tic c
i
rcu
it.
We c
an avoid t
houghtcomp
lica
tion b
y r
egard
ing t
hepotcore a
s adev
ice
w
ith ac
losed, homogeneou
s magnet
ic p
ath w
hich h
as a1
4tha
t enable
s us t
o
d
ete
rmine that

(
:
1.4n N2 x 1
0 - ')
L = 1 h
enr
ies

15
2
S
ec
. 4
-4 P
otC
ore
s 153

o
r L =1 .
4
,L o,whe
re L i
sthe s
e
lf-
induc
tance i
nh enr
ies a
nd Lo t
he a
ir i
nduc
-
t
ance i
nh enr
ies (
1
.
4 = 1for a
ir
). Fo
r sma
ll a
i
r gaps we c
an c
onside
r t
obe
a
pproxima
tely equa
l to j
.
ie (
t
he e
f
fec
tive p
ermeabi
lity ofthe p
ot core
), a
nd
h
ence L d
oes, i
ndeed, e
qual x Lo.
F
rom the f
orego
ing i
tcan bes
een t
hat amanufacture
rc an s
pec
ify apar
-
t
i
cular 1
4fo
r ag
iven t
ype o
fco
re ma
ter
ial a
nd c
ore d
imens
ion
s (
i
nclu
sive o
f
g
ap).

4
.4
.3 P
ot-Core D
esigns

Acommon a ppl
ica
tion f
or b
roadband t
ransformers t
hat u
t
ilize t
o
ro id
o
r p
ot c
ore
s i
sdepic
ted i
nFig
. 4
-25. Fo
r apract
ical d
i
scussion w
e can con-
s
i
derT i a
s abalun t
r
ansformer
, s
ince i
tconverts as
ing
le-ended s
ource t
o a
b
alanced l
oad
. T h
is type o
f p
roduct d
etector of
fer
s high dynamic range

4
55 k
Hz 41
N914s
T
i
5
0 1
2

3
.3 k
.
12
AF
ou
t

• :P
has
ing P
roduct
d
etec
tor

T
o BFO
(
+7 d
Bm)

T
i: T
r
ifi
lar wound (
b
roadband
)

1
. XL .
>
- 4x 5
0 2
00 D
.

2
. L
„,
,„ = 6
9.9 p
H (
Lpr
i 2
X
L f )

3
. S
elect asu
itab
le pot c
ore
.
Magnet
ics G-4
1107-16, 1 x 7 mm
pe = 1
20, AL = 1
60. Bobbin a
rea = 0
.00785 i
n
?

4
. D
ete
rmine N

N=1
000 \ AL = 1
000 NA-J
.
0699 ÷ 1
60 =2
0.9 t
urns

5
. W
ind 21 t
r
ifi
lar t
urns o
f No. 30 e
nam.
w
ire o
n bobbin a
nd as
semble core
.
(
Combine t
he 3 w
ires and t
wis
t 10
t
imes p
er i
nch b
efore w
inding bobbin
)
F
igu
re 4
-25 At
yp
ica
l d
esign p
rocedu
re i
sgi
ven h
ere f
o
r u
s
ing a p
ot c
ore
t
r
ans
forme
r i
n as
mal
l-s
igna
l a
ppl
ica
tion
.
15
4 B
ead
s, S
l
eeve
s,a
nd P
otC
ore
s C
hap
.4

w
hich i
swe
ll b
eyond t
he Bs
t o
a fthe p
ot c
ore
. At
r
if
ila
r w
ind
ing i
spl
aced o
n
t
he c
ore bobbin after f
i
rst tw
ist
ing the three w
ires approximate
ly 10 t
imes
p
er l
i
near inch
. E ach w
ire has ad i
ffe
rent color ofin
sulation t
o make i
den-
t
i
f
ication of t
he windings e
asy w hen connect
ing them to the c
i
rcui
t.
T
he four s w
itching diodes i n t
he ci
rcuit are small
-signa
l types t
hat
s
hould be chosen for s imilar forwa rd re
sistance s. Ho t-carrier d
iode s a
re a
b
et
ter choice than ordina ry si
licon types
, b ut g ood p e
rfo rmance c an be had
a
f
ter ca
refu l matching o f as et of 1N914s or s imi
lar t ypes. An R F RC f i
l
ter
i
sused atthe detec
to r o utput to prevent energy o ther t han audio fr
equency
f
rom reaching the sub sequen t stages ofthe c ompo s
ite e quipmen t
.
As has been the r u
le t hroughou t th
is b ook, t he XL o f th
e w indings
s
hould be four t
imeso rg reatert hecharacteristic impedance o fthec i
rcuit t
o
wh
ich they connect
. S ince w ea red eal
ing with a5 0-Q s ource impedance , XL
s
hould be 200 Q or greate r
. T herefore, t
hem inimum a cceptable inductance
o
ft h
e indiv
idua lwind ing s will be 69
.9 µH , ass hown b y step 2ofF ig. 4
-25.
Asui
table pot co
re ischosen next. Because Q isn ot apr
ime considera-
t
i
on inthis a
ppl
icat
ion , w
es e
lect ac o
re thath a
s asubs tan
tial
ly h
igh A L f
ac-
t
or f
or RF work. The manufacturer's ca
talog isconsulted a
nd wel e
arn that
aMagnetics G
-41107-16 core h
as suff
icientb obbin area and a1
.
4
,o f 1
20 ( AL
= 160
).
S
tep 4ofFig. 4
-25 isu
sed tod e
te rmine th
er equired number ofturns for
t
het
r
if
ila
rwind
ing
. S
ince t
h
eequa
tion c
a
lls f
o
r20
.9 t
u
rnso
fwire
, w
euse t
he
n
earest who
le n umber
, w hich is21. We mus t t
ake i
nto conside
ration t
he
f
act t
hat at
rif
ilar w
inding isused
. T he
refore, a
l
lowance is made fo
r th
e i
n-
c
rease i
neffec
tive w
ire gauge caused by t
hree c
onductor
s being la
id on t
he
b
obb
in i
n as
ing
le w
inding ope
rat
ion. I
tisd
etermined t
hat 2
1 t
r
ifi
lar t
urns
o
fNo. 3
0ename
led w
ire w
il
lb esu
itab
le f
ort
h ebobbin a
rea o
f0.00785 i
n
.'
T
his isver
ified b
y con
sulting the g
raph i
nF ig
. 4-23. In f
ac
t, s
ome bobbin
s
pace should be l
ef
t over af
ter th
e wind
ing isp laced on t
he bobb
in. The
p
olar
ity dots on t
he c
ircuit di
agram of Fig
. 4-25 mu s
t be ob
served when
c
onnect
ing T
i t
otheci
rcuit
. Ifno
t, t
he p
has
ing w
i
llb
ewrong a
nd t
he d
etec
-
t
or w
il
l no
t f
unc
tion c
orrect
ly.

4
.4
.4 T
one E
ncoder w
ith P
ot C
ore

P
ot-core i
nduc
tor
s fi
nd common a pp
lica
tion in al manne
r o
f a
udio
g
ene
rators. Pe
rhaps t
he mo
st o
rdinary t
ype of c
i
rcui
t in wh
ich w
e m
ight
e
mploy ah
igh
-Q pot
-core i
nductor i
sthe t
one g
ene
rator
. Anotab
le example
o
fth
is a
ppl
icat
ion i
sse
en inthestandard t
e
lephone Touch
-Tone pad
, which
h
as n
ear
ly rep
laced the old-fa
shioned dia
l sys
tem. Seve
ral pot
-core
r
e
sona
tors a
re u
sed t
o gene
rate the s
tanda
rd Touch-Tone f
r
equenc
ies. A
s
i
ngle a
ct
ive dev
ice isused a
s t
he o
sc
illa
tor
. V ar
ious i
nductance
s ar
e pl
aced
i
nthe f
requency-de
term in
ing pa
rt of t
he o
sc
illator c
i
rcu
it by means o
f t
he
p
ushbut
tons on the Touch-Tone p
ad.
S
ec. 4
-4 Pot Cores 1
55

Othe ru ses fort his kind o ftone g enerato ra re nume rou s. O ne e

xamp le is
t
he "tone -on" o ra cce ss tone for VHF a nd UHF r epeate r
s u sed bys ome o f
t
hel and mob ile r adio s e
rvicesa nd b yr adio a mateur s
. T he o peratori nh iso r
h
er automob ile mu st key as pecified a udio-frequency t one w hen the mob ile
t
ransm it
te r i s actua ted. T he tone i s decoded a t t he r epeater
, t hereby
d
irec
ting t he repea tert ran smittert ot urn on a nd bea vailable f orse
rv ice u n-
t
i
lt hed uty isp erfo rmed . When t heo perato ri sfi
nished w ith th ere
pea te r, i
t
s
huts d own a nd a wai t
s a nother t one encod ing befo re iti sagain actua ted.
The f r
equency t olerance s es
tab li
shed f o r th
e tone d ecode r
s atr epea ters
a
re fa
irly r i
gid. T he refore, iti simpe rative that the tone-encode r o
scillato rs
b
e stable a nd reliable a ta ll t
imes. P ot
-core i nducto rs have p roven r e
liab le
f
or m any y ears, a nd a re therefore e xcel
lent f or t
he a pplication.
F
igure 4 -26 c on tains t he ci
rcu it o f at y
pical t one e ncode r device. A
d
evice o f the type s hown i ss u
itab le for use w i
th t e
lephone a nswering s er-

T
one e
ncode
r

f 1
500 Hz

1
. T
i p
r
i. =8
8 mH
. Zp
r ,z
- 3k
S2 .
*Turns r
a
tio = 1
9
:1

2
. S
e
lec
t su
itable p
ot core
. Magnet
ics G
-42823
.X1
,
2
8 x23 mm. pe = 307, AL = 1
000
.
B
obbin a
r .0910 i
ea = 0 n
?

3
. D
ete
rmine Np,

N =1
000 N/
88 ÷ 1
000 = 2
96 t
urns N
o. 28 e
nam
. w
ire
t
ap a
t 1
48 t
urns
.

4
. D
ete
rmine N N= =1
5 t
u
rns N
o. 2
8enam
. w
ire

F
igure 4
-26 P
otc
ores a
r
ecommon
ly u
sed i
nencod
ing o
sc
il
lato
rs
o
fthe t
ype s
een h
ere
. D
esign d
eta
ils a
re g
i
ven
.
15
6 B
ead
s, S
l
eeve
s, a
nd P
otC
ores C
hap
. 4

v
i
ces. The o perato r c
an dial o r t
one u p hi
s o f
fice or p e
rsonal p hone f rom
s
ome remo te location. H e o
r s he can then pl
ace th e speaker oft he encoder
n
ear the t
elephone t ransm it
te r and command t he answe ring se
rvice ( unat
-
t
ended) t
or ewind i t
s tape, t
hen p lay back any m essage s t
hat may h ave been
r
ecorded during t he operator
's a bsence.
Asimple bipo lar-
tran s
isto r t
uned b ase/
tuned c o
llector osc
il
la tor isused
a
tQ I ofFig. 4
-26 . TI is apot-core inductor thatisw ound f ora n inductance
o
f 8 mH . There isnothing especia
lly s
acred about th
e inductance value
: it
h
appens t o be ar e
lative
ly c ommon o ne i n t
elephone c i
rcui
ts t hat u
se
t
oroidal i
nducto r
s. The ci
rcuit isshown w i
th as tandard capaci
tance v a
lue
o
f0 .09 i
.
ÀF i
np aral
lel w
ith the pr
ima ry o
fT I. If1500 Hzw ast he p
recise f
re-
q
uency d es
ired, a n adjustable p o
t core c ou
ld b e used f or put
ting t he
o
sci
llator e
xactly o n f
requency. A l
ternat
ively, ah i
gh-capacitance tr
i mme r
m
igh t be used i np aralle
l w ith t he 0.09-SF c apac i
to r
.
The osc
illato r i
sk eyed o n a nd o ff bym eans ofS i, amomen ta
ry s w
itch.
Encod ing iseffected b y m erely p lacing th e speaker n ear t
he mou thp iece of
t
he telephone ( or microphone o f at ransm itter).
We shall assume ac ollecto r c urrent of 3r nA f or Q1 . Therefore , the dc
c
ollector res
istance w illbeo nt he orde rof3 000 Q. T he impedance t ransfor-
mation ratio forT I become s 375 :1, w h
ich g ives us at urns r
at
io o f 19.36:1.
A precise ma tch b etween t he t r
an s
i s
tor a nd t he speake r i
sn ot i mpor tant.
The required o utput from t hes peake ri s mode s
t, nega t
ing the n eed for max -
i
mum p ower t ransfer to the l oad . Step 1o f Fig. 4-26 show s t ha
t w e have
c
ho sen at urns r at
io o f 19:1.
S
tep 2o f the d es
ign e xercise r equires some i ntuit
ion . We a re a ware that
t
odeve lop 8 mH o finductance w
e wi
ll need areasonably la
rge potc o
re. I
t
s
hould h ave as ubstant
ial
ly high se,a
nd h ence ahigh AL facto
r. Howeve r,
t
he core c hosen needs to permit aQ that ish i
gh enough t o en
sure g ood
o
sc
il
la tor action. At th
isjuncture weare al
so aware t
hat alarge a
rea core i
n
al
ow -powe r c
ircu
its uch a
st hat o
fFig
. 4-26 re
lieves o
ur need t
op onderthe
Birm p
rof
ile oft he core: we wil
lb e well w i
thin t he a
rea ofl i
near operation.
After s tudying t h
e manufac ture rs' l i
terature w e h ave selected a
Magne t
ics G-42823 -X 1 p o
t core. Equiva lent type s made by other manufac -
t
urer s would b eentirely su
itable a
lso. T he core m easures 28 x2 3 mm ,h a
sa
I
A
, o f3 07 and a n AL o f 1000. The pub l
ished c urves in
dicate that t
he Qi,o f
t
hei nductor should b e inexcess o
f2 00 a t1 500 H z. The bobbin area fort h
is
c
ore i s0.0910 i n
.'.
Using thes t
anda rd e quat
ion forNw el ea
rn t hat 2
96 tu
rn s ofwire arer e
-
q
uired t od evelop 8 mH o finductance ( s
tep 3o fF ig
. 4-26)
. No . 2
8 ename l-
e
d w ire wil
l b e small enough i ndiame ter t oe nable us t
o place 296 tu
rn s on
t
he b
obbin, w
ith amp
le space r
emaining f
or th
e secondary winding o
f Ti.
T
he des
ign i
sconc
luded b y moving t
ostep 4. Alayer of t
h
in in
sula
ting
t
ape i
spl
ace o
ver t
he completed p
r
ima ry w
inding ofTl ; t
hen t
hes e
condary
S
ec
. 4
-4 P
otC
ore
s 1
57

i
sla
id o
n t
he b
obb
in. We s
hal
lneed 1
5
.57 t
u
rns o
fwire f
o
r t
he s
econdary i
n
o
rder t
o r
ea
lize t
he 1
9
:1 t
u
rns r
a
tio o
f s
t
ep I
. A 2
0-
turn w
ind
ing i
s
e
mployed
.

4
.4
.5 P
ot C
ores i
nFi
lte
rs

An e
xamp
le o
f af
i
ve-po
le l
ow-pa
ss a
udio f
i
l
ter i
sof
fered i
nFig
. 4
-27
.
The s
ame c
ore n
umber as t
hat s
pec
ified f
o
r t
he c
i
rcuit o
f F
ig
. 4
2-6 w
il
l be
u
sed t
oobta
in t
he i
nduc
tancesofL i, L2
, a
nd L
3, wh
ich a
re 1
7 mH (
Li and
L
3) and 24 mH (L2 ).
I
n s
tep 2of Fig. 4-27 w e l
earn t
hat LI and L 3 wi
ll consis
t of 130 t
urns
e
ach
, w ound on b obbins for Magnetic
s G-42823 -X1 p ot c
ores. L2
, accord-
i
ng t
o t
h e e
quat
ion i nstep 3,conta
ins 155 turns of wire
.
F
ina
lly, t
he wire size isc
hosen inaccordance w i
th t h
e 0.091-
in. 2bobbin
a
rea
. No. 24 e
name led wire w
il
ls uf
fice. The se
lf-
shielding propert
ieso fthe

f
.= 1
000 H
z

L
i L
2 L
3

04
5 2
. c
i C
2 T 5
0S2

o o

5
-Po
le l
ow-pas
saud
io f
i
l
ter

XL
1
, L
3 =1
06.8 S
2= 1
7 mH XC
1
,C2 = 4
5.9 =3
.47 M
F
XL
2 = 1
50.34 S
2 =2
4 mH

1
. S
elect h
igh
-p potcore
Magnet
ics G-42823
-X1, p8 = 3
07,
AL = 1000
, 28 x23 mm. B obbin i
nar
ea =0
.091 i
n
?

2
. C
a
lcu
late t
u
rns f
o
r L
1, L
3

N =1
000 N/Ln,
H +AL =1
000
.117 +
1000 =1
30 t
u
rns

3
. C
a
lcu
late t
urn
s f
o
r L
2
N =1
000 N/
24 ÷ 1
000 =1
55 t
urns

4
. D
ete
rm ine wire s
i
ze vs
. bobbin a
rea
, p
er F
ig
. 4-23
.
U
se 130 tu
rns No. 2
4e nam. w
ire f
or L
i, L
3a nd
1
55 turns No
. 24 e
nam. fo
r L2
F
igure 4
-27 Many f
i
lte
rs con
tain po
t-co
re in
ductors
. T he f
i
ve-
p
o
le low
-pass f
i
l
ters
een he
re i
so ne e
xample
. Abasic des
ign p
ro-
c
edu
re i
sin
cluded
.
1
58 Beads
, S
leeves
, a
nd P
ot Cores Chap
. 4

p
ot co res w il
l p reven t th
e n eed f or us
ing p a
rtitions b e
tween t h
e f i
lter s e
c-
t
i
on s
.
As even -pole l ow-pa s
s f i
lte r isi l
ustrated s chema tical
ly inF ig
. 4 -
28 . It
h
as an fa ,( cutof f fr
equency ) o f 2.7 MHz . The refore, the c
ore m aterial for
t
he three i nduc to r
s mu st be s e
lec ted accord ingly. T he improper core w ould
d
egrade t h e Qa nd render t he f i
l
te r in
effective.
S
t
ep 1o f Fi g
. 4-28 s pecifies aF erroxcube 107PA25 p ot core o f 4 C4
mater
ia l. T he d imen s
ion s are g iven ini nches a nd mill
ime ter
s (11 x 7mm ).
The p
ie is1 9a nd t he AL is2 5
.T he m anufac turer's Q c u
rvesi nd
icate t han the
c
ore m aterial iss ui
table f or use a t2 .7 MHz a nd l ower.
Nf orL I a nd L 3i sfound i ns t
ep 2,a gain using th estandard equation f or
Nv er
su s AL .1 2
.6 t u
rns a re s pecified for the end c oi
ls ofthe fi
lter.
T
he c alcula tions for L 2a rec onduc ted i nstep 3o fF ig
. 4-28
. T he r esul
t-
a
nt numbe r is1 3.8. Aw ire g auge o f No. 22 willb eu sed foral three i nduc-
t
ors. T he l a
rge rw ire gauge w il l reduce theR o feach c oi
l, t
hereby e nhanc -
i
ng the Q .

f =2
.7 MHz

L
1 L
2 L
3

L
ow-pas
s f
i
l
ter

XL
I
, L
3 = 6
8 (
4
.0 p
H) XL
2 = 8
2 (
4
.77 p
H)

Xe l
. e4 = 6
9 (
854 p
F) Xcz , = 3
0 (
1966 p
F)

1
. C
ase
: F
erroxcube 107PA25
-4C4

1
7ë i
n
. (
11 mm
) OD x f2-i
n
. (
7 mm
) h
i
gh

=1
9
, AL -2
5. Om 1
50 a
tfc
o

2
. NL
1
000
I
, L =
3 N/0
.1
00
000
4 s÷
J L2
5m
H =A
12
.
L6 t
urns

3
. NL
2 - 1
000 N/
0.00477 2
5 =1
3
.8 t
u
rns

4
. S
e
lect w
ire gauge
(
No. 2
2 enam. wil
l fi
t b
obb
in
f
o
r tu
rns spec
ified)
F
igure 4-28 Pot-core i
nductors a
re su
itab
le fo
r tuned fi
l
ters of t
he v
ar
iety
d
epic
ted h e
re.S
ince the fo o
c f th
is f
il
ter i
s2.7 MHz, the prope
r ki
nd of c
ore
ma
teria
l must b
e chosen t
oe nsure p
roper Q(see t
he te
xt)
.
5

P
ER MANENT
- MAGNET DATA

Chapte
rs 1t h
rough 4d ea
lts pec
ifically w
ith magnetic
-co re materials t
hat
we
re n o
t magne t
ized pe
rmanen t
ly. T his c
hapter addres
se s another p a
rt of
t
he core-mater
ial fam
ily —those c ores which are permanen t
ly magne tized
f
or ah o
st of modern a
pplica
tion s
. Among t hecommon u seso f magne ts a
re
l
oudspeakers, phonog
raph c ar
tridge s
, magne t
ic la
tches, and m eter
s . Other
u
ses i
nclude trave
ling-wave t
ubes
, magne trons, kl
ystrons
, generato r
s, a nd
a
l
ternators
. T his li
s
t isb y n
o m eans c omplete, but itdoe
s i lustrate the
w
idespread use of magnets i
nthe elec
trical and el
ectron
ics industry.
I
n th
is se
ction the a
uthor h
as borrowed h eavi
ly from abook lete nti
tled,
P
ermanent Magnet Gu
ide
lines
, produced b
y MN IPA (Magne
tic Mate
ria
ls
P
roduce
rs Assoc
iat
ion)
, with t
he
ir ki
nd permis
sion
. The pamphle
t was s
o
w
ell wri
tten, and th
e c
ontents o
fsuch impor
tance
, that itwas se
lected a
s a
v
aluable refe
rence int
his b
ook.
Anothe r book by M MPA i sava
ilable on t
he subjec
t ma tter of th
is
c
hapter. ItisTest
ing a
nd Measuremento fPermanen
t Magne ts. Itisrecom-
mended h ighly as as upp
lemental te
xt for st
udents, technicians
, a nd
e
ngineers.

5
.
1 T
he N
ature o
f P
ermanent
- Magnet Mater
ials

F
rench phys
icist Pierre Weiss, some 5 0 years ago
, s uppl
ied t he cen
tral
t
hought t
ha
t e xp
lained t h
e o bse
rved p ropertie
s of f
erromagne tic mater
ials
a
nd today st
ill provides the b a
sis o f our high
ly s ophis
ticated b ody of
k
nowledge that explains qui
te s a
tisfactor
ily the observed prope r
ties and
p
rov
ide
s a
n i
n
tel
ligen
t g
uide f
o
r t
he s
earch f
or i
mproved ma
ter
ial
s. We
iss

1
59
1
60 P
ermanen
t-Magne
tDa
ta C
hap
.5

pos
tulated t
hat afe
rromagnetic b
ody mustb ecomposed ofsmal
l reg
ions or
d
oma ins e
ach ofw h
ich are magne
tized t
osatura
tion l
e
vel
, but t
he di
rection
o
ft he magne
tizat
ion fr
om d omain todomain need n
ot b
e para
llel
. T hus, a
magnet when demagnet
ized, was on
ly demagnet
ized f
rom the v
iewpoin t o
f
a
n observer o u
ts ide the mater
ial. Man-made f i
elds o n
ly se
rve a s acontroli n
c
hanging t he balance o f f
i
eld energy wi
th in amagne t.
The inheren ta tom ic magnetic momen t associated with such elemen ts as
i
ron
, c obalt, a nd n ickel i
sbelieved to originate or r e
sult f rom a net u n-
b
alance o felectron s p
ins incerta
in elec
tron s hel
ls. F or e
xamp le
, i nir
on i n
t
he 3d shel
l t here a re more e
lectrons sp
inn ing in o ne di
rec t
ion t han inthe
o
ther
. Hav ing a ni nherent a
tom ic magnetic momen t isan ecessary but nota
s
uff
icientc ondi tion f or f
e
rromagne tism tob ee xhibited. A ddit
iona l
ly, the
re
must b
ec oope rat
ive inte
ratom ic exchange forcest hat mainta
in n eighboring
a
toms parallel. Li
ttle isknown o f t
he exact n a
ture or magn itude o f t
hese
f
orces
, b u
t o bse
rva t
ions s ugges
t t hey are electros
tatic, and i th as been
p
ointed out thatinf e
rromagne tic materia
lst her at
io ofi n
teratom ic di
stance
t
o the d
iame ter oft h
e shel
l inw hich the unbalance exists i
su nusually l
arge
c
ompared t o t
his rat
io in ma terials w h
ich d o not e
xhibit fe
rromagne t
ism .
A
lso n ote t
hat these exchange f orce s p
roduce magne to s
tric
tive e
ffects a
nd
a
re associa
ted w i
th t he cry
stallograph ic struc
ture of magne t
ic materia
ls in
s
uch a w ay as t
o p roduce ad i
rectiona l dependence of magne t
iza
t ion wi
th
r
espect tothe c
rystal axi
s. Figure 5 -1 i
lu s
tratesthis r
e
lationship i
ni ron
; the
e
asy axis o
f magne tizat
ion i sthe c ube edge of(100) d
irect
ion. In F
igure 5-2
a
n exploded view o f aferromagne tic vo
lume s how s t
heo rder o
fsize fo
rt he
v
arious reg
ion s
.
We can vi
ew t he magne
tic doma
in as ar
egion in w
hich th
e atomic
moment
s c oopera
te to a
llow a c
ommon magne
tic moment which may be
r
ota
ted i
n man -made ex
terna
l fi
e
lds. Doma
in s
i
ze, no
t afundamenta
l con-
s
tan
t ofphysics, v
ar
ies widely d
epend
ing on: c
omposi
tion
, pur
ity
, and sta
te
o
fs t
rain o
ft he ma
teria
l; and on s
ome very i
mpor
tant e
nergy r
e
lationsh
ips.
F
igure 5
-3 shows ab oundary re
gion be
tween two d
omains. T
his boundary
r
egion a nd it
ss ignif
icance w ere fi
rst propo sed byB loch. T he B loch wal
l isa
t
ransition r eg
ion c ontaining many a tom ic planes. T he 1 80° c hange in
magne tization w il
l w ant to occur o ver ac ons
ide rable dis
tance t o minimize
t
he p oten t
ia l energy i n the wall
. Howeve r, t
he w idth o f the w all wi
ll be
r
estricted b ecause o f the res
training influence o f c
rystal aniso tropy (d
irec-
t
iona l dependence o f magne tism w ith respect to c
rystal ax
is). F igure 5-4 i
l
-
l
ustrate s an additional e nergy re
lationsh ip which influence s the size o
f the
doma in a nd i nvolves t he magne tos
ta t
ic o r fie
ld e nergy s urrounding a
magne tized v olume . A magne tized v olume t ends t o subdivide . Itw i
ll be
e
ne rgetical
ly p os s
ible for subdivision to occur as shown i n F igure 5-4 unt
il
t
he decrea
se in magne
tos
tatic e
nergy i
s l
e
ss than the poten
tia
l energy
a
ssoc
iated wi
th t
he B
loch wa
ll f
oundat
ion
. At t
h
is po
in t w
e might s
ay t
hat
 2
5,000

1
00

2
0,000

10

1
5,000

11

1
0,000

5
,000

11

o 2
00 4
00 6
00 8
00

F
igure 5
1 E
xchange f
o
rces a
fec
t t
he s
t
ruc
ture o
f magne
tic
m
ate
ria
ls i
nsuch away a
sto p
roduce ad
i
rec
tiona
l d
ependence o
f
magne
tiza
tion w
ith r
e
spec
tto t
he c
rys
tal a
x
is. I
nir
on (
s
hown
) t
he
c
ube e
dge o
f (
100
) d
i
rec
tion i
sthe e
asy a
x
is o
f magne
tiza
tion
.

Domain
:
A
tom 1
05 a
toms

•
o
o
o

(
5
?

Un
it c
rys
tal: 1c
ubic c
enti me
ter
:
1
06 domains 1
02 c
rysta
ls

F
igu
re 5
-2 E
xploded v
i
ew o
f af
e
rromagne
tic v
olume
.

161
 F
igu
re 5
-3 B
oundary r
eg
ion b
etween t
wo d
oma
ins
.

(
a
) (
b
) (
c
)
F
igure 5
-4 S
ubd
ivis
ion c
an o
ccu
r u
nt
il t
he d
ecrease i
n
magnetos
tat
ic energy i s le
ss t h
an the p
oten
tia
l e
nergy
a
ssoc
iated wi
th t
he Bloch w
all f
oundat
ion
.

t
he m agnetization v ector arrangemen t a
ssociated w i
th d omain v olume s ina
f
erromagne tic ma terial resul
ts f r
om a c omplex e nergy b a
lance . T heir ar-
r
angemen t i ssuch t hat the tota
l p otent
ial energy o f the s
y s
tem i s am ini-
mum . Exte rnal, man -created f i
e
lds t o magne tize or to demagne tize o nly
d
isturb th e b a
lance o f t he potential energ
ies i nvolved a nd o ur f amiliar
S
-shaped magne tization c urves are records of t he change in balance w ith
r
espect t
ot he externali nfluence. Figure 5-5 s
how s t
hea ct
ion p i
cto r
ially asa
b
ar o f f
erromagne tic ma terial is magnetized
. T he demagne t
ized c ond it
ion ,
(
A), resul
ts f rom a n i n
ternal arrangemen t with mu tua l
ly canceling d irec-

162
 0 0
(
a
)

(
b
)

"e

A \ • Je‘
y \ A•
'

(
c
)

e N \ Y N

-
b.

4
>

(
d
) -Hc -H, A +H

F
igure 5
-5 Magne
tiza
tion o
f ab
ar o
ffe
rromagne
tic m
ate
ria
l.

t
i
on s o f m agne tiza tion v ectors. In r eg
ion ( B), with l ow v alue s o fe xte rna l
f
i
eld , th e action i sp rima r
ily o ne of d oma in b ounda ry s tretch ing , u sua lly
a
round i mpe rfection s
. T his is ar e
ve rs
ib le proce ss [ar ever sible m agne tiza -
t
i
on p roce ss i so ne i n w h
ich t he magne tization v ecto r
s r eo r
ien t t o t heir
o
rigina l p os
ition a fter t he f i
e
ld ( H) isr emoved ]. A s t he f i
eld i si ncrea sed ,
r
egion ( C) doma in b ounda r
ie s break a way a nd move t hrough t he m ateria l.
The mo re f avorab ly o riented r e
gion s g row a t the e xpen se o f t hei r l ess
f
avo rably o rien ted n eighbo rs. A l a
rge i ncrease i n magne tic i nduc tion o c-
c
ur s
, a n i reve rsib le p roce ss [ i
n w hich t he magne tization v ector s t end t o
k
e ep t heir new p osition a f
te r ( H
) isr emoved ]. I n re
gion ( D) a ts t
i
ll h i
ghe r
v
alue s o f m agne tizing f orce, the magne tization v ectors a re r otated a gains t
t
he f orce sofs t
rain a nd c rystal anisotropy i n
to a l
ignmen t w ith t hed irect ion
o
ft hea pplied f i
eld ,a nd s a
tura tion o ccurs. R emov ing t hem agne tizing f orce
c
au ses s ome r e
laxa tion; t he d oma in s r o
tate b ack t o the e a sy d irection o f
magne tization ( ar eversible p rocess). T his r e
laxation c an b e m inim ized b y
mak ing t hed irection o fe asy m agnetization c oinciden t with t hed irect ion o f
magne tization d esired .
S
ubjec t
ing t h e m agne t t o ad emagne tizing f orce r e
tu rn s th e d oma in
bounda riest o ac ond it
ion s imi
la rt ot he
ir o r
igina lp os
ition si n( A
)a nd h ence
t
h em agne t isd emagne tized . Inn orma l u se ap ermanen tm agne to pera te si n
t
h es econd q uad ran to ft heh ysteresi
sl oop a nd since them agne tization f orce
i
sn ega tive th eu sab le in duction w il
lb eB=B , +( —H )a nd t h
em agne tw il
l
operate a ts ome p o
in ts uch a sF igure 5 -5d, w here am agne t
ic p oten tial —H d
p
e r unit length a nd i nduc tion + Bd p er u n
it sect
ion w ill bee s
tab l
ished . F o
r

1
63
1
64 P - Magnet D
ermanent ata C
hap
.5

o
utstand
ing permanent magnet
s w e w
ant to make domain wa
ll mo
tion a
nd
r
o
ta t
ion ofthem agne
tizat
ion v
ectorsdif
ficu
lt. The mo
re ex
terna
lenergy r
e
-
q
uired t
o or
ient the s
ys
tem , t
h
e mo re w
ill b
e requ
ired to d
emagnet
ize a
nd
h
ence abet
ter pe
rmanen t magnet
.
F
igure 5-5 d e sc
ribes the m agnetizat
ion p roce ss sati
sfactorily f or
magnetic materials h av
ing coerc
ive force va
lue ofH o up to approxima tely
3
00 O e. The coe rcive fo
rce of t
he e
arly carbon, tungsten
, a nd cobalt-steel
p
ermanen t magne ts isbel
ieved tobe ar e
sult o
fi mped ing doma in w al
l mo -
t
ion. T he
se q uench -hardened magne t
s h ave n onmagne tic i nc
lu s
ion s
b
uilding u p at t h e doma in boundaries
, o bs
tructing w a
ll mo tion. T his
mechanism i sb elieved t o b
e of si
gnificance on
ly a t r
elat
ively l ow f i
e
ld
s
t
reng th.
T
oday 's mode rn p ermanen t m agne t s exhibit c oe rcive f o rces w ell a bove
t
he l evel exp lained b y d oma in w all mo tion . O ne m ust t herefo re l ook f or
magne tization m echan ism s r equiring g rea ter e nergy i npu t. A s ign ifican t
m
ile stone i nu nde r stand ing p ermanen t m agne t prope rt
ie so ccur red w ith t he
s
ugge stion o f Frenke l a nd D orfman t ha t, ifs mall p articles w ere p repa red
w
ith d imen s
ion s l ess than t h e wid th o f d oma in b ounda ry , s uch p articles
wou ld con tain n ob ounda r
ies. T h
ise xplana t
ion f orm st hec en tralc oncep ti n
f
ine-pa rt
icle magne t theory a nd prov ide s u s with as a
tisfac tory p icture a nd
e
xplana t
ion o fh i gh c oercive f orce p ermanen t m agne ts such a sA ln ico , f e
r-
r
i
te, a nd f ine-pa rtic le iron-coba lt t ypes. T he dimen sion so f as ing le d oma in
v
olume a r e p red ictab le f r om a c on side ration o f w all e ne rgy a nd
magne to s
ta tic e ne rgy . F or as phe re t he w a
ll ene rgy i spropor t
iona l t o t he
c
ro sss ec
tion o rt ot h
es qua re o ft her adiu s. T he m agne tosta tic e ne rgy i sp ro-
p
o rtionalt ot hev olume o rt ot her ad iusc ubed . Ac ritica lr adiu se xis tsw here
t
hese t wo e ne rgy v aluesa ree qua l
, f o rt hisv a
lue a nd b elow ,i tise ne rge tical-
l
yi mpo s
sib le f o
r ad oma in b ounda ry t oe x
i s
t. W ithou t d oma in b ounda ries
t
he m agne tization o f ap ermanen t magne t c an b ec hanged o n
ly b yr o
ta tion
o
ft he magne tic momen t sa ssoc iated w ith e ach d oma in v olume . T hi sp roce ss
r
equ ires hi ghe r ene rgy i npu t than d oma in b ounda ry mo tion . T he d eg ree o f
d
ifficulty i n reve rsing t he magne tic momen ts o r t he c oe rcive f orce o f a
s
ingle d oma in s ys tem d epend s o n t he f orces o f a niso tropy , o r t h e f o rces
which g ive a d irec tiona l d ependence t o ad oma in's magne tic momen t.
C
ry stala nd s t
rain a n
isot ropy h ave b een m en t
ioned p reviou sly ;a dd itiona lly,
s
hape a niso tropy i sof g reat i mpo rtance . I n fine-pa rticle magne ts, s hape
a
niso tropy a rises f r
om t h
e f act tha t, i n an e longa ted s ing le d oma in , t he
magne tization a long t h
e ma jo r a x
i s i st he e asy a x
is a nd i nvo lve sm inimum
e
ne rgy. T or otate t he magne tization v ec to r and m agne tiza tion t ot h em ino r
a
xis i nvolve s a ddi tiona l e ne rgy . H ence , e longa ted p ar t
icle s e xhib i t h ighe r
c
oe rcive fo rce than s pherica lp art
icle s. I ns ervice, t hep e rmanen t magne ti sa
u
nique c omponen t i n the e ne rgy-conve rsion c ycle. When t he p ermanen t
magne t is magne tized , e nergy i sdissipa ted i nc hang ing t he f orce b a lance o f
S
ec. 5
-
2 E
lemen
tary P
ermanen
t-Magne
t R
ela
tionsh
ips 1
65

magnet
ization vec
to rs
. For t
he p ermanent magnet t
oe s
tabl
ish exte
rna l f
i
eld
e
nergy, i
nput isrequired t
oc hange the v
ecto
ro r
ientation n
eart he polesand
e
stab
lish the p
ermanen t magnet's magnetomotive fo
rce. Energy iso n
ly in
-
v
olved in changing a magne tic fi
eld
, not in main
taining one. H ence, t
he
f
i
eld energy es
tablished via the permanent magnet isindependent o f t
ime
u
nless the p
ermanent magnet issub
jec
ted to a
ddi
tional e
nergy input (
heat
e
nergy ordemagnetizing f
i
eld e
nergy
, fo
re xamp
le)
. Ap ermanent m agnet i
n
astabi
lized cond
ition is are
versib
le m ed
ium of ene
rgy transformation.
Potent
ial energy ofthe permanent magnet i
sc omposed ofboth i
n
terna
la nd
e
xternal fi
e
ld e nergy
. P ermanent magnets o
ften ope
rate ove
r adynamic c
y-
c
lei nw h
ich energy isconverted f
r
om a nelec
trica
lo rm echan
ica
l fo
rm tothe
magnetic fi
eld and then re
turned to t
he or
iginal f
orm.

5
.2 E
lementary P
ermanent
- Magnet R
elat
ionsh
ips

T
he b
as
ic p
rob
lem o
f p
ermanen
t magne
t d
es
ign i
sto e
s
tima
te t
he d
i
str
ibu
-
t
ion o
f magne tic fl
ux associa
ted w i
th a s pec
ific magnet
ic circu
it geome try
t
hat may i
nclude p e
rmanen t magnets, a
ir-gaps, and s
oft-s
teel flux conduc-
t
i
on elements. T h
is is avery d
ifficu
lt prob lem and on
ly a pproxima te s
olu-
t
i
ons are feas
ib le b
ased o n cer
tain simplifying assumptions. D ete
rm ining
h
ow suitab
le o r appropr
ia te t
hese assump tions are i
n ap ar
ticular case re
-
q
uires appreciab
le experience. Th
is sec
tion at
tempts to p
resent only a f
ew
b
asic c
oncep ts a
nd inter
-relat
ionships
. Itshould bee mphas
ized tha
to bta
in-
i
ng an opt
imum m agnet des
ign in apar
ticular s
i
tuat
ion involvesexper
ience
a
nd trade-offs be
tween many d if
ferent in
formation inpu
ts involv
ing both
t
he permanen t magne t and the e
quipment inw h
ich itisused.

5
.2
.1 T
he B
-H C
urve

The bas
is of design i sthe B
-H c urve, or h
ysteres
is l
oop, typ
ical o
f al
l
magnet
ic ma teria
ls, w hich isobta
ined f r
om m easurement on as pec
imen
u
nderc lo
sed-circui
t c ondit
ion s(
Figure 5-6)
. So
lid li
nesrep
resentt henormal
f
orm oft he curve
, a nd the ar
rows indicate t
he d
irect
ion inw h
ich thecurve
t
raverses asymme trical cycle of magnetization . T he dashed curve s
how s t
he
i
n
trinsic hysteres
is loop. A lthough i n the u sual u t
il
ization o f pe
rmanen t
magnets th
e n ormal curve i sused for ana
ly sis, itisd e
sirable to n
ote t
he d
i f
-
f
erence be
tween t hese two c urves
, because i tisvery s i
gnificant i
np e
rmanen t
magnets. These two curve s are r
elated by the e qua t
ion B = Bi + H , where
B is th
e n orma l induction , B, the i n
trinsic i nduc t
ion, a nd H t he fi
eld
s
t
reng th. In t
he second q uadrant o f t
he hy steresis loop H i snegat
ive, and
h
ence B, i
sgreater t
han B. In ap
ermanen t magnet t
he f
ie
ld streng
th , H
, i
s
d
i
rectly o
ppo sed to the i
ntr
ins
ic induct
ion B, and B isthe net induc
tion
a
vai
lable f
or exte
rnal use
. Itshou
ld b e no
ted tha
t t
his i
sinc ontra
st to t
he
e
l
ectromagnet, inw h
ich B, and H are i
n the s
ame d
irec
tion.
 F
igure 5
-
8 T he B
-H c urve
, o
r hys
te res
is lo
op is o
btained f
rom
measu
remen
t on aspec
imen unde
r closed c
ircui
t c
ondi
tions. S
ol
id
l
i
nes i
nd
ica
te t
he n
orma
lfo
rm o
fthe c
urve
; a
r
row
sin
dica
te t
he d
i
rec
-
t
i
on i
n which t
he c
urve t
r
averses asymme t
rica
l cyc
le o
f magne
tiza
-
t
i
on. D
otted c
urve s
hows in
tr
insic h
yste
res
is lo
op.

The mo st i mpor tant cha rac teristics of p ermanen t magne tic ma te

rials,
r
esidua l induc t
ion , Br,c oerc
ive f o rce, H e,a nd max imum e nergy produc t,
(
BdHd) m ,m ay b e o btained f rom t he demagne tizat
ion q uadran t of t he
h
ys teresis loop. T he r es
idua l induc tion, Br,i sd ef
ined as t he magne tic flux
d
ens i
ty o f the ma terial in ac l osed c i
rcuit w hen t he applied magne t
izing
f
ie
ld , He h a sb een r emoved , w hile t he coercive force, He,i sthed emagne t
iz -
i
ng f orce, w hich r educe s t
he r etained f lux to zero. (BdHd) m ,acri
terion o f
magne tic prope r t
ie s
, may b e o b ta
ined b y constructing the e nergy produc t
c
urve , that is
, t he produc t ofa bscis sa H a nd ordina te B plotted against the
v
alue o f ( B
) o r ( H
) a ta pprop ria te p oints o n t
h e demagne tization curve. A
smoo th curve d rawn t hrough t he p lotted p oin
ts w i
ll commence a tzero, the
o
rigin , ri
se to a max imum p o
in t, ( BdHd) m ,a
nd f a
ll aga
in t o zero.

5
.2
.2 R
eco
i L
oops

1
f,ata ny pointsuch asP in Figure 5
-6
, the cyc
lic change i
nH i
sr eversed
i
ndirect
ion , t
he fl
ux d en
sity changes a
long ac urve such a
s PR. I
f
, from R ,
t
he f
ie
ld strength H re
traces it
svalues, t
he i
nduc t
ion traver
sestheuppe rh a
lf
o
f t
h e l
oop ( PR) unti
l itagain reaches P
, after which the ma
jor hy
stere s
is
l
oop isf o
llowed . The loop (PR ) may be coincident with t
he ma
jor l oop.
S
uch al
oop i
sknown a
s ar
eco
il l
oop
, t
he a
verage s
l
ope o
f w
hich i
sfa
irly

1
66
S
ec. 5
-
2 E
lemen
tary P
ermanen
t-Magne
t R
ela
tionsh
ips 1
67

c
onstan
t wha
teve
r the p
oin
t o
fo r
igin
. T h
is sl
ope isknown a
sthe r
eco
il (
or
r
eve
rsib
le)pe
rmeabi
lity (
)
Ire)
.Itiss
uff
icient
ly accu
rate f
ore
nginee
ring p
ur-
p
oses t
orega
rd t
he loop a
s as
tra
ight l
ine
.

5
.2
.3 Wo
rking P
oin
tof aMagne
t
(
Sta
tic A
ppl
ica
tions
)

Ap ermanen t -magne t system u sually h a s to prov ide m agne tic f l

ux i na n
a
irg ap . T he p re sence o ft hi
sg ap i nt h
ec i
rcu itp roduce s am agne tic field o p-
p
o sing t h ef l
ux i nt he m agne t m aterial. Ino therw ords, m agne tic e ne rgy e x-
i
s
ts i nt he g ap , a nd inp rovid ing t his ene rgy t he magne t isc orre spond ing ly
s
e
lf -demagne tized . T herefo re, ift he i n
duc tion B o ft he magne t i sp osit
ive ,
t
he f i
eld s treng th H i n
side t he magne t mu st be n egative, w hich m ean s t hat
t
he m agne t w orks i nt he second o r fou rth q uad ran t of the h y steresis l o op
(
i
.e., t hed emagne t
ization c urve )
. I ft he m agnet i sd emagne tized b yt heg ap
a
lone , t h e o pera ting p oint i so n t he d emagne t
iza tion c urve . H oweve r, if
a
fte rs atu ra t
ion , t he magne tu nde rgoe sa dd itional d emagne tiza tion ( e
.g., b y
a" stab ilizing" f i
eld) the o perating p oin t i si nside t he d emagne tiza tion
c
ur ve, o n ar eco il l o
op.
The w ho le v olume o f amagne t d oes n ot opera te att hes ame p o
in t b ut,
f
or s imp lici ty, i ti su sual to a s
sume t hat i td oes
. T he e r
ro r i nhe rent i nt his
a
ssump tion i sgr eatest w hen t he a i
r gap i sl ong, b ut m uch l ess w ith as ho rt
a
i
r g ap o r w hen t he magne t h as s ubstan tia l soft-iron p ole p iece s
. F or a
magne to fc ro sss ect
ion Am ( cm')a nd leng th i m (
cm )
, th etotal f lux p rovided
i
ne xte rna ls pace i sBdAm a nd t het otal magne tomo tive force a cro sst hee nd s
o
ft h
e magne ti s Hd/ m .Mo std esign p rob lems c an b er educed t o as pecifica -
t
i
on o ft het ota l f l
ux a nd t he total m agne tomo t
ive f orce tob e p rovided b y
t
hem agne t
. F o
r ag i
ven alloy, t het otal v o
lume o fm agne t m ate rial re quired
(
Ar ni m )isi nve rsely p ropo rtiona l t o (BdHd)a tth e cho sen o pera ting p o
in t,
which e nab le s t he length a nd s e
ction o f t h
e m agne t to b e f i
xed . F or
e
conomy , i ti su sual t oc hoo se th e opera ting p o
in t, w here t h
e e nergy p ro -
d
uc t h asi t
s max imum v alue f or the ma te rial b u
t, i ft h
e m agne td imen sion s
t
hu s o btained a r e i mpractical, a nothe r o perating p o
int o r ad ifferen t
materia l mu st b e s e
lected.

5
.2
.4 T
he Magne
tic C
i
rcu
it

I
ndes
igning amagnet
ic c i
rcui
t, itisnece
ssary
, inaddi
tion tothenormal
a
sse
ssment of t
he t
otal fl
ux a nd total magnetomotive fo
rce requ
ired, t
o
a
ssume t
hat t
he magnet
ic circui
t can be div
ided in
to var
iou s e
l
emen t
s and
t
r
eated l
i
ke an e
lec
tric c
ircuit by applying th
e magnetic ana
log of Ohm's
l
aw:

f
l
ux = magne
tomo
tive f
o
rce
(
5
.1)
r
e
luc
tance
1
68 P
ermanen
t-Magne
tDa
ta C
hap
.5

T
he ma
in d
if
ficu
lty i
napp
lying t
h
is f
o
rmu
la i
sto a
s
ses
s t
he r
e
luc
tance
.
F
or s
hor
t g
aps o
f l
a
rge a
rea t
he r
e
luc
tance i
s

g
ap l
e
ngth (
cm)
(
5
.2)
g
ap a
rea (
cm'
)

I
n p
ract
ice, the ef
f ec
tive r
eluctance isle
ss t
han t h
is value, si
nce p
art of
t
he fl
ux isleakage. This isequ
ivalent to aproport
iona te increase i
ntheg ap
a
rea, which may bec onsidered as ale
akage fac
tor ( F
). This fac
tori su
sually
b
etween 1 .
5 a nd 20
, a nd, a
lthough it may be ca
lculated a pproximate
ly b y
t
aking the rec
iprocal o f t
he sum o f re
ciproca
ls o f a
ll leakage path re
luc-
t
ances, itis mo re re
liably based o n prev
ious e xperience o f comparable
d
esigns.
S
imi
lar
ly, i
tisf
r
equen
tly a
dvisab
le t
o a
pply ac
orrec
tion f
a
ctor t
o t
he
g
ap le
ngth t
oal
low for t
he l
osses i
ntroduced bycurvature o
f f
lux path
, s
ub-
s
i
diary j
oin
ts i
nt h
e magnet
ic c i
rcu
it , a
nd l
oss i
np ole
-piece mater
ials
. T
his
f
ac
tor (I
) i
susua
lly much smaller than t
he a
rea fa
ctor, and i
sn o
rma l
ly b
e-
t
ween 1
.
1 a
nd 1.
5. F
or ag
ap o
fse
ction Ag (
e
rn'
) a
nd l
e
ngth I
g(cm
), t
he c
or-
r
ec
ted r
e
luc
tance i
s

l
gf

(
5
.3)
Agf

T
he f
u
ll c
i
rcu
it e
qua
tion i
s

H dr
,
„A gf
Bd.
Am = (
5
.4)
1f

w
here Bd a
nd Hd a
re t
he va
lues a
tthe a
ssumed p
oin
t o
fthe magne
t o
fse
c-
t
i
on Am and l
eng
th Im .T
his c
an be t
ran
sposed a
s

B
d iA gf
I
n
- =A
Hd ,„lef.
5
)
(
5

The re
cip
rocal o
f r
e
luctance (A gF
/Igf)isk nown as t
he p
ermeance
.
The who
le ri
ght
-hand side ofe quat
ion ( 5
.5) i
sknown as t
he un
itp er
-
meance and may be repre
sented g raphical
ly by as t
raigh
t li
ne pas
sing
t
h
rough the o
rig
in of aB-H curve
. Seve
ral such l
i
nes a
re s
hown on F
igure
5
-7
. Eve
ry des
ign has ac
orre
sponding opera
ting li
ne, a
nd i
t
s sl
ope d
epends
o
n th
e dimens
ion s o
f t
he magnet and t
he gap, w
ith co
rrec
tion o
f l
eakage
f
ac
tors. The s
lope i
sindependen t ofthe a
l
loy o
fw hich t
he magne
t i s made
.
T
he inte
rsect
ion of th
is li
ne w i
th th e d
emagnet
ization c
urve of the al
loy
g
i
ves the working p
oint o
ft he magne t
.
T
he forego
ing gi
ves th
e rat
io 1 m/A„
, fo
rthe magnetand itr
emains t o f
i
x
e
i
ther im or Am . t
he to
tal flux requ
ired f
rom t he magnet (
including
S
ec.5
-
2 E
lemen
tary P
ermanen
t-Magne
tRe
lat
ionsh
ips 169

l
e
akage
) isknown
, t
hen Am c
an bed e
term
ined
, a
sthi
stota
l fl
ux i
s Be Am .
I
fth
e fi
eld s
t
reng
th Hg i
nth
e spec
ified a
i
r g
ap i
sknown
, then

Hd/
„
, = Hgy (
5
.6)

Equat
ion s ( 5
.5) and ( 5
.6) t ogethe r give the s e
ction a nd length o f the
magnet required ina n aloy ofk nown d emagne t
iza t
ion c u
rve a nd o fc hosen
v
alues of Bd a nd H d .These v a
lues m ay be
: att he ( BdHd) ,
„ point, to g i
ve
m
inimum v o
lume o fm ater
ial; ats ome o ther point o n thed emagne tization
c
urve, ifpractical considerat
ion s o f s i
ze m ake itn ece s
sary ; or on ar ecoi
l
l
oop, ifthec onditions ofo peration m ake this d
e s
irab le ori nevitable. Ifthe
magnet ism agnetized before b e
ing a ttached t othe p ole pieces, itm ay w ork
o
n ar eco
il lo op
. I n amo tor org ene rato r t
he m agne t has n o fi
xed w orking
p
oint
, b u
t t r
ave r
se s arecoi
l lo op.
I
n m any u ses ofthe permanen t m agnet, aw el
l-def ined m agnetic circui
t
i
sn o
t i nvolved ( e
.g., as imp le ba r m agnet)
. U nder s uch c ond i
tion s the
o
perating poin tont hed emagne tization c urve isdeterm ined p r
ima r
ily b ythe
d
imen s
ion r atio /m/d
ia o f th
e b ar
.

5
.2
.5 T
he P
ermanent Magne
tina
n E
xte
rna
lFi
eld

I
nu s
ing ap e
rmanent m agne
t the in
fluence o
fex
ternal fi
e
ld sinchanging
t
he f
lux level i
san important c
onsiderat
ion. The g
eomet ry of t
he magnet
a
s
semb ly set
s th
e s
lope of th
e ope
rating li
ne and h
asconsiderable e
ff
ect on
t
he i
n
te rac
tion ofthe pe
rmanen t m agnet a
nd th
e e
xterna
l f i
e
ld. To predic
t

-
H

F
igu
re 5
-7 T
ypica
l d
emagne
tiza
tion c
urves s
how
ing v
ar
ious
o
pera
ting s
l
opes
.
1
70 P
ermanen
t-Magne
tDa
ta C
hap
.5

t
he c
hange i nf l
ux density of apermanen t m agne t i
nt he p
r e
sence o fanex-
t
e
rnal fi
eld, w e must have b o
th the norma l and int
rinsic curves ofthe p
er-
manent m agnet m ate
ria l
. I fthe operating l i
ne slope or u nit permeance
Bd/Ha isk nown , ali
ne w ith as l
ope of Bd/Hd + 1i sdrawn t h
rough the
o
r
igin, (F
igu re 5-8)
. T he m agni
tude of a n external fi
e
ld i nf
luence —Ha i s
l
a
id offp a
ra l
lel to Bd/Hd + 1a nd i
tsintersection with th
ei ntr
in s
ic cu
rve i
s
p
rojec
ted d own t othe n o
rma l c
urve toy ie
ld th e n
ew levelo f fl
ux dens
ity i
n
t
he p
resence o fthi
s external inf
luence. In Figu re 5
-8, AB ist h
e loss o
fflux
d
ensi
ty for —Ha e x
terna l app
lied fi
e
ld i nf
luence .

5
.
3 Magne
tizat
ion

Ap ermanen t magnet
, t oe xhibit it
s full propert
ie s, m us
t b e m agnet
ized to
s
a
tu rat
ion. Part
ialm agne t
iza tion r e
sults inreduced p roperties, and theeffi
-
c
i
ency a nd st
abi
lity of the permanen t m agnet ar e consequen t
ly i mpaired.
The p e
rmanen t-magne t m anufactu rer gene ral
ly s hips d emagne t
ized
magnetstot heuser
. T he ma in reason i sthatthep ermanen t m agneti susual
-
l
yincorporated in
to amagne t
ic c i
rcuita nd th
eo perating fl
ux l e
velscan o n
ly
b
eo btained by magnetization a ftera s
semb ly i
nto t hem agne t
ic circu
it. A d
-
d
i
tionally, s
hipping co
s t
so fm agnetized p e
rmanen tm agnets areg rea
tera nd
t
hed angero fcontamina t
ion d ue top ickup o f magne tic p
a r
ticlesi sle
ssened
b
y shipping and handl
ing d emagne t
ized magne t s.

+
B o
r B
,

B
,

—H

F
igure 5
-8 Bi
sthe l
oss o
ffl
ux d
ens
ity f
or —H 8 e
xte
rna
lapp
lied
f
i
eld i
n
fluence
.
 5
.3
.1 C
ond
itions f
orC
omp
lete S
atur
ation

T
o f
u
lly s
a
tura
te ap
ermanen
t magne
t r
equ
ire
s c
arefu
l c
ons
ide
rat
ion o
f
t
he magn
itude, t
he s
hape
, a
nd t
he time d
urat
ion o
f t
he a
ppl
ied fi
eld
. In a
p
rev
ious sec
tion, t
he te
rm "se
lf-demagnet
izat
ion" was in
troduced. I
n
magne
tiza
tion t
he f
r
ee p
ole o
r s
e
lf-demagne
tiza
tion c
oncep
t i
sex
treme
ly
i
mportantbecause t
hese
lf-inf
lic
ted, se
lf-demagne
tiza
tion i
s amax
imum for
ape
rmanen t magnet d
uring magne t
izat
ion.
The s
a
turat
ion magne t
izing fo
rce ( Hs)o
f apermanent magne
t ma
ter
ial
may b
et aken a
s f
our t
o f
ive t
imesit
s i
nt
rins
ic coerc
ive force
. Indes
igning a
magne
tizer i
tmustbe r
emembe red t
hat t
he va
lue of( Hs)must b
et h
e net e
f
-
f
ect
ive v
alue a
ct
ing onthe magne
t, a
nd the p
resence o
fself-demagnet
izat
ion
o
r s
hun
tings e
ffec
ts wi
ll n
ece
ssi
ta te a
ddit
iona
l magnet
izing f
ie
ld s
trength t
o
c
ompensa
te fo
r these f
ac
tors
. T he s
elf
-demagnet
izat
ion inf
luence wi
ll b
e a
max
imum f
or t
he c
ase o
f ab
ar magne
t h
aving a s
mal
l r
a
tio o
f l
e
ngth t
o
c
ros
s-sec
tional area magne
tized in aso
lenoid
. For example, are
lat
ionsh
ip
b
etween net e
ffect
ive work
ing force a
s se
en by t
he permanent magnet (
Hs)
a
nd the f
ie
ld st
reng th o
fthe so
lenoid ( may b
H e e
M xpre
Ossed a
s fo
llows
:

Hs = Hs
o
i —K(
Bs — Hs)

w
here K is ademagne
tiza
tion constant d
epend
ing on magne
t g
eometry
(
Table 5
-
1); Bs i
sth
e f
l
ux dens
ity a
ssocia
ted w
ith f
i
eld s
t
reng
th Hs.An e
x-
ample
, p
erhaps
, bes
t ilus
trate
s the importance o
f fr
ee po
les and th
e se
lf-
d
emagnet
izat
ion in magne
tiz
ing prob
lem s. Cons
idert wo A
lnico 5rods
, one
hav
ing a/
,/D rat
io of0.1 a
nd the s
ecor
id aI m/Drat
io of 1
0.0. T
o sa
turate
A
lnico 5
,113.= 3
000 a
nd Bs = 1
7,000 G. U
sing t
he r
elat
ion
ships d
esc
ribed
,
t
he r
od with alm/D =0.
1 w ou
ld requ
ire avalue o
f1 /5
0
1 = 14
,900 0e, t
he
r
od wi
th a/ m/D = 10.0 wou ld requ
ire ava
lue o
fI/50
1 =3240 Oe. T
his ex
-
amp
le show s t
hat t
he free
-po le inf
luence o
f t
he magnet g
eometry having
h
eavy se
lf-demagnet
ization c an be min
imized b
y t
he use o
fsof
t-iron par
ts
t
o c
omp lete t
he magnet
ic circui
t.

TABLE 6
-1 Kf
o
rrods a
nd b
ars
.

D
imensiona
lra
tio
(
l
eng
th/diamete
r a) 0
.0 0
.
1 0
.2 0
.5 1
.0 2
.0 5
.0 1
0
.0
1
.
000 0
.
850 0
.730 0
.472 0
.270 0
.
140 0
.040 0
.0
17

aD
iam
ete
rofb
a
r m
ay b
eta
ken a
s 2l n
i
r
e7i
h
r.
-

I
n a
ddi
tion t
o h
aving a
n a
dequa
te magn
itude o
f magne
tiz
ing f
o
rce
, i
tis
n
ecessary tha
t t he s
hape of the a
pplied fi
e
ld coinc
ide w i
th tha
t of the
magnet as close
ly as poss
ible
. Mode rn p
ermanent magne ts a
re low in
p
ermeab i
lity a
nd the
ir p
resence i
n af
ie
ld wi
ll no
t, t
oa ny g
reatex
tent, s
hape

1
71
17
2 P
ermanen
t-Magne
tDa
ta C
hap
.5

t
he f i
e
ld. C ur rent
-ca rrying c onduc tors comb ined w ith s of
t-steel m embe rs
c
an bea rranged t og ive almo s
t a ny fi
eld contou rd esi
red . A s ag enerals ta
te -
ment, iti sn ot o bjectionable t o u s
e m agnetizing f orce i n exces s of t he
m
in imum r equ i
red. Howeve r
, w hen the fie
ld c ontou r isv ery d i
ssim i
lar t o
t
hat of the m agnet, m agnetization a tsome a ngle from t hed esired a x
is m ay
r
esult
. T he net effect w ou
ld b e o ne ofp art
ial or incomp le te magne tization .
T
he d urat
ion o f the magne tizing fi
eld i soften af acto r
. We k now t hat
t
he ri
se o f magne t
ic i nduct
ion i sessent
ially i n
stantaneou s int hin m agne tic
f
i
lm s, but in am e
ta l
lic permanen t m agnet ofa ppreciable c ross sect
ion , i n
-
d
uced e ddy c urrents can influence t he ri
se of magne tiza tion. I ne quipmen t
s
uch ase lec
tromagne ts
, ther i
se o fm agnetizing c u
rren ti sn o
ti nstantaneou s,
owing to induc tance. Many l a
rge e l
ectromagne ts require b u
ildup t ime s in
t
he order o f second s
.

5
.3
.2 Magne
tiz
ing E
quipmen
t

S
teady-s
tate fi
elds p
roduced b y el
ect
romagne tic y
okes a
nd pe rmanent-
magne t st
ructure
s a re convenien
t f o
rm s of equipment for m agne
tiz
ing
s
imple -
shaped r ods, bars, and r i
ngs. T he convent
ional el
ectromagne t
magne t
izer has one p o
le movab le with respec
t to the o
ther
, i susually
ope
rated f r
om af ull
-wave rect
ifie
r, and isdes
igned fo
r in
termi
tten t o
pera-
t
ion. Figure 5-
9 show s atyp
ical ar
rangemen t.
P
rinc
ipaldes
ign c
ons
ide
rat
ion
s f
o
rane
l
ect
romagne
tto magn
etize ap
ar-
t
i
cula
r m agne
t are
:

I
.Co
re s
e
ction mus
t b
e a
dequa
te t
oca
rry t
h
e s
a
tura
tion f
l
ux.
2
. Ampere
-turns must b
e s
uff
icient t
o produce t
he t
o
tal mmf r
equired
b
y th
e magnet le
ngth, t
he magnet
ize
r y oke
, a
nd any s
e
lf-demagnet
i-
z
at
ion inf
luence
s pre
sent
.

B
ecau se oft h e leakage a nd l o
sses, t he core oft he e lectromagne ts hou ld be
a
tl e
astt wo t ime st hea r ea oft he magne tt oe nsure a dequa te fl
ux leve li nthe
p
ermanen t m agne t
. T he a mpere-turn r e quiremen ts a r
e t ypical
ly t wice the
v
alue compu ted t os a
tu rate the length o f pe rmanen t-magne t ma te r
ia l
.
V
ery smallp ermanen t magnetsa reo ften magne tized b ym ean so f al arge
p
ermanen t m agne t. T he a mount o fp hysica lefforta nd t heu niform ity p rob-
l
em created b y mov ing t h
e m agnetized m agne t through an onl
inea rf i
eld ad-
j
acent tothem ain a i
rg ap greatly li m
it th
i sa pproach . S i nce thetime i n
terval
r
equired ise xtreme ly s ho rt
, m agne tizing c an b e achieved b y acur ren t im-
p
ulse, provided t hat it
sm agni
tude i ssufficientt od elive rt hep eak m agne t
iz-
i
ng force requ ired.
T
he d evelopmen t o f m a
te r
ial w ith a h igh c oe rcive f orce a nd h igh
a
vailable energy h as l ed t o re
lat
ive ly intricate m agne t c onfiguration s
. T he
l
ength o fm agne t limb s h as decrea sed a nd c i
rcula r s hape s and p arallel ci
r-
 Magne
tizer Magne
tizer
p
o
le piece
s p
ole p
ieces
M
agne
t

A
ssemb
ly
U
-shaped
B
ar m
agne
ts magnet
s C
-as
semb
lie
s

(
a
) (
b
) (
c
)

C
ros
sse
ction

L
eng
th

F
igure 5
-
9 When s
e
lec
ting a
nel
ect
romagne
tic m
agne
tize
rfo
r
y
ourapp
l
ica
tion, c
onside
rt wo fa
ctors
:a r
ea ofm
agnet
ize
rcore
s
hou
ld be abou
t twice cross-sect
ional ar
ea o
f magne
t; f
or
A
lnico magnets
, a mpere t
urns s
hould e
qual 6
,000 per i
nch o
f
magnet
ic l
ength o
f magnet. Asl
ightsurp
lus ofa mpe
re tu
rns is
d
esirab
le when possib
le. F
or ce
ramic magnets
, approximate
ly
2
0
,000 ampe
re t
u
rns p
eri
nch a
rerequ
ired
. (
a
) B
ar m
agne
ts; (
b
)
U
-shaped m
agne
ts; C
c
/ a
ssemb
lies
.

c
uits a
r e common. Many o f the newer
-shaped pe
rmanen t m agne
t ar
-
r
angem ents c
anno
tb e magnet
ized b
y pl
acing t
hem incontac
t with c
onven
-
t
ional e
lec
tromagnet
s. In
stead, t
hey a
re magnet
ized by t
he fi
e
ld around a
c
onduc tor carrying ah igh c urrent i mpu lse. S ome s hapes can o nly a ccom -
moda te as i
ngle c onduc to r thread ing th rough t h
e window o f the m agne t
ic
c
i
rcu it. O thers mu s
t b e w ound w ith seve ral turns o f heavy wire. I n f ac
t,
many magne td es
ign sa re ma terially inf
luenced b yh ow the magne tizing c on-
d
uc tor o r conduc tors c an b e arranged .
Impu l
se magne t
iza tion h as b ecome mo re p opula r not only f o
r t hese
n
ewe r s hape s
, b ut al
so f or nearly a l t
ype s of permanen t magnet s, becau se
o
ft hef l
exibil
ity, low i n
i t
iale qu ipmen tc ost, and thea bil
ity t
od elive rh igher
i
nstantaneou s c urrent s f r
om c onventiona l a c powe r m ains
. F i gure 5 -10
s
how s t ypical impu lse m agnetize r ci
rcuit s
.
The currentr equ ired f ori mpu lse m agne tization around as ingle c onduc -
t
or c an b e e s
tima ted f r
om I • —
• 5 Hí r), w here /i st he peak c u
rren t in
ampe res, Hs t he satura t
ion magne t
izing f orce i no e
r s
ted s
, and rt he max i-
mum r adiuso ft he m agne t con f
igu rat
ion i nc entimeters.
F
igu re 5 -
11 s how s t ypical c onduc tor a r
rangemen ts for m agne tizing
v
a r
iou s p ermanen t-magne t c onfigu rat
ion s. I n impulse m agnetiza t
ion , i n
-
duced e ddy c u r
ren ts i n m etal
lic magne ts c an i mpede f l
ux pene tration i n

1
73
 I
gn
ition r - 1
---- l
f
C
harg
ing C
apaci
tor or 1 Pulse :
c
i
rcu i
t b
ank {t
r
ans
fo rme
r, F
ixture
t
hy r
i
stor

L
___
__i
(
SC 1
3)

C
apac
ito
r d
i
scha
rge
(
a
)

r
-
1 1
I
gn
ition
P
hased 1
o
r 1 P
ulse '
t
iming ,
—..
.. F
ixture
t
hyr
isto
r ;
trans
former
)
c
i
rcuit
(
SCR
) I
I

1
2
C
ycle

(
b
)

F
igure 5
-
10 T
ypica
l i
mpu
lse
-magne
tize
r c
i
rcu
its
. (
a
) C
apac
ito
r d
i
scha
rge
; (
b
) h
a
lf-
c
ycle
.

Magne
t C
onduc
tor

C
onduc
tor

Magne
t

o
r r
i
ng magne
ts S
oleno
id magne
tiz
ing c
oi
l b
ar m
agne
ts
(
a
) (
b
)

C
onduc
tor C
onduc
tor
s
M
agne
t —

"
E" s
hape magne
ts Mu
ltip
le p
ole m
agne
ts

(
c
) (
d
)

F
igure 5
-
11 T ypical c
onduc
tor a
r
rangements fo
r magnet
izing va
rious pe
rmanen
t-
magne
t con
figu
ra t
ions
. (a
) C or r
ing magne
ts; (b
) s
oleno
id m agnet
izing c
o
il b
ar
magne
t; (
e
) E
-shaped magne
ts; (
d
) mu
lt
iple p
ole magne
ts; (
e
) mu
lt
iple p
oles o
n o
ne
f
ace o
f d
i
sk or r
i
ng magne
t; (
f
) mu
ltip
le po
les o
n I
D o
f s
ta
tor magne
t o
r a
ssemb
ly; (
g
)
two
-po
le on I
D o
f s
tato
r magne
t o
ra ssembly
.

1
74
 S
tee
l Magne
t

C
onduc
tor

Mu
ltip
le p
ole
s o
n o
ne f
ace o
r d
i
sc o
r r
i
ng magne
t
(
e
)

C
onducto
r

Mu
ltip
le p
ole
s I
D o
f s
t
ato
r m
agne
t o
r a
s
semb
ly

(
f
)

C
onduc
tor

2
-po
le o
n I
D o
f s
t
ato
r m
agne
t o
r a
s
semb
ly

(
g
)

magne
tso fa pprec
iable c
ros
ss ec
tion. I
tiso
ften n
ece
ssary touse s
eve
ralcur
-
r
ent p
ulse
s to achieve s
a
turation.
How d oe
s o ne know when satu
ration h
as b
een reached? Th
is is ad
if
-
f
icu
lt quest
ion. T he c
ommon p rac
tice i
sto use a s
urp
lus of magnet
izing
f
orce, b
uto f
ten one e
ncounte
rsw hatisb
el
ieved tobe amargina
lsatura
tion.
Under such cond
itions i
tisrecommended tha
t the u
ser consu
lt h
is o
r her
magne
t s
upp
lie
r.

1
75
5
.
4 D
emagne
tiza
tion

Demagne tiza t
ion i sd efined a sr e ducing t oa na ccep table l e
vel t h
ef lux d ensi
-
t
y, i nt h e space s urround ing ap e
rmanen t m agne t
, a ts ome p rede te rm ined
d
istanc e f rom t he m agne t su rf ace. A t t emperature s below t h
e C urie t empe r
-
a
tu re, p ermanen t magne t
s c on s
is t ofe lemen tary d oma ins —m icro scop ic o r
s
ubm ic roscop ic v olume s o f m ate r
ial, e ach of w hich a re tiny s a
tu ra ted p er
-
manen t magne t s
. I n amagne t
ized m agne t, the m agne tic momen ts o ft he
se
d
oma ins a re a l
igned e ssentia lly p a
ra l
le l
. I n a" perfectly" d emagne tized
magne t, they a re aligned i n as tatist
ica lly random m anne r
. T hu s, e ven i na
"pe rfectly" d emagne t
ized m agne t, s ome e xterna l f i
eld w i
ll b e p re sent, if
on
ly o n as ubm icro scop ic sc ale. A s ag ene rali
ty, d emagne tization i sh andled
b
yt he m anufac ture r ofp ermanen t m agne ts
. T his isb ecau se m agne t s m us
t
b
e magne t
ized f o
r t est
ing , t h en d emagne t
ized f or shipmen t, i n mo st c ases
.
The re w il
l, h oweve r, b e s ome c ases i n w h
ich t he m agnet u ser w i
ll f ind it
n
ece s
sa ry t o d emagne tize . P artial d emagne t
ization , o r s t
abiliza tion , t o a
mea su red l evel below t h e satu ra ted v a
lue i squite c ommon i na pp l
ica tions
r
equ iring c lose t o
lerance magne tic fie
ld s.T h
is isp art
icu larly true i na ppl
ica-
t
ion s w here t he m anufac tu red p ar
t-to -pa r
t v ar
iation s in b oth t he m agnet
a
nd a ssociated s t
ruc ture c au se v a r
iation s i
nt he m agne tic fie
ld s treng th t ha
t
a
re o uts
ide t he accep tab le e nd -p roduc t t o
lerance s.

5
.4
.1 D
emagne
tiza
tion T
echn
iques

AC F ields. T he mo s t common m ethod o f demagne tizing i st o subject t he

magne tt oa na cf i
e
ld o fa ni n
ten s
ity s uf f
icien t toapprox ima tely saturate t he
magne t, f ol
lowed b y gr adual r educ tion o f t h
e f i
e
ld t o z ero, e i
the r b y
w
ithdraw ing t h
e m agne t to ar emo te l ocation w ith the a c powe r o n, or b y
g
radua lly reducing t he ac v o
ltage. I n g ene ral
, t he h
ighe r the f i
e
ld a nd t he
mo re g radua l i t
s r educ t
ion , t he mo re n ear
ly y ou a pp roach i deal
d
emagne tizat
ion .
D
esign o f c onven tiona l so
leno id s t o provide 6 0
-Hz f ie
ld s of s uff
icien t
i
nten s
ity t o demagne t
ize mode rn pe rmanen t
-magne t m ater
ial s offers s ome
d
if f
iculty i fth e co
il mu st b e run o n as em icon t
inuou s bas
is. F o rtuna tely,
o
n ly i n
te rmitten t o perat
ion i sn orma lly r equired. A lternatively, o ne c an
d
es ign t he coi
l, w hich c on sis
ts o f af ew t urns of water -cooled c onduc to rs,
a
nd r un i ta t l ow v oltage a nd hi gh c ur rent, b y m ean s of as t
ep-down
t
ran sforme r
. T his type c an b e used f or c on t
inuou s d uty.
F
or a ppl
ica t
ion s r equiring l e
ss crit
ica l d emagne t
iza tion, t he coil can b e
c
onnec ted to ac harged c apac ito rbank . B yp roperc hoice ofc apaci tance a nd
c
o
il i
nductance
, th
e resonant fr
equency can b
e made s
uff
iciently l
ow t oac
-
c
ompl
ish d emagne
tizat
ion as ar e
sul
t of the d
amped osc
il
la tory na
tu re o
f
t
he c
urrent i
nthe co
il-capac
itor combination
. Itisd
iff
icult to c
omp lete
ly
d
emagnetize l
a
rgem etal
lic magnet
sb y meansofacm e
thods b ecau
se theed-

1
76
S
ec.5
-
5 S
tab
ili
ty a
nd S
tab
ili
zat
ion 1
77

d
yc urr entsg ene ra ted n ea rt hes urface t end t os h
ield t hei nterio r from t hea c
f
ield.V ery high v a
lue so ft h
ea c fi
eld w illa i di nt h
i s re gard , asw illl owe rf r
e-
q
uenc ie s. AC f ield s are a lso a pplicab le t o c alibra t
ion .
DC F ield s
. U sing d c
, t wo m ethod s c an b e e mployed t o p erform
d
emagne t
ization ( although l e
ss th an i deally )
. I nt he f i
rst, am agne tize rw ith
ar e
ve rsing s witch a nd am ean st or e duce t hed cc u rren tt ozero a rer equ ired .
The magne ti spl aced i nt hem agne tize ra nd t he f i
eld i sa ppl
ied i nalterna ting
d
irection s by m ean s o f t he r eve rsing s witch a nd, a t t he s ame t ime , i t
s
magn itude i sg radua lly r educed b y, f o ri nstance , ar heo stat i nt hed cl ine o r
av ar
iab le a utotran sfo rme r int h
ea c l ine o ft he rectifie rs ystem . The q ua l
i ty
o
fd emagne t
iza t
ion i sdependen t u pon t hen umbe ro fr eversalsa nd t he f i
eld
r
educ tion p er step.
I
nt he second m ethod , t hes a
tu ra ted m agne t ise xpo sed t o ad c f i
eld i na
d
irection o ppo site t os atura tion. T he magn i tude o ft h ef i
e
ld, t ob e f ound b y
e
xpe rimen t, mu st b es uch t hat afte r e xpo su re, t he m agne t isd emagne t
ized .
This ist he least d esirab le p rocedure o ft he v a r
iou s m ethod s h erein d e scrib -
e
d. S i nce n eithe r t he d c f ie
ld n o r t he p ermanen t m agnet a re p erf ec tly
homogeneou s, t he b est t hat can b e a ccomp lished w ill r esult i np ortion s o f
t
he m agne tb eing s l
igh tly m agnetized i no ne d irection a nd o the rp o rtion si n
t
heo ppo s
ite direc t
ion . DC f ie
ld sa rea lso a pplicab le t oc alibra t
ion ,a l
though
w
ith l ess c onven ience t han i nt he c ase o f a c f i
elds.
The rma l Me thod . I ft he tempe ra tu re o f am agne tiz ed m agne t i sr aised
a
bove t he C urie t empe rature o f t h e m ate rial a nd s ub sequen tly c oo led t o
r
oom t empe ratu re, i tw i
l lb ef ound t ha td emagne tization h asb een a ch ieved .
Unfor tuna tely, t hisi sn ot practical f ora ny o ft h
em e
ta llic m ate rialsb ecau se
h
ea t
ing t h e
se a bove t he C u
rie p oin t c au ses m etallurg ical c hange s
r
esulting i n u nu sab ly l ow magne tic p rope rties t he reaf ter. O n t he o the r
hand, t his isq uite p ra ct
ica l for a ny o f t he c eram ic g rade s. T he C urie
t
empe ra ture fo rt h ese i sa pprox ima tely 4 60°C , a nd as l
igh t safety f acto ro f
4
0t o5 0°C s hou ld b e used t oassu re t hat a l
l p a r
ts o ft he magne tsw illr each
a
t l east 4 60°C . T o a vo id c racking b ecau se o f h ea t s hock , t he c eram ics
s
hou ld b eh eated a nd c oo led r e
lative ly s l
ow ly, d epend ing u pon t he s ize a nd
s
hape o ft he p art.T herma ld emagne tiza t
ion i sn ota pp licab le t oc a
lib ra tion .

5
.
5 S
tab
il
ity a
nd S
tab
il
iza
tion

P
ermanen t m agnets do not "run d own." In th
is r
espec
t they dif
f er f
un-
d
amen tal
ly f rom b a
tter
ies, r
adioactive mate
ria
ls, o
r the l
i
ke. The m agne
tic
f
i
eld s ur
round ing a m agne
t d oes not requ
ire energy to m aintain it
,
t
herefore
, t h
e re isno theore
tical reason fo
r ap ermanent magnet t o c
on-
t
i
nua l
ly lose s t
rength. I
n practice, however
, fl
ux changes may occur as a
r
e
su l
t ofs everal fa
ctors
. Propers t
abi
liza
tion w
ill e
l
iminate o
rr educe the
se.
 5
.5
.1 Me
tal
lurg
ica
l C
hanges

I
n the older permanen t magnet ma teria
ls, such as cobal
t- stee
l, some
meta
llurg
ical change s t
ake pl
ace a
s af unction of time
. Ifsuch amagne t is
magnet
ized before t
h ese c
hanges h
ave stabi
lized, fl
ux changes superimposed
o
n those to b
e d e
scribed in t
he n
ext section wil
l occur
. ( Th
is effect c
an be
r
educed to an egl
igible fac
tor by a
rt
ificial aging.
) In the newe r mate
rial
s,
s
uch a
s Aln
ico or c
e
ramic
, m
eta
llurgica
l c
hange
s d
o n
ot t
ake p
l
ace t
o a
ny
mea
surab
le deg
ree a
troom t
emperature
.

5
.5
.2 T
ime

Af r
esh ly magnetized permanent magnet wi
ll lo
se am inor pe
rcentage of
i
t
s f
lux
, as af unction oftime. I
th a
s been s
hown t hat, i
fo ne p
lots f
l
ux loss
l
i
nea
rly a gainst time logar
ithmical
ly, an es
sen tia
lly st
raight li
ne resul
ts.
L
aboratory m ea
suremen ts on s
o me mater
ials are shown i nTable 5
- 2
. All
l
o
sse
s are b ased on m ea
surements made star
ting a t0.1 af
ter magnetiz
ing.

TABLE 5
-2 L
abo
ratory measu
remen
ts o
nse
lec
ted m
agne
tmate
ria
ls (
pe
rcen
t).

Los
s
Los
s a
t100,0001
;
Ma f
e
ria
/ P
er L
og Cyc
le (
11
.4 yrs
)

C
eramic E
ssent
ially z
e
ro E
ssen
tially z
e
ro
A
lnico 3(
near max.ene
rgy) 0
.4 2
.
4
A
lnico 3(
near c
oerc
ive) 0
.6 3
.6
A
lnico 5(
near r
e
sidual) 0
.0
1 0
.06
A
lnico 5(
near max.ene
rgy) 0
.
15 0
.
9
A
lnico 5(
nearcoerc
ive) 0
.4 2
.
4
A
lnico 8—no d
ata (e
xpected t
obel
e
sst
han A
lnico 5
)

T
his l
o
ss i
nfl
ux c
an b
e e
s
sen
tia
lly e
l
imina
ted b
y ap
art
ial d
emagne
tiza
-
t
i
on ofthe f
r
eshly c
harged magnet
, inan amount o
f 7t
o 15%. Th
is i
s mos
t
c
onven
ient
ly accompl
ished bym eans o
fana cco
il. T
he a
c f
ie
ld s
hould b
ei n
t
he s
ame di
rection a
swasthe magne
tiz
ing f
ie
ld. I
tshould ber
educed t
ozero
g
radual
ly, ei
ther by w
ithdrawing t
he magnet wi
th p ower a
pplied o
r by
r
educ
ing the ac v
ol
tage t
o ze
ro whi
le us
ing a v
ar
iable au
to tr
ansforme
r.

5
.5
.3 T
emperatu
re

T
emperature ef
fec
ts fa
ll i
n
to th
ree c
ategorie
s:
1
. Meta
llurgica
l changes may be c
aused b y e
xpo
sure to t
oo high a
t
empera
ture. Such fl
ux changes a
re no
t recoverab
le by r
emagne
tiza
tion
.
T
he approxima
te maximum t empe
ratures t
hat can be used wi
thout ex
-
p
er
ienc
ing meta
llu
rgica
l change
s r
ange f
r om 50°C for A
lnico 5to 1
080°C
f
or t
he ce
ramic
s. The ef
fect o
f me
tal
lu rg
ica
l change
s, ifp re
sent
, can b
e

1
78
S
ec. 5
-
5 S
tab
ili
ty a
nd S
tab
ili
zat
ion 1
79

a
voided o nly by long-t
ime e xposu re of the magnet to the t
empe ratu re in
-
v
olved, p rior to magne t
izing.
2. Irr
eve rsibl
e l o
sses are defined as ap a r
tia
l d emagne t
ization o f t h
e
magnet, c aused b y e
xpo sure to high or low temperatures. Such losse s ar
e
r
ecove rable b y remagne tiza
tion. Me re
ly a s examp le
s, T able 5-3 s hows
v
alues m ea sured o n l aboratory s pec
imens , w ith p ercent f l
ux l os
ses
measured a t r oom t empe ra
tu re a fter e xposure t o t h
e i ndicated
t
empe ratu res
. P ercentages shown i n T able 5-
3 ar e no
t a ddi
tive for c on-
s
ecutive cycles above a nd be
low r oom t emperatu
re.

TAS L
E5-3 T
empe
ratu
re e
f
fec
ts o
nse
lec
ted magne
t ma
ter
ials (
percen
t).

:
Varer
ial 3
50° C 2
00°C —
20°C —
60°C

C
eramic 5 0 0 0 0
Bd/Hd > 2(
above m aximum energy
)
C
eramic 6 0 0 0 0
Bd/Hd > I.I(
near m ax
imum energy)
A
lnico 5(
nea rm aximum energy
) I
.
3 0
.
8 I 2
.
5
A
lnico 6(
near m aximum energy
) 0
.
6 0
.
4 0
.
5 1
.
3
A
lnico 8(
near m aximum energy
) 0
.
3 0
.
2 0
.I 0
.
1
A
lnico 8(
nea rcoercive
) 3
.
5 2
.
0 0
.
5 0
.
8

T
he i deal m ethod f or stab i
lizing magne ts a gain s
t t empe ratu re-
induced
i
r
reve rs
ib le losses i si nstall
ing t hem i nt he magne tic circu it f or w h
ich t hey
a
rei n
tended , magne tize , then s ub jectt he assemb l
ie s tos eve ralt empe ra
tu re
c
ycles w hich t hey a re e xpected t o expe r
ience i ns ervice. Howeve r, t h
is i sa
t
ime-con sum ing p rocedu re t hat i s norma lly i mp ractica l i n p roduc t
ion .
A
lterna t
ive ly, th e magne t
ized a ssemb ly may b e p artially d emagne tized b y
means o f a n a c f i
eld, f o
llow ing t he p rocedu re d e scribed i n t he l a
st
p
arag raph o f S ec. 5 .5.2. Ar ule o f t
humb t o fol
low i s: d ete rm ining b y e x
-
p
erimen t t hat t empe ratu re c ycl
ing w i
ll c au se X% f lux l oss, t he a c f i
eld
s
hould b e s uch a s t o cau se a 2X% f lux l o
ss, t o p rope rly s t
ab il
ize a gainst
t
empe ratu re.
3
. R eve r
sible l osses a re c hange s i n f l
ux t hat a re r eve rsible w ith
t
empe ratu re. F or e xamp le, i fa ny of t he c eram ic g rade s a re h eated 1° C
a
bove r oom t empe ratu re , they w ill l
ose 0 .19% o f room t empe ra ture f lux.
Howeve r,t h
isw illb es pon taneou sly regained u pon t hem agne tc ooling b ack
a
t room t empe ratu re. T he A lnico a nd E .S.D . ma teria ls h ave r e versible
v
ariat
ion so nt heo rde ro f 1/10 a sg reat ast hec eram ics,d epend ing u pon t he
mater
iala nd th eo pe rating p oin to n t
hed emagne tiza t
ion c u rve. O ne c anno t
e
l
im inate t hese r eve rsib le varia t
ions b y stabilization t rea tmen ts. H oweve r,
u
se o f p rope r t empe ra ture-compen sation ma teria l i n p arallel w i th t he
magne t w il
l r e duce t h e effec t t o an egligible f acto r. Among o the r
s,
1
80 P
ermanen
t-Magne
tDa
ta C
hap
.5

h
ouseho
ld w a
tt-hou
r m e
ter magnets and s
peedome
ter m
agne
ts a
r
e
t
empera
ture
-compensated i
nth
is manner
.

5
.5
.4 R
eluc
tance C
hanges

I
f am agnet i sm agne tized i n am agnet
ic c i
rcu it and sub sequen t
ly sub-
j
e
cted t opermeance c hange ( such asc hange s ina i
rg ap dimen sion so ro pen-
c
i
rcuiting oft he magne t) itm ay b e found t hat ap art
ial demagn etization of
t
hem agneth aso ccur red. Whe the rorn ots uch al ossi sexperienced d epends
u
pon ma ter
ial prope rties a nd u pon t he e
xten t oft he permeance c hange.
S
tab i
lizat
ion a gain sts uch c hange isaccomp lished eitherb ys e
ve raltimes
s
ubjecting the magne t to su ch reluctance c hange s af
ter magne tizing, or by
u
se oft he previou s
ly d e
sc r
ibed a c fi
e
ld.
I
n t h
is sec
tion i ts hou ld b e m en
tioned t ha
t c ontact
ing t he m agne t w
ith
f
er
romagne tic ma terial (screwd r
ivers, pl
iers, a nd t h
e l i
ke)
, a tp oin t
s other
t
han t h
e p o
les can c au se an a ppreciable drop i nf lux att he poles. I tisdif
-
f
i
cult t o s
tabi
lize a gain s
t t h
i s type of abuse . T he remedy i st o a void such
p
ractices
.

5
.5
.5 Adve
rse F
i
eld
s

I
f a magnet or magnet a s
semb ly issubjected to an adverse m agnet
ic
f
i
eld, ap ar
tia
l demagnetizat
ion may r e
sult
, depending upon m ater
ial p
ro-
p
ert
ies and upon the i
ntensity and direct
ion o f t
he adver
se f i
eld. Proper
s
tab
iliza
tion cons
ists o
f subjecting th
e magne t or assembly to ad c o
r ac
d
emagne t
izing fi
e
ld ofth esame magn itude asi ti
sexpected toe ncounter in
s
e
rvice. T he di
rect
ion s hould b e the same a s that of t h
e a n
tic
ipated
d
emagne tiz
ing fi
e
ld.

5
.5
.6 S
hock
, S
tress
, a
nd V
ibrat
ion

The e
ffect
s o f s
hock, s t
res
s, and vibra
tion b
elow de
struct
ive limit
s on
mos
t permanen t magne t materia
ls a
re so minor (
afew t
enths of apercen
t)
t
hat li
t
tle considera
tion n eed be gi
ven t o th
em. Proper st
abi
lizat
ion , a
s
d
escr
ibed ina ny oft h
e preceding se
ctions, w
il
l al
so s
tab
il
ize again
st shock
a
nd vibra
tion.

5
.
6 Measu
remen
ts a
nd C
al
ibrat
ion

T
he se
lect
ion ofa nappropria
te te
stm ethod fo
r ap ermanen t magnets hould
b
eb a
sed o nful
lk nowledge ofit
sa ppl
icat
ion. In
fo rmation should es
tablish
t
he adver
se cond i
tions to which t
he m agne
t wil
l b e subjec
ted inb oth the
n
orma lfunct
ion ing a
nd a n
tic
ipated abuse o
fthep roduc t
. Such in
forma tion
i
sfr
equen t
ly based on te
stsm ade o
nt heproductitse
lf and should de
term ine
t
he flux den
sity i n t
he magne t
, d emagnet
izing influences from c ounter
S
ec.5
-
7 H
and
ling o
fPe
rmanen
tMagne
ts 1
81

magne tomo tive f o

rce o rv ariable permeance c ond ition s, tempe ratu re limit
s,
s
hock a nd v ibration r equiremen t
s, a nd o the r f acto rs.
P
roperly c orrelated magne t tests requ i
re t hat t he m agne t b e magne tized
t
os aturat
ion , int hep rope rd i
rection , befo re p roceed ing w ith t e
sts. I tisim-
p
erative that t h
e m agne t be prope rly satura ted , s ince i mprope r magne t
iza-
t
i
on f requen t
ly c auses d iff
icu l
ty i no btaining c orrela t
ion b etween m agne t
ic
t
e
st s and produc t performance ( s
ee S ec. 5 .5.4).
P
ermanen t-magne t a cceptance t es
ts a s a g reed u pon b y c ustome r a nd
s
uppliera reg ene ral
ly b a
sed o n t
ests a nd i nforma tion o btained o n t he fi
nal
p
roduc t or inhe rent magne tic prope r
ties o f th e magne t
.
Magnetic tests o n permanen t magne ts c an b e e i
the r quan t
ita t
ive o re m-
p
ir
ica l
. Q uan t
ita t
ive t e
stsi nclude m easuring o fa b so lute v a
lueso ff l
ux, f l
ux
d
en s
ity, force, and s oo n, int hee nd-u se produc t
. Emp iricalt e
st si nclude a r
-
b
i
tra ry tests w i
th magne t
ime ters, f luxme te rs, g au ssme ters s uch a s Ha l
l-
e
ffect devices, a nd o ther c ompa rison d evice s
. I n mo st c a
se s
, q uan ti
tative
t
e
st d ata are e s
sen t
ial i ns ett
ing u p magne tic t est s pecification s. O nce the
m
in imum s tanda rd a nd t he prope r t e
st m ethod h ave b een e s
tabl ished , the
c
hoice of t e
st will depend l argely u pon t he a va i
lab le equ ipmen t
.
A
lthough v i
talt ot he prope rp erfo rmance o ft he fin
ished p roduc ta nd to
t
he econom ic con s
ide ration s invo
lved , the d esign o ft hep ermanen tm agnet
a
nd i t
s associated magne tic c i
rcuit i s ap rob lem t hat i sf u
lly d iscu ssed i n
a
vailable texts a nd design manua ls
.
I
ti sassumed , therefo re, that t he design i sa dequa te a s a pplied t o the
f
i
na l produc t and t hat the prope r grade o fp ermanen t-magne t ma terial has
b
een s e
lected a nd a l d imen sional f actors h ave b een o ptimized .

5
.
7 H
and
ling o
f P
ermanent Magne
ts

The f
ullu t
ilization ofp ermanen t magne t
si scond i
tioned b yp rope rh and l
ing
p
rior to a nd d u
ring f inal usage. T he n atural p henomena o f permanen t
magnets iss uch that, in many i n
stan ces, the permanen t m agne t r
emembe rs
whatw asd one toi torw hat e
nvironmen ti tw as expo sed to
. A dverse facto rs
a
ffect
ing p ermanen t magne ts mu stb eacknow ledged a nd te
chn ique sa pplied
t
om inimize o re l
im inate these de
lete r
iousc onditions.T he design, manufa c-
t
ure, handling, a nd proce s
sing of ap ermanen t m agne ti sbased o na dequa te
c
ontrol of t hi
s s equence t o ensure o pt
imum p e
rformance i nt he final a p-
p
l
ication. I tisn ou nderstatemen tt hati n an umbe ro fc a
sesi mprope rh and l-
i
ng has resulted i np oor, or comp letely substanda rd , performance .
A m anufac turer w ho p urchase s and u ses p e
rmanen t magne ts i n a
p
roduc t h as av ery s imple c hoice i n the p rocuremen t o f this e s
sen tial
mater
ial. T he permanen t magne ti spurcha sed m agne tized oru nmagne tized .
The in
it
ialc hoice m ay bes imple, bute i
thero ft h
et wo c ondition s may r e
su lt
i
nq uite di
stinc t problem s of processing t he final device.
 5
.7
.1 U
nmagnet
ized Magne
ts

F
rom t he s
tandpoint ofe ase inshipp ing, handling, and s torage
, the un-
magnetized magne t i
sp refe
rred . This cond i
tion a l
leviate
s s pecial p
roblem s
o
fk nockdown , ir
on-chip pi
ckup , a
nd s pecial i
nstruct
ion s to manufac turing
p
ersonne l
.
To ensure magne t
ic q ua
lity, the permanen t-magne t supp l
ie r h
as to te
st
t
he magne t in aful
ly satura
ted magne tized c ondition. After t h
is i
nspection
t
he magne t isdemagne tized prior to shipmen t
. T his implies that a
lthough
t
hep e
rmanen t-magne t mater
ia l i
spurcha sed unmagne t
ized , i
th asbeen sub-
j
ec
ted t o acomp le
te magne t
ic c yc
le from a n in
itial unmagne t
ized condition,
t
hrough c omplete sa
tura t
ion, and back t
oan unmagnetized s
tate
. Itisqui
te
i
mpo r
tan t t
o recognize that t
hi
s sequence o
f e
vents is ano
rma l part o
fthe
i
nspect
ion p roces
s f o
r the permanen t
-magnet s
upplier
.
The accrued b enefi
ts of purchasing
, sh
ipping, and process
ing o f un-
magnetized magne ts are many. A f ew of t
he problem areas tha
t can be
e
l
imina
ted o
r m
inim
ized f
or ap
ermanen
t magne
t i
nth
is u
nmagne
tized s
t
ate
a
re
:

K
eepe
rs a
re n
ot r
equ
ired
.
P
rox
imi
ty e
f
fec
ts o
f o
the
r p
ermanen
t magne
ts may b
e n
eglec
ted
.
P
rox
imi
ty o
f s
t
rong a
c o
r d
c f
i
eld
s p
ose n
o p
rob
lem
.
P
hys
ica
l s
hock o
r v
ibra
tion f
or c
r
itica
l a
ppl
ica
tion
s may b
e i
gno
red
.
S
hape p
rob
lems o
f s
e
lf-demagne
tiza
tion a
re n
ot a
ppl
icab
le.
P
hys
ica
l h
and
ling p
rob
lem
s a
re c
ons
ide
rab
ly a
l
lev
iated
.
S
torage a
nd s
h
ipmen
t p
rob
lems a
re m
inim
ized
.

Afina
l st
ep must b
e p
erformed on t
h
is u
nmagnetized cond
ition o
ft he p
er-
manent magne
t —magnetiz
ing a
nd in
spec
ting t
he func
tional magne
tic fi
eld
o
f t
he p
ermanen
t magnet a
fter i
ncorporating iti
nit
s i
ntended d
evice
. Thi
s
i
mpl
ies t
ha
t t
he manufac
turer o
ft h
e device ha
s adequa
te means f
or sa
tura-
t
i
on and con
trol of t
he magne
tiz
ing proce
ss fo
r t
he pe
rmanen
t magnet
. In
s
ome ca
ses s
tab
ilizat
ion must b
e in
cluded fo
r t
empera
ture
, a
c ord
c el
ectr
ic
f
i
eld
s, and/or o
ther ef
fec
ts.

5
.8 G
lossary o
f T
erms

A
lthough t he
re may b e s
l
ight r
edundancy be
tween t h
is glossa
ry o f t
erm s
a
nd the one i
n Append ix B
, itwas f
e
lt t
ha
t f
orc onvenience itwould bep ro-
p
er toinc
lude this s
ec
tion. Many ofthe t
e
rms that a
pply to magnetized core
mater
ial
sa re no
td ef
ined elsewhe
re i
nthisvo
lume —hence t his i
mpo rtan
ti n-
c
lus
ion.

1
82
S
ec. 5
-
8 G
lossary o
fTe
rms 1
83

Ar Area o
f t
he Ai
r Gap: T he c
ros
s-sec
tional area of t
h
e air g
ap perpend
icu-
la
r toth
e fl
ux path
, i st
heaverage cross
-sectional a
rea oftha
t port
ion of
th
ea i
rg ap w
ithin which t
heapplica
t ion i
nteract
ion occurs
. Area ismea-
su
red inc m
' in aplane normal to t
he central f
lux l
ine o
f the a
ir g
ap.
Am ,A
rea o
fthe Magnet
: T he c
ros
s-sect
ionala
rea o
fthe magnet p
erpend
ic-
u
la
r to t
he c
entra
l flux l
ine
, mea sured i
n c
m' at a
ny point a
long it
s
l
e
ngth
. Indes
ign, Am i
susua
lly c
ons
ide
red t
he a
rea a
tth
eneu
tra
lse
ction
o
f t
he magne
t.
B
, Magnetic I
nduction
: The magne t
ic fi
eld induced by afi
eld s
treng
th, H ,
a
t agiven point
. Itist
he vec
tor sum, ateach point w
ith
in the s
ubstance,
o
f the magne t
ic fi
eld s
trength and resu
ltant intr
ins
ic induc
tion. Mag -
n
etic induc
tion isthe f
l
ux p er u
nit a
rea n ormal to t
he di
rec
tion of the
magne
tic p
ath
.
Bd,R
emanen
t I
nduc
tion
: Any magne
tic i
nduc
tion t
ha
t r
ema
ins i
n amag
-
n
et
ic mate
rial a
f
ter r
emoval o
fa napp
lied s
a
turat
ing magnetic f
i
eld
, R.
(
Bd i
sthe magne
tic i
nduc
tion a
tany p
ointonthedemagnetizat
ion curve
;
m
easured i
ngau
ss.
)
Bd/H d,S
lope of t
he Operating Line: The r
at
io o
ft he magne
tic i
nduc
tion
,
Bd,to i
t
s s
elf
-demagne tizing fo
rce, H d.I
tisa
lso r
efer
red to a
s t
he p
er-
meance c
oeff
icien
t, shear li
ne, load l
i
ne, a
nd un
it p
ermeance.
BdHd,Energy P
roduct
: T he e
nergy t
hat amagnet mater
ialcan s
upp
ly t
oan
ex
ternal magne
tic c
ircu
it when o
perat
ing at apoint on i
t
s d
emagne
tiza
-
t
i
on c
urve
; mea
sured i
n megagau
ss-oe
rsteds
.
(
Bd Hd )
„, Max
imum Energy P
roduct
: The max
imum e
nergy ama
ter
ialc
an
supply t
oan e
x
terna
l magnetic c
i
rcu
it.
Bi„ Sa
turat
ion I n
trinsic I
nduc
tion
: T
he max
imum i
n
trins
ic i
nduc
tion
p
oss
ible in amater
ial.
Bg
t Magnetic Induc
tion in t
he A
ir Gap: The a
verage value of magnetic
i
nduction overthearea o
ftheai
rg ap
, Ag,
;ori
tisthe magnet
ic induct
ion
measured a
t as pec
ific p
oin
t w
ithin t
he a
i
r g
ap; measured i
ng auss.
B
,
, Intr
ins
ic Induc
tion: The contr
ibut
ion o f t
he magnetic ma
ter
ial t
o the
t
otal magne
tic i
nduct
ion, B. I
tisth
ev ector d
iff
erence be
tween t
he mag-
n
etic i
nduct
ion in t
h e mate
ria
l and the magnet
ic induc
tion t
hat would
e
xist i
n avacuum under the s
ame fi
eld st
rength, H
. T h
is r
e
lat
ion isex-
p
re s
sed by t
he e
quation.

B
, =B —H

w
here B
, i
sthe i
n
trins
ic i
nduc
tion i
ngauss
, Bt
he magne
tic i
nduc
tion i
n
g
auss
, a
nd H the f
ie
ld s
t
rength i
noers
teds.
Bi
n ,R
emanen
t I
nduc
tion
: T
he magne
tic i
nduc
tion t
hat r
ema
ins i
n amag
-
1
84 P
ermanen
t-Magne
tDa
ta C
hap
. 5

n
et
ic mater
ial after m
agne
tiz
ing a
nd c
ond
ition
ing f
or f
i
nal u
se
;
m
ea su
red i
ngaus
s.
B
„,H
,„ E
nergy P
roduc
t: T
he e
nergy t
ha
t amagne
t ma
ter
ial c
an s
upp
ly t
o
a
n ex
ternal magne
tic ci
rcui
t w hen o
pera
ting a
t t
he p
oin
t Bm H m ;
m
easured i
nmegagauss
-oers
teds
.
Bo, Magnet
ic I
nduction
: The poin
t o
f t
he max
imum e
nergy p
roduc
t
(
Bd 1,1)
„
,; m
easured ing
aus
s.

Br,Res
idual I
nduc
tion (or Flux D ensi
ty)
: T he magne
tic induc
tion cor
-
r
e
sponding t
ozero magne
tizing force i
n amagnet
ic mate
rialaf
tersa
tu r
-
a
t
ion i
n acl
osed c
ircu
it; measured ingauss
.
Bs,S
atura
tion I
nduc
tion
: T
he i
nduc
tion a
tsa
tura
tion
; m
easured i
ngau
ss.
f
, R
eluc
tance Factor
: Account
s for t
he a
pparen
t magnet
ic c
ircu
it r
e
luc
-
t
ance. T
his f
ac
tor isr
equ
ired d
ue t
othetrea
tmentof H„
, a
nd Hg a
scon
-
s
tant
s.
F
, L
eakage Factor
: A ccounts f
or fl
ux l
eakage f
rom th
e magnet
ic c
urcui
t.
I
tist h
e r
atio between the magnet
ic f
lux a
t t
he magnet n
eut
ral s
e
ction
a
nd the a
verage fl
ux pre
sent inthe a
i
r gap. F =B,„A,n/BgAg.
F
, Magnetomot
ive Force (
Magne
tic P
oten
tial D
iffe
rence)
: T he l
i
ne i
n
tegra
l
o
f t
he f
ie
ld st
reng
th, H, b
etween a
ny two po
ints, p
, and p2.
P
,

F = f Hd
l
P
,
w
here F i
sth
e magnetomo
tive fo
rce i
ngi
lbe
rts
, Ht h
e fi
e
ld s
trength i
noe
r-
s
t
eds, a
nd dlth
e el
ement o
f le
ngth b
etween t
he t
wo po
ints i
nc en
time
ter
s.
H
, Magne
tic F
ie
ld S
t
reng
th (
Magne
tiz
ing o
r D
emagne
tiz
ing F
orce
): T
he
m
easure o
ft hevec
tor magnetic q
uant
ity t
hatdete
rminesthe a
bi
lity o
fan
e
l
ect
ric c
urrent
, or amagnet
ic body, t
oinduce amagne
tic f
i
eld a
t agi
ven
p
oin
t; measured i
no e
rsted
s.
He,Coerc
ive F
orce, o
f aMa ter
ial
: The d
emagnetiz
ing fo
rce c
orre
spond ing
t
o z
ero magne
tic induct
ion, B
, i
n a magne
tic mate
ria
l a
fte
r satura
tion;
m
easured i
no e
rsteds.
Ne
i ,I
ntr
ins
ic Coercive F
orce, o
f aMateria
l: I
ts r
esi
stance t
o demagne t
iza
-
t
i
on. Iti
sth
ed emagnet
izing f
orce c
orre
sponding tozero i
nt
rinsic i
nduc
-
t
i
on in amagnetic ma
terial a
f
ter s
aturat
ion
; m easured i
no e
rsteds
.
Hd:Tha
t va
lue of H c
orre
spond
ing t
o t
he r
emanen
t i
nduc
tion
, Bd; m
ea-
s
ured i
n o
ers
teds
.
H
,„: That v
alue of H c
orre
spond
ing t
o t
he r
emanen
t i
nduc
tion
, Bm ;m
ea-
s
ured i
no e
rsteds
.
S
ec.5
-
8 G
lossa
ryo
fTe
rms 1
85

Ho:The m
agne t
ic fi
eld st
reng
th a
tt h
e p o
into
fthe max
imum e
nergy p
rod
-
uc
t (Bd Hd )
m;,measured i
noe
rsteds.
Hs,N
et Ef
fect
ive Magnet
izing F
orce: The magnet
izing f
o
rce r
equ
ired i
n
t
he m
ateria
l, f
o
r sa
turat
ion; measured i
noer
steds.
I
g
,Leng
th o
ftheAir Gap
: T he le
ngth o
fth
epa
th o
fth
ecen
tra
l f
l
ux l
i
ne o
f
t
he a
i
r g
ap; m
easured i
nc en
timeter
s.
/
m ,L
ength o
ft he Magnet: The t
o
tal l
eng
th of magne
tm a
ter
ial t
r
aversed i
n
one c
omplete re
volution o
fthe c
enter l
i
ne ofthe magnet
ic c
i
rcui
t; mea-
s
ured i
ncen t
ime te
rs.
I
m/D
, Dimension Rat
io: T he r
at
io of t
he l
ength o
f amagnet t
ot h
ediam-
e
te
ro f ac
i
rcle o
fe quiva
lentcros
s-sec
tionalar
ea. Forsimp
le g
eomet
rie
s,
s
uch a
s ba
rs and rods, t
he d
imension r
at
io isre
lated t
othe s
l
ope o
fthe
o
pera
ting li
ne o
ft he magne
t, Bd/Hd.
P
, P
ermeance
: T
he r
e
cip
roca
l o
f t
h
e r
e
luc
tance
, p
; m
easu
red i
nmaxwe
lls
p
er g
i
lbert
.
R
, Reluctance
: Somewha t ana
logous to e
l
ect
rica
l r e
sis
tance
. I
t i
s th
e
q
uan t
ity that d
e
termines th
e magne
tic f
l
ux, 4)re
sult
ing fr
om a g
i
ven
magnetomo t
ive f
orce
, F.
F
R = i
t

w
he re R i
sth
e re
luctance i
ngi
lbe
rts p
er maxwe
ll
, Ft
h
e m
agne
tomo
tive
f
orce i
ngi
lberts
, and 4)t
he f
l
ux i
n maxwe
lls
.
To Cur
ie T
empera
ture
: The t
r
ansi
tion t
empe
ratu
re a
bove w
hich am
ate
ria
l
l
o
ses i
t
s pe
rmanent
-magne
t proper
tie
s.
Vg
t Air
-gap Vo
lume: The u
sefu
l volume o
f a
i
r or n
onmagne
tic m
ate
ria
l
b
e
tween magne
tic p
ole
s; mea
sured i
ncub
ic c
ent
ime
ter
s.
µ
,Pe
rmeabi
lity
: Ag eneral t
e
rm used t
o e
xpre
ss var
ious r
e
lat
ion
ship
s b
e-
t
ween magnet
ic i
nduct
ion, B
, a
nd t
he f
i
eld st
reng
th, H
.
gr
e ,Reco
il P
ermeab
il
ity: The a
verage s
l
ope o
f t
he r
e
coi
l h
ys
tere
sis l
oop
.
(A
lso known a
s aminor l
oop
.)
4
)
, Magnetic F
lux: Acontr
ived b u
t m
easurab
le concep
t tha
t has e
volved in
a
n at
temp t t
odesc
ribe th
e "flow" o
f am agne
tic f
i
eld
. Ma thematica
lly
,
i
tisthe su
rface i
n
tegral of t
he n
ormal c
omponen t o
f the magnetic i
n
-
d
uct
ion , B
, ove
r an a
rea, A.

4 = ff B d
A

w
here 4
)ist
he magnet
ic f
lux i
n maxwels
, Bth
e magnet
ic in
duction in
g
auss
, a
nd d
A th
ee lemen
to far
ea incm'
. When t
hemagnet
ic in
duction
,
18
6 P
ermanen
t-Magne
tDa
ta C
hap
.5

B
, isu
nifo
rmly d
i
str
ibu
ted a
nd i
snorma
l t
oth
earea
, A
, t
he f
l
ux, (
I
)
, =
BA
.
A C
losed
-Circu
it Cond
ition: Ex
ists when the e
xternal f
lux pa
th of a
p
ermanent magne
t i
sc onf
ined wi
thin h
igh
-permeabil
ity ma
ter
ial.
A D
emagnetizat
ion Curve: T
he second (
or f
ourth
) quadrant o
f a ma
jor
hy
ste
res
is loop. P
oint
s on t
his c
urve a
re d
es
ignated b
y the c
oord
inate
s
Bd a
nd Hd.
A F
luxme
ter: A g
alvanome
ter t
hat m
easure
s t
he c
hange o
f f
l
ux l
i
nkage
wi
th ase
arch c
o
il.
T
he Gaus
s: T he u
nit o
f magne
tic i
nduc
tion, B
, i
nthe c
gs e
lec
tromagne
tic
s
ys
tem . One g
auss i
sequal t
o 1maxwell p
er s
qua
re c
ent
ime ter
.
A G
aussme ter
: An i ns
trument that measure
s t h
e ins
tan taneous v
alue of
magnetic i
nduction
, B. I
ts p
r
inciple o
fo pe
ration isusual
ly ba
sed ono ne
o
ft h
e f o
llowing: t
he Ha
lleffec
t, nuc
lear magnetic r
esonance (N MR)
, or
t
he ro
ta t
ing coi
l pr
incip
le.
T
he G
ilber
t: The u
nit o
f magne
tomo
tive f
o
rce
, F
, i
n t
he c
gs e
l
ect
romag
-
n
et
ic sy
stem
.
A Hys
teresis Loop: Ac losed curve obta
ined for amateria
l by p lo
tting (u
s-
u
al
ly to r e
ctangular c
oord inates
) correspond
ing values of magne tic in
-
d
uction, B, for o
rdinates and magne t
izing f
orce, H, fo
r a bsci
ssa w hen
t
he material i
sp a
ssing through ac omplete c
ycle b
etween d efini
te limi
ts
o
fe i
ther magne t
izing force, H, or magnet
ic i
nduct
ion , B.
AK
eeper: Api
ece (
or p
iece
s) o
fs of
t i
ron t
hat i
spl
aced o
n or b
etween t
he
pole f
ace
s o
f apermanent magnet t
o d
ecrea
se t
he r
e
luctance o
f t
he a
ir
g
ap and t
hereby r
educe t
he f
l
ux l
eakage f
rom t
he magnet
. I
tal
so make
s
t
he magne
t les
s su
scept
ible t
o d
emagnetiz
ing i
n
fluences
.
L
eakage F
lux
: Flux, +,w ho
se pa
th isou
tside t
he u
sefu
l o
r i
n
tended mag
-
n
e
tic c
i
rcu
it; measured i
n maxwe
lls
.
T
he Ma
jor Hys
teres
is Loop o
f aMaterial
: The c
l
osed l
oop ob
tained w
hen
t
he ma
ter
ial i
scycled b
etween p
osi
tive a
nd n
egat
ive s
atu
ration.
T
he North Po
le o
f aMagnet
: The po
le t
hat i
sat
trac
ted by t
hegeog
raphica
l
North Po
le. T
he n
orth p
ole o
f amagne
t repe
ls t
he n
orth
-seek
ing p
ole o
f
acompa s
s.
T
he Maxwel
l: The u
ni
t o
f magnet
ic f
lux i
nthe c
gs e
l
ectromagne
tic s
y
stem
.
One maxwe
ll i
sone l
i
ne of magne
tic f
l
ux.
T
he Neutra
l Sec
tion of aPe
rmanent Magnet
: D ef
ined b
y aplane p
ass
ing
t
hrough the magne
t pe
rpend
icu
lar t
oi t
s c
entra
l fl
ux l
i
ne a
tt h
e po
int o
f
maximum f l
ux.
T
he O
ers
ted
: T
he u
nit o
f magne
tic f
i
eld s
t
reng
th, H
, i
nthe c
gse
l
ectromag
-
S
ec.5
-
8 G
lossa
ry o
fTe
rms 1
87

n
et
ic s
y
stem
. One o
er
sted e
qua
ls am
agne
tomo
tive f
o
rce o
f 1g
i
lbe
rtp
er
c
ent
ime
ter o
f f
l
ux p
ath.
A
n Open
-C ir
cuit C
ondi
tion
: Ex
ist
s w hen amagne
tiz
ed m agne
t i
sby i
t
se
lf
w
i
th n o e
xte
rnal f
l
ux pa
th o
f hi
gh-permeab
il
ity mate
rial
.
T
he Operat
ing Line f
or aGiven Permanen
t Magnet Circuit
: A s t
raight
l
i
ne pas
sing t
hrough t
heo
rigin o
fthedemagne
tiza
tion curve w
ith aslope
o
f nega
tive Bd/Hd.(A
lso known a
spermeance c
oeff
icient li
ne.
)
T
he Operat
ing Point of aPermanent Magnet
: T ha
t point on ademag-
n
et
ization c
urve def
ined by t
he c
oordina
tes BdHd o
r that p
oint w
i
thin
t
he demagne
tizat
ion curve d
ef
ined by t
he c
oord
inate
s B , Hm .
A
n O
rien
ted (An
iso
tropie
) Ma
ter
ial
: One t
ha
t h
as b
et
ter m
agne
tic p
rope
r-
t
i
es i
n ag
iven d
i
rect
ion.
AP
ermanen
t Magne
t: Ab ody t
ha
t iscapable of ma
inta
ining am agne
tic
f
ie
ld at othe
r t
han c
ryogen
ic tempera
tu re
s with no expend
iture of
powe
r.
A P
ermeameter
: A complex p
iece of e
quipment tha
t c
an measu
re, a
nd
o
ften r
eco
rd, t
he comp
lete magne
tic c
harac
ter
ist
ics o
f as
pec
imen of a
magne
tic ma
ter
ial
.
Magnetic S
atu
ration of aMa
ter
ial
: E x
ist
s w
hen a
n in
crea
se i
n magnet
izing
f
orce, H
, does no
t cau
se a
nincrea
se int
h
e i
nt
rins
ic magne
tic i
nduc
tion,
B
, o fth
e mater
ial.
AS
earch Co
il: Ac o
iled c
onducto
r, usua
lly of known ar
ea and number o
f
t
u
rns, t
hatisused w
ith af
luxmete
rt om ea
su re t
hechange o
fflux l
i
nkage
w
i
th the c
oil
.
T
he Temperature C oeff
icien
t: A n umbe
r that describe
s the change in a
magnet
ic property with achange i
ntemperature. Itusua
lly i
sexpre
ssed
a
st h
e percentage change pe
r uni
t oftemperature.
A
nU no
rien
ted (
I
sot
rop
ic) Ma
ter
ial
: E
qua
lmagne
tic p
rope
rtie
sina
ldi
rec
-
t
i
ons
.

B
IBLIOGRAPHY

BA
RTA
, G.
T.,"Permanen
t Magne
t P
roce
ssing
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lec
tro-
Techno
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966
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CL
EGG, A.G.
,AND M .M CCRA
IG, "H
igh
-Tempera
ture S
tab
il
ity o
fP ermanent Mag
-
n
e
ts o
fthe I
ron-N
icke
l-Aluminum S
ystem
," Br
iti
sh J
. App
l. Phy
s., Vo
l. 9
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.
1
44, 1
958
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irr
iticu
, H., "T
ime a
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ture D ependence o
f t
he St
ructura
l Change
s i
n
Permanen
t Magne
t Mate
ria
ls," Coba
lt, No. 30
, March 1
966, pp
. 3-18
.
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88 P
ermanent
- Magnet D
ata Chap
. 5

Go
iwoN
, D.
I.
,"Env
ironmen
tal E
valua
tion o
f Magne
tic Ma
ter
ial
s," E
lec
tro-
Tech
-
n
ology
, V
ol. 6
7
, No
. 1
,Janua
ry 1
961, p
p. 18-125
.
GoRooN
, D.
I.
,"Ir
rad
iat
ing Magne
tic Ma
ter
ial
s," E
lec
tro-
Techno
logy
, J
une 1
965
,
p
p. 4
2-45
.
GORDON
, D
.I.
, A
ND R
.S. S
ERY
, I
EEE T
rans
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ommun
. E
lec
tron
., V
ol. CE -
8
3, No
.
7
3
, J
uly 1
964
, p
p. 3
57-36
1.
GORDON, D. I.
,R.S. SERY
, AND R
.H. L UNDSTEN, "Nuc
lea
r R ad
iation Ef
fects i
n
Magne
tic Core Ma
teria
ls a
nd P
ermanent Magnet
s," ONR-5
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ial
s Resea
rch
i
nth
e Navy
, S
ympo
sium
, P
hilade
lph
ia, 1
959 (
Off
ice o
fNava
l R
esea
rch
, Wa
sh-
i
ng
ton
, D
.C.
, 1
959
), p
p. 2
53-292
.
HADF
IEI
.D, D.
,Permanen
t Magne
ts a
nd Magne
tism
. J
ohn Wi
ley & S
ons
, I
nc
., N
ew
Y
ork
, 1
962
.
K
RONENBERG
, K
.J.
, A
ND M
.A. B
OHLMANN
, "
Long T
erm Magne
tic S
tab
ili
ty o
fAl
-
n
i
co V a
nd Othe
r Permanent Magnet Mater
ials
," WA DC Rapt
. 58-535
. "Long
T
erm Magnet
ic Stab
il
ity of Aln
ico and B ar
ium Fer
rite Magne
ts," J. App
!.
P
hys
., V
ol. 3
1, May 1960
, pp
. 825-845
.
P
ARKER
, R
.J. A
ND R
.J. S
TUDDERS
, P
ermanen
t Magne
ts a
nd T
hei
r App
lica
tion
.
J
ohn W
iley & S
ons
, I
nc
., N
ew Y
ork
, 1
962
.
R
OBERTS
, W.H
., "
Performance o
fPe
rmanen
t Magne
tsa
tEleva
ted T
empe
rature
s,"
J
. App
!. P
hys
., Vo
l. 2
9
, No
. 4
05, 1
958
.
S
CHINDLER, A
.I.
, AND E.I
. S
ALFOVITZ
, "Ef
fect of App
lying aMagnet
ic Fi
eld d
uring
N
eutron I
rradia
tion on t
he Magnet
ic Propert
ies of F
e- N
i Alloys
," J. App!.
P
hys
., V
ol. 3
1 s
upp
lemen
t t
o No
. 5
, 1
960
, p
. 2
45-S
.
S
ERY
, R
.S.
, A ND D.I
. GORDON, "Ir
rad
iation o
f Magnet
ic Ma
ter
ial
s w i
th 1
.5
- a nd
4
-meV Pro
tons," J. App
l. P
hys.
, Vol
. 67
, No. 4(P
t. 2
)
, Apr
il 1963
, p
p. 13
11-
1
312
.
SE
RY, R
.S.
, D
.I. GORDON
, A
ND R
.H. L
UNDSTEN
, NAVORD R
epor
t 6
276 (
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.
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ava
l O
rdnance L
abo
rato
ry, Wh
ite O
ak, Md
.), 1
959
.
S
ERY
, R.S.
, R.H. L UNDSTEN
, A
ND D.I
. GORDON
, N
ava
l O
rdnance L
abo
rato
ry TR
-
6
1-45
, Si
lver S
pring, Md.
, May 1
8, 1
961
.
S
PREADBURY
, F
.G.
, P
ermanent Magne
ts. P
i
tman a
nd S
ons L
td.
, L
ondon
, 1
949
.
T
ENZER
, R.K., "
Influence of Va
rious Hea
t E
xposure
s of A
lnico V Magne
ts," J
.
App
!. Phys
., V
ol. 30
, supplement t
o No
. 4
, 1
959
, p. 15-S
.
T
ENZER, R.K.
, " Tempera
ture E
ffec
ts o
f t
he R
emanence of P
ermanen
t Magnets,"
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ical Documentary R
eport ASD
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, Of
fice o
fTechnica
l S
erv
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AD
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.S. D
epa
rtmen
t o
fComme
rce
.
APPEND
IX A

R
EFERENCES

No book can b
e conside
red comple
te without the inc
lusion o
f acom -
p
rehens
ive li
st o
f s
elected paper
s, manufac
ture r
s' a pp
licat
ion no
tes, and
b
ooks. Although t
here a
re an umbe
r of r
eferences that r
ela
te t
o magne
tic-
c
ore mate
ria
ls and t
he
ir a
ppl
icat
ions
, on
ly tho
se w hich t
he a
uthor f
ee
ls a
re
a
bsolu
tely p
ert
inent t
o t
he sub
ject a
re l
i
sted here
. T h
is b
ib
liography p
ro-
v
ide
s an except
ionally c
oncise cross sec
tion of t
he a
vailable mater
ial wh
ich
c
an be used to b
roaden th
e r e
ade r's knowledge of magnetic mater
ials a
nd
h
ow t h
ey c an b
e appl
ied i
n prac t
ical exper
ience.
The l
i
sting t
hat f
ol
lows i mmed iate
ly isprov
ided by the IEC
. Itwill b
e o
f
p
articular in
tere
s t t
o those w ho plan to, or are p
resent
ly e ngaged i ncom -
mercial d
esign and manufac ture of magne t
ic-core componen ts
. T he
se d ocu-
ments can b e obta
ined f r
om t h
e Ame rican N at
ional Standa rds Inst
itute,
I
nc., 1430 Broadway , New Y ork
, NY 1 0018.
The fo
llowing c ompilat
ion o f s e
lected p aper
s i soffe
red a s reference
material o
n aw ide spect
rum o fs ubject
s t ha
t deal wi
th magne tic cores and
t
he
ir a
ppl
ica
tion
s. T
he mate
ria
l i
suseful t
otheeng
ineer
, t
echn
ician
, o
rst
u-
d
ent a
s s
upp
lementa
l t
heory t
o t
hat prov
ided i
nthis b
ook
.

SE
LECTED T
ECHN
ICAL P
APERS

[
1
] B.ASTLE
, "
Opt
imum S
hape
s f
o
r I
n
duc
tor
s," I
EEE T
rans
. PM & P
, Ma
rch
1
9
69.
[
2
] H.BL
I
NCE
IIKOF
F,"
Toro
ida
l I
n
duc
torD
es
ign
," E
l
ect
ro-
Techno
logy
, N
ov. 1
9
64.
[
3
] BU
RNELL & CO. ENG
INEER
ING ST AFF
, "
The App
lica
tion o
fIr
on P
owde
rCo
res
i
nEl
ect
ric Wave F
i
lters
," Progr
. Powde
rM e
taII
., 1
962.

1
89
 TABLE A
-1 I
ECp
ubl
ica
tions o
n l
i
nea
rfe
rr
ites
.

1
25 (
1
961) Gene
ral c
l
ass
ifi
cat
ion of f
er
romagne
tic o
x
ide m
ater
ials a
nd d
ef
ini
tions o
f
t
e
rms.
Amendment No. 1(
1965)
Amendment No. 2(
1968)

1
33 (
1
967
) D
imens
ions fo
rpo
tco
resm
ade o
ffe
rromagne
tic o
x
ide
sand a
s
soc
iated p
art
s
(
2nd e
d
ition
).

I
3A (
1
970
) F
i
rst s
upp
lemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 1
33
.

1
33B (
197
1) S
econd s
upplemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 1
3
3.
Amendment No. 1(
1
975
)

2
05 (
1
966
) C
alcu
lat
ion o
fth
e e
fec
tive p
arame
ter
s o
f m
agne
tic p
i
ece p
ar
ts.

2
05A (
1
968
) S
upp
lemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 2
05
.

2
05B (
1
974
) S
upp
lemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 2
05
.

20 (
1
966
) D
imens
ions o
f t
ubes
, p
ins
, a
nd r
ods o
f f
e
rromagne
tic o
x
ide
s.

21 (
1
966
) D
imensions o
fscrew cores m
ade o
f f
e
rromagne
tic o
x
ide
s.
Amendment No. 1(1
968 )
Amendment No. 2(1
976 )

2
21A (
1
972
) F
i
rst s
upp
lemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 21
.

23 (
1
966
) D
imens
ions o
fae
ria
l r
ods a
nd s
l
abs o
f f
e
rromagne
tic o
x
ide
s.

23A (
1
972
) F
i
rst s
upp
lemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 23
.

26 (
1
967
) D
imens
ions of c
ro
ss c
ore
s (
X-co
res
) m
ade o
f f
e
rromagne
tic o
x
ide
s a
nd
a
s
soc
iated p
ar
ts.

26A (
1
970
) F
i
rst s
upp
lemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 26
.

3
67-
1 (
197
1) Co
res f
or in
ductor
s a
nd transformer
s f
o
r t
e
lecommun
ica
tion
.
P
art 1— Measur
ing m
ethods.
Amendment No. I(1
976)

3
67-
1A (
1
973
) F
i
rst s
upp
lemen
t.

3
67-
1 B(
1
973
) S
econd s
upp
lemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 3
67-
1.

3
67-
1 C(
1
974
) T
hird s
upp
lemen
t.

3
67-2 (
1
974
) P
ar
t 2—Gu
ide
s f
o
r t
h
e d
raf
ting o
f p
erfo
rmance s
pec
if
ica
tions
.

3
67-2A (
1
976
) F
i
rst s
upp
lemen
t t
o P
ubl
ica
tion 3
67-2
.

4
01 (
1
972
) I
nforma t
ion o
n f
er
rite mate
r ia
ls a
ppear
ing i
nmanuf
acturer
s' c
a
talogue
s o
f
t
r
an sformer a
nd i
nductor cores
.

4
24 (
1
973
) G
uide t
othespec
if
icat
ion o
fli
mit
s f
o
r p
hys
ica
l i
mperf
ect
ions o
fpar
tsm
ade
f
r
om m agne
tic o
xide
s.

4
31 (
1
973
) D
imens
ions of s
quare c
ore
s (
RM c
ores
) m
ade o
f m
agne
tic o
x
ide
s a
nd
a
s
soc
iated p
ar
ts.

5
25 (
1
976
) D
imen
sions o
f t
o
ro i
d
s m
ade f
r
om m
agne
tic o
x
ides o
r i
r
on p
owde
rs.

1
90
 S
elec
ted T
echn
ica
lPape
rs 1
91

[
4
] E.
H.CH
ANT
, JR
.
, "Mo
ly P
erma
lloy C
ore
s," MP
IF S
em.
, J
une 1
969
.
[
5
] R
.A. CH EWIDDEN, "A R
eview o
f Magnet
ic Ma
ter
ial
s —E
spec
ial
ly f
o
r C
om-
munica
tions S
ystems
," Me
talProgr
., 1
948
.
[
6
] E
. G
. CR
ISTAL
, " Tab
les o
f Max
ima
lly F
lat I
mpedance
-T ransfo
rm ing Ne
tworks
o
f L
ow-Pas
s-F
ilte
r Form," IEEE T
rans
. Microwave Theory Technique
s, Vo
l.
MTT 1
3
, N
o. 5
,Sep
t. 1
965
, C
orre
s.
[
7
] M.
F."DouG" DEMAW
, "
The P
rac
tica
l S
ide o
f T
oro
ids
," QST Magaz
ine
(
ARRL
, I
nc
.), J
une 1
979
.
[
8
] R
.M. FA
NO. "
Theo
ret
ica
l L
imi
tat
ion
sont
he B
roadband Ma
tch
ing o
fArb
itra
ry
I
mpedance
s," J
.Frank
lin I
ns
t., J
anuary-Februa
ry 1
950
.
[
9
] G
.B. FI
NKE
, "Mo
ly Permalloy P
owderCo
res —The
irC
harac
ter
ist
icsa
nd App
li-
c
a
tion
s," MPIF S
em.
, D ecember 1
969
.
[
1
0] E.
A.GA
L
IGLER
, "
Sal Magne
tic Ma
ter
ial
s," P
roduc
t E
ng.
, J
u
ly 1
949
.
[
1
1] A.
J.HA
RENDZA
- HA
RINXMA
, "
Recen
tDeve
lopmen
tsi
nth
e Manufac
ture o
fPe
r-
m
alloy P
owde
r C
ore
s," W
estern E
lec
tric E
ng.
, 1
964
.
[
1
2] J. H. HO
ROWITZ
, "Des
ign W
ideband UHF P
owe
r Amp
lif
ier
s," E
lec
tron
.
D
esign
, May 2
4, 1
969
.
[
1
3] G
.A . Ke
usAu
t.
. "Permeamete
r for A
lternat
ing Cu
rren
t Measuremen
ts a
t Sma
ll
Magne
tiz
ing Fo
rce
s," Opt
. Soc. Amer. J
., Vo
l. 8
,Feb. 1
924
.
[
1
4] BOHDAN KOSTYSHYN AND PE
TER H.HA AS
, "Discu
ssion o
f Cu
rrent
-Shee
t Ap
-
p
roxima
tion
s in Ref
erence t
o H
igh-Frequency Magnet
ic Measu
rements
," J
.
R
es. NBS
, Vol
. 52
, No. 6
,June 1
954
.
[
1
5] &muss
- AL
LEN
, "De
sign
ing T
oro
ida
lTran
sforme
rst
o Op
tim
ize W
idcband P
er-
f
o
rmance
," E
lec
tron
ics
, A
ug. 1
973
.
[
1
6] LE
FFERSON
, "
Twi
sted
-Wi
re T
ransm
iss
ion L
ine
," I
EEE T
rans
. P
art
s, H
ybr
ids
,
P
ackag
ing
. V
ol. PHP
-7, N
o. 4
,Dec
. 1
971
.
[
1
7] V
.E. LE
GG, "Magne
tic Measu
rement
s at Low Flux D
ens
it
ies U
sing t
he A
.C.
B
r
idge
," Be
llSys
tems Tech
. J.
, V
ol. 1
5, J
an. 1
936.
[
1
8] V
.E. LE
GG. "Ana
lys
is o
f Qua
lity F
acto
r o
f Annu
lar C
ore I
nduc
tor
s," B
el
l
S
ystem T
ech
. J
.
, V
ol. 3
9
, N
o. 1
,Jan
. 1
960
.
[
1
9] V
.E. LEGG A
ND F.J.GIVEN
, "Compre
ssed Powde
red Mo
lybdenum P
erma
lloy
f
o
r High Qua
li
ty I
nduc
tance Co
ils
," Be
llSy
stem Tech
. J
.
, Vol
. 19
, J
u
ly 1
940.
[
20
] G
.L. MATTHAEI, "
Table
so fC hebyshev I
mpedance
-Trans
form
ing N
etwo
rks o
f
L
ow-Pa
ss Fi
lte
r Form," Proc
. I EEE, Aug
. 1964
.
[
2
1] E.J.OELBERMAN
, "Moistu
re A g
ing o
f Powder C
ore T
oro
ids
," E
lec
tron
ics
,
May 1
953 (
wi
th R
.E. S
kipper a
nd W.J
. Le
iss
).
[
2
2] C
.D. OWENS, "S
tab
il
ity Charac
ter
ist
ics o
f Mo
lybdenum P
erma
lloy P
owde
r
C
ore
s," E
lec
. Eng
., March 1
956
.
[
2
3] 0. PITZALIS AND R.A. Guso rg
. " Tab
les of I
mpedance Ma tch
ing Network
s
Which App rox
imate Presc
ribed At
tenuation v
er
sus Frequency S
lope
s," IEEE
T
rans. Microwave Theory Techn
iques, Vol
. MTT-19
, No . 4
, Apri
l 1
971
.
1
92 R
eferences App
.A

[
2
4] 0
. PITZALIS A
ND COUSE
. "B
roadband T
ransfo
rmer De
sign f
o
r R F T
ran
sis
tor
Amp
lif
iers
," ECO M-2989
, U
.S. A
rmy El
ect
ronics C
ommand, Ft
. Monmouth,
N
.J.
, J
u
ly 1
968
.
[
2
5] ST
ANI
.EY PR
O, "
Toro
id D
esign A
naly
sis
," E
lec
tro-
Techno
logy
, A
ug. 1
966
.
[
2
6] W .QUEFURTH
, "Turns C
ompu
tat
ion f
o
r Sma
ll C
ore I
nduc
tance
s," E
lec
. D
e-
s
i
gn News, S
ept
. 1
958.
[
2
7] C.E.RI CHARDS. P. R.BARDELL. S.
E.BUCKLEY
, AND A.C.LY
NCH, "
Some
P
rope
rtie
s a nd T es
ts o f Magnet
ic Powde
rs and Powde
r Core
s," El
ec.
Commun ., Vol
. 28
, Ma rch 1
951
.
[
2
8] C
.L. It
trrmto
t-r
. "
Some B
roadband T
ran
sforme
rs," P
roc
. I
RE, V
ol. 4
7
,
Augus
t 1959
.
[
2
9] C.F.SAI.T
, W. T.SAckErr
, JR
.,A ND R.C.MCMA STER, "Research a
nd D eve
lop
-
m
en t of Var
ious Conf
igura
tions of Co
re Mate
rial
s for Optimum T ransforme
r
D
esign," B a
tte
lle Memor
ial I
ns
titute
, Columbus, Oh
io, 1952.
[
3
01 J.SEV
ICK, "S
imple B
roadband Ma
tch
ing N
etworks
," QST Magaz
ine (
ARRL
,
I
nc
.), J
anuary 1
976
.
[
3
1] M. D.SU
TTON
, "App
lica
tion of I
r
on Powde
r C
ore
s i
nel
ect
romagne
tic D
elay
L
ine
s," P
rogr
. P
owder Meta
l!
., 1
962.
[
3
2] R.TU
RRIN
. "Applica
tion of B
roadband B
alun T
ran
sfo
rme
rs," QST Maga
zine
(
ARRL, I
nc.
), Ap
ril 1969
.
[
3
3] J.E.W OLF A
NI) B.KRAMER, "A Produc
tion T
echnique f
or t
he D
ete
rmina
tion
o
f Induc
tance for T
oroida
l P owdered Ir
on Core
s," Prog
. P owde
r Metal
l
.,
1
964
.
[
3
4] T.G.W IL
SON, S.
Y.FE N(
;, A
NI) W.A.SA
NDER
, "Opt
imum To
roida
l I
nduc
tor
D
esign A
naly
sis
," Proc
. 1970 E
lec
tron
. C
omponen
ts conf
.
[
3
51 S
ymposium o
f P
ape
rs o
n F
erromagne
tic Ma
ter
ial
s, I
EE, V
ol. 9
7
, P
art I
, N
o.
5
6
, Ap
ril 1
950
.

APPLICAT
ION NOTES

Manufac
turer
s' a
ppl
ica
tion n
ote
s a
re g
enera
lly a
vai
lab
le a
t n
o c
ost t
o t
hose
who r
eque
st t
hem b
y ma
il. Comp
lete l
i
sts o
feach manufac
turer
's t
echn
ica
l
b
ulle
tins a
nd a
ppl
ica
tion n
ote
s a
re a
l
so a
vai
lab
le u
pon r
eques
t. T
he n
ames
a
nd a
ddre
sses o
f v
arious manufac
ture
rs o
f magne
tic
-core ma
ter
ials a
re
g
iven f
o
llow
ing t
he l
i
st o
f n
otes
.

[
I Broadband Linea
r Power Amplif
ier
s U s
ing Push-Pu
ll Trans
isto
rs," b
y H
.
G
ranberg, Mo
to ro
la S
emiconduc
tor Product
s, I
nc
., AN -593
.
[
2
] D
esign o
f H
.F. W
ideband P
owe
rTransfo
rme
rs," b
y H
ilbe
rs, P
hil
lip
s App
lica
-
t
i
on Inf
ormat
ion No
. 530
.
[
3
] "Get 3
00 Wa
tts P EP Linear A
cro
ss 2to30 MHz fr
om thi
s Push
-Pull Amp
li-
f
i
er
," by H. Granberg
, Mo toro
la S
emiconduc
tor P
roduc
ts, I
nc
., EB-27
.
 Pe
rt
inen
t Bo
oks 1
93

[
4
] "Match
ing Network D
esign
s w
ith C
ompu
ter S
olu
tion
s," Mo
toro
la S
emicon
-
d
uctor P
roduc
ts, I
nc
., AN-267
.
[
5
) "Note
s on Low Impedance H
.F. Broadband T
ran
sfo
rme
r T
echn
ique
s," b
y
L
ewi
s, Co
ll
ins R
adio Co.
, November 1964
.
[
6
] "
Prec
ision T
oro
ida
l I
nduc
tor
s," S
prague T
ech
. B
ull
. No
. 4
1000
.
[
7
] "Sy
stem
izing RF Powe
r Amp
lif
ier D
esign
," Mo
toro
la S
emiconduc
tor P
rod
-
u
c
ts, I
nc
., AN-282
.

MANUFACTURERS

Am
idon A
sso
cia
tes
, 1
2033 O
tsego S
t
., N
orth Ho
llywood
, CA 9
1607
.
A
rno
ld E
nginee
ring C
o., Ma
rengo
, I
L 6
0152
.
F
a
ir-R
ite P
roduc
ts C
orp
., Wa
lki
ll
, NY 1
2589
.
F
erroxcube C
orp
., 5
083 K
ing
s H
ighway
, S
auge
rtie
s, NY 1
2477
.
I
nd
iana G
ene
ral
, C
row
s M
il
l R
oad
, K
easbey
, N
J 0
8832
.
Magne
tic
s (
Div
ision o
fSpang I
ndu
str
ies
), P
.O. B
ox 3
91, B
utle
r, PA 1
600
1.
M
icrome
tal
s, I
nc
., 2
28 No
rth S
unse
t, C
ity o
f I
ndu
stry
, CA 9
1744
.
Mo
toro
la S
emiconduc
tor P
roduc
ts, I
nc
., P
.O. B
ox 2
0912
, P
hoen
ix, AZ 8
5036
.

PERT
INENT BOOKS

The s
ubjec
ts o
f magne
tic c
ore ma
ter
ials a
nd r
e
lated n
etwork d
esign a
re
t
r
eated i
n t
he f
o
llow
ing b
ooks
. The e
nginee
r o
r s
tuden
t may f
i
nd t
hese
r
eferences o
f v
alue a
s s
upp
lemen
tal ma
ter
ial t
o t
he t
opics c
overed i
n t
h
is
v
olu me
.

[
1
] P. R.BARDELL. Magnet
ic Ma
ter
ial
s i
n t
he E
lec
trica
l I
ndus
try
. P
hi
losoph
ica
l
L
ibrary
, In
c., New York
, 1
955
.
[
2
] H
.W. BODE, Ne
twork Ana
lys
isa
nd F
eedback Amp
l e
rDes
ign
. D
. V
an No
s-
t
r
and C
o., New Yo
rk.
[
3
] R.
M .BO
ZORTH
, F
erromagne
tism
. D
. V
an No
strand C
o., N
ew Y
ork
, 1
95
1.
[
4
] F
.C. CO
NNELLY
, T
ransf
orme
rs. P
i
tman a
nd S
ons L
td.
, L
ondon
, 1
950
.
[
5
] M
.F. "DouG" D
E MAw
, P
rac
tica
l RF C
ommun
ica
tions D
ata f
or E
nginee
rsa
nd
T
echn
icians (
No. 2
1557
). Howa
rd W
. S
ams &C
o., I
nd
ianapo
lis
, I
nd
., 1
978
.
(
6
) M
.F. "DouG" DE MAw, ARRL E
lectronic
sDa
ta B
ook
. Ame
rican R
adio R
elay
L
eague
, I
nc
., N
ewington, C
onn
., 1976.
[
7
] P.R.GE
FFE
, S
imp
lif
ied Mod
ern F
i
lte
r De
sign
. H
ayden B
ook C
o., I
nc
., N
ew
Y
ork.
[
8
] R.LEE
, Elec
tron
ic T
ransforme
rsa
nd C
ircu
its
. J
ohn W
iley & S
ons
, I
nc
., N
ew
Y
ork
, 1955
.
1
94 R
eferences

[
9
] DEPARTMENT O
F ELECTR
ICAL EN G
INEER
ING, M.I.T.
, Magne
tic C
ircu
its a
nd
T
ransf
ormers
. J
ohn Wi
ley & S
ons
, Inc
., New Y
ork
, 1943
.
[
10
] W. J.PO
LYDOROFF
, High
-Fr
equency Magne
tic Ma
ter
ial
s. J
ohn W
iley & S
ons
,
I
nc
., New Yo
rk, 1
960
.
[
1
11 H.
F.ST
ORM
, Magne
tic Amp
lif
ie
rs. J
ohn W
iley & S
ons
, I
nc
., N
ew Y
ork
, 1
955
.
APPEND
IX B

M
ISCELLANEOUS DATA

Th
is appendix c
onta
in s a
n a
ssor
tment o
f u
sefu
l info
rmation f
or e
ngi-
n
eer
s a nd s
tudent
s who are i
nvo
lved w
ith f
e
rromagne
tic componen
ts. T
he
a
uthor has e
ndeavored to i
nclude a wide a
ssortment of da
ta t ha
t w ould
o
therw
ise be found s
cat
tered throughout t
he count
less t
echnical li
te
rature
wh
ich pe
rtain
s to c
omponen t
s that con
tain magnet
ic-core mater
ial. Cred
its
a
re given w hereve r poss
ible t
o t hose manufac turer
s a nd distr
ibutor
s o f
magnetic cores from wh ich the in
fo rmat
ion h a
s been gleaned.
Table B-1 c on tains ac omprehen s
ive li
s
ting o f the symbo ls ánd t
heir
d
efin
itions fo r magne tic
-core material
s. These symbo ls and te
rms are s
tan-
da
rd wi th
in t he indu s
try, wi
th the notab
le e xcept
ion o f the e
xpres
sions of
p
ermeabi
lity
. S ome manufacture
rs designate i
ni
tia
l p e
rmeabili
ty as mo,
whe
rea
s others a
ss
ign the s
ymbol pi.S
imilar
ly, s
o me f
abrica
tor
s prefe
r ma
y

t
o when symbol
izing ave
rage o
r e
ffec
tive permeab
ili
ty.

SE
LECTED CONVERS
ION F
ACTORS

T
ab le B-2 conta
ins agroup ofi mportant convers
ion factors which f
i
nd fre-
q
uen ta ppl
ication among enginee
r sand student
sw ho a
re concerned w
ith the
d
esign a nd use of c
omponen ts that u
t
ilize magne t
ic co
re s
. Me tr
ic/Engl
ish
c
onve r
sion d ata a
re a
l
so inc
luded f orthose a
reaso feng
inee ring t
hatencom -
p
ass transforme r a
nd inductor d
e s
ign.

1
95
 T
ABLE B
-1 M
agne
tic
-co
re s
ymbo
logy
.

S
ymbo
l U
ni
ts T
erm D
esc
rip
tion

Ac i
n A
vai
lable w
ind
ing
. C
ross-sect
iona la rca ( perpend icu larto
c
m' a
r
ea ofco
re d
irect
ion o fw i
re),a vailable f orw inding
t
urnso n ap a rt
icu lar c ore.
A CB i
n2 A
vai
lable w
inding C
ross-sect
iona la rea ( perpend icu larto
c
m= a
r
ea ofbobbin d
irect
ion o fw i
re),a vailable f orw inding
t
urnso n ap ar t
icu lar b obbin .
Ae c
m? E
fect
ivea
r
ea T
he cross-
sectiona la rca thata ne quivalent
o
fco
re g
aplessc ore( ofu nifo rm m agne t
ic and geo-
metr
ic prope rt
ies)w ould h ave .
A c
n
t= Ef
ect
ive g
ap T
he equivalenta rea t hrough w h
ich t he
g
a
r
ea (
assumed u n iform )f l
ux i n am agneticco re g
ap
p
asses.C orr e c
tsf orf r
inginge ff e
cts.
AL n
iH/
1000 t
u
rns I
n
duc
tanc
ein
dex R
elatesi n
duc tanc et ot urn sf ora p art
icular
c
ore and gap .
Am c
m= Ef
ect
ive a
rea o
f I
n agapped struc tu re.t heequ ivalen tcros s
-
m
agnetic p
a
th s
ect
iona lar ea oft hem agne tic p ar
to fthe
p
ath,a s
sumed u nif o rm .
A i
n
= A
vai
lab
le w
ind
ing T
hatp ort
ion o ft het otala vailab le winding
P
C
ITI 2 s
pac
efo
rprimary a
rea alotted t ot het r
an sforme rp rima ry
w
inding.
Ax i
n= C
ros
s-sec
tiona
l T
he cross-
sectiona la rea oft heconduc to r
c
m= a
r
ea ofwi
re p
arto fthew i re.
1
3 g
aus
s Magnet
ic fl
ux T
he f l
ux d
en sity (l
ines/cm ')i n amagnet
ic
d
ensi
ty c
i
rcu it
,m ea sured at agiv
en p o
int.
8r
n
ax g
aus
s Maximum f l
ux T
he v a
lue afflux d ensi
ty correspond ing t
othe
d
ensi
ty p
eak o fthea pp
lied excitat
ion.
Bo g
aus
s Magnet
ic fl
ux Maximum v a lueso ffl
ux den s
ity fo
r i = p ei
n
d
ensi
ty t
ransforme rc ore.
Bt g
aus
s P
ulse
-excited T
he v a
lue off l
ux densi
ty corresponding tothe
f
l
ux den
sity i
nstanto ft ermina t
ion o fana pp
lied re
ctangula
r
p
uls e
.
BW h
er
tz B
andw
idth F
requency r a ngeo ve
rw hich r e
spon se o
fa
t
uned tran sforme risconsidered tobeu n
iform
f
(
BW = 2 àf — 0
Q
C f
a
rad
s E
quivalen
tshun
t T
heequ ivalentshuntc apacitancer e
pres
ented
c
apac
itance b
yt hein
te rwind
ing c apacitance o
fa
t
r
an sforme r
.
E
v
o
lts
, RMS Magne
tiz
ing Ef
ective va
lue ofal
terna t
ing v o
ltageappl
ied
v
ol
tage a
crossprima ry magne t
izing induc
tance
(
s
ee Lm ).
E v
o
lts
. RMS T
ransformer E
fective va
lue ofal
terna t
ing v o
ltage a
ppl
ied
p
r
imary te
rmina
l a
crossprima ry t
e
rm inalso f atr
ansfo
rme r
.
v
o
ltage
Ep
max v
o
lts
.Peak P
eak pr
imary P
eak v a
lue o
f E,(
fors
ine w
ave
s.
Epmax = Ee-V2— ),
P
Es v
o
lts
, RMS T
ransformer E
f
fect
ive v
alue o
fal
ternating v
o
ltageapp
lied
s
econdary a
c
rossseconda
ry (output)te
rmina
lsofa
t
e
rm ina
lv o
ltage t
r
ansfo
rme r
.
h
e
rtz F
requency A
l
ternat
ionsp erse
cond o
fvoltage o
rcurrent
.
h
e
rtz L
ow-frequency L
owest fr
equency atwhich the si
nusoidal ampl
i-
c
u
t-off t
u
ck vs
. frequency c
haracter
ist
ic of at r
ans
-
f
o
rmer isw i
thin 3 d
B o f th
e midfrequency le
vel
.

1
96
 TABLE B
-1 (
con
tinued
)

S
ymbo
l U
nit
s T
erm D
escr
ipt
ion

f
2 h
er
tz H
igh-f
requency h
ighest f
requency a
t which the si
nusoida
l ampl
i-
c
u
t-off t
ude v
s. fr
equency c
haracte
rist
ic of at r
ans
-
f
ormer iswith
in 3 dB of t
he m idf
requency l
eve
l.
H o
ers
teds Magne
tiza
tion T
he m agne
tizing f
o
rce t
hatproduc
es th
e
magnet
ic fl
ux i
n at
r
ansformer o
rinducto
rco
re.
Ampere-turns p
ercm.
H max o
ers
teds P
eak m
agne
tiza
tion T
he peak v
alue o
fthem agne
tiz
ing fo
rce
.
H0 o
ers
teds D
emagne
tiza
tion T
he dcm agnet
izing f
orce a
ppl
ied t
o ac
ore
(
un
idirect
ionalcurrentfl
owing i
nit
swinding
s).
IC ampe
res
, RMS C
ore l
o
ssc
urren
t C
omponento
fmagnet
izing c
urrenta
ccoun
ting
f
o
rpowe
rlo
stinco
re mate
rial.
'
d
c
a
mpe
res D
irec
tcur
ren
t T
he magnitude o
ftheunid
irect
ionalc ompon-
e
ntof acur
rent
.
m a
mpe
res
. RMS Magnet
izing C
omponen tofpr
imary al
terna
tingcurrent
c
urren
t d
evo
ted t omagne
tiza
tion oftr
ansformer c
ore
.
a
mpe
res
, RMS T
ransformer T
otalalterna
ting c
urren
tfl
owing intransformer
p
r
ima ry c
urren
t p
r
ima ry w
inding
.V ec
tor s
um of magnetiz
ing
(
1m )a
nd lo
ad (Is ÷ n
)cu
rrents
.
m
ap a
mperes
,Peak P
eak i
npu
tcur
ren
t T
he p
eak v
a
lue o
fth
etr
ansformer i
npu
tcurren
t.
I
s a
mpe
res
, RMS T
ransformer T
ota
lal
ternat
ing c
urren
tfl
owing i
ntr
ansfo
rme
r
s
econdary c
urren
t s
e
condary w
ind
ing.
n
ume
ric D
ielectr
ic T
he ra
tio o
fth
ec apaci
tance ola capac
itor
c
onstantofa u
s
ing tha
tsubstance a
s adie
lectric t
oth
e
s
ubstance c
apaci
tance o
fthe s
ame structure w
ith a
v
acuum asthedie
lectr
ic.
k1 (
g
aus
s)2 p V
S
. Bf
a
cto
r F
actorre
lat
ing pand Bfor ag
i
ven p
owe
r
i
nduc
tor de
sign r
equ
irement
.

k2 v
ol
t-ampere
s C
ore-se
lec
tion F
actorre
lat
ing th
ev o
lt-ampe re ra
ting o
fa
p
er H1 X 2r f
ac
tor c
ore t
othefr
equency.
Lm h
enr
ies S
e
lf-induc
tance S
e
lf-
inductance o
f atr
ansforme rp r
imary w
ind
ing
(
LI! = N2A
P l
. X 1 0 — 'henry)
1
.0 h
enr
ies A
ir i
nduc
tance Lfo
r p 1(
a
ir)
.T hus, L = p0 Lo.
h
enr
ies L
eakage S
e
lf-
induc tance t
ha
ta ppearsinse
rieswith t
he
i
nduc
tance w
indings due t
oleakage fl
ux t
hatd oe
sn o
t
c
ontribute t
othetransferofenergy i
na
t
ransformer.
1
, i
n
. L
eng
th of E
ff
ective le
ngth o
la uniform fl
ux pa
th.
Cm
. f
l
ux p
ath
1 i
n. L
eng
th of Ef
ective l
eng
th of au
niform a
i
rgap i
na
c
m. a
i
rgap magnet
ic c
ircu
it.
i
n
. L
ength o
f Ef
ective l
eng
th ola u
niform m
agne
tic p
ath
.
C
111
. magne
tic p
ath
.
1 n
ume
ric Load/magnet
izing T
he ra
tio oft h
el oad componen t(1
, n
)tot h
e
c
urren
trat
io m
agne t
izing componen t(1
,,
,)i nthetransfo
rme r
p
rimary current( Ir)
.
n
umer
ic P
r
imary t
u
rns T
otaln umbe ro fcomp lete t
urns intr
ansforme r
l
i
p
rimary winding .
n
ume
ric S
econdary t
u
rns T
otaln umbe ro fcomp lete t
urns intr
ansforme r
s
econdary winding .
n
umer
ic T
urns r
a
tio R
atio oftransformer p r
imary/ secondary turns
.
Equ
ivalentt oprimary/ secondary v o
ltage ra
tio
(
neg
lecting res
istance ofwind ings
)

197
 TABLE B
-1 (
c
ont
inued
)

S
ymbo
l U
nit
s T
erm D
escr
ipt
ion

Pd p
ercen
t D
roop P
ercentdroop i nthenom ina
lly fl
a
tp ortion of
t
hew aveform of apulse d
el
ivered b y atrans-
f
ormer,c ompared with th
ei n
pu tp ulse waveform.
Pl
o
ad w
atts L
oad p
owe
r T
he powe rdiss
ipated intheexte
rna ll oad
c
onnected tothet r
ansformer secondary t e
rm ina
ls.
P0 w
atts P
owerd
i
ssipa
tion T
he powe rdiss
ipation le
velthatwillc ause a
f
a
cto
r t
emperature ri
se of50°C above a mbien tina
g
iven c
ore.
Pt w
atts T
otalpower T
he to
talpowerdi
ssipated i
nanin
ducto
r
d
i
ssipa
tion (
w
ind ing l
o
ss + core l
oss
).Neg
lec
tsdie
lec
tric
l
o
sses.
Q n
umer
ic Q
ual
ity f
a
ctor Ra
tio o freactance toequivalents er
ies
re
sistance i na nimpedance .
RC o
hms E
quiva
lentc o
re T
he v alue o fres
istance acrossw hich t
hem agne tiz
ing
l
o
ssres
istance e
xcita tion voltage would diss
ipate ap ower equal
tot hec ore lo
ss of atr
ansformer o rinductor
.
Rg o
hms G
enera
tor Efective i n
ternals e
riesresis
tance ofthe
r
e
sis
tance e
xci tation source.
RL o
hms L
oad E
qu iva lentr e
sistance ofexternalload con-
r
e
sis
tance nected b etween transformer secondary terminals.
R o
hms R
esis
tance o
f D
ere
sis
tance o
ftr
ansfo
rme
rpr
imary
.
P
p
r
imary wind
ing
Rs o
hms R
e s
istance o
f D
cre
sis
tance o
ftr
ansforme
rse
condary
.
s
econdary w
inding
Tmax °
C Max
imum oper- T
he sum ofthem aximum e
xpec
ted ambien
t
a
t
ing t
empe
rature t
emperature a
nd thew
ind
ing tempe
rature r
i
se
i
nthecore mater
ial
.
Tr
i
s
e °
C T
empe ra
ture R
ise intemperature ofa ninductor o
rtrans
-
r
i
se fo
rmer core due tointe
rnalp owerdiss
ipation
.
r
P s
e
cond
s P
ulse d
urat
ion D
u rat
ion ofthel ongestn ominally f
i
atport
ion
o
f apulse waveform .
r
e s
e
conds P
ulse r
i
se t
ime L
onge stalowab le time f
or apulse t
ori
se f
rom
1
0% t
o9 0% ofi t
sf i
nala mpl
itude.
Ve i
n) Efec
tive c
ore T
he e fe
ctive vo
lume of amagnet
ic core
c
m3 v
olume (
I
tt,. I , x Ae)de
fined a
sthev o
lume ofa
u
niform m agnet
ic path l
elo
ng,h av
ing ac
ros
s
s
e
c t
iona larea Ar
X
, o
hms L
eakage T
he reactance o
ft ransformer l
eakage i
ndue-
r
eac
tance t
ance 1.1(X
, =2 .
7r fLE)
.
a n
umer
ic A
ttenuat
ion M
idfrequency r eduction i
nsignala mp
litude
c
onstan
t f
r
om p r
ima ry t
erm inalvo
ltage t
ov o
ltage
e
s
tab l
ished across thelo
ad.
t/
( n
ume
ric T
ota
l M
idfrequency r
educ
tion insi
gna
la mpl
itude
a
t
tenua
tion f
r
om genera
tor in
ternal EMF t
otransforme
r
o
utputte
rminalvoltage
.
-
I
f h
er
tz H
alf
-bandw
idth D
if erence b
etween center f
requency and l ow
f
requency cu
toffp oint(fi)onresonance
c
urve ofti
m ed tr
ansforme r.
4 n
umer
ic P
ermeab
il
ity R
atio o fmagnet
ic fl
ux density t
othee xci-
t
at
ion producing it(I = BIH )
.
a
%
n
umer
ic Average T
he s l
ope o
fthes t
raightl i
ne be
tween 0 ,0,
p
ermeab i
lity a
nd B = B max for agi
ven core material
RMU
(p ay = — )
m
ax
n
umer
ic I
n
itia
l T
he e f
ect
ive permeab
ili
ty o
ft h
ecore a
tlow
p
ermeab
il
ity e
xci
tation (
intheli
near r
eg
ion)for au
nifo
rm
magnetic p
ath
.

C
our
tesy o
fFe
rrox
euhe C
orp
,
 TABLE B
-2 S
elec
ted c
onve
rsion f
a
cto
rs

Mu
ltip
ly: ii l
o O
bta
in:

We
igh
t

p
ounds 4
53.59 g
rams
p
ounds 0
.45359 k
i
lograms
g
rams 0
.0022046 p
ounds
k
i
lograms 2
.2046 p
ounds

L
eng
th

f
ee
t 3
0
.480 c
entimete
rs
i
nches 2
.5400 c
entimete
rs
c
entimete
rs 0
.032808 f
ee
t
c
entimete
rs 0
.
39370 i
nches
i
nches 0
.025400 meter
s
meter
s 3
9
.370 i
nches

A
rea

s
quare f
ee
t 9
29.04 s
quare c
entime te
rs
s
quare i
nches 6
.4516 s
quare c
entime te
rs
s
quare c
entimete
rs 1.
0764 x 1
0 -3 s
quare f
ee
t
s
quarecentimete
rs 0
.15500 s
quare i
nches
s
quare i
nches 6
.4516 x 10- 1 square meters
s
quare meter
s 1
.5500 x 103 s
quare i
nche s
s
quare c
entimete
rs 1
0 -4 s
quare meters
s
quare meter
s l0 s
quare c
entime te
rs

S
inuso
ida
l Wavefo
rm

p
eak c
urren
torv
ol
tage 0
.70711 r
ms cu rren to rvo
ltage
p
eak c
urren
torv
ol
tage 0
.63662 a
verage c urrentor
v
oltage
r
ms c
urren
torv
o
ltage 1
.4142 p
eak c ur rentorv o
ltage
r
ms c
urren
torv
o
ltage 0
.9003 7 a
verage c urrentor
v
oltage
a
verage c
urren
torv
o
ltage 1
.
5708 p
eak c urren t o
r vo
ltage
a
verage c
urren
torv
o
ltage 1
.
1107 r
ms c ur ren t o
rv o
ltage

Magne
tic I
nduc
tion
.8

g
aus
s 6
.
4516 l
i
nesp ersquare in
ch
g
aus
s 6
.
4516 X 1
0— w
ebe r
s per square i
nch
g
aus
s l
0— w
ebe r
s per square meter
(
t
eslas)
l
i
nesp
er s
quare i
n
ch 0
.
15500 g
ausses
l
i
nesp
ersquare i
n
ch 1
.
5500 x 1
0— 5 webersp e
rs quare m
ete r
(
t
es
las
)
l
i
nesp
ers
quare i
n
ch 1
0—, w
eberspe
rsquare i
n
ch

199
 TABLE B
-2 (
c
ont
inued
)

T
o O
bta
in:

w
eber
sper s
quare i
nch 1
.
5500 X 1
01 g
ausses
w
eber
spersquare i
n
ch I
O
N l
i
nesp e
rs quare i
nch
w
eber
spersquare i
n
ch 1
550 w
ebersp er s
quare me
ter
(
t
eslas)

Magne
tiz
ing F
orce
.H

o
ers
teds 2
.02
13 ampere-
turns p
er i
n
ch
o
ers
teds 0
.
79577 ampere-
turns p
er
c
entimeter
o
ers
teds 7
9
.577 ampere-
turns p
ermeter
a
mpe re
-turns p
ercent
ime
ter 1
.
/566 o
ers
teds
a
mpe re
-turns p
er c
ent
ime
ter 2
.
5400 ampere-
turns p
erin
ch
a
mpe re
-turns p
ercent
ime
ter 1
00
.00 ampere-
turns p
ermeter
a
mpe re
-turns p
er i
nch 0.
49474 o
ers
teds
a
mpere-turnsper i
nch 0.
39370 ampere-
turns p
er
c
entimeter
a
mpere
-turns p
er i
n
ch 3
9
.370 ampere-
turns p
er m
eter
a
mpere
-turns p
er m
ete
r 0
.0
12566 o
ers
teds
a
mpere
-turns p
er m
ete
r 1
0— e ampere-
turns p
er
c
entimeter
a
mpe
re-
turns p
erm
eter 0
.025400 ampere-
turns p
er i
n
ch

P
ermeab
il
ity

g
aus
spe
roe
rsted 3
.
1918 l
i
ne sper ampere -turn
i
nch
g
aus
spe
roe
rsted 3
.
19 18 X 10— N webe rspera mpe re-turn
i
nch
g
aus
sper o
ers
ted 1
.2566 X 10 -6 w
ebe rsper a mpere -turn
m
eter
w
ebe
rsp
erampere
-turn m
eter 7.
9577 X 1 05 g
aus spero ersted
w
ebe
rsp
er a
mpere
-turn m
eter 2.
5400 X 1 06 l
inesp e
ra mpe re-turn
in
ch
w
eber
sper a
mpe
re-
turn m
eter 0
.025400 webersp e
ra mp ere -
turn
in
ch
w
eber
sperampere
-turn i
n
ch 3
.
1330 X 1 07 g
au s
sp eroer s
ted
w
eber
sper a
mpe
re-turn i
n
ch I
ON l
i
nes pera mpe re-turn
in
ch
w
ebe
rsp
era
mpere
-turn i
n
ch 3
9
.370 w
ebe rsper amp er e-turn
meter
l
i
nesp
erampe
re-
turn i
n
ch 0
.
31330 g
aussp eroersted
l
i
nesp
er a
mpe
re-
turn i
n
ch 3
9
.370 X 1 0 -8 w
ebe rspera mpe re-turn
meter
l
i
nesp
era
mpe
re-
turn i
n
ch 1
0_l w
ebe rspera mpere -turn
in
ch

2
00
 CONVERS
ION I
NFORMAT
ION F
OR W
IRE GAUGES
1
0 T
O 4
4

Column s Aa nd B o fT able B-3 provide d a

ta on the c ommon c ircula r mil
s
n
ota t
ion a nd th
em e
tric equivalent f
o reach wire gauge . Column C i su sefu
l
t
o t he engineer o r s t
uden t, as itp rovides the e quivalent res
istance i n
m
ic rohm s/centime ters (&/cm o r 1 0-6 Q
/cm )
. C olumn s D t hrough L
c
on ta
in i mportant i nforma t
ion c oncerning c oa
ted w ires and the eff ect of
t
he i nsu
lation on t he size and n umbe r of turns, plus the to
tal w eigh t in
g
/cm .
The de
signerc an d e
term ine th
et otal r
es
istance of aw inding bym ultiply
-
i
ng t he MLT ( mean l ength/turn) o f the winding i n centimeters b y th
e
pQ/cm f or the chosen w ire gauge and t h
e total numbe r of tu
rn s
. H ence,

1
-
6
2
R =(
MLT
) x xN
cm

where N i
sth
e number o
f t
urns emp
loyed.
T
he we
ight o
f th
e copper in aspecif
ied w
ind
ing can b
e found b
y
mul
tiply
ing t
he MLT by t
he g
/cm (s
ee co
lumn L) a
nd b
y th
e t
o
tal numbe
r
o
f turns
.

w
t =(
MLT
) x x
c
m

T
he t
u
rns p
er s
qua
re i
n
ch a
nd p
er c
m' a
re b
ased o
n a6
0% w
ire
-fi
ll f
a
cto
r.

I
NDUCTANCE
, C
APAC
ITANCE
, AND REACTANCE

A
lthough ac a
lculator can be u
sed to l
e
arn t
he i
nductance, capaci
tance, o
r
r
eactance ofc i
rcuit el
emen t
s, itiss
ometimes more convenient to o
btain a
q
uick a pproximation b y means of anomograph
. Figu re B-
1 c on
tains th
e
n
ecessary info
rma tion for t
hose who p
refe
r th
e nomog raph format. Induc
-
t
ance va
lue s f
rom 0 .
01 p H to 1
000 H a
re p
rov
ided. Reactance inohm si si
n
-
c
luded f r
om 0 .0
1 Qt o 1MQ . Capac
itance v
a
lues fr
om 0 .1 pF to 10pF ar
e
l
i
sted and frequencies between 10 Hz a
nd 1MHz a re inc
luded.

RES
ISTANCE
!TEMPERATURE CORRECT
ION F
ACTOR

I
n many d
esign a
pplicat
ion s i
tisi
mperat
ive t
ok now th
eres
istance o
f atr
ans
-
f
ormer o
r induc
to r winding wi
th r
espec
t tota,(ave
rage t
empe ra
ture)
. Cor
-
r
e
ction f
actors provide suitab
le r
esi
stance v
alues ve
rsu
s t empera
ture fo
r

2
01
 TABL E B
•3 C
i
rcu
lar m
ils n
ota
tion a
nd me
tric e
quiva
len
ts.

I
l%1
1 A
l
t1 S
Y NTI
ET I
C
S

(
VG l
o
ud Di
ame
ter Tu
rnsp
er T
urn
xpe
r; We
i
ght
Wi
re r
n
, X 1
0- e
l /
0 -, /
Si
:e s
n
ith c
ma t20° (• o
n
- •l
'
o i
n
.h c
m ' Wen
t

1
0 5
2
.6 1 1
0384 3
2.70 5
.9 1
.046 0
.267 0
.10.
51 3
.87 9
.5 1
0
.73 6
9.20 0
.468
1 4
1
.68 8.
226 4
1.37 4
4
.3 8
,798 0
.238 0
.0938 4
.36 1
0.7 1
3
.48 8
9.95 0
.3750
1
2 3
.08 6.
529 5
2.09 3
5.64 7
.022 0
.213 0
.0838 4
.85 1.9 1
6
.8 1 1
08.4 0
.2977
1
3 2
6
.26 5.
184 6
5.64 2
8.36 5
.610 0
.190 0
.0749 5
.47 1
3.4 2
1
. 15 1
36.4 0
.2367
1
4 2
0
.82 4
.109 8
2.80 2
2
.95 4
.556 0
.171 0
.0675 6
.04 1
4.8 2
6
.14 1
68.6 0
.1879
1
5 1
6
.5 1 3.
260 1
04.3 1
8.37 3
.624 0
.153 0
.0602 6
.77 1
6.6 3
2
.66 2
10.6 0
.1492
1
6 1
3
.07 2.
58 1 1
31.8 1
4.73 2
.905 0
.137 0
.0539 732 1
8.6 4
0
.73 2
62.7 0
.1184
1
7 1
0
.39 2,
052 1
65.8 1.68 2
.323 0
.122 0
.0482 8
.18 2
0.8 5
1
.36 3
31.2 0
.0943
1
8 8
.228 1
.
624 209.5 9
.326 1
.857 0
.109 0
.0431 9
.13 2
3.2 6
4
.33 4
14.9 0
.07472
1
9 6
.531 1
.
2s9 20 9 7339 1
.490 0
.0980 0
.0386 1
0
. 19 2
5.9 7
9
.85 5
15.0 0
.05940
2
0 5
.188 1
.
024 1, 3 6
.065 1
.
197 0
.0879 0
.0346 1
.37 2
8.9 9
8
.93 6
38.1 0
.04726
2
1 4
.116 8
12.3 4
18 .9 4
.837 9
54.8 0
.0785 0
.0309 1
2
.75 3
2.4 1
24
.0 7
99.8 0
.03757
2 3
.243 6
40. 1 531.4 3
.857 7
61.7 0
.0701 0
.0276 1
4.25 3
6.2 1
55
.5 1
.003 0
.02965
2
3 2
.588 5
10.8 666.0 3
.135 6
20.0 0
.0632 0
.0249 1
5
.82 4
0.2 1
91
.3 1
.234 0
.02372
2
4 2047 404
.0 842.1 2
.514 4
97.3 0
.0566 0
.0223 1
7.63 4
4.8 238.6 1.
539 0
.01884
2
5 1623 3/0
.4 1
.
062 .0 2
.002 3
96.0 0
.0505 0
.0199 1
9.80 5
0.3 299.7 1.
933 0
.01498
2
6 1.
280 252
.8 1
.
345 .0 1
.
603 3
16.8 0
.0452 0
.0178 2
2.12 5
6.2 374.2 2
.414 0
.01185
2
7 1.
021 201.6 1
,
687 .6 1
313 2
39.2 0
.0409 0
.0161 2
4.44 6
2.1 456.9 2
.947 0
.00945
2
8 0
.8046 1
58
.8 2
.
142 .7 1
.
0515 2
07.3 0
.0366 0
.0144 2
7.32 6
9.4 579.6 1
.680 0
.00747
2
9 0
.6470 1
27
.7 2
.
664 .3 0
.8548 1
69.0 0
.0330 0
.0130 3
0.27 7
6.9 701.9 4
.527 0
.00602
3
0 0
.5067 1
00
.0 3
,
402 .2 0
.6785 1
34.5 0
.0294 0
.0116 3
.93 8
6.2 884.3 5
.703 0
.00472
3
1 0
.4013 7
9
.2 1 4,
294 .6 0
.5596 10.2 0
.0267 0
.0105 3
7
.48 9
5.2 1
.0
72 6
.914 0
.00372
3
2 0
.3242 6
4
.00 5,
314.9 0
.4559 9
0.25 0
.024 I 0
.0095 4
1
.45 1
05.3 1
316 8
.488 0
.00305
3 0
.2554 5
0
.4 1 6,
748.6 0
.3662 7
2.25 0
.0216 0
.0085 4
6
.33 17.7 1
.
638 1
0
.565 0
,00241
3
4 0
.2011 3
9
.69 8,
572.8 0
.2863 3
6.25 0
.0191 0
.0075 5
2
.48 1
33.3 2
.
095 1
3
.3 12 0
.00189
3
5 0
.1589 3
1
.36 1
0.849 0
.2268 4
4.89 0
.0170 0
.0067 5
8
.77 1
49.3 2,
645 1
7
.060 0
.00150
3
6 0
.1266 2
5
.00 1
3.608 0
.1813 3
6.00 0
.0152 0
.0060 6
5
.62 1
66.7 3,
309 2
1
.343 0
.00119
3
7 0
,1026 2
0
./5 1
6,80 1 0
.1538 30
.25 0
.0140 0
.0055 7
1
.57 1
81.8 3
.
90 1 2
5
. 161 0
.000977
3
8 0
.08107 1
6
.00 2
1.266 0
.1207 2
4.01 0
.0124 0
.0049 8
0.35 2
04.1 4
.97 1 3
2
.062 0
.000773
3
9 0
.06207 1
2
.25 2
7,775 0
.0932 1
8
.49 0
.0109 0
.0043 9
1.57 2
32.6 6.
437 4
1.518 0
.0(
10593
4
0 0
.04869 9
.61 3
5.400 0
.0723 1
4
.44 0
.0096 0
.0038 1
03
.6 2
63.2 8,
298 5
3.522 0
.000464
4
1 0
.03972 7
.84 4
1.40s 0
.0384 1
.56 0
.00863 0
.0034 15
.7 2
94.1 1
0
.273 6
6
.260 0
.000379
4
2 0
.03166 6
.25 5
4.429 0
.04558 9
.00 0
.00762 0
.0030 1
31.2 3
33.3 1
3
.163 8
4.901 0
.000299
4
3 0
.02452 4
.84 7
0.30 8 0
.03683 7
.
29 0
.00685 0
.0027 1
45_8 3
70.4 1
6
.29 1 1
05.076 0
.000233
4
4 A0•0202 B 4. °
° C8
5 .0
72 n0.03165 F
.6.25 F0
.00635 (
;0.0025 1157.4 I4
00.0 .
118
.957 K1
22
.272 I
.0.000195

"I
ho n
o
t.00n
t in
eunxtha
t th
ee nt
ry i
nt h
ecolumn mum h
emu
lt
ipl
ied b
y 1
0- '
.
hI f REA à
lagnel
ir Wi
re Data
loa
tur
t
t
ttc
s, of\I
.
Ipic
lies
. lX
viN
iono rSpan, I
ndus
tr
ies
.
most e
ngineer
ing r
equirements
. Tab
le B-4 l
i
sts t
empera
ture
s from —
55 °
C
t
hrough + 155°C
. In
itial r
e
sis
tance (
R i)i
sde
termined a
t25°C.

S
ome o
f t
he mo
re p
er
tinen
t d
ef
ini
tion
s t
ha
t r
e
late t
o t
e
rms u
sed i
nmagne
tic
-
c
ore-component d e
sign are li
s
ted i n th
is sec
tion. Although some o
f the
t
e
rm s may se
em s omewhata cadem ic t
ot heengineer
, they h
ave b
een i
n
clud-
e
d f o
r use by the st
udent. Other terms are peculia
r to the t
ran
sformer
d
esigner a
nd should be o
fi n
teres
t to reader
s o fal
l le
vels
.
 TABLE B
-4 R
esis
tance t
empe
ratu
re c
orrec
tion f
ac
tors
.

T
oFind T
oFind
R
esi
stance A1
: Mu
ltip
ly B
y: R
esi
stance At
: Mu
ltip
ly B
i
':

-
55° C 0
.
749 5°C 1
.18
-
50° C 0
.
76 1 6
0° C 1
.38
-
45°C 0
.
772 6
5° C 1
.
157
-
40°C 0
.
784 7
0° C 1
.
177
-
35°C 0
.
797 7
5° C 1
.
197
-
30°C 0
.
8 10 8
0° C 1.
2
16
-
25°C 0
.
822 8
5°C 1
.
236
-
20° C 0
.
836 9
0° C 1
.
256
-15°C 0
.
850 9
5°C 1
.
275
-10°C 0
.
865 1
00° C 1
.
295
- 5°C 0
.
879 I0
5° C 1
.
314
0
°C 0
.
895 11
0°C 1
.
334
5
°C 0
.
928 I1
5°C 1
.
354
1
0°C 0
.
945 12
0° C 1
.
373
1
5°C 0
.
963 1
25°C 1
.
393
20° C 0
.
980 1
30°C 1
.
413
2
5°C 1
.000 1
35° C 1
.
432
30°C 1
.
0 197 1
40° C 1
.
452
3
5°C 1
.
0393 1
45°C 1
.
471
40°C 1
.
590 1
50° C 1
.
491
4
5°C 1
.
0785 1
55°C 1
.
511
50° C 1
.0983

Ampere
's Law: Th
is d
ef
ines t
he r
ela
tionsh
ip t
ha
t e
x
ist
s b
etwe
en c
urren
t
a
nd magne
tiz
ing f
o
rce. T
he c
la
ssic e
quat
ion i
s

0
.4nN
I
H -
M1

w
here H isthe magne
tiz
ing f
orce i
noe
rsted
s, N t
he number o
fturn
s, I
t
h
e current th
rough the t
urn
s, and MI the magne
tic p
ath le
ngth o
f
t
h
ec ore mate
rial
.
C
oer
cive F
orce
: Aspec
ific v
a
lue of magne
tiz
ing f
o
rce w
hich i
sneeded t
o
l
ower t
he f
l
ux d
ens
ity toz
ero (
II,)
.

F
araday
's L
aw: T
his d
ef
ine
s t
he r
e
lat
ion
ship o
fth
evo
ltage a
nd f
l
ux. T
hus

Nd+
E = - X 1
0 '
d
t

I
nth
e c
ase o
fsi
nuso
ida
l v
o
ltage
s, i
tise
xpre
ssed a
s

E = 2
.22+
, FN x 1
0'
o
r E = 4
.44B„
,A, FN x 1
0 -
8

w
here E i
sth
ed es
ired v
oltage, B„
, t
hefl
ux den
sity i
ngaus
ses, +tt
he t
o
tal
f
l
ux capac
ity of th
e core
, A , th
e ef
fec
tive c
ross
-sect
ional a
rea of t
he
c
ore
, Fthe fr
equency, N the n
umber ofturns
, and +i = 2Bm x A.

204
A
pp. B M
isce
llaneous D
ata

G
aus
s: T h
is isthe u
nit o
f magnet
ic i
nduc
tion u
sed i
n t
he c
gs e
l
ect
romag
-
n
etic s
ystem
. One gauss e
qual
s Imaxwe l
l p
er c
m'.
Magnet
ic Flux: Th
is i
sthe p
roduc
t of th
e magnet
ic i
nduc
tion (
B) a
nd t
he
c
ros
s-sect
ional a
rea w
hen B isdi
str
ibuted e
venly a
nd isn
ormal t
o t
he
p
lane o
fthe c
ros
s s
ec
tion
.
Maxwel
l: Uni
t of magne
tic fl
ux u
sed i
n t
he c
gs e
l
ect
romagne
tic s
y
stem
.
One maxwe
ll = 1
0 -°w ebe
r.
O
ers
ted
: Un
it o
f magne
tiz
ing f
o
rce i
nth
e c
gs e
l
ect
romagne
tic s
y
stem
. One
o
ers
ted :
-
.
- amagne
tomo
tive f
orce o
f 1g
i
lber
t p
er c
m o
fpa
th l
e
ngth
.
P
ermeab
ili
ty: Rep
resented b
yt hes
ymbo lpt
.Broadly
, t
hi
s isthe r
at
io o
fthe
c
hanges i
n magnet
izing f
orce t
o magne
tic i
nduct
ion (B t
oH )
.
R
esidua
l Flux
: T
he va
lue of magnet
ic induc
tion t
hat r
ema
ins i
n amagne
tic
c
i
rcui
t when t
he magne
tomo tive f
orce isl
owered t
o z
ero
.
S
quarene
ss R
atio
: T
he r
a
tio o
f t
he r
e
sidua
l f
l
ux d
ens
ity t
o t
he max
imum
f
l
ux d
ens
ity (
s
atu
rat
ion
).
W
ind
ing A
rea
: C
ircu
lar
-mi
l a
rea o
f t
he h
ole i
n ac
ore
.
W
inding F
actor
: Rat
io o
f t
he t
o
tal a
rea o
fwi
re i
nthe c
ente
r h
ole o
f at
or
-
o
id to t
he w
indow a
rea o
f t
he t
oro
id.

2
05
APPEND
IX C

POT
-CORE AND
BOBB
IN DATA

Thi
s s e
ction contains essential information for u
se byt hose who engage
i
nthed esign and applicat
ion o fpot-co re i
nductorsand transformers. I
nt hi
s
a
ppendix w e c an fi
nd dimen s
iona l a nd t
olerance da
ta for ap opular group
o
fstanda rd p o
tc ores
. T he specif
ication s ar
ei naccordance with th
ei n
terna -
t
i
onal s t
anda rd, IEC P ublication 1 33, en
tit
led "D imen s
ion s fo
r Pot C ore
s
Made o f Ferromagne tic O xides." T he t
ables have been provided th
rough
t
he courtesy of Indiana G ene ral Co rp.
Table C -1 contains th e p hys
ica l dimen s
ions for standard p ot cores
.
F
igure C-1 p rovides the phy s
ical outlines for t
he pot co
res.

8
(
2pl
ace
s)

C
ore w
ith 2 s
l
ots C
ore w
ith 4 s
l
ots

F
igu
re C
-1 D
imens
iona
l o
ut
lines f
o
r s
tanda
rd p
ot c
ores
.

207
 D, D2 D2 D, H, 12 A R
BC N
I Or
d B
id U Ol
e
S
IZE TOL
I
mml mm i
n mm i
n mm i
n mm I
n m
in i
n mm e
n mm i
n n
un I
n n
un e
n mm i
n

M
IN. 9
.0 .
3543 .
7
50 .
2953 3
.7 .
1457 2
.0 .
0787 5
.
1 .
2008 3
.6 .
1417 1
.
6 .
063 - - 6
.0 .
2
36 - -
9x5
MAX 9
.3 3
661 7
.75 .
3051 3
.9 .
1535 2
.2 .
0866 5
.4 .
2
126 3
.9 .
1
535 2
.
4 .
094 - - 7
.2 .
283 0
.25 .
0
10

M
IN. 1
0
.9 .
429 9
.0 .
354 4
.5 .
1772 2
.0 .
0787 6
.3 .
248 4
.4 .
173 1
.6 0
63 - - 6
.5 .
2
56 - -
IIx7
MAX
. 1
.3 .
445 9
.4 .
370 4
_7 .
1850 2
.2 .
0866 6
.6 .
260 4
.7 .
185 2
.6 .
102 - - 8
.0 .
3
15 0
.25 .
0
10

M
IN. 1
3
.8 .
543 1
.6 .
4567 5
.8 3
_0 .
1
18 8
.2 _
32
.28 5
.6 .
2205 2
.0 .
079 1
.6 .
063 8
.7 .
343 - -
1
4 x8
MAX
. 1
4
.3 .
563 1
2
.0 .
4724 6
.0 .
2362 3
.2 .
126 8
.5 .
3346 6
.0 .
2362 4
.
1 .
16
1 2
.0 .
079 1
0
.4 4
09 0
.25 .
0
10

MIN
. 1
7
.6 .
693 1
4
.9 .
587 7
_3 .
2874 3
.0 .
1
18 1
0
.4 .
4094 7
.2 .
2835 2
.0 .
079 2
.0 .
079 1
.3 .
445 - -
1
8 x1
MAX
. 1
8
.4 .
724 1
5
.4 .
606 7
_6 .
2992 3
.2 .
126 1
0
.7 .
42
13 7
.6 .
2992 4
.4 .
173 3
.0 .
1
18 1
4
.0 .
5
51 0
.25 .
0
10

MIN
. 2
1.2 .
8
35 1
7
.9 .
705 9
.
1 3
583 4
.4 .
1
73 1
3
.2 .
5
197 9
.2 .
362 23 0
98 2
.3 0
98 1
3
.3 .
524
2
2 x1
3
MAX
. 2
2.0 .
866 1
8
.5 .
728 9
.4 .
370
1 4
.7 _
185 1
3
.6 .
5354 9
.6 .
378 4
.4 .
173 3
.5 .
1
38 1
6
.5 .
6
50 0
.35 .
0
14

M
IN. 2
5
.0 .
984 2
1.2 .
835 1
.1 .
437 5
.4 .
2
126 1
5
.9 .
626 1
.0 .
4
33 2
.5 .
098 2
.5 .
098 1
7
.0 .
669 - -
2
6 x1
6
MAX
. 2
6.0 1
.
024 2
2.0 .
866 1
.5 .
453 5
.7 .
224 1
6
.3 .
6
42 1
.4 .
4
49 4
.4 .
1
73 3
.5 .
138 2
0.0 .
7
87 0
.35 .
0
14

MIN
. 2
9.5 1
.
161 2
5.0 .
984 1
3
.1 .
5
157 5
.4 .
2
126 1
8
.6 .
7
32 1
3
.0 .
5
118 1
.0 .
1
111 2
0
.0 .
7
87 - -
3
0 x1
9
MAX
. 3
0.5 1
.
201 2
5.8 1
.0
16 1
3
.5 .
5313 5
.7 .
2244 1
9
.0 .
748 1
3
.4 .
5276 3
.3 .
209 4
.0 .
157 2
3
.0 .
906 0
.35 .
0
14

M
IN. 3
5.0 1
.
378 2
9.9 1
.
177 1
5
.6 .
6
14 5
.4 .
2
126 2
1.4 .
843 1
4
.6 .
5748 3
.5 .
138 3
.5 .
1
38 2
4.0 .
945 - -
36x2
2
MAX
. 3
6
.3 1
.
425 3
0.9 1
.
217 1
6
.2 .
6
38 5
.7 .
2244 2
2
.0 .
866 1
5
.0 .
5906 5
.6 .
220 4
.5 .
1
77 2
7.2 1
.071 0
.35 .
0
14

M
IN. 4
1.7 1
.642 3
5.6 1
_
402 1
7
.1 .
673 5
.4 _
2
126 2
9.3 1
.
154 2
0.3 .
799 4
.0 .
160 - - - - - -
4
2 x2
9
MAX
. 4
3.1 1
.697 3
7
.0 1
.
457 1
7
.7 .
697 5
.7 .
2244 2
9
.9 1
.
177 2
0.7 .
8
15 - - - - - - 0
.40 .
0
16

TABLE C
-1 D
imens
iona
l o
utl
ines f
or s
tanda
rd p
ot c
ores
.
 TABLE C
-2 O
utl
ine d
imens
ions f
o
r wound b
obb
ins
.

D3 1
, R

Si
ze
(
nun) T
olerance Mtn I
i
i. 1
1111 i
n
.

9X 5 Min
. - 4
.0 0
.
157 - - 0
.
25 0
.0
10
Max. 7
.
4 0
.
29 I - 3
.
6 0
.
142 -

I X 7 Min
. - 4
.
8 0
.
189 0
.
25 0
.0
10
Max
. 8
.
9 0
.
350 - 4
.
4 0
.
173
1
4 X 8 Min
. - 6
.
1 0
.
240 - 0
.
25 0
.0
10
Max
. I1
.
5 0
.
453 - 5
.
6 0
.
220
1
8 X I
l Min
. - - 7
.
7 0
.
303 - - 0
.
25 0
.0
10
Max
. 1
4
.8 0
.
583 - 7
.
2 0
.
283 - -
2
2 X 1
3 Min
. - - 9
.
5 0
.
374 - - 0
.
35 0
.0
14
Max. 1
7
.8 0
.
701 - - 9
.
2 0
362 - -

2
6 X 1
6 Min
. - - 1
.6 0
.
457 - - 0
.
35 0
.0
14
Max. 2
1
.1 0
.
831 - - 1
.0 0
.
433 - -

3
0 X 1
9 Min
. - - 1
3
.6 0
.
535 - - 0
.
35 0
.0
14
Max. 2
4
.9 0
.
980 - - 1
3
.0 0
.
512 - -

3
6 X 2
2 Min
. - - 1
6
.3 0
.
642 - - 0
.35 0
.0
14
Max. 2
9
.8 I
.
173 - 1
4
.6 0
.
575 _ _

4
2 X 2
9 Min
. - - 1
7
.8 0
.
701 - - 0
.4 0
.0
16
Max
. 3
5
.5 I
.
398 - 2
0
.3 0
.
799 - -

R
, I
t
yp.
)

EJ

d2

F
igure C
-2 O
utl
ine f
o
r a wound
b
obbin
.

T
able C -3 c
on ta
in s t
he d
imension
s of bobbins t
hat w
ill f
i
t w
ithin t
he
s
t
anda rd p o
t co
res li
sted i
nT ab
le C-1
. Prin
ted-ci
rcui
t ver
sions o
fsome of
t
he
se b obbins a
re presen
ted inTable C
-4. The
se dimens
ions a
re r
efe
renced
t
o t
he o u
tlines g
iven inFig. C
-3.
S
ee Table C
-3 f
o
rcomplete d
imensiona
li nfo
rmat
ion c
onc
'e
rning t
h
is l
i
s
t
o
fbobb
in s
. Dimens
iona
l ou
tline
s ar
e provided inF
ig
. C
-4.

209
 T
able C
-3 B
obb
in D
imens
ions
.

E
RA/t
ill FM S
TANDARD
No. /
Ii .
1
2 .
13 1 /
.
)
, D2 D3 H
Si
re of
l
imn) S
ect
. T
ole
rance m
en , i
n
., n
an
a? I
n, n
un , i
n, n
un i
n
. i
n
. n
un i
n
. n
on i
n
. n
an
a i
n
.

9x 5 I Min
. 3
.
17 0
.00492 1
.6 0
.060 7
.23 0
.285 4
.67 0
.
184 4
.01 0
.
158 3
.40 0
.
134
Max - - - - 7
.
34 0
.289 4
.78 0
.
188 4
.11 0
.
162 3
.
50 0
.
138
I x 7 I Min
. 4
.78 0
.00742 1
.6 0
.060 1
.69 0
.342 5
_59 0
.220 4
.81 0
.
189 4
.09 0
.
161
Max
. - - - - 8
.
89 0
.350 5
.69 0
.224 4
.91 0
.
193 4
.
19 0
.
165
2 Min
. 2
.
16 0
.00335
Max. - -
3 Min
. 12
6 000
195
Man
. - -
1
4 X 8 I Min
. 8
.8
1 0
.0136 16 0060 1
.3 0
.444 6
.98 0
.275 5
.97 0
.235 5
.
28 0
.208
Max
. - - 1
.5 0
.454 7
.24 0
.285 6
.
10 0
.240 5
.
49 0
.216
2 Min
. 3
.
92 00
060
11
Max
_
3 Man 2
.
35 0
.00365
Max - -
1
8 X I 1 Min
. 1
7 1 0
.0265 1
.8 0
.070 1
46 0
.574 8
.
59 0
.338 7
.
70 0
.303 6
.88 0
.271
Max - - - - 1
4
.8 0
.584 8
.
84 0
.348 7
.
82 0 »8 7
.09 U
.279
2 Min
. 7
61 00
118
Max
.
3 Min
. 4
.66 0
.00722
1
4.
3 Max
. - -
.
.
x
0 2
2 x 1
3 1 Min
. 2
6
.2 0
.0406 18 0
.070 1
7
.6 0
.694 1
0
.3 0
,407 9
.
50 0
.374 8
.
89 0
.330
Max
. - - 1
7
.8 0
.702 1
0
.6 0
.417 9
.
75 0
.384 9
.09 0
.358
2 Min
. 1
2
.5 0
.0
194
Max
.
3 Min
. 7
87 0
.0
122
Max
. - -
2
6 x 1
6 I Min
. 3
7
.5 0
.0582 1
.
8 00
70 2
09 0.824 1
2
.4 0
.489 1
.6 0
.457 1
0
,7 0
.4:1
Max
. - - 2
1 1 0
.832 1
2
.7 0
.499 1
.7 0
.462 1
0
.9 0
.429
2 Min
_ 1
7
.3 0
.0269
Max
_ - -
3 Min
. 1
08 00
168
Max
.
3
0 x 1
9 I Min
. 5
3
.7 0
.0834 18 0
.070 2
47 0
.972 1
4
.6 0
.575 1
3
.6 0
.535 1
2
.7 0
.500
M an
. - - 2
4
.9 0
.980 1
4
.9 0
.585 1
3
.7 0
.540 1
2
.9 0
.508
2 Min
. 2
5 I 00189
Max
.
3 Min
. 1
5
.9 00
:
46
Max
.
3
6 x
. 2
2 1 Min
. 7
1
.3 0
.
110 1
8 0
.
110 2
9_5 1
.
160 1
7
.9 0
.705 1
6
.4 0
.645 1
4
.2 0
.560
Max
. - - 2
9
.8 1
.
172 1
8
.2 0
.715 1
6
.6 0
.653 1
4
.4 0
.368
2 Min
. 3
1 9 0
.0494
Max
_
3 Min
. 2
0
.0 0
.03
10
M at
.

4
2 x 2
9 1 Min
. 1
36 0
.211 2
.
8 0
.
110 3
5
.2 1
.
386 1
9
.5 0
.768 1
8
.0 0
.709 1
9
.6 0
.772
Max
_ - - 3
5
.4 1
.
394 1
97 0776 1
82 0717 1
98 0
.780
2 Min
. 5
5
.6 0
.0
1162
Mu.
 E
LIE
A
, A2 A3

F
igu
re C
-3 D
imens
iona
l o
ut
lines f
orp
ot-co
re b
obb
ins wh
ich c
an b
eused w
ith t
he p
ot
c
ore
s o
f T
able C
-1.

TABLE C
-4 P
r
inted
-ci
rcu
it-s
tyle b
obb
ins
.

SI S,

(
nun
) T
olerance m
in i
n
. 1
111
1 i
n
. F
igure

1
4 ,
'8 Min
. 4
.62 0
.
182 3
.45 0
.
136 I
6.
13 0
.635 C
-4C
.D
Max
. 4
.88 0
.
192 3
.66 0
.
144 1
6
.38 0
.645

1
8 x I1 Min
. 4
.57 0
.
180 3
.43 0
.
135 2
1
.21 0
.835 C
-4A
. B
Max
. 4
.95 0
.
195 3
.68 0
.
145 2
1
.72 0
.855

1/ X 1
3 Min
. 4
.44 0
.
175 3
.
43 0
.
135 2
4
.54 0
.966 C
-4 A
.B
Max
. 4
.95 0
.
195 3
.
68 0
.
145 2
5
.42 1
.001

2
6 X 1
6 Min
. 4
.62 0
.
182 3
.
45 0
.
136 2
8
.07 1
.
105 C
-4A
. B
Max
. 4
.82 0
.
192 3
.
71 0
.
146 2
8
.88 1
.37

A
w
inding
F
o— a
rea °r
e
f.
A
w
inding
a
rea

l
a
) (
b
) (
c
) (
d
)

F
igure C-4 Dimens
ional o
utl
ines f
or p
r
inted
-ci
rcu
it t
ype
s o
f b
obb
ins
. T
hese o
ut
lines a
re
r
efe
renced t
o Tab
le C
-4.

2
11
 CONVERS
ION I
NFORMAT
ION
F
OR W
IRE GAUGES 1
0 TO 4
4

T
he m e
thod used here i
sr ecommended for t
he ca
lculat
ion o f t
he dimen-
s
i
onal parameters o
f po
t cores a
nd isinaccordance wi
th I EC Publica
tion
2
05, "Calcu
lation o
f Effec
tive P
arameter
s of Magnetic Piece Pa
rts."
F
or th
is method ofca
lculat
ing t
he d
imensional p
arame ters o
fp o
t core
s,
t
he pot
-core s e
t issubst
ituted by an i d
eal toroidal core such that ac o
il
wound o n t
hat t
oro
id w ould g
ive e
xac t
ly the s
ame e l
ectrica
l performance as
aco
il with same numbe r of t
urns pl
aced o n the pot core se
t.
The dimensiona
l parame te
rs of that s
ubsti
tute toroid are ca
lled "ef
fec-
t
i
ve" p a
rame ters
. These are i
ndica
ted b y th
e suffix "e" added t o t
he sym-
b
ol
.

Magne
tic p
ath l
e
ngth l
e mm
C
ros
s-sec
tiona
l a
rea A
, m
in 2
C
ore v
olume V
, m
in 3

F
ort
he p
urpo
se o
fthe c
a
lcu
lat
ion o
fth
edimens
iona
lpa
rame
ter
s, t
hec
l
osed
magne
tic c
i
rcui
t of apot
-core s
et i
sdi
vided i
nto f
ive s
e
ction
s. F
or e
ach s
ec
-
t
ion t
he a
rea
, flux p
ath l
ength a
nd th
e core c
ons
tants C, a
nd C
, a
re d
ete
r-
m
ined (
F
ig. C
-5)
.

C
, j
. mm - ' and c
, 1 mm -
3
A A
'

S
ect
ion A
-A

F
igure C
-5 P
ot-co
re s
et d
iv
ided i
n
to f
i
ve s
ect
ions
.

2
12
 P
ot-Core a
nd B
obb
in D
ata A
pp. C

T
he c
ore c
ons
tan
ts f
or t
he t
o
tal magne
tic c
i
rcu
it o
fth
e p
ot-core s
e
t a
re

C = ± mm -I a
nd c
,
A A
'

F
rom t hese c
ore con
stan
ts t
he e
ff
ect
ive d
imens
iona
l po
t-core parame
ter
s
c
an be ca
lcula
ted.
C
,'
Magnet
ic path l
ength 1
e = mm

C
ros
s-sec
tiona
l a
rea Ae = —
C, MM 2
C2
CI3
C
ore v
olume Ve = IeAe = mm
'
C22

For e
ach o
fthe f
i
ve s
ec
tions ofthe magnet
ic c
i
rcu
itof apo
t-core s
e
t, t
he
magnet
ic pa
th le
ngth a
nd cro
ss-
sect
iona l a
rea h
as t
o b
e d
ete
rm ined
:

A
rea o
f c
ente
rpos
t,

T
he c
ond
ition t
o o
bta
in A ' = A"
, i
s

A
rea o
f o
ute
r r
i
ng,

T
he c
ond
ition t
o o
bta
in A '
, = A"
, i
s

C
ros
s-sec
tiona
l a
rea o
f c
ente
rpo
st,

C
ros
s-sec
tiona
l a
rea f
o
r o
ute
r r
i
ng,

f
or t
wo p
la
tes
, L fo
r t
wo p
la
tes
,
A A2

Mean f
l
ux p
ath l
e
ngth a
tcorne
rs,

C
ros
s-sec
tiona
l a
rea a
s
soc
iated w
ith /
4,

Mean f
l
ux p
ath l
e
ngth a
tcorne
rs,

C
ros
s-sec
tiona
l a
rea a
s
soc
iated w
ith /
,

T
he ca
lcula
tions a
bove ignore t
he eff
ects of w
ire s
l
ots
, w
hich c
an b
e
t
aken i
n
to account b
y the f
o
llowing cor
rections
:

F
rom A ,s
ubt
rac
t:

Mu
ltip
ly 1
2 b
y
A2

Mu
ltip
ly' 1
2 b
y
A2
2

Mu
ltip
ly A
. b
y

2
13
2
14 C
ylind
rica
l-Co
re a
nd C
ollD
ata A
pp. D

A
, =A
', + A"
,

S
, .
,r, —‘
,
/ r
,
' +r
,1
2

A
, = A ,+ A"
,

.
S
2 =V r
, +r. —r
,
2

4
413 = T
r(r
2 - r
,
) (
r2 + r
a r
om 2

Al = n
(r
. — r
,
) (
r
. + r
,
) mm
'

12 1 r
, 0
.733 r
,
— =— In — = -
A2 n
h r
2 h l
og —
2 mm'
r

/2 _ 1 x r
3 —r, mm -
3
A
,' 2
n 2h2 r,
r,

1
. = 11. + 1
"
. =.
L
T (
h +2
S2) mm
4

A
4=.
/
.
1
_(r.' — r,' +2
r
,h) mm
'
2

1
, = 1
'
, + r
, = (
h +2
S
,) mm

A
, . n(r 22 —r
,
' +2
r 2h
) mm
'
2

n
g (
r
. —r
,
) n= n
umbe
r o
f w
ire s
l
ots
, g=s
l
ot w
idth

1
n
g
1_
2
nr
,

1
1— n
g 2

2
nrs

n
g
1—
n
(r
, +r
.
)
APPEND
IX D

CYL
INDR
ICAL
-CORE
AND CO
IL DATA

The informa t
ion i nthis appendix should be useful t
ot hose who design
c
i
rcuits that contain fixed-value and a djustable magn e
tic-core i
nducto r
s.
T
he tables offer pe
rtinent design data and li
st many oft he st
andard induc-
t
ance values t ha
t a re avai
lab le on the c omme rcial ma rket
. Outlines of
v
arious coil
-form f orma ts have been inc
luded t oi lus
trate the u
niversa
lity
o
f appl
ication f or s
lug-
tuned i n
ductors.
Acha r
tt h
ats how s r
ecommended o pe rat
ing frequency versuscore mixes
w
hich a r
e a vai
lable from M ic rometals C o
rpo rat
ion i sshown i nFig. D-1.

1k
Hz 1
0 1
00 k
Hz 1MHz 1
0 1
00 2
00
M
ix 1 I 1
O
2
2
1
2
ity

1
0
i
r meabl

6
7
2
e
ing p

1
1
5
ncreas

4
2
8
I

3
4
1

1k
Hz 1
0 1
00 1MHz 1
0 1
00 2
00

F
igu
re D
-1 C
har
t t
ha
t s
hows v
ar
ious p
owde
red
-iron c
ore m
ixes v
ersus o
pt
imum
o
pera
ting f
r
equency a
nd C
I

2
15
T
he c
ore
sa rem ade f
r
om p
owde
red i
r
on a
nd a
r
eava
ilab
le i
n aw
ide r
ange o
f
p
ermeab
il
itie
s.
I
ti simportant tou nderstand that t heb ee o
f acyl
ind ricalc ore willbed if-
f
e
rent f rom t ha
t of the s ame ma terial in t oroidal form . The a ctual pie i
s
d
ependen tu pon theL ID ( l
ength-to-diame terr at
io). Toi l u
strate thiseffect,
t
hecu rves ofFig. D-2 arei n
cluded i nt hiss ec
tion. T he graph i sfounded o n
asi
ngle layer w
inding ( c
lose-wound ) occupy ing 9 5 07
ooft hec y
lind ricalr od.
Table D-1 contains al i
st
ing o f standa rd s o
lid cyl
ind rical co
re s that are
s
u
itable f or u
se in slug-tuned induc to rs a nd f i
xed-value R F choke s. T he
c
ores are ava
ilable in aw ide as
so rtmen t of p owdered-iron m ixes.
Hollow cyl
ind r
ical slugs ar
e availab le in al a
rge range o fp owde red-iron
c
ore m ate
rials
. Al is
ting o f v
arious s tanda rd s i
zes isgiven inT able D-2.

4
00
3
00

2
00

1
00
8
0
l)

6
0
ia
ter

5
0
re ma

4
0

3
0
o
f c
ty o

2
0
i
r meabli

1
0
8
pe
, (

6
4
;

5
4
3

0 1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 6
0
m
of(
e
ffec
tive p
ermeab
il
ity
)

F
igu
re D
-2 F
ami
ly o
f c
urves t
hat d
emons
tra
te t
he r
e
lat
ionsh
ip b
etween e
f
fec
tive
p
ermeab
il
ity o
f r
od ma
ter
ial a
nd t
he L
ID r
a
tio
. (
Cour
tesy o
f M
icrome
tals C
orp
.)

2
16
 TABLE D
-1 S
tanda
rd s
o
lid c
y
lind
rica
lco
ree
.

OD L
eng
th Par
t
(
i
n./nun
) (
i
n.Imm) N
umber

0
.030/0
.76 0
.
155/3 .94 P2
5-106
0
.041/1
.04 0
.
100/2 .54 P3-106
0
.049/1
.24 0
.092/2.34 P3-900
0
.
060/ 1
.52 0
.
375/9 .53 P4
12-106
0
.062/1
.57 0
.
500/ 12.7 P4
16-112

0
.093/2
.36 0
.250/6
.35 P6
8-106
0
.
103/2.62 0
.
3 12/7
.92 P7
10-101
0
.
120/3.05 0
.
3 12/7
.92 P8
10-106
0
.
142/3.61 0
.
250/6.35 P9
12-1 1
2
0
.
152/3.86 0
.
375/9.53 P1
012-102

0
.
177/4
.50 0
.
625/ 15.8 P 120-2 0
7
0
.
185/4
.70 0
.
456/ 11.6 P1214-141
0
.
195/4
.95 0
.
187/4 .75 P136-2 0
7
0
.
245/6
.22 0
.
250/6 .35 P168-102
0
.
304/7
.72 1
.000/25.4 P2032- 41

0
.
365/9.27 0
.
500/ 12
.7 P2
416
- 0
3
0
.
370/9.40 0
.
750/ 19
.0 P2
424
- 4
1
0
.
495/12.6 0
.
500/ 12
.7 P3
216
- 0
2
0
.
620/15.7 1
.
478/37.5 P4
047
- 4
1
0
.
745/18.9 1
.
270/32.3 P4
840
- 0
2
0
.
995/25.2 1
.000/25
.4 P6
432
- 0
2

C
our
tesy o
fMic
rome
tal
s C
orp
.

T
ABLE D
-2 S
tanda
rd h
ol
low c
y
lind
rica
lsl
ugs
.

OD ID L
eng
th Par
t
(
i
n.lu
tin
) (
i
n.l
tnnt
) (
i
n/mn :
) N
umber

0
.
139/3
.53 0
.062/1
.57 0
.
125/3.12 H 2-1006
0
.
257/6
.53 0
.075/1
.91 0
.
375/9.52 H 4
6-1006
0
.
333/8
.46 0
.093/2
.36 0
.
364/9.25 H 6
6-1107
0
.
362/9
.19 0
.
125/3.17 0
.625/
15.9 H 6
10-11 0
7
0
.
370/9
.40 0
.
125/3.17 0
.
500/12.7 H 6
8-
1006

0
.
370/9.40 0
.
205/5.21 0
.
500/ 12
.7 H 6
8-
1242
0
.
365/9.27 0
.
20 1/5
.10 1
.000/25
.4 H 6
16-12 0
2
0
.
370/9.40 0
.
137/3.48 1
.000/25
.4 H 6
16-13 0
1
0
.
480/12.2 0
.073/1
.85 .
500/12
.7 H 8-
1007
0
.495/
12.6 0
.
200/5.08 1
.
125/28.6 H 8
18-1003

C
our
tesy o
fMie
rome
tal
sCo
rp.

P
owde red-
iron cyl
inders a
re al
so avai
lable wi
th wire e
nd lead
s e m
-
b
edded in
to them. Al im
ited n
umbero fmixes a
re p
rovided f
o
r th
issty
le of
c
ore ma
terial
. Al i
st
ing ofthesi
zes i
sgi
ven inTable D
-3. F
igure D
-3 show
s
t
he o
utl
ine detai
ls.

2
17
 L 12
1
+
0.004
-0
.000

0 P
l
ain (
P
) C) N
otched (
N)

F
igu
re D
-3 P
rof
ile a
nd e
nd v
i
ews o
f s
l
ug f
o
rms w
ith w
ire
l
e
ads
. D
imens
iona
l d
ata a
re g
i
ven i
nTab
le D
-3.

TABLE D
-3 S
tandard p
owde
red
-iron c
y
linde
rs.

OD L
eng
ili I
V
ire E
nd D Par
i
(
i
nimm I ( Inun) G
auge (
s
ee F
ie
.D-3
) N
umber

0
.060/
1.52 0
.
187/4
.75 2
4 P F4
6-20
0
.060/
1.52 0
.
250/6
.35 2
4 r F4
8-20
0
.060/
1.52 0
.
312/7
.92 2
4 P F1
0-20
0
.069/
1.75 0
.
203/5
.16 2
2 P F5
7-29
0
.076/
1.93 0
.
187/4
.75 2
2 P F5
6-20

0
.076/1.93 0
.250/6
.35 2 P F5
8-63
0
.076/1.93 0
.
3 12/7
.92 2
2 P F5
10-23
0
.076/1.93 0
.
375/9.53 2 P F5
12-61
0
.093/2.36 0
.
250/6.35 2 N F6
8-21
0
.
093/2 .36 0
.
3 12/7
.92 2
2 N F6
10-12

0
.093/2
.36 0
.375/9.53 2 N F6
12-21
0
.
103/2.62 0
.250/6.35 2
2 N F7
8-20
0
.
103/2.62 0
.312/7.92 2 N F7
10-14
0
.
103/2.62 0
.
375/9 .53 2, N F7
11- 2
2
0
.
103/2.62 0
.
437/ 11.1 2 N F7
12-24

0
.
121/3
.07 0
.
312/7.92 2
2 N F8
10-20
0
.
121/3
.07 0
.
346/8.79 /
2 N F8
11- 7
0
0
.
121/3
.07 0
.
375/9.53 /
2 N F8
12-13
0
.
121/3
.07 0
.
437/11.1 2 N F8
14-20
0
.
121/3
.07 0
.
500/1.27 2 N F8
16-20

0
.
152/3
.86 0
.500/12.7 2
1 N F 1
0
16-62
0
.
152/3
.86 0
.750/19.0 1 N F 1
024
-40
0
.
186/4
.72 0
.500/12.7 2
1 N F 1
2
16-10
0
.
186/4
.72 0
.750/19.0 2
0 N F 1
224
-20
0
.
191/4
.85 0
.375/9.53 / N F 1
3
12-61

0
.
196/4
.98 0
.625/
15.8 2
1 N F 1
320-20
0
.
216/5
.49 0
.750/
19.0 10 N F 1
424-60
0
.
246/6
.25 0
.625/
15.8 2
0 N F 1
620-10
0
.
246/6
.25 0
.
875/22.2 1
0 P F I6
28-70
0
.
266/6
.76 0
.
875/22.2 ,1
3 N F 1
728-20

0
.
280/7.1 I 0
.
875/22 .2 2
0 N F1
828
-20
0
.
370/9.40 0
.625/
15 .8 2
0 P F2
420
-10
0
.
370/9.40 1
.
250/3 I.7 1
6 P F2
440
- 11
0
.
370/9.40 1
.
250/3 1
.7 2
0 P F2
440
-12
0
.
495/12.6 0
.
500/12.7 2 N F3
216
-01

C
our
tesy o
fMic
rom
eta
lsC
orp
.

2
18
 CO
IL F
ORMS

Aw ide variety o
fi n
sulated c oi
l form sarea vailable ont heU .S. market.T he
e
xact forma t chosen wil
l d epend f o
r the mo s
t p art ont hea moun t o
fi nduc-
t
ance needed , plus the phy s
ical space available int he manufac tured com -
p
o s
ite equipmen t. An umbe r of form s a
re a vailab
le for snap -
in moun ting,
whi
le o thers are configu red p r
ima ri
ly f or p r
inted-circuit
-boa rd a pp
lica-
t
ions. Figu re D-4 c ontains o ut
lines f o
r as tandard g roup o f co
il-form
s
hape s
, mo st o
f w h
ich ar e in
tended f or use asa djustable inductors
. O ther
t
ypes ofs lug-equ
ipped c oil forms moun t b y m eans of at h
readed c o
lleta nd
machine n uts. The sl
ug s hafts are a
lso threaded , and are c onta
ined int he
c
enter h o
les o fthe moun ting c o
llet
s.

CD

C
F CG CH

F
igure D
-4 V
arious s
tanda
rd c
oi
lfo
rms f
o
ruse w
ith m
agne
tic c
ores
. (
Cour
tesy o
fJ.W
. M
i
lle
r
C
o., D
iv
ision o
f B
el
l I
ndus
tries
.)

2
19
 CN CO C
P

CO CR C
S CT

Cu CV CW CX CY

C
Z DA DR DC DD D
E D
F

F
igure D
-4 (
con
tinued
)

220
DG DH D
I D
J OK

DL DM DN DO D
P

Do DR D
S DT DU

DV
F
igure D
-4 (
con
tinued
)

221
 P
RE WOUND S
LUG I
NDUCTORS

S
tandard v alueso fv ar
iab le inductance area vailab le comme rcial
ly. Printed-
c
i
rcuit
-moun t coil
s are sold i nthe U n
ited S tates, a l
ong w ith slug-tuned i n
-
d
uctors t hat moun t b y m eans o f a c olet a nd n ut
. Mo st o f these
p
refabricated u nits c
ontain p owde red-iron movab le cores. F e
rrite sl
ug s a
re
u
sed ins ome o ft heassemb liest oo b
tain large a moun tso fi nductance ( h
igh-
p
ermeab ili
ty c ores)with ar elat
ively sma l
lc oi
l f orm . Table D -4 li
sts s
ome o f
t
he st
anda rd i nductance r ange s t
hat are offered i np rinted-circuit st
yles of
c
oil f
orms . Informa tion i si n
cluded int he tab le to indicate the Q , ofe ach
c
oilats ome s pecif
ic tes
t f r
equency . The d cresi s
tance o ft hec oilw indingsi s
a
l
so prov ided. T h
is group o f co
ils u
ses p o
lye ster-imp regna ted a lpha-cel
lu-
l
ose t
ubing a st hei n
sulating m a
teria
l. C oi
l-fo rm d imen s
ion sa re Y,in
. (9.52
mm ) i
nd iame ter b y 3
/ i
4 n
. ( 19 mm ) i
nl ength. E ach c o
il ha s th
ree printed-
c
i
rcuit
-in sert moun ting f e
et.
Tab
le sD-5, D-6
, and D -7 conta
in li
stingso fthree t
ypeso fsl
ug-tuned i n
-
d
uctors that mount by m eans of col
lets and n u
ts. Three phys
ical sizes a
re
r
epre
sen ted in s
t
anda rd i nductance ranges: subm in
iature
, m inia
tu re, and
s
tandard. Blank forms for these and the pr
inted-cir
cuit co
ils ofT able D-4
a
re a
vailable c
omme rc
ial
ly. T he co
ilso fT able
s D-5 through D-7 arew ound
o
n slug forms which are m ade of si
l
icone -
imp regnated ce
ram ic
.

F
IXED
-VALUE I
RON
-CORE I
NDUCTORS

S
ubm iniature inductors are ava
ilable w i
th p owde red-i
ron c ore
s and axial
l
ead
s. Aw ide range ofstanda rd RF c hoke v aluesi spresented i
nT ab
le D -8
f
or use b
y t he de
signer. These co
ils a r
e i dea
lly su
ited t of i
l
ter a
nd network
a
ppl
ication s
. T hey ar
e suitable f
or u se ind e
lay l i
nes and f o
rc omputer ap-
p
l
ications
. C oil
so fth
is type are a
vailab le int h
e Un i
ted S ta
teswith fungus-
p
roof varnish or with epoxy-res
in e ncap sulation.

2
22
 T
ABLE D
-4 S
tanda
rd v
a
lues o
fin
duc
tanca

MI
N
IMUM CO
RE PO
S
ITION MA
XI MUMC
ole PO
S
ITION
Max. Min
.
M
inimum Q T
es
t Maxinuan T
en Max
. R C
urrent Fa
I
nduc
tanc
e M
in. F
requene
l. I
nduc
tance M
in. F
requencr IS
II (
MA

0
.095 uH 7 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.125 pH 9
4 2
5
.0 MHz 0.02 4
100 3
50
.
0
.
130 pH 6
8 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.170 pH 9
2 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.02 1
600 3
00
.
0
.
185 pH 8 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.265 pH 1
00 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.02 1
600 2
30
.
0
.285 gH 8 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.410 pH 9
3 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.03 1
000 1
98
.
0
.420 pH 1
00 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.580 pH 80 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.03 2
500 1
50
.
0
.540 pH 1
0
1 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.850 P H 89 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.03 1
600 1
36
.
0
.640 pH 1
0
1 2
5
.0 MHz 1
.
00 pH 78 2
5
.0 MHz 0
.03 1
600 18
.
0.760 #H 9
8 2
5
.0 MHz 1
.
25 pH 70 7
.
9 MHz 0
.04 1
600 14
.
1
.20 p
11 65 7
.
9 MHz 1
.
87 uI 70 7
.
9 MHz 0
.06 1
000 8
9
.
1
.65 pH 61 7
,
9 MHz 2
.75 p
li 65 7
.
9 MHz 0
.
14 4
00 7
,
2
.40 pH 64 7
.
9 MHz 4
.10 pH 60 7
.
9 MHz 0
.
17 4
00 6
2
.
3
.40 pH 68 7» MHz 5
.80 pH 60 7
.
9 MHz 0
.24 4
00 5
3
.
4
.60 p H 64 7
.9 MHz 8
.50 pH 56 7
.
9 MI -1
z 0
.39 2
50 4
5
5
.60 pH 64 7
.9 MHz 10
.0 pH 57 2
.
5 MHz 0
.64 6
0 4
0
.
7
.10 p1 68 7
,9 MHz 12
.5 p
li 5 2
.
5 MHz 0
.77 6
0 3
8
.
1
0
.0 pH 5
8 2
.
5 MHz 18
.7 pH 95 2
.
5 MHz 1
.68 0 1
.7
1
4
.8 pH 61 2
.
5 MHz 2
7.5 5H 90 2
.
5 MHz 1
.91 o 8
.4
2
.0 9H 60 2
.5 MHz 4
1.0 pH 75 2
.
5 MHz 2
.34 o 6
.7
3
1
.0 pH 5
8 2
.5 MHz 5
8.0 0H 68 2
.
5 MHz 2
.72 0 5
.6
4
3
.5 pH 5
6 2
.5 MHz 8
5.0 pH 5 2
.5 MHz 3
.30 0
0 4
.6
6
1
.0 pH 48 2
.5 MHz 1
00.0 pH F
I
X 7
90
. kHz 189 0
0 4
.3
7
6
.0 pH 5
2 2
.5 MHz 1
5.0 pH 9
0 7
90
. kHz 4
.39 0
0 3
.8
1
05
.0 0H 5
7 7
90. kHz 1
87.0 d
eH 9
2 7
90
. k
l
-Ii 5
.46 0
0 3
.3
1
60
.0 0H 6
3 7
90
. kHz 2
75.0 oH 9
0 7
90
. kMz 6
.70 0
0 2
.9
2
40
.0 gH 6 7
90
. kHz 4
10.0 p1-
1 9
0 7
90
. kHz 8
.30 0
0 2
.5
3
60
.0 pH 6
8 7
90. kHz 5
80.0 gH R
I 7
90
. kHz 1
0
.50 0
0 2
.
1
5
30
.0 pH 6 7
90
. kHz 8
50.0 pH 7
5 7
90
. kHz 1
2
.90 0
0 1
.75
7
00
.0 pH 6
4 7
90_ kHz 1
.
00 mH 8
0 2
50
. kHz 1
4
.90 0
0 1
.70
9
10
.0 PH 6 7
90
_ kHz 1
.
25 mH 8
5 2
50
. kHz 1
7
. 10 0
0 1
.61
90
.0 pH 3
5 2
50
_ kHz 1
.
87 mh 6
0 2
50
. kHz 2
8
.20 6
5 0
.73
1
.
60 mFl 3
9 2
50. kHz 2
.
75 mH 6
2 2
50
. kHz 3
4
.80 6
5 0
.62
2
.40 m
1-
1 4
1 2
50
. kHz 4
.
10 m
1-
1 6
0 2
50
. kH 7 4
2
.90 6
5 0
.60
3
.40 s
i
ll 4
2 2
50
. kHz 5
.
80 m1I 5
7 2
50
. kHz 5
1
.60 6
5 0
.53
5
.15 mH 4
2 2
50
. kHz 8
.
50 mH 5
0 2
50
. kHz 6
3
.60 6
5 0
.50
7
.40 mH 4
2 2
50
. kHz 1
0
.00 mH 5
0 7
9
. kHz 7
5
.60 6
5 0
.40
9
.80 mH 4
0 2
50
. kHz 1
2
.50 m
1-
1 5
2 7
9
. kHz 8
7
.30 6
5 0
.38
1
2.00 mH 3
9 7
9. kHz 1
8
.70 mH 5 7
9
. kHz 11
.0 6
5 0
.32
1
2.10 mH 2
0 7
9. kHz 27
.50 mH 5
1 7
9. kHz 1
97
.0 3 0
.26
1
8.20 mH 2
4 7
9. kHz 4
1.00 mH 5
4 7
9. kFI
z 2
44
.0 3 0
.21
2
7.50 mH 2
8 7
9. kHz 58
.00 mH 5
6 7
9. kHz 3
02
.0 3 0
.20
4
0.00 mH 3
2 7
9
. kHz 85
.00 mH 5
6 7
9. kHz 3
78
.0 3 0
.16
5
0.00 mH 3
4 7
9. kHz 1
0 0
.00 mH 5
8 7
9. kHz 4
23
.0 3 0
.15
6
2.00 mH 3
5 7
9. kHz 1
25.00 mH 5
6 7
9. kHz 4
68.0 3 0
.14

c
ou
rte
s,
"orI
.W. M
i
lle
rCo
.. D
i
vis
ion o
fBe
l
l I
n
dus
tr
ies
.
 TABLE D
-5 S
ubm
iniatu
re a
d
jus
tab
le i
nduc
tors
.

MI
N
IMUM CO
RE PO
S
ITION MI
N
IMUM CO
RE PO
S
ITION

Max.
Minimum T
est Maximum T
est C
urrent
I
nduc
tance F
requency I
nduc
tance Me
n. F
requency Max
.)R (MA) (
Al %1

0
.
190 1 6
4 /
5
. MHz 0
.250 H 5
3 2
5
. MHz 0
.014 1
600 2
88.
0
.300 H 5
7 2
5
. MHz 0
.390 H 4
4 2
5
. MHz 0
.017 1
600 2
12.
0
.440 H 6
1 2
5
. MHz 0
.620 H 4
4 2
5
. MHz 0
.031 1
000 1
84.
0
.770 H 6
2 2
5
. MHz 0
.900 H 4
1 2
5
. MHz 0
.054 6
36 1
48.
I
v
1
.
) 1
.00 H 4
0 7
.9 MHz 1
.
40 H 3
7 7
.9 MHz 0
.15 2
56 14.
4
1
à 1
.60 H 4
0 7
.9 MHz 2
.40 H 3
6 7
.9 MHz 0
.25 2
02 9
2.
2
.70 H 4
0 7
.9 MHz 4
.20 H 3
6 7
.9 MHz 0
.62 1
00 6
9.
4
.70 H 4
2 7
.9 MHz 6
.80 H 3 7
.9 MHz 0
.91 1
00 6
0.
7
.80 H 3
0 7
.9 MHz 1.0 H 4
2 2
.5 MHz 1
.
4 1
00 1
8.
1
4
.0 H 3
4 /
.5 MHz 1
9.0 H 3
7 2
.5 MHz 1
.
9 1
00 1
3.
2
2
.0 H 3 2
.5 MHz 3
1.0 H 3
8 2
.5 MHz 2.
2 1
00 11.

3
6
.0 H 3
2 2
.5 MHz 4
9.0 H 3 2
.5 MHz 3
.1 1
00 9
.6
5
6
.0 H 2
3 2
.5 MHz 9
7.0 H 2
4 2
.5 MHz 5.
6 6
4 7
.3
II
l H /
6 0
.79 MHz 1
71. H 2
6 0
.79 MHz 7
.9 6
4 6
.0
1
96 H 2
5 0
.79 MHz 2
85. H 2
4 0
.79 MHz I
. 6
4 4
.4

C
our
tesy o
fJ.W
. M
i
lle
rCo
., D
iv
ision o
fBe
ll I
n
dus
trie
s.
 TABLE D-
8 Mi
n
iatu
re a
djus
tab
le i
nduc
tors
.

MI
N
IMUM C
ORI P
OSI
TION MA
XIMUM CO
RI
' PO
S
ITION

Max. Min
.
itt
i
s, Q Te
s
t '
Maximum Q Tes
t Max
.R Cu
rrent Fo
I
nduc
tance M
in. » mue
tte
'. I
nduc
tanc
e Mi
n
. Fr
eqUeney fStI (MA (MN
:

0
.440 H 8
0 2
5
. MH z 0
.760 H 5
2 2
5
. MHí 0.03 1
600 1
42
.
1
.
10 H 7
2 2
5
. MU , 1.
50 H 4
0 7
.9 MH z 0.06 1
000 96
.
1
.
70 H 5
1 7
.9 MH z 2
.70 H 3
6 7
.9 MH z 0.11 6
36 80
.
3
.10 H 5
6 7
.9 MM , 4
.80 H 3 7
.9 MH z 0.23 4
00 58
.
5
.50 H 6
0 7
,9 M1-
1
7 8
.60 F
l 3 7
.9 MH z 0,49 2
56 45
.
9
.90 H 5
2 7
.9 MH z 1
5.0 H 4
1 2
.5 MH z 1
.5 1
00 32
.
1
7_0 Fl 4
7 2
.5 MU , 2
3.0 H 5
3 2
.5 MH z 2
.3 Re 1
9
.
2
6.0 H 4
8 2
.5 M
I-1
/ 310 tI 5
1 2
.5 MH z 2
.9 1
00 1
6
.
3
8.0 H 5
0 2
.5 MM , 5
7.0 1 4
8 2
.5 MH z 3.4 1
00 1
2
.
6
6.0 H 4
4 2
.5 MH z 14. II 4
0 0
.79 MH z 4
. 1 1
00 5.
/
1
20. H 4
6 0.79 M Hz 1
90. I 4
0 0
.79 MH z 5.7 1
0
(1 4
.1
2
09. H 4
5 0.79 MH z 3
14. I
I 3
2 0
.79 MH z 7.7 1
00 3.
2
3
50. H 5
3 0.79 M1/ 4
75. I
I 4
1 0
.79 MH z I
O 1
00 2.
9
518
. H 4
4 0.79 MH z 7
60. I
I 4
0 0
.79 MH z 1
4
. 1
00 2.
5

Co
unc
sy o
f J.W \
iII
, Co
.
. Di
v
is
ion o
f Be
l I
ndu
str
ies
.

TABLE 0
-7 St
anda
rd a
djus
tab
le I
nduc
tors
.

MI
N
IMUM CO
RI P
ostt
IoN MA
XIMUM CO
RI
. PO
S
ITION

Ma x
. MM.
Minimum Q r
e
n Ma.
%¡OUM, Q Te
s
t Ma
s.R Cu
r rent F
o
I
nduc
tanc
e Af
i
n. F
requencv I
nduc
tance Mi
n
. F
requency (
I
I I (MA I (Mi
lz1

0
.990 H 6
8 2
5
. MH z 1.
50 H 5
7 7
.9 MH z 0
.04 1
600 7
5.
1.
60 H 6
7 7
.9 MH z 3
.10 H 5
2 7
.9 MH z 0
.08 1
000 5
1.
130 H 7
0 7
.9 MHz 6
.50 H 4
4 7
.9 MH z 0
.17 6
36 4
1.
7
.30 H 5
0 7
.9 MH z 1
4.0 I 3
5 2
.5 MH z 0
.57 2
56 2
6.
1
6.0 H 5
2 2
.5 MH z 2
9.0 I 5
6 2
.5 N1Hz 2
.2 1
00 7
.6
110 H 5
1 2
.5 M
I-1
/ 6
6.0 H 3
7 23 MH z 1
1 1
00 4
.9
7
4.0 H 4
2 2
.5 Mli
/ 1
24 H 4
4 0
.79 MH z 4
.5 1
00 37
1
38 H 4
7 0.79 6
1
11/ 2
38 H 4
4 0
.79 MH z 6
.6 1
00 3
.0
2
70 H 5
7 0.79 MU / 4
51 H 4
3 0
.79 MH z 8
.9 1
00 2
.2
4
95 H 5
6 0.79 M
I1/ 7
60 I 4
1 0
.79 MH z 1
2
. 1
00 2
.0
8
25 H 4
1 0,79 MIl
/ 1.
30 mH 2
7 0
.25 MH z 2
0
. 1
00 1
.7
1.
40 mH 4
0 0,25 MI 2
.00 i
n
lI 3 0
.25 MH z 2
5
. '
n
t, 1
.6

Co
ur
tes
y o
f.1
.W M
i
lk,C
o.
. Di
v
is
ion o
f Be
l I
n
duA
rie
.
 T
ABLE D
-8 I
r
on-co
re i
nduc
tors
.

'M
ili
te
:tan .
Maximum Form
Resonant Maximum Max
imum Winding L
ength
Nomina
l I
lin
imI
le
?I l
e
st F
requency DC mA Diame te
r + 132
I
nduc
tance Q F
requencv 1
3111:1 Re
sis
tance Ra
ting (i
n
.I (
i
n,

0
.
10 pH 4
9 2
5 MHz 6
00 0
.013 3
922 0
.
156 5
/16
0
.
15 pH 5
2 2
5 MHz 4
90 0
.025 2
828 0
.
141 5
/16
0
.22 pH 4
8 2
5 MHz 4
00 0
.038 294 0
.
141 5
/16
0
.33 pH 4
7 2
5 MHz 30 0
.070 1
690 0
.
125 5
/16
0
.
47 pH 4
6 2
5 M
Ill 2
80 0
.125 1
264 0
.
125 5
/16

0
.68 pH 4
8 2
5 M H/ 2
40 0
.
200 1
000 0
.
125 5
/16
0
.75 pH 4
8 2
5 MHz 24 0
.
264 8
70 0
.
125 5
/16
0
.82 mH 4
8 2
5 MHz 2
16 0
.
290 8
30 0
.
125 5
/16
1
.0 pH 4
1 2
5 MHz 18 0
.048 2
041 0
.
165 1
/4
1
.2 p
li 4
5 7
.9 MHz 18 0
.072 1
666 0
.
160 1
/4

1
.
5 pH 4
2 7
.
9 MHz 1
02 0
.096 1
443 0
.
160 1
/4
1
.
8 pH 3
1 7
.
9 MHz 89 0
.096 1
443 0
.
160 1
/4
2
.
2 pH 4
3 7
.
9 Mn/ 87 0
.156 132 0
.
160 1
/4
2
.
7 pH 3
4 7
,
9 l
'
1
4
11/ 7
4 0
.168 1
091 0
.
160 1
/4
3
.
3 pH 4
0 7
.
9 MU/ 66 0
.240 9
12 0
.
150 1
/4

3
.9 pH 3
5 7
.
9 M
I1/ 6
1 0
.264 8
70 0
.
150 1
/4
4
.7 pH 4
3 7
.
9 M
I1/ 5
3 0
.457 6
61 0
.
150 1
/4
5
.6 pH 4
1 7
.
9 M
I1/ 4
9 0
.
492 6
37 0
.
150 1
/4
6
.8 pH 4
0 7
.
9 M
II/ 4
9 0
.624 5
66 0
.
150 1
/4
73 pH 3
2 7
.
9 M
II/ 4
4 0
.624 5
66 0
.
150 1
/4

8
.2 pH 3
7 7
.9 M
I1/ 4
1 0
.744 5
18 0
.
150 1
/4
9
.
1 pH 4
1 7
.
9 MFI
/ 2
1 1
.44 2
88 0
.
160 1
/4
1
0 pH 3
6 7
.
9 M
II/ 1
9 1
.56 2
77 0
.
160 1
/4
1
2 pH 5
2 2
.
5 M
11/ 1
9 1
.68 2
67 0
.
160 1
/4
I
S pH 5
2 2
.
5 M
I1/ 1
6 1
.92 2
50 0
.
165 1
/4
1
8 iH 5
2 2
.
5 MHz 1
5 2
.28 2
29 0
.
165 1
/4
2
2 pH 5
1 2
.
5 MH/ 1
3 2
.28 2
29 0
.
165 1
/4
2
5 ,H
4 4
8 2
.
5 MHz 1
3 2
.64 2
13 0
.
170 1
/4
2
7 mH 4
9 2
.
5 M
1-
1/ 1
2 2
.64 2
13 0
.
170 1
/4
3
3 pH 5
0 2
.
5 MN/ 1
0 2
.76 2
08 0
.
170 1
/4
3
9 0H 4
8 2
.
5 MH7 9
.3 3
.36 1
88 0
.
175 1
/4
4
7 4H 4
4 2
.
5 MM/ 9
.
1 3
.
36 1
88 0
.
175 1
/4
5
6 pH 4
5 2
.
5 MHz 8
.6 3
.84 1
76 0
.
180 1
/4
6
8 pH 4
2 2
.
5 MHz 8
.
1 4
.
20 1
69 0
.
180 1
/4
7
5 pH 3
8 2
.
5 MHz 7
.2 4
.56 1
62 0
.
185 1
/4
8
2 pH 4
1 2
.
5 MHz 6
.7 4
.80 1
58 0
.
185 1
/4
8
2 pH 4
1 2
.
5 MHz 6
.7 4
.92 1
56 0
.
185 1
/4
1
00 pH 2
5 2
.
5 MHz 3
.6 7
.68 1
39 0
.
165 1
/4
1
20 pH 4
0 7
90 kHz 3
.2 8
.
16 1
35 0
.
165 1
/4
1
50 pH 4
7 7
90 kHz 3
.0 8
.
16 1
35 0
.
165 1
/4

2
26
 TABLE D
-8 (
con
tinued
)

A
lininuon Maximum For
li
!
Resonani Maximum Max
imum Wi
nding 1
.
rneti
t
N O M MOI M
inimum Tes
t F
requenc y DC n
e4 Diamete
r t 1/32
I
n
it
iée
:once Q F
requency IM11:1 R
edist
ance Ra
ting I
in
.i ii
n1

1
80 pH 4
8 7
90 kHz 2
.
8 8
.16 1
35 0
.
170 1
/4
2
00 µH 4
7 7
90 kHz 2
.
7 1
0
.3 1
20 0
.
170 I/
4
2
20 pH 4
6 7
90 kHz 2
.
5 1
.5 14 0
.
170 1
/4
2
50 pH 4
9 7
90 kHz 2
.
5 1
2
.1 II 0
_
170 1/
4
2
70 pH 4
6 7
90 kHz 2
.
5 1
3
.2 1
06 0
.
175 1
/4
3
00 pH 4
6 7
90 kHz 2
.
2 1
3
.2 1
06 0
.
175 1
/4
30 pH 4
1 7
90 kHz 2
.
0 1
3
.9 1
03 0
,
175 1
/4
3
50 pH 4
6 7
90 kHz 2
.
0 1
4
.4 1
02 0
.
180 1
/4
3
90 0 H 4
5 7
90 kHz 2
.0 1
5
.8 9
7 0
.
180 1
/4
4
70 pH 3
5 7
90 kHz 1
.
8 1
6
.3 9
5 0
_
185 1
/4
p
5
00 pH 4
9 7
90 kHz 1
.
8 1
8
.0 9
1 0
.
19 5 1
/4
5
60 PH 4
1 7
90 kHz 1
.
7 1
9
.2 8 0
.
19 5 I/
4
6
80 pH 3
7 7
90 kHz 1.
6 1
9
.8 87 0
.200 I/
4
7
50 pIl 4
0 7
90 kHz 1
.
6 2
.9 R
O 0
,
2 10 1
/4
8
20 pH 3
3 7
90 kHz 1
.
6 2
.9 8
0 0
.210 I/
4
9
10 pH 3
2 7
90 kHz 1
.
4 2
4
.0 7
9 0
,
220 1
/4

1
.
00 m
1-
1 3
0 7
90 kHz 1
.
4 2
4
.0 7
9 0
.225 I/
4
1
.
20 mH 3
4 2
50 kHz 1
.
2 3
.6 6
6 0
.220 1/
4
1
.
50 mH 4
0 2
50 kHz 1
.
1 3
7
.2 6
3 0
.225 I/
4
1
.
80 mH 4
0 2
50 kHz 0
.96 4
2
.0 5
9 0
.235 I/
4
2
.
20 mH 4
0 2
50 kHz 0
.96 4
5.6 5
7 0
.240 1
/4

2
.
50 m
il 4
8 2
50 k
Hz 0
.96 4
5
.6 5
7 0
.260 3
/8
2
.
70 mH 5
0 2
50 k
Hz 0
.88 4
5
.6 5
7 0
.260 3
/8
3
.
30 mH 5
2 2
50 k
Hz 0
.80 5
1
.6 5
3 0
,
260 3
/8
3
.
90 m
1-1 5
3 2
50 k
Hz 0
.76 5
7
.6 5
1 0
.275 2
/8
4
.
70 mH 4
9 2
50 k
Hz 0
.68 6
4
.8 4
8 0
.285 3
/8

5
.60 mH 5
3 2
50 kHz 0
.68 6
9
.6 4
6 0
.
300 3
/8
6
.80 mH 5
1 2
50 kHz 0
.64 7
8
.0 4
3 0
.
310 3
/8
7
.
50 mH 4
9 2
50 kHz 0
.60 8
5
.2 4
1 0
.
310 3
/8
8
.
20 mH 4
8 2
50 kHz 0
.60 9
2.4 4
0 0
.
330 3
/8
9
.
10 mH 5
2 2
50 kH7 0
.56 9
8
.4 3
9 0
.
330 3
/8

1
0
.0 mH 4
1 2
50 kHz 0
.
52 1
01 3
8 0
.335 3
/8
1
2 m
li 4
6 7
9 kHz 0
.
36 1
00 5
0 0
.300 1
/2
1
5 mH 5
0 7
9 kHz 0
.
32 13 4
7 0
.300 1
/2
1
8 m
il 4
9 7
9 kHz 0
.29 1
28 4
4 0
.3 75 1
/2
2
2 mH 5
0 7
9 kHz 0
.27 1
44 4
1 0
.330 1
/2

2
5 m
li 5
9 7
9 kHz 0
.
250 15 4
6 0
.
340 5
/8
2
7 mH 6
1 7
9 kHz 0
.
244 1
20 4
5 0
.
353 5
/8
3 mH 6
1 7
9 kHz 0
.
232 1
34 4
3 0
.
353 5
/8
3
9 m
li 5
9 7
9 kHz 0
.
220 1
47 4
1 0
.
370 5
/8
4
7 mH 5
7 7
9 kHz 0
.
206 1
68 3
8 0
.
384 5
/8

5
0 mH 5
7 7
9 kH7 0
.
196 1
75 3
7 0
.400 5
/8
5
6 mH 5
7 7
9 kHz 0188 1
89 3
6 0
.400 5
/8
6
8 mi
l 5
7 7
9 kHz 0
.
180 2
15 3
4 0
.415 5
/8
7
5 mi
l 5
3 7
9 kHz 0
.
174 7 2 3 0
.430 5
/8
8
2 mH 5
0 7
9 kHz 0
.
168 2
38 3
2 0
_430 5
/8
9
1 mH 5
1 7
9 kHz 0
.
166 2
50 3
1 0
.430 5
/8
1
00 mH 4
8 7
9 kHz 0
.
157 2
78 2
9 0
.446 5
/8

C
our
tes
yoff
. W
. M
i
lle
rCo
., D
iv
is
ion o
fBe
ll I
n
dus
tri
es,

2
27
APPEND
IX E

TORO
ID-CORE DATA

T
his ma
ter
ial i
sprov
ided a
s as
upp
lemen
t t
o t
he i
nfo
rma
tion o
n t
o
roid
s
t
hatw asp resented e
a rl
ieri nt he book. These d
a ta wil
lbeu seful t
oenginee
rs
a
nd studen ts who u ndertake t he design of t
o roidal i
nduc tors a
nd trans
-
f
ormers. V arious core sizes and types are s
pecified inth
is a ppend
ix, a
long
w
ith pert
inen t operating c urves.
T
ab le 1-1 provide s data o n optimum f requenc ies a
nd c olor c
odes f
or
p
owde red-iron ma terials w h
ich h ave c
haracteris
tics f
rom 1t o 7
5. Tab
le
1
-7 l
i
sts similar in
forma t
ion f o
r ferr
ite to
roids
.

P
ER MEAB
ILITY V
ERSUS DC B
IAS

F
igure E
-1 con
tains aset o
f curve
s for p
owde red-iron t
oro
ids wh
ich h
ave
p
ermeabi
lit
ies r
anging from 1 0 t
o 100
. T hese curves d
emonst
rate t
he H
c
harac
ter
ist
ics of t
he c
ores v
ersus o
ther p
ertinen
t p arame
ters
.

P
ER MEAB
ILITY V
ERSUS AC F
LUX DENS
ITY

F
igure E
-2 p
resen
ts afami
ly ofcurve
sthatre
late t
ofacto
r Binto
roid cores
.
The i
n
it
ialpermeabi
lity i
srende
red inp
ercen
tage v
ersus th
eac f
l
ux density
.
T
hese da
ta a
re u
seful f
or q
uick r
ef
erence i
n ad
esign e
xerc
ise
. I
tilu
stra
tes
c
l
early t
he e
f
fec
t flux d
ens
ity ha
s on t
he co
re p
ermeabi
lity
.

2
29
 1
00

9
0

8
0

-
15
ty

7
0
i
rmeabi
l

0
'4xN1
6
0 H= 1
e
l p

5
0
Whe
re N = t
u
rns
ia

I=c ur
rent (
A)
it
n

4
0
%i

1=mean magne t
ic p
ath (
cm)

3
0
-4
0
2
0 -
41

I I I 1_ 1_1 1 11 . -
44
2 5 1
0 1
5 2
0 3
0 4
0 50 6
0 8 0 100 2
00

DC MMF o
ers
ted (
H)

F
igu
re E
-
1 P
ermeab
il
ity v
ersus d
cbi
as f
o
rvar
ious p
owde
red
-iron c
ore m
ate
ria
ls. (
Cour
tesy o
f
M
icrome
tals C
orp
.)

1
60
i
rmeablty
i

Whe
re E = r
msv
ol
tage
8 Ex108 A =c
ore c
ros
sse
ctéon (
cm 2 )
-
4,
44AN1 N =t
urns
e
l p

=f
r
equency (
Hz)
it
n
%i ia

0
.5 1
.
0 1
.
5 2
.0 2
.5

AC f
l
ux d
ens
ity (
kG)

F
igu
re E
-2 P
ercen
tage o
fin
i
tia
lpe
rmeab
il
ity v
ersus a
cfl
ux d
ens
ity f
o
rpowde
red
-iron t
o
roids
.
(
Cour
tesy o
f M
icrome
tals C
orp
.)

230
 T
EMPERATURE CHARACTER
IST
ICS

I
tw a
s establi
shed i nthe e
a r
ly chapters of th
is b
ook t ha
t thec o
re tempe ra-
t
u
re of at ransformer or i
nductor has as i
gnif
icant e
ffect on t
hep ermeabili-
t
y
, w h
ich i nt urn af
fec
ts the inductance of the c
ore windings. Figu
res E -3
t
h
rough E -6 contain cu
rve s fo
r t h
e ma in group of powde red-
iron t o
roid
c
ore
s m anufactured by M icrome ta
ls C orp. The curves show t he va
rious
c
ore mixes versus tempera
tu re and percentage o
f inductance change.

T
ORO
ID-CORE F
I
LL F
ACTOR

I
tisnecessa
ry fo
rt h
e des
igner t
oknow the f
i
ll f
ac
to ro f agi
ven to
roid c
ore
i
norder to make aproper c
ore s
e
lec
tion
. T h
is se
ction explains h
ow th
is i
s
d
e
term ined and p
rovide
s da
ta on t
he v
ar
ious wire gauges ve
r su
s f
i
ll f
ac
tor.

A
verage t
empe
rature c
oef
fic
ien
t

No
. 6

Ma
ter
ial 2
: 9
5 p
pmr C

Ma
ter
ial 6
: 3
5 p
pmrC

No
. 2

T
empe
rature (
OC)

F
igu
re E
-3 T
empe
ratu
re/
induc
tance c
urves f
o
r Am
idon A
ssoc
iates a
nd M
icrome
tals
C
orp
. c
ore t
ypes 2 a
nd 6
. (
Cour
tesy o
f Am
idon A
ssoc
iates
.)

231
 +
3.5
A
verage t
empe
ratu
re c
oef
fic
ient

+
3.0

Ma
ter
ial 1
0
: 1
50 p
pmfC
+
2.5
Ma
ter
ial 1
2
: 1
70 p
pmfC

+
2.0

No
. 1
0
tance

4
1.5

\
nduc

+
1.0 - \• No. 1
2
ni

.
1
hange i

• ,
+
0.5 - • .
i
• .7
-55 -
25 •0 .
•
t c

1 I
's
.- -
.
. 44'-
, -• -
- .• -
1 .- . -1

2
5 45
0 +
75 +
100 +
112
5
e
Prcen

-
0.5

-
1.0 T
empe
rature (
DC)

- 1
.5

-
2
.0

- 2
.5

F
igure E
-4 T emperatu
re/inductance c
urves f
or Amidon Assoc
iates a
nd M
icrome
tals
Co
rp. mate
ria
ls 1
0 and 12
. (Courtesy o
f Amidon Assoc
iates
.)

Thi
s ma teria
l i spresen ted through t he cour tesy o f Magne tic s, adivision o f
S
pang I ndustries.
T
he t erm "wound c m 2/
usable w indow c m 2" (= K2)i st he fi
ll fa
cto r fo
r
t
he usab le w indow a rea. Itc an b e s hown t heo ret
ically t hat f or ci
rcu lar
-
c
ross-sec t
ion w ire w ound o n af l
at form , ther atio ofw ire c m' t othea rea re
-
q
uired f or the turns c an n ever b e greater t han 0 .9
1. I n p
rac t
ice, the a c
tual
maximum v alue i sd ependen t u pon t he tigh tnes s of winding , v ar
iation s in
i
nsulation t h
ickne ss, a nd w ire l ay
. Con sequen tly, the fi
l
l f actor isa lways
l
e
s s t
han t he theoretical max imum .
R
andom -wound c ores can b e produced w ith f i
l
l factors a s high a s 0.7
,
bu
t p rog ress
ive s ecto r w ound c ores c an b e produced w ith f i
ll factors o f
o
nly u p to0 .55. Figu res E-7 t h
rough E -9 ar e based u pon fi
ll f actor rat
io s of
0
.50, 0 .60, a nd 0.70, r espectively. A s at ypical w orking v alue for c opper
w
ire with ah eavy synthe t
ic f i
lm insulation, ar a
tio of0 .60 may b e used safely
.
T
he t erm " usable w indow c m 2/window c m 2" (= K3)d efine s how much

232
 +
8

A
verage t
empe
rature c
oef
fic
ien
t

M
ate
ria
l 1
: 2
80 p
pm/
"C N
o. 3
M
ate
ria
l 3
. 3
70 p
pmfC

M
ater
ial 1
5
: 1
90 p
prn/
"C

N
o. 1
tance

/
/
duc

/
nin

/ .
....
.. .
.No
. 1
5
hange i

- / .-

-
55 -
25 0 +
25 /
t c

i I I
o
rcen

+
50 +
75 +
100 +
125
e
P

T
empera
ture (
"C
)

-
2

-
3

-
4

-
5

F
igu
re E
-5 T
empe
ratu
re/
induc
tance c
urves f
o
r Am
idon A
ssoc
iates a
nd M
icrome
tals
C
orp
. c
ore t
ypes 1
,3,a
nd 1
5
. (
Cour
tesy o
f Am
idon A
ssoc
iates
.)

o
f t
he available window s pace may a ctually b
e used for the w
inding. The
c
har
ts are based o n t
he a s
sump t
ion t hat the i
n
side di
ame ter o
f t
he w ound
c
ore i
so ne-ha
lf that o
ft he bare core
; t ha
t is
, K3 = 0.
75 ( to a
l
low free pa
s-
s
age o
ft he s
hu t
tle
)( F
ig. E -10). At yp
icalv alue f
orthe coppe r f
r
act
ion inthe
w
indow a rea isabout 0.40. F o
r examp le, for AWG 2 0w ire, K
, xK , xK ,
=0.855 x 0 .60 x 0 .75 = 0 .385.

CORE S
IZE SE
LECT
ION

Upon s
elec
tion ofthe t
ransformerc ore ma te
rial a
nd ma ter
ial t
h
ickness
, the
n
ext s
tep isto se
lect t
he proper s
ize c ore for atransformer with a g
iven
o
pera
ting frequency a
nd output p
owe r
. T he power-handling c
apabil
ity ofa

233
 Average
t
empe rature
coe
f f
icient
+
6

Ma
ter
ial 4
1: 8
45 p
pmeC
+
5
e hange i
rcent c nductance
n i

+
25 +
50 +
75 +
100 +
125
P

T
empe
rature (
°C)

F
igu
re E
-6 T
empe
ratu
re/
induc
tance c
urves f
or Am
idon A
ssoc
iates a
nd F
a
ir-R
ite
C
orp
. f
e
rri
te-co
re ma
ter
ial 4
1. (
Cour
tesy o
f Am
idon A
ssoc
iates
.)

t
r
ansfo rmer c an be de
termined by it
s Wail, product
, w here P K
, isth
e
a
vai
lab le c
ore window area i
nc m
', and A
,thecore ef
fective c
ros
s-sect
iona
l
a
rea inc m'
.
The WaA , re
lat
ionship
s are ob
tained b
y so
lving Faraday's law inth
e
f
o
llow ing m anner:

F
araday
's l
aw = E = 4
Bm A
, Nf X 1
0-4 s
qua
re w
ave
E=4
.4B mm A
, Nf x 1
0-4 s
i
ne w
ave

w
here E =a
ppl
ied v
o
ltage (
rms
)
Bm = f
l
ux d
ens
ity i
nte
sla
s
A
. =c
ore e
f
fec
tive c
ros
s-sec
tiona
l a
rea i
ncm
'

234
 1
0
.0
te
ia me cm
r ( )

1
.0
ide d
ns
I

F
i
ll fac
tor
0
.5 i n
side diamete
r rema
ining
( W ire a
rea ) -0.5
kWound a rea
3
/
rR 2
ef
fe c
tive window area -
o I II I 4
1
0 1
00 1
000

T
urns

F
lews E
-7 F
i
l
l f
ac
tor 0
.5
.

1
0
.0
F
i
ll fa
ctor
0
.5 i
nside d
iamete
r rema
ining
( wire a
rea
-0.6
4ound a rea)
I
rR 2
E
ffec
tive w
indow a r
ea -
cm
ter (
iame )

1
0
ide d
ns
I

O
1
0 1
00 1
000
T
urn
s

F
igure E
-8 F
i
l
l f
ac
tor0
.6
.

235
1
0
.0
F
i
ll fa
ctor
0
.5 i
ns
ide diamete
r rema
lning
w
ire a
rea )
-0
.7
4 ound area

E
ffec
tive w
indow a
rea -

o
1
0 1
00 1
000
T
urns

F
i
gure E
-9 F
i
l f
a
cto
r 0
.7
.

I
n
side d
iamete
r
o
ft o
roid c
ore

Ef
fec
tive
w
indow ar
ea

C
learance for
p
assage of
s
huttle

W
indow area ir
R2
a
r
rR 2
E
ffec
tive w
indow a
rea -
4

F
igure E
-
10 W
indow
-area c
a
lcu
lat
ion
,

2
36
 C
ore S
i
ze S
elec
tion

N =n
umbe
r o
ftu
rns
f = fr
equency i
nh e
rtz
Aw = b
are w
ire a
rea i
nc m
'
=w
indow a
rea i
ncm
'
K =w
indow u
t
il
iza
tion f
a
cto
r
I =c
urren
t (
rms
)
J =c
urren
t d
ens
ity
P
o =o
utpu
t p
owe
r (
t
ota
l)
=i
npu
t p
owe
r
PT = t
o
tal p
owe
r
r
i =e
f
fic
iency

S
olv
ing y
i
eld
s

NA ,, E x 1
04
4
8m f

W
indow u
t
il
iza
tion f
a
cto
r:

K NA w
Wa
= K Wa
Aw

Mu
ltip
ly b
oth s
i
des b
yA,
:

NA, _K W (
"
1„ E x 1
0
4

Aw 4
Bm f

C
omb
ining a
nd s
o
lving f
o
r Wa k y
i
eld
s

K Wak
. E x 1
0
°
Aw 4
B„,f
K

WaA
, — EA w x 1
0
1
fK

I A
Aw c
m'

=P
,

PI = E
I

2
37
 T
oro
id-Co
re D
ata A
pp. E

E
l P
, Po
EA, — j -
-J-
-- r
n

Wai
lc = WaAc + W A c
(
t
otal
) (
pr
imary) (
s
econdary
)
Po 4 Po X 10' _ Po X 10
' i1
/
Wak. =— x 1 0 + + 1
)
(
t
ota
l) J4
1 4 fK 4
B„, fKJ 4
B„, fKJ ‘ n
Po
1
PT X 1
0
'
waj
le = 4
Bm fKJ

W
indow u
t
il
iza
tion f
ac
tor K
:

L
amina
tion a
nd b
obb
in

t
o
roid 1/2 I
.D. r
ema
ining W
a (
elf) x f
i
l
l f
a
ctor x A„ b
are —0
.4
Ccore a
nd bobb
into
tal H
i
, A
PT x 1
04
Wai
lc — s
qua
re w
ave
1
.
6 xB
„
,fJ
PT X 1
04
Wai
l
. = s
i
ne w
ave
4 1
.
77 x B
„,f
.
1

The c
urve i
n F
ig. E-
11 shows t
he r
equired c
ore Wail
, p
roduct p
lo
tted
a
gainst t
r
ansforme
r output powe
r f
or d
i
f f
e ren
t f
requency
. The v
a
lues he
ld
c
onstant we
re

B
in =0
.3T
J=2
00 A
/cm 2
K =0
.40
T
I-=9
5 0/
o

These v
alues we
re held c
onstan
t so t
ha
t one n
omograph c
ould b
e u
sed
w
ith al
l materia
ls and t
he e
ngineer c
ould a
djus
t Bm ,J
,K, a
nd rit
o f
i
t t
he
d
esign. F
rom t he e
quat
ion

A _ PT X 1
0
°
Wa''c 1
.
6 x

t
wo n
omog
raphs w
ere g
ene
rated t
o c
ompa
re o
utpu
t p
owe
r

Po = PT
Ur
i + 1

2
38
 T
ran
sfo
rme
r
1
00

1
0

1
.
0

0
.
1

0
.01

1
.
0 1
0 1
00 1kW

O
utput p
ower (
W)

F
igure E
-
11 1
,
V
,,A, v
ersus o
utpu
t p
owe
r.

w
ith WaA ,a nd Powi
th w e
ight. The
se n omographs we
re generated f
rom t he
l
amination and C c
ore inthe a
rt
icle
. T he nomograph i
nFig. E-11 co mpa res
Po w
ith WaAc;t hus th
e si
ze ofthe transformer c
an qu
ickly be de
term ined .
The nomograph inF ig
. E-12 compa res power w
ith we
ight; t
hu s t
he w e
igh t
o
f af u
lly w
ound transformer c
an quickly be d
ete
rmined. The
se n omog raph s
h
ave the f
ol
low ing c
on s
train
ts:

B
„
, =0
.3T
J= 2
00 A
/cm 2
K =0
.4

239
 1
.0 k
g

O 1
0 1
00 1
.0

O
utput p
owe
r (
N)

F
igu
re E
-12 T
rans
former we
igh
t v
ersus o
utput p
owe
r.

V
ery l
ike
ly, a
f
ter t
he W ak has b
een s
e
lected
, asl
igh
t ad
jus
tmen
t ofthe
c
ons
train
ts isrequi
red t
o c o
rre
spond to the ac
tua
l core Wak produc
ts
a
vai
lable.
Af
te r c
a
lcu
lat
ing th
e i
nduc
tance a
nd dc c
urrent, s
e
lec
t t
he prope
r per
-
meabi
lity a
nd si
ze p
owder c
ore w
ith a g
i
ven L I 2/
2
. The e
nergy
-handl
ing
c
apab
ili
ty o
fani
nduc
tor c
an b
ede
term
ined b
yit
s Wai
l
,produc
t, w
here W a
i
sthe a
vai
lable c
ore window a
rea i
nc m 2,and A
, isth
e core e
ff
ective c
ros
s-
s
e
ctional a
rea in cm
'. The WaA, r
ela
tion ship i
sobtained b
y solving E =
Ldl/dt a
s fo
llows
:

w
here E =v
ol
tage
, v
ol
ts
L =i
nduc
tance
, h
enr
ies
/= c
urren
t, a
mpe
res
N =n
umbe
r o
f t
u
rns
= f
l
ux, w
ebe
rs
Bm = f
l
ux d
ens
ity
, t
e
sla
s
A
', = c
ore c
ros
s s
e
ction
, m 2

=r
e
lat
ive p
ermeab
ili
ty
=a
bso
lute p
ermeab
il
ity

(
4n X 1
0-7 )

2
40
 C
ore S
ize S
elec
tion

H
' = magne
tiz
ing f
o
rce
, amp t
u
rns/m

i
'm = magne
tic p
ath l
e
ngth
, m
K =w
indow u
t
il
iza
tion f
a
ctor

W
'a = w
indow a
rea
, m2
J
' =c
urren
t d
ens
ity
, A
/m 2
E
ng e
nergy
, w
att s
e
cond
s

E =_ —
d
l —, —
d
t d
t
d
+
L =
d
l

c
i
)= B
i
nA
= prpoN
1
B
,„ =
1'
I
I

d
l
d+ poN 22
4
' ‘.
l —
L =Nd r

E
nergy = L
i2 _1
r
110N2A'
r 1
2
2
1'
,,

I
fB„
, i
sspec
ified
,

j= B
rnem

B
i
ll #n
t ( Bn
i) 2 1 c
E
ng — 41 c
2
1 4
01\PA
' w
att s
e
conds
2
1
', P
i
rPoN 21
1r
110

KW
'„I
' Bm i
N F
i
rgoN
S
olv
ing f
or1
/
41,
, y
i
eld
s

B
,„1
',„
i
rMo = Kw ,j ,
a

S
ubs
titu
ting i
n
to t
he e
nergy e
qua
tion
, w
e o
bta
in

E
ng = (
B
,„)2 l
'
,„A
', K W„
.1
' l
eaf
t
l
'eB
„
,f K
2 2

2
41
 1
0
0

1
0

1
.
0

0
.
1

001
0
.00 1 0
.001 0
.01 01

E
nergy =L
/ 21
2

F
igure E
-
13 W aA, v
ersus L
P12
.

L
et

W«,= w
indow a
rea
, c
m'
A
, =c
ore a
rea
, c
m'
J= c
urren
t d
ens
ity
, A
/cm
'
x 1
0-4

=A
, x 1
0-4

J
" = Jx 1
0
'

S
ubs
titu
ting i
n
to t
he e
nergy e
qua
tion y
i
elds

E
ng = W u
/4 '3 '1
1 K x1
0-4
2

S
olv
ing f
or WA w
e o
bta
in

2(
Eng
)
WaA
, — x 1
01
Bm JK

2
42
 1
.
0

o
0
.0001 0
.001 0
.01 01

E
nergy =L
1 2/
2

F
igu
re E
-
14 I
nduc
tor we
igh
tve
rsus L
/2/
2
.

L
et

= magne
tic p
ath l
e
ngth
, c
m
= x 1
0-2

Bm im x 1
0-2 Bm 1
„
, X 1
0-2
P
r —
KI
.
4 0(Wa X 1
0—'
)
(J X 1
0
') W aJ
K

F
orb
io = 4
n x 1
0-'
,

Bm Im x 1
0-2 Bm Im x 1
04
j
A
r —
4
n x 1
0 —'WaJ
K 0
.4W
,JK

F
rom t
he e
qua
tion

2
(Eng
)
W
all ` = Bm J
K

t
wo nomog raph sw ere g
ene ra
ted tocompa re energy o
rL 1 2/
2wi
th Wa4 a nd
e
nergy o
rL I 2/2with w e
ight. These nomog raphsw ere g
enera
ted for 1
3com -
monly used p owder c ores in th
is article
. T he n omograph in Fig. E-13
c
ompa resL / 2/
2 wi
th T i
¡A c;thus th
e s i
ze o f a
n induc
torc an q
uickly be de
-
t
ermined. The n omog raph inF i
g . E
-14 c ompa res LI 2/
2 wi
th weight
; thus
t
he weight of af ul
ly w ound inductor c an q u
ickly be de
termined. These
n
omog raphs h ave the f
ollowing constraints:

243
 T
oro
id-Co
re D
ata A
pp. E

Bm = 0
.3T
J= 2
00 A
/cm
'
K =0
.4

Afte
r the c
ore s
i
ze h
as b
een de
termined
, the n
ext s
t
ep ist
opi
ck t
he r
i
ght
p
ermeabil
ity f
or t
hat c
ore s
i
ze, u
sing t
he f
ol
lowing equa
tion
:

X 1
0
'
—
0
.4n W0JK

Ve
ry li
kely
, afte
rthe pe
rmeabi
lity has b
een s
elec
ted, asl
igh
t adjus
tment o
f
t
he c
onstrain
ts to ma
tch t
he a
vailab
le co
re s
izes and p
ermeabi
lit
ies mu
st b
e
made
.
T
he outs
ide d
iamete
r of th
e wound t
oro
id, Fig
. E-15 (
l
ess t
he o
uts
ide
w
rapper)
, may be c
alcu
lated from t
he f
o
llowing equa
tion (
as
suming tha
t
o
ne-ha
lf ofthe I
D r
emains a
fter w
ind
ing)
:

OD = -
N
/Db 2(
%) +D (
D =d
iame
ter
)

w
here A
, = (
RÈ —
A
, =A
,
c
ore w
indow ID =D , = 2R,
core I
D = Db = 2Rb
c
ore OD = D =2
/
?,
.
n(
Rb — R
à) = n(
Rà — RD

A
rea 1

C
ore

A
rea 2

F
igu
re E
-
15 C
alcu
lat
ion o
fou
tside d
i
ame
tero
f wound t
o
roid
.

244
 P
owde
red
-iron T
oro
id C
har
acte
ris
tics

R
b —R =R — Rc?

R
b
R =
a 2

— Rc?
.= R
g Rb
=Rh' (1 —
2
=R
È e
/
.
) +R
,

Rd = (
%
) + Re2
OD = 2
Rd

PO WDERED
-IRON T
ORO
ID CHARACTER
IST
ICS

T
able E-1 con tains ac omp rehensive li
st
ing o f p
owde red-iron t
oro
id cores
.
T
he c ores specified are available from M ic
rome ta
l s C o
rp. and Am idon
A
ssociates
. T he c haracte
ristics are the s
ame f or bo
th b rands, i
nc
lus
ive o f
t
hecolo rcodes.T he d
imen sionald a
ta aregiven inEnglish uni
ts.Toconve r
t
E
ngli
sh i nches t o m
ill
ime ters, multiply in
ches by 25.4. These t
abula
r d a
ta
w
ere provided t hrough th e cour
te sy of Micrometals Co rp
.

D
ia. •0
.005 i
nches M
icrome ta
ls La h T
ypica
l Operat
ing C
olor
H
t. •0.005 i
nches N
u mber 1
00 T F
requency (MHz] C
ode

0
.062
1
.57 T
12 -1 4
8 2 B
lue
—2 2
0 8 R
ed
S
td. h
t
. —3 6
0 I G
ray
—6 1
7 1
6 Y
ellow
—7 1
8 1
4 White
— 0
.050
—10 1
2 4
0 B
lack
1
.27 —12 7
.5 9
0 G
reen/wh i
te
t —15 5
0 2 R
ed/wh i
te
—0 1 1
50 T
an
—.1 0
.
125 H-
3
.
18

8h
t
.
T
I2 -21
3 1
8
.5 1
2 R
ed
f 0
.042 —68 1
3
.5 2
0 Y
el
low
t 1
.07 —
i0B 1
0 3
5 B
lack

0
.078
H i
t 1
.
98
T
16 —I 4
4 1 B
lue
S
td
. h
t
. —2 2
2 9 Red

i
í
i
I
—3 6
1 I Gray
—6 1
9 1
2 Ye
llow
0
.060 —10 1
3 3
0 B
lack
1
.52 —12 8 8
0 G
reen/whi
te
—15 5
5 1 R
ed/whi
te
—0 3 1
20 T
an
— i
d 0
.160
4
.06

TABLE E
-1

245
 0
.088
!
_
.
._2
.24 T
20 -1 5
2 1 B
lue
S
td. h
t. -2 2
7 i
t R
ed
-3 9
0 1 (
ray
I
I -6 2
2 I1 Y
el
low
0
.070 -7 2
4 Y Whi
te
-10 1
6 1
0 B
lau
:k
1
.
78 -
12 1
0 6
0 G
reen/ *
lute
t -15 6
5 I R
ed/9
. We
-22 9 9
0 G
reen
/orang
e
0
.200 -o 3
.
5 I
20 T
an

5
.08

0
.120
T
25 -I 7
0 09 B
lue
3
.05 r
e- SW
. h
t
.
-2 3
4 6 R
ed
-3 1
00 06 C
i
ra>
-6 2
7 1 '
idle.
-7 2
9 9 White
C 24
.
*0946 -10 1
9 2
5 B
lack
-12 1
2 6
0 G
re en
. whi
te
-15 8
5 R
ed/wh i
te
.
4 - -0 45 I
21 I
an
0
.255
6
.48

0
.151 -.
1 I -
.
,--
3
.84 S
td. h
t.
1
27 -2 3 5
.5 R
ed
-60
-1 2
7
1
9 I
/
2
0 e:
0 el
l
ow
: ,
. h
ue

,
_i _ . t 3
.25 -12
-o
1
2
4
.5
a
o
1
20 T
an

-
-
1 0
.280 -
4--

7
.11

0
.151 T
30 -1 8
5 0
.6 B
lue
3
.84 S
td. h
t
. -2 4
3 5 R
ed
-6 1
40 0
.5 G
ray
4 -3 3
6 1
0 Y
e
l
ow

- - -0
.
128 -7 3
7 6 Whi
le
-10 2
5 2
0 B
lack
i-3
.25 -12 1
6 b
o G
reen/wh
ite
.
4 l -15 9
3 0
.
11 R
ed/wh
ite
-0 6 1
20 T
an
0
.307
7
.80

0
.205 T
37 -8 1
0 0.7 B
lue
-2 4
0 3 R
ed
5
.21 !
td. h
t.
-3 1
20 0.6 C
ray
-6 3
0 1
0 Y
ellow
0
.
128 -
7 3
2 5 White
-8 1
25 0
.6 O
range
3
.25 -10 2
5 2
5 B
lack
-12 1
5 6
0 G
reen /whi
le
-15 9
0 0
.8 Red '
whi
le
• 0
.375 .
1 -- -
0 4
.
9 1
20 T
an
9
.53

TABLE E
-1 (
cont
inued
)

246
0
.229 _ T
44 -1 1
05 0
.6 B
lue
5
. 82 I
Std. ht
. —2 5
2 2 R
ed

i
' —6
—3 1
4
80
2 1
0 .
5
G
Y
e
r
a
ly
ow

0
.1 59 —7 4
6 5 Whi
le
2
04 0
.6 O
range
4
.04 —8
B
lack
t
—10 3
3 1
8
-12 1
8.5 5
0 G
reeniwhne
—15 1
60 0
.7 R
ed/whi
le

0
.440 —0 6
.5 1
00 I
an

1
1.1 8 A ht
.

0
.1 28
1
44 -2A 3
6 2
.5 R
ed
3
.25

T
50 -1 1
00 0
.5 B
lue
—2 4
9 2 R
ed
—3 1
75 0
.4 G
ray
—6 4
0 1
0 Y
ellow
—7 4
3 5 While
—8 1
90 0
.4 O
range
—10 I 1
6 B
lack
—12 1
8 5
0 G
reen/wh i
te
—15 1
35 0
.6 R
ed/wh i
te
—0 6
.4 1
00 T
an

12
.70

0
.200 _.
1

5
.08 I B ht
.

— 0
.31 2 1 -2 1
51 —683
1
02 2 R
ed
7 92 1
38 8 Y
el
low

—el 0
.500 H t
12
.70

T
68 -1 15 0
.4 B
lue

9
.
4
0 I "
1 - S
td. h
t
.
—2
—3 1
5
7
95 0
2
.3
R
ed
G
ray
—6 4
7 1
0 Y
ellow
—7 5
2 5 While
— 0
.
190 —8 2
05 0
.4 O
range
4
.83 —10 3
2 2
0 B
lack
—12 2
1 3
0 G
reen/wh
ile
—15 1
80 0
.5 R
ed/wh
ile
—0 7
.5 1
00 T
an
0
.690 I
17
.53

TABLE E
-1 (
cont
inued

247
 Ah
t
.
10.250 T
68 -2A
- M 2
7
0
60
2
0
.3
R
ed
G
ray
6
.35 -6A 6
2 1
0 Y
el
low
-7A 7
3 5 Whi
le

0
.280 _] -1 -
7
.
11 "
I
S
td. h
t
.

T
72 -2 1
28 2 R
ed
- 0
.260 -3 3
60 0
.2 G
ray
6
.60 -7 9
5 5 Whi
te

0
.720
1
8
.29
0
.495
1
2 57 1
1
30 - 1 15 0
.4 B
lue
-2 5
5 2 R
ed
S
td
. h
t
.
-3 1
80 0
.3 G
ray
-6 4
5 1
0 Y
ellow
0
.250 -7 5
0 5 White
-
8 1
90 0
.4 O
range
6
.35 -10 3
2 2
0 B
lack
-12 2
2 5
0 G
reen/whi
te
-15 1
70 0
.5 R
ed/whi
te
0
.795 -0 8
.5 7
0. T
an

2
0.19

1
94 -1 1
60 0
.4 B
lue
-2 6
4 2 R
ed
-3 2
48 0
.3 G
ray
-6 7
0 1
0 Y
ellow
-10 5
8 2
0 B
lack
-15 2
00 0
.5 Red/wh
ite
-0 1
0.6 6
0 T
an

2
3.93

0
.570 _
1
1
4
.48 " -I
r d
.ht
. 1
106 -1 3
25 0.3 B
lue
-2 1
35 2 Red

CD 0
.437
-3
-6
4
50
16
0
1
0
.2 G
ray
Y
ellow
_ 11 10 -7 1
33 5 White
-15 3
45 0.3 R
ed/wh i
te
-0 1
9 0.260 T
an
- H 1
.060
2
6.92
0
.780 „
1
1
9
.81 I
S
td
. h
t
.
T
130 -1 2
00 0
.3 B
lue
-2 10 2 R
ed
0
.347 -3 3
50 0
.2 G
ray
-6 9
6 1
0 Y
el
low
1
.10
-7 1
03 5 Whi
te
-15 2
50 0
.3 R
ed/whi
te
-0 1
5 5
0 T
an
1
.300 -1 -

3
3.02

TABLE E
-1 (
cont
inued
)

248
 0
.950 _
1
2
4.13 — I
S
td. h
t
.
T
I57 - 7 3
20 0
.3 B
lue
—2 1
40 2 R
ed
0
.570 —3 4
20 0
.2 G
ray
1
4
.48 —6 15 1
0 Y
el
low
—15 3
60 0
.3 R
ed/whi
te

3
4.88

0
.950_1
2
4,13 -
S
td
. h
t
.
1
.1
84 -1 5
00 0
.2 B
lue
—2 2
40 2 R
ed
—3 7
20 0
.2 G
ray
—6 1
95 1
0 Y
el
low

T
200 -1 2
50 0
.3 B
lue
—2 1
20 2 R
ed
—3 4
25 0
.2 G
ray
—6 1
03 1
0 Y
el
low
—7 1
05 5 Whi
le

5
0.80

TABLE E
-1 (
cont
inued
)

249
I
NDEX

A B
a
lun c
ore
s, 1
25
, 1
26
, 1
4
1-43
B
a
lun t
r
ansfo
rme
r, 1
00
, 1
0
1
AC e xcitation , 30-37
AC f i
elds , demagne t
iza t
ion w ith, B
andpa
ss f
i
l
ter
, 8
7
-88
1
76-77 B
ars
, 2
Adve rse m agne t
ic fi
elds, 1 8
0 a
sa ntenna s
, 38-39 , 4
9 -62
A
ir-co re l oop a ntenna, 4 9-51 l
oop p attern symme try, 52
-53
A
ir g ap, 2 1-37 n
oise i mmun ity, 53-54
a
ctual, 3 6-37 p
rac t
ical loop c i
rcuits, 54
-62
Hanna c urve a nd, 31-36 d
i
ame ter-
to-leng th ra
tio of
,4 0-42
o
fp ermanen t m agnet s
, 1 67 e
fect
ive p ermeab i
lity of, 40
-42
o
fp ot c ores, 1 5
1-53 f
r
equency v s
. core m ate r
ials
, 48
A
ir-wound s olenoidal i n
duc tors, s
i
zes o f
, 39-40
1
4
, 1 5 u
ses of, 39
-40
Antenna e fect, 53 B
eads, 123-37
Antenna s: f
or d
ecoup l
ing, 1 35-36
l
oading , 12 -13 p
ract
ical appl
ica t
ion s fo
r, 1
30-33
r
ods a nd b a r
s a s
, 38-39, 49-62 p
ropert
ie s o
f, 124-26
loop p attern symme try, 52-53 a
sQk i
llers
, 1 3
3-35
noise i mmun i
ty, 53-54 r
educt
ion o finciden ta
l rad
iation
p
rac tical l oop ci
rcuits, 54-62 w
ith, 136-37
s
h
ield-bead attenua tion, 1
26-30
s
i
zes of
, 1 3
7, 138-39
B
alanced
-to-ba
lanced t
ransforme
r, s
ty
les of
, 137, 138-39
1
01
, 102 v
s
. toroids, 123
-24
B
a
lanced-to-unba
lanced B
-H c
urve
, 1
6
5-66
t
r
ansformer
, 10
1, 102 B
id
irec
tiona
l c
oup
ler
, 9
3
-94

2
51
I
ndex 2
52

B
if
ilar-wound t ransformers, 1
00- D
c -
to-ac i nverter
s, 14 -17
1
01 D
c -
to-dc c onve r
ters, 14
B
loch w all, 160
, 1 62 D
ecoup ling, b eads for
, 1 3
5-36
B
rasss lugs, 64 D
emagne t
iza tion, 176-77
B
roadband t ransformer s
, 48 D
e Maw , M .F . "Doug ," 8 3
po
t-co re, 153-54 D
iame ter-to-length ratio, 40
-42
r
od-co re, 62
-63 D
ip m eter
, 1 -12
t
oroida l
, 9 -112 D
isaccommoda t
ion, 1 51
bif
i
la r-wound , 100-101 Domain w a
ll mo tion, 160-64
conven t
iona l, 102
-8 Doping, core, 17 -22
quadrifi
lar, 1 0
1-2 Dorfman , 1 64
v
a r
iab le impedance m atch
ing, Doubly balanced m ixers, 96
-97
1
0 9
-12 D
rift
, 68, 7 0
B
ruene , Wa rren, 95
E

Ecore s, 14
Capacitance : E
f ective height
, 49, 51
approx ima t
ion b y n omog raph, E
f
f ective permeab i
lity
, 8,9,14-
15
20
1, 2 03 ofb ars, 40
-42
to
ro idal d istribu ted , 1 3-
14 fl
ux d ens
ity vs
., 15-
18
Capacitive -divide r m atching, 83
-85 ofp ot cores
, 151-53
Capacito rs, 70 -71 ofr ods, 40
-42
Cc ores, 3,4 E
l
ec trostatic sh
ielding
, 51
, 53
Cheby shev f il
te r, 9 1-92 E
xte rnal fi
e
lds,p ermanentm agnet
s
C
ircu i
t Q[ s
ee Q ( quality fac
tor)] i
n
, 169-70
Coi
l c emen t
, 18 -21
Coi
l f orms , 219
Coi
l p lacemen t, 4 2
-47 F
a
ir-R ite P roduc t
s C orp., 31, 48
,
Coi
l t urns, calcu la tion o f
, 9-
14 1
25, 1 4
1
Comb ine r t r
an sfo rme r
, 1 0
1 F
err
ites (see a l
so B ar
s; B ead s
, Pot
Conv ersion f a ctor s
, 1 95, 198 c
ore s
; R ods; Sleeve s
; Slugs:
Core, d ef
ined , 1 Toroids), 6-9
Core d oping , 17 -22 c
haracte ris
tics of
, 4 8
Core l o
s s
, 1 7-18 F
erromagne t
ic compound , 6
Coup l
ing , inte rstage , 85-87 F
erroxcube C orporation, 7
C
ry stal a n
iso tropy , 1 63
, 164 F
ET s w
itche s, 16 -17
Cup c ores, 2 ,1 24 F
i
ll fac
to r
, 2 31-33, 235, 2 37
Cy
lindr icalc o resa nd c o
ils,215-27 F
i
lters
:
D p
ot c o
re s in
, 87, 157-58
t
oroids i n
, 87-93
DC e
xc
ita
tion
, 3
0-37 F
ixed-value i ron-core induc tors,
DC f
i
e
lds, d
emagnet
iza
tion w
i
th, 20, 25
1
77 F
lux den s
i ty, 8,15-18
2
53 I
ndex

F
ree e
nd s
, 42 I
r
ons, powdered (
see P
owde
red
F
renke
l, 164 i
r
ons)
F
requency: I
r
rever
sible l
os
ses
, 179
b
eads and
, 129-30
v
s
. core mate
rial
,4 8

G J
as
ik, H
enry
, 6
1

G
lossary oft e
rms , 1
82-87
, 204
-5
G
rain-oriented st
eel
-laminated
core
s, 3-4 k2 f
a
ctor
. 2
-23
, 3
0
G
ranbe rg, 106

H
L
am ina ted c ores, 3-4
H
arma , C. R., 31 L
enk, J ohn D ., 83
H
anna c urve, 31-36 L
i
tz w ire, 47, 54-56 , 147-48
"
Hard" m agne t
ic m a
ter
ials
, 1-
2 L
ock -up , 7
H
armon ic fi
lter, 90 L
ong -term s tabili
ty , 15
1
H
aywa rd, We s
, 96 L
oop a ntenna ,4 9-62
H
eight factor, 49
, 51 l
oop p at
tern s ymme try, 5
2-53
H
igh-pass fi
lter, 9
2-93 n
oise i mmun ity, 53-54
H
yb r
id flux p a
th, 31 p
rac t
ica l ci
rcuits, 54-62
H
ybrid transfo rmers, 1
06, 1
08 L
oop c o
lle c
to r,4 9
H
ysteres
is lo op, 16
5-66 L
ow -level c i
rcuits, 79-99
c
apac itive-divide r matching, 8
3-
8
5
f
i
l
te rs, 87-93
I
-Ec ores, 2
i
nstrumen ts, 93-96
I
mpedance :
i
n
te rstage c oupling , 85-87
b
ead s and, 1 24
-25 , 1 28
-30
m
isce llaneou s a ppl
ica t
ions, 9
6-
measuremen t of
, 9 5-96
99
t
oroids a nd, 109-12
RF a mplif
iers, 8 0
-83
I
mpu lse m agnetization , 17 3
-75
I
nductance :
v
s. ac/dc e xc
itation, 3 -37
a
pp roxima tion b y n omog raph, Magnetic c i
rcuit, 1 6
7-69
2
01, 203 Magnetic c ore, de
fined , 1
b
ead s and, 1 29
-30 Magnetic m ate
rials:
c
alculation ofc o
ilt urns a nd,9-1I b
ars (see B ars)
c
oilp l
acemen to nr ods a nd,42-47 b
eads( see Bead s)
d
eterm ination o f
, 1 -12 c
l
assification o f
, 1 -2
I
nducto rs
, v a
riable, 10 -12 c
oi
l t urns, calculation o
f
, 9-
14
I
nst
rumen ts, toro
id s in, 93-96 i
nductance v s
. a c/dc e
xc
ita
tion
,
I
nters
tage c oupling, 8 5-87 3
0-37
I
ndex 2
54

Magne
tic ma
ter
ials (Coni
'd.) P
ermanen t-magne t ( Con t'd
.)
p
hys
ical a
nd e
lec
trica
l tra
its o
f
, h
and l
ing o f
. 1 81-82
1
-
9 magne tiza t
ion . 1 70 -75
p
ot c ore s (see P o
t c ores) cond ition s f or c omp lete
p
owe r c apab ility, 14-22 s
atura tion , 1 71-72
r
ods ( see R od s) equipmen t
, 1 72-75
sl
e eve s ( s
ee S leeve s
) measuremen t s and c alibrat
ion ,
sl
ug s( see S lug s) 1
8 0
-8 1
toro ids ( see T oroid s
) n
ature o f. 1 59-65
volt-ampe re r atings, 2 -30 s
t
ab ility and s tabiliza tion. 177-80
Magne tiza t
ion , 1 70
-75 P
ermeab ility. 3
cond itions f orc omp lete o
fb ead s, 1 25-26
s
a
tu ration . 171-72 e
f
fec tive ( see Ef ec tive
equipmen t, 17 2-75 p
ermeab ility)
Magne tizing e quipmen t, 17 2
-75 o
fp owde red -iron c ores, 5-6
Magne t w ire, 4 7, 54, 56 o
ft o roid s
:
Metal lurg ical c hange s, 1 7
8-79 vs
. a c f l
ux d ens ity. 2 29, 2
30
Mica c omp ression t r
imme rs, 85 vs
. d c bia s
. 29 . 2 30
M
ic rome tals C orpora t
ion .6 .215. P
hase- reve rsal t r
ansfo rme rs
, 100,
2
31 . 2 45 1
01, 1 06, 1 08
Mil
le r, J.W .. 67 P
i
-wound RF c hoke , 7 3
, 7 4
Mix, 5 P
olydorof f, W . J .,4 2, 5 2
Mixe rs, 9 6-97 P
olysty rene c emen t, 1 0
, 18 -21
MM P A ( Magne t
ic Ma terials P
ot co res, 2,1 43-48
P
roduce r sA s
soc iat
ion ), 15
9 d
esign c ons ide rations , 146-53
d
esigns , 1 5 3-54
N d
imens iona l a nd t o
le rance data
f
or, 2 07- 14
No
ise i
mmun i
ty, 5
3
-54
i
nf i
lte rs
, 8 7, 1 57-58
Nomograph
, 199
h
ardwar e, 1 4 4-46
i
mp regna tion o f, 1 4 3-44
p
hy sica l charac te r
is ticso f, 1
24
P
aras
itic oscil
lation. 130-33 s
i
ze s o f
, 1 4 3
P
ermanen t Magne t Guidelines
, 15
9 t
one e ncode r w ith, 1 54-57
P
ermanen t-magne t m a
terials, P
ott
ing c ompound , 1 20-22
1
59-87 P
owde red i r
ons , 5-6, 1 0
d
emagne t
ization. 1 76
-177 s
lug s
. 2 16, 2 17
e
l
emen ta ry re
lationship s. t
oroid s, 29 -34 , 245 -49
1
65-170 P
owe r c apab il
i ty, 1 4-22
B
-H c urve
. 1 65
-166 P
owe r d issipa tion f actor , 30
e
xternal fi
elds, 169-70 P
owe r F ET s. 16 -17
magne t
ic circui
t, 167-69 P
owe r r ating . 3 0
r
ecoi
l l oops, 166-67 P
owe r s upp lie s. 14 -17
working p o
into f am agnet. 1
67 P
rewound s l
ug i nduc tor s,222-26
g
lo
ssary o ft e
rms , 182-87 P
ush-pu l
l p owe r a mp lifiers
. 104-7
2
55 I
ndex

R
ods ( Contd.)
c
o
il placemen t
, 42
-47
Q(qua l
ity f actor)
: d
i
ame ter-
to -
length ra
tio o
f,40-42
b
ead s a nd, 13 3
-35 e
f
fec
tive permeab i
lity of
, 4
0-42
c
oi
lp l
acemen to nrodsa nd,4 2
-47 f
r
equency v s
. core m a
ter
ials
, 48
o
fl oop a n
tenna s. 54
-57 s
i
zes of, 3
9-40
measu remen t of
, 12-
14 a
stransforme rs
, 62-63
p
ot c ores and, 1 43, 1
4 7
-50
p
owde red -
iron c ores and, 5-6 S
o
f RF c hoke s
, 7 3, 7
5-77 S
atu ration, 7,8
s
l
ug sa nd, 65-68, 70 ofp ermanen t magne ts
, 171-72
t
oroida l-dis
t r
ibu ted capac
i tance S
ense a n
tenna u sed with loop
a
nd , 13 a
ntenna, 59-61
Q
-dope , 1 0, 1 8-21 S
evick, J .
, I11
Qm eter, 1 2
-13 S
hape a nisot
ropy , 164-65
Q
uadr if
ila r tr
ansfo rmers, 101-2 S
hield-bead a t
tenuation, 1 2
6-30
S
hock , e fect on permanen t
magnets, 180
Rad iation, i nciden tal, 136-37 S
i
lve r-m ica capacitors
, 85
Random -wound c ores, 232 S
leeves:
Reac tance : antenna l oading, II 2
-13
approx ima tion b y n omograph , applications for
, 137, 1 4
0-41
2
01. 2 03 physica l c
haracter
istics of
, 124
r
atio t oresis tance [ see Q ( quali
ty S
lugs, 2 16-27
f
ac
to r)] f
orma ts of
, 6 4-65
Reco il loops. 1 66-67 p
e rformance c onsiderat
ions,
Relative l os
s f actor, 1 47 6
5-68
Reluc tance c hange s, 180 p
rac tical circu
i ts
, 68-72
Resistance : p
r ewound , 22 -26
b
ead s a nd, 1 29-30 v
s. rods , 63
measuremen t ofQa nd, 14 s
izes o f
, 64
r
atio o fr eac tance t o [(
see Q u
s es o f
, 63-64
(
qual
i ty f acto r)
] "
Soft" m agnetic m ater
ials, 2
Resistance/ tempe rature c orrection S
oleno ida l RF c hoke , 73
, 74
f
ac
to r
, 2 01, 2 03 S
tee
l -
lam inated c ores, 3-
4
Reve rsible los ses, 1 79-80 S
tra
in a nisotropy , 163, 164
RF a mp l
ifiers, 5 7-59 , 80-83 S
tress, effect on p ermanen t
RF c hoke s
, 7 3-77 magne ts
, 1 80
RF p owe r bridge , 9 4-95 SWR i ndicato r
, 9 4
-95
Rod -co re tran sfo rme r
s, 62-63 S
ymbo ls, 1 9
5-97
Rods , 2
a
sa ntenna s, 3 8-39 , 49-62
l
oop p atte rn s ymme try, 5 2
-53 T
ape
-wound cores
, 3-
4
n
oise immun ity, 53-54 T
empera
ture/r
esis
tance c
or
rec
tion
p
ractical l o
op c i
rcuits, 5 4
-62 f
a
ctor
, 201
, 203
I
ndex 2
56

T
empe rature s tab i
lity, 5 -
7, 69, 7 0, T
oroids (Con t
'd.)
1
7 8
-79 , 2 31-34 p
owde red-iron , 29-34, 245-49
T
est
ing a nd Mea sur emen t of p
owe r supplies, 14-17
P
e rmanen t Magne ts, 15 9 t
ape
-wound , 3
T
est ins
trumen t s
, t oroid s in
, 93 -96 t
emperatur e character
ist
ics,
T
herma l d emagne tiza t
ion m ethod , 2
31-34
1
7 7 t
oro
idal distributed capacitance
,
T
one e ncode r, 1 54-57 13-14
T
oroida l e fect, 4 9 T
ransmission -
line transforme r
,
T
oroid s
, 2 ,7 9-122 9-102
a
ntenna l oad ing, 12 -
13 T
uned-circuit [see Q (qual
ity
v
s
. b ead s, 1 23-24 f
actor)]
b
roadband t ransfo rme rs, 9 -112
b
i f
i
la r-wound , 1 00-101 U
c
onven tiona l, 1 02
-8
quadrifila r
, 1 0
1-2 Ucore
s, 2,4 , 14
v
ariab le i mpedance m atch ing, U
nbalanced -to
-unbalanced
1
0 9
- 12 t
r
ans former, 1
01
, 102
c
o
il t u
rn s, c a
lcu la tion o f
, 9-14 U
nbalanced t r
ansformer
, 100
, 1
0
1
c
ore d oping , 17 -22 U
nit p
ermeance , 168
c
ore size s e
lec t
ion , 231-34, 237 -45 U
nmagne tized magnets
, 182
f
i
l f a
ctor , 2 31-33 , 235, 236
V
l
ow-level c ircui ts
, 7 9-99
c
apac itive -divide r m a
tching , V
ariable
-impedance match
ing
,
8
3-85 10
9-12
f
i
lters, 8 7-93 V
ibrat
ion, efect o
n p
ermanent
i
nstrumen ts, 9 3-96 magne
t s
. 18
0
i
nterstage c oup l
ing , 85
-87 V
olt-ampere ra
ting
s, 2-30
m
i scellaneou s a ppl
ica t
ion s,
9
6-99
RF a mp l
ifie rs
, 8 0
-83
p
ermeab il
i ty o f
: Weiss
, Pier
re, 15
9-60
v
s
. a c f l
ux d en s
ity, 29 , 2 30 Wire gauges
, 20
1, 202
v
s
. d c bias, 29 , 2 30 Wo rk
ing point o
f am agne
t, 1
6
7
I
Ferro magnetic
-
Core Des ign
and App l
ication
Handbook

M
. F
. "
Doug" DeMaw

S
ince v i
rtual
ly al
l mode rn e
lec
tricalcircui
ts conta
in magne tic-co re devices,it
i
se ssentia
l that those e ngaged i n moder n t
echnology f u
l
ly u nderstand the
f
unctiona lcharacterist
ics oftoroids, r
ods, and po
tc ores
. " More than ab as
ic
u
nde rstanding of ferr
ites and p owdered-iron componen ts i sessen t
ial today
d
uring r ou
tine design w ork
," M. F." Doug" D eMaw a sserts
. " The w rong c o
re
material
, or am isapp l
ied core ma ter
ial
, c an r
endera no therw ise perfect c
ir
-
c
uit unusable."

T
o e nsure the p roper selec
tion and u se of magne t
ic-core ma terials, M r
.
DeMaw d eveloped his excel
lent FERROMAGNET IC-CORE DES IGN AND
APPLICAT ION HANDBOOK , an i
nvaluable a id t
o today's enginee rs and
t
echnicians. T h
roughou t h
is book, emphasis i son the p
ractical aspec ts o
f
magnetic c o
res, from the low fr
equencies through the ul
tra-high. " T ed
ious
mathema t
ical procedures have been el
imina ted...to make c omp rehens ion
more rapid and enjoyable,"authorDeMaw w rites,and "Equations h ave been
u
sed o n
ly w here they a
re necessa
ry toilust
rate ac onceptorp rovide ad es
ign
e
xamp le."

The we
llw r
itten and o
rganized c
hapters c
overindeta
ilthe b
asics o
f magnet
ic
mate
rials;the applica
tion o
frods
, bars, a
nd sl
ugs
; the a
ppl
ication o
ftoro
idal
c
ores
; b eads
, sleeves, and p
ot c
ores
; a nd p
ermanent-magnet data
.

P
RENT
ICE
-HALL
, I
NC.
, E
nglewood C
l
iff
s, N
ew J
ersey 0
7632

0
-13
-314088 -
1