Proprac 3 - Final Exam

Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

College of Architecture and Build Environment
Department of Architecture
Course Code:
ARCH 30383
Subject:
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 3
Global practice for the 21st century
Professor:
AR. Maynard M. Muhi
Student:
Arce, Zendrick Merville B.
Date Submitted:
July 23, 2023
FINAL-TERM EXAMINATION
Second Semester 2022-2023
Direction: Essay
Discuss the following items below in 1000 words for each question.
1. How does globalization affect the Architects? 30 pts.
The globe has become a highly integrated global community as a

result of the varied and complex process known as globalization.
Architecture faces both opportunities and challenges as economies,
cultures, and communities grow more interwoven. Architects, who play
a crucial role in defining the built environment, must navigate a
terrain that is rapidly changing and influenced by globalization. This
essay examines the effects of globalization on architects and the
field, looking at how it may alter architectural practice, design, and
ethics.
Architecture has been significantly impacted by globalization, the

process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among
nations and people globally. The constructed environment is shaped in
large part by architects, who must navigate a fast-shifting world that
is influenced by globalization. This essay examines the impact of
globalization on architectural design, practice, collaboration, and
ethical considerations in order to better understand how it impacts
architects and the profession.
The Challenge of Cultural Sensitivity

Even though globalization provides a variety of design inspiration,
architects must be sensitive to cultural differences. It becomes
increasingly important for them to respect and comprehend local
customs, traditions, and values when they engage on projects in
various nations and locations. Failure to do so could result in designs
that are insensitive to the local context and create difficulties on the
social and cultural levels.
Impact on Urbanization
Rapid urbanization has been accelerated by globalization, particularly
in emerging economies. Architects are required to create sustainable,
effective, and inclusive urban settings as cities expand to
accommodate rising populations and economic activity. Architects play
a crucial role in the liveability and usefulness of developing urban
landscapes by helping to find a balance between modernization and
safeguarding cultural heritage.
Technological Advancements in Design and Construction

Architectural design and building techniques are strongly impacted by
the global trade of technical breakthroughs. Modern technologies and
tools are available to architects, improving their ability to properly
envision and convey their ideas. Additionally, improvements in
building supplies and methods have sparked the creation of
environmentally conscious structures that are in line with national and
international environmental concerns.
Technological Advancements and Design Integration

Globalization has facilitated the exchange of technological
innovations, significantly impacting architectural design and
construction methods. Architects now have access to cutting-edge
tools and software that enhance their capabilities to visualize and
communicate their ideas effectively.
Additionally, advancements in construction materials and techniques

have led to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly buildings
that align with global environmental concerns. Architects must stay
updated with the latest technological trends and integrate them into
their designs to remain competitive in a globalized market.
The Rise of Megaprojects and Iconic Landmarks

Megaprojects and famous monuments that demonstrate the strength
and status of countries and businesses have grown in popularity as a
result of globalization. Architects are frequently at the vanguard of
these big projects, tasked with creating buildings that stand for
development and innovation. To ensure responsible and ethical design
processes, architects must balance these lofty goals with the projects'
social and environmental implications.
Economic Pressures and Project Diversity

Megaprojects and famous monuments that demonstrate the strength
and status of countries and businesses have grown in popularity as a
result of globalization. Architects are frequently at the vanguard of
these big projects, tasked with creating buildings that stand for
development and innovation. To ensure responsible and ethical design
processes, architects must balance these lofty goals with the projects'
social and environmental implications.
Impact on Urbanization and City Planning

Globalization has accelerated urbanization, especially in emerging
economies. As cities grow to accommodate increasing populations and
economic activities, architects are faced with the task of designing
sustainable, efficient, and livable urban environments. The demand
for innovative solutions that balance modernity with the preservation
of cultural heritage places architects at the forefront of shaping the
cities of the future.
Globalization also drives the rise of iconic architectural landmarks

and megaprojects in major cities around the world. These projects
often serve as symbols of progress and economic prowess. However,
architects must also consider the social and environmental impacts of
such projects to ensure they contribute positively to the urban fabric.
Enhanced Design Diversity and Inspiration

Exposure to a variety of international design ideas is one of the major
advantages of globalization for architects. The ease of travel and
developments in technology have made it possible for architects to be
influenced by a wide range of traditions, civilizations, and
architectural styles. A globalized world can be reflected in structures
thanks to the inventive designs that result from having access to such
a diverse range of ideas.
Globalization also makes it easier for architects from various

countries and backgrounds to collaborate internationally. This
partnership makes it possible to share information, concepts, and best
practices, furthering the creative process and fostering an
international viewpoint in architectural design.
Ethical Considerations in Global Practice

The global nature of architectural practice raises ethical questions
concerning labor conditions, environmental impact, and social
responsibility. Architects engaged in international projects must
navigate complex ethical dilemmas, ensuring fair wages and safe
working conditions for all involved parties while minimizing the carbon
footprint of their designs.
Architects must also consider the social implications of their projects,

aiming to create spaces that promote inclusivity and enhance the
quality of life for all users, regardless of their socio-economic
background.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the effects of globalization on architects and the
architectural profession are significant. It creates new opportunities
for innovation and teamwork, enabling architects to find inspiration in
a variety of places and work on projects from different countries. But
it also creates difficulties regarding cultural sensitivity, moral
considerations, and the need to adjust to a quickly shifting global
environment.
In order to shape the built environment in a way that is socially

responsible, ecological, and respectful of local traditions, architects
must embrace this interconnected world. Architects can play a crucial
role in establishing a global architectural landscape that represents
the values and aspirations of our linked world by handling these
difficulties and capturing the opportunities.
In conclusion, for architects, globalization has presented both

opportunities and challenges. Innovative architectural solutions that
accurately represent a worldwide society have been made possible by
the increased design diversity and collaboration made possible by
globalization. The need to encourage inclusive and sustainable design
approaches, as well as cultural sensitivity and ethical issues, must all
be kept in mind by architects.
Beyond design, globalization has an impact on architects that extends

to city planning, technological integration, and project diversity. A
physical environment that respects local traditions, aids in
urbanization, and encourages a more sustainable and connected
future must be created as architects embrace the advantages of
globalization and confront its challenges. Architects can continue to
play a significant part in determining the world's future by staying

aware of global trends and maintaining their ethical standards.
2. Why is risk management important? 30 pts
Organizations face a wide range of uncertainties and potential risks in

today's dynamic and linked environment, which could jeopardize their
goals and stability. The ability to effectively manage risk is essential
to maintaining the survival and success of enterprises, projects, and
even individuals. Risk is an intrinsic component of all endeavours.
The importance of risk management is examined in depth in this essay
along with how it may improve decision-making, safeguard assets,
ensure compliance, and promote a resilient culture.
Risk is an inherent aspect of any endeavor, be it in business, finance,

healthcare, or daily life. It is defined as the uncertainty that surrounds
future events and their potential consequences. Risk management, the
process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks, is a
critical practice that ensures the success, sustainability, and
resilience of organizations and individuals alike. This essay delves
into the reasons why risk management is of paramount importance,
examining its benefits across various sectors and its role in shaping a
secure and prosperous future.
Minimizing Uncertainty and Improving Decision-Making

In any corporate setting, uncertainty is a constant. Organizations may
detect and evaluate potential threats with the help of risk
management, which enables them to make decisions that are well-
informed and based on a clear understanding of the risks involved.
Decision-makers can apply suitable solutions to limit or minimize
negative outcomes by understanding the probabilities and effects of
various risks.
Protection of Assets and Resources

Protecting an organization's assets and resources is a crucial
component of risk management. This covers both physical assets like
buildings and machinery as well as intangible assets like reputation
and intellectual property. Effective risk management practices can
stop the loss or destruction of these assets, maintaining the value and
competitive advantage of the firm.
Enhancing Business Continuity

Unexpected occurrences can disrupt business operations and risk a
company's survival, including natural disasters, economic downturns,
and cyberattacks. Organizations can identify weaknesses through risk
management and create backup plans to maintain business continuity
in emergency situations. Companies can lessen the effect of negative
occurrences and recover more rapidly by proactively addressing
possible dangers.
Facilitating Innovation and Growth

Because opportunity and risk are interwoven, firms that practice good
risk management can take measured risks that will promote innovation
and accelerate growth. Businesses can confidently explore growth
possibilities with a higher possibility of success by identifying and
managing risks related to new ventures, products, or markets.
Meeting Regulatory Requirements and Compliance

Risk management is not just advantageous but also a legal obligation
in today's highly regulated company environment. Companies are
subject to several industry standards, governmental rules, and risk
management-related reporting requirements. Organizations can meet
these duties while avoiding penalties and reputational harm by putting
into place effective risk management procedures.
Protecting Stakeholder Interests

Stakeholders have a vested stake in an organization's success,
including shareholders, employees, clients, and business partners. By
maintaining the organization's long-term viability and stability,
effective risk management demonstrates a commitment to
safeguarding the interests of these stakeholders. It promotes
confidence and trust among participants, resulting in stronger bonds
and support during trying times.
Cost Reduction and Resource Optimization

Effective risk management can result in cost savings and resource
optimization. Organizations can save money later by spotting and
reducing potential risks in the early stages. Additionally, risk

management aids in more efficient resource allocation by ensuring
that investments and efforts are focused on the most important parts
of the firm.
Fostering a Culture of Resilience and Adaptability

Organizations that prioritize risk management cultivate a culture of
resilience and adaptability. By acknowledging potential risks and
uncertainties, employees become more vigilant and proactive in
identifying emerging threats and opportunities. This culture of risk-
awareness allows organizations to respond swiftly and decisively to
changing circumstances, gaining a competitive advantage in the
market.
Enhancing Reputation and Brand Image

A well-managed approach to risk inspires confidence in customers,
investors, and partners, enhancing an organization's reputation and
brand image. A track record of successfully navigating risks and
crises demonstrates competence and reliability, attracting more
business opportunities and fostering loyalty among stakeholders.
Protecting Assets and Investments

In the business world, assets and investments are the lifeblood of
organizations. Effective risk management helps safeguard these
valuable resources from potential threats, such as market
fluctuations, economic downturns, natural disasters, or cyberattacks.
By identifying and addressing risks proactively, organizations can
protect their financial stability and maintain their competitive edge in
an ever-evolving marketplace.
Enhancing Decision-Making
Risk management provides valuable insights that enable informed and
calculated decision-making. By conducting risk assessments and
scenario analyses, individuals and organizations can weigh the
potential costs and benefits of different courses of action. This
informed decision-making process minimizes impulsive choices and
increases the likelihood of successful outcomes.
Ensuring Business Continuity

Risk management plays a crucial role in ensuring business continuity,
particularly in the face of unexpected disruptions. By identifying
potential risks and developing contingency plans, organizations can

respond swiftly and effectively to crises, minimizing downtime and
reducing the impact on operations, reputation, and stakeholders.
Compliance and Legal Obligations

In various industries, compliance with laws, regulations, and industry
standards is mandatory. Risk management practices help
organizations adhere to these requirements and avoid costly penalties
and legal disputes. Furthermore, robust risk management can act as a
shield against reputational damage caused by non-compliance.
Building Resilience in the Face of Uncertainty

The global landscape is characterized by volatility and
unpredictability. Risk management equips individuals and
organizations with the tools to anticipate and adapt to these changes
effectively. By cultivating resilience, they can navigate uncertain
times with greater confidence, emerging stronger and more prepared
for future challenges.
Promoting Safety and Security

In sectors such as healthcare, construction, and transportation, risk
management is a matter of life and death. Identifying potential risks
and implementing safety measures are integral to protecting the well-
being of employees, customers, and the public. Through meticulous
risk assessment and mitigation, accidents and disasters can be
prevented or minimized.
Mitigating Financial Losses

Financial losses due to risks can be devastating for individuals and
organizations. Risk management aims to minimize the financial impact
of adverse events by implementing risk control measures and
insurance strategies. This enables entities to recover more swiftly
from setbacks and maintain financial stability.
Building Trust and Confidence

Effective risk management cultivates trust and confidence among
stakeholders, including customers, investors, employees, and
partners. Demonstrating a commitment to managing risks responsibly
conveys professionalism, accountability, and transparency, which are

essential elements of maintaining positive relationships.
Long-term Sustainability and Success

Ultimately, risk management contributes to the long-term
sustainability and success of organizations and individuals. By
systematically addressing risks, it fosters a culture of foresight,
adaptability, and continuous improvement. This proactive approach
positions entities for steady growth and success, regardless of the
challenges that lie ahead.
Conclusion
In conclusion, risk management is essential to an organization's
performance and sustainability in a world that is unpredictable and
ever-changing. Its importance comes from its capacity to reduce
uncertainty, safeguard resources, improve decision-making, and
promote resilience and flexibility. Businesses may position themselves
to take advantage of opportunities, weather storms, and preserve a
competitive edge by putting into place effective risk management
processes. Risk management is a key instrument in ensuring success
and attaining sustainable growth in both the corporate and individual
realms in the face of growing difficulties and complexities.
Risk management is a fundamental notion that underpins many facets

of life, not just business practices. Identifying, analyzing, and
managing risks is essential for success and sustainability, whether
choices are made in the boardrooms of multinational organizations or
by individuals in their daily lives. Individuals and organizations may
navigate a dynamic environment with assurance, resiliency, and
foresight by comprehending the significance of risk management and
implementing it into decision-making processes, assuring a better and
more prosperous future for everybody.
3. What is bookkeeping in financial accounting?
Bookkeeping is a fundamental process within financial accounting that

involves the systematic recording, organizing, and summarizing of
financial transactions and activities of an organization. It serves as
the bedrock for accurate financial reporting, providing essential
information for decision-making, compliance, and performance
evaluation. This essay delves into the concept of bookkeeping in
financial accounting, exploring its purpose, methods, and significance
in maintaining clear and transparent financial records.
Purpose of Bookkeeping in Financial Accounting

The primary purpose of bookkeeping in financial accounting is to
maintain a comprehensive and detailed record of an organization's
financial transactions. These transactions encompass all economic
activities, such as sales, purchases, expenses, and income, which
impact the financial position of the entity.
Bookkeeping serves as the foundation for preparing financial

statements, including the income statement, balance sheet, and cash
flow statement. These statements are essential for stakeholders,
including management, investors, creditors, and regulators, to assess
the financial health and performance of the organization.
Methods of Bookkeeping
There are two primary methods of bookkeeping: single-entry and
double-entry bookkeeping.
a. Single-Entry Bookkeeping:
Single-entry bookkeeping is a straightforward method suitable for
small businesses and individuals. It involves recording transactions in
a single column, typically in a cash book or a simple ledger. This
method only tracks cash inflows and outflows, making it less
comprehensive than double-entry bookkeeping.
While single-entry bookkeeping is easy to maintain, it lacks the

robustness and accuracy required for complex financial reporting and
analysis. As a result, it may not be suitable for large corporations with
intricate financial transactions.
b. Double-Entry Bookkeeping:
Double-entry bookkeeping is the more widely used and comprehensive

method. It requires recording each financial transaction twice, once as
a debit and once as a credit, in corresponding accounts. This dual-

entry system ensures that the accounting equation (Assets =
Liabilities + Equity) remains balanced, providing a clear and accurate
representation of the financial position of the organization.
The double-entry method offers several advantages, such as providing

a detailed audit trail, reducing the risk of errors, and facilitating the
preparation of financial statements that adhere to Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles (GAAP).
Importance of Accurate Bookkeeping

Accurate bookkeeping is crucial for several reasons:
a. Financial Decision-Making:
Sound financial decisions rely on access to reliable and up-to-date
financial information. Accurate bookkeeping provides insights into an
organization's cash flow, profitability, and overall financial health,
helping management make informed decisions about investments, cost
control, and business expansion.
b. Compliance and Legal Requirements:

Organizations must comply with various legal and regulatory
requirements regarding financial reporting. Accurate bookkeeping
ensures that the financial statements are prepared in accordance with
the applicable accounting standards, tax laws, and industry
regulations.
c. Investor Confidence:
Investors and stakeholders place great importance on transparent and
accurate financial records. Well-maintained bookkeeping instills
confidence in investors, demonstrating the organization's commitment
to financial transparency and integrity.
d. Effective Tax Planning:

Accurate bookkeeping is essential for effective tax planning and
compliance. It allows organizations to track deductible expenses,
identify tax credits, and ensure timely and accurate filing of tax
returns.
e. Performance Evaluation:
Bookkeeping facilitates the evaluation of an organization's financial
performance over time. By comparing financial statements from
different periods, management can identify trends, assess growth, and

make necessary adjustments to achieve financial goals.
Bookkeeping Processes
The bookkeeping process involves several key steps:
a. Recording Transactions:
The first step is to record all financial transactions systematically.
Each transaction must be classified into appropriate accounts, such
as assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses. This step is vital
in ensuring accurate financial reporting.
b. Journal Entries:
Journal entries are the primary means of recording transactions in the
accounting system. Each entry includes the date, description of the
transaction, and the amounts debited and credited to specific
accounts.
c. Ledger Maintenance:
The ledger contains individual accounts, such as cash, accounts
receivable, accounts payable, and more. Ledger maintenance involves
updating these accounts based on journal entries to keep track of the
financial activity within each account.
d. Trial Balance:
A trial balance is prepared periodically to ensure that the total debits
equal the total credits in the accounting system. Any discrepancies
are identified and corrected before preparing the financial statements.
e. Financial Statements:
Based on the data in the ledger and trial balance, financial
statements, such as the income statement, balance sheet, and cash
flow statement, are prepared. These statements provide an overview
of the organization's financial performance and position.
Technology and Bookkeeping

Advancements in technology have transformed the bookkeeping
process. Manual bookkeeping, involving physical ledgers and journals,
has largely been replaced by computerized accounting systems and
software.
Computerized bookkeeping offers several advantages, including

increased accuracy, faster data processing, real-time financial
reporting, and automated reconciliation of accounts. Cloud-based

accounting software allows for remote access, collaboration among
team members, and improved data security.
Bookkeeping vs. Accounting

It is essential to distinguish between bookkeeping and accounting.
While bookkeeping focuses on recording financial transactions and
maintaining accurate records, accounting involves analyzing,
interpreting, and summarizing the financial data to make meaningful
financial decisions.
Accounting builds upon the foundation of bookkeeping and utilizes the

information recorded in the books to generate financial reports,
perform financial analysis, and provide insights for strategic planning
and decision-making.
Conclusion
In conclusion, bookkeeping is the cornerstone of financial accounting,
providing the foundation for accurate and transparent financial
reporting. Through systematic recording and organizing of financial
transactions, bookkeeping enables organizations to make informed
decisions, comply with legal and regulatory requirements, and
evaluate their financial performance.
The methods of bookkeeping, such as single-entry and double entry,

offer different levels of complexity and accuracy. The choice between
these methods depends on the size and complexity of the organization
and its financial transactions in any aspect of the work.
With the advancement of technology, computerized bookkeeping has

become the norm, streamlining the process and enhancing the
accuracy and efficiency of financial record-keeping.
In a globalized world where financial information plays a critical role

in business operations and decision-making, accurate bookkeeping
remains indispensable for organizations of all sizes, ensuring
financial transparency, compliance, and sustainable growth.
4. What is an organizational structure? 20 pts
An organizational structure is a fundamental concept in business

management that defines the arrangement of people, tasks, and
resources within an organization to achieve specific goals and
objectives. It serves as a blueprint for how the organization operates,
outlining reporting relationships, roles, responsibilities, and
communication channels. Organizational structure plays a crucial role
in shaping an organization's culture, decision-making processes, and
overall efficiency. This essay delves into the concept of organizational
structure, its importance, types, key components, and its impact on
organizational success.
The concept of organizational structure is essential to understanding

corporate management because it provides the framework for defining
how an organization functions, allocating roles, and delegating
authority. It describes how different parts, departments, and
employees are organized so that the organization can function
effectively and accomplish its objectives. The entire understanding of
organizational structure is explored in this essay, along with its
importance, major elements, types, benefits, and drawbacks, as well
as its influence on an organization's success.
Defining Organizational Structure

Organizational structure refers to the formal framework that
establishes the division of labor, hierarchy, and coordination
mechanisms within an organization. It encompasses the distribution of
tasks, responsibilities, authority, and accountability among employees
and departments. Organizational structure aims to provide clarity,
coherence, and direction to all members of the organization, ensuring
that they understand their roles and how they contribute to the
organization's objectives.
Importance of Organizational Structure

The significance of organizational structure lies in its ability to
enhance organizational efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness.
Some key reasons why organizational structure is crucial are as
follows:
a. Clarity and Direction: Organizational structure provides a clear

delineation of roles and responsibilities, ensuring that employees
know their tasks and reporting relationships. This clarity facilitates
efficient decision-making and resource allocation.
b. Division of Labor: By defining specific tasks for each role and

department, organizational structure promotes specialization and
expertise, leading to increased productivity and effectiveness.
c. Efficient Communication: Formal communication channels

established in the organizational structure ensure that information
flows smoothly between different levels and departments. This
efficient communication reduces misunderstandings and enhances
organizational agility.
d. Decision-Making Processes: The structure defines how decisions

are made within the organization, whether they are centralized or
decentralized. This clarity streamlines decision-making and ensures
that choices align with organizational objectives.
e. Flexibility and Adaptability: Organizational structures can be

designed to be flexible and adaptable to changing market conditions,
allowing organizations to respond quickly to new opportunities or
challenges.
Types of Organizational Structure

Organizations can adopt various types of organizational structures,
each with its advantages and disadvantages. Some common types of
organizational structures include:
a. Functional Structure: In a functional structure, employees are

grouped based on their specific functions or areas of expertise, such
as marketing, finance, operations, and human resources. This type of
structure promotes specialization and efficiency within each functional
area.
b. Divisional Structure: In a divisional structure, the organization is

divided into distinct business units or divisions based on products,
services, customer segments, or geographic locations. Each division
operates as a separate entity, allowing for greater autonomy and
adaptability.
c. Matrix Structure: The matrix structure combines elements of both

functional and divisional structures. Employees report to both
functional managers and project or product managers, facilitating
collaboration and resource sharing.
d. Flat Structure: A flat structure has fewer hierarchical levels, often

eliminating middle management positions. This structure fosters a
more collaborative and agile organizational culture.
e. Hierarchical Structure: The hierarchical structure follows a

traditional pyramid-like organization with clear chains of command,
well-defined reporting relationships, and centralized decision-making.
Key Components of Organizational Structure

An effective organizational structure typically includes the following
key components:
a. Hierarchy: The hierarchy establishes the levels of authority and

reporting relationships within the organization. It clarifies the chain of
command, with higher-level managers having more decision-making
power.
b. Departments and Divisions: Organizations are divided into

departments or divisions based on functional areas or strategic
objectives. Each department is responsible for specific tasks and
contributes to the overall organizational goals.
c. Roles and Responsibilities: Clear delineation of roles and

responsibilities ensures that each employee understands their tasks
and duties. This reduces duplication of efforts and confusion within
the organization.
d. Communication Channels: The organizational structure outlines

formal communication channels, ensuring that information flows
efficiently between different levels and departments.
e. Decision-Making Processes: The structure defines how decisions

are made within the organization, whether they are made by top
management or decentralized to lower-level employees.
The Impact of Organizational Structure

The organizational structure significantly influences an organization's
performance, culture, and overall success. Some key impacts of
organizational structure include:
a. Organizational Culture: The structure shapes the organization's

culture and communication patterns. A flat structure, for example,
promotes a more open and collaborative culture, while a hierarchical
structure may foster a more formal and top-down communication style.
b. Innovation and Adaptability: The choice of organizational structure

can either facilitate or hinder innovation and adaptability. A more
decentralized structure allows for greater flexibility and

responsiveness.
to market changes, while a more centralized structure may slow down
decision-making and adaptation.
c. Employee Motivation and Satisfaction: An organizational structure

that clearly defines roles and provides opportunities for growth and
development can boost employee motivation and job satisfaction.
d. Coordination and Collaboration: The effectiveness of coordination

and collaboration within and between departments depends on the
clarity of reporting relationships and communication channels.
e. Organizational Efficiency: A well-designed organizational structure

can lead to streamlined processes, reduced duplication of efforts, and
improved overall efficiency.
Designing an Effective Organizational Structure

Designing an effective organizational structure requires a thorough
understanding of the organization's goals, resources, and external
environment. It involves careful consideration of factors such as
company size, industry, strategy, and culture. Organizational
structures should be periodically reviewed and adjusted to align with
the changing needs of the organization and its stakeholders.
Definition and Importance of Organizational Structure

The formal arrangement of relationships, functions, and duties inside
an organization is referred to as its organizational structure. It
establishes how responsibilities are allocated, who answers to whom,
and how information moves across levels. For employees to
understand their duties and responsibilities and how their activities
contribute to the success of the business, an organizational structure
must be able to provide clarity, coherence, and direction. It serves as
a framework for decision-making, communication, and effectiveness
inside the company.
Conclusion
In conclusion, organizational structure serves as the backbone of
effective business management. It defines how an organization is
designed, organized, and operated to achieve its objectives
efficiently. Organizational structure provides clarity, direction, and
coordination, ensuring that employees understand their roles and
responsibilities. The choice of organizational structure significantly
impacts an organization's performance, culture, and decision-making
processes. By designing an effective organizational structure that
aligns with the organization's goals and characteristics, businesses
can achieve greater efficiency, productivity, and overall success.
The concept of organizational structure is essential to understanding

corporate management because it provides the framework for defining
how an organization functions, allocating roles, and delegating
authority. It describes how different parts, departments, and
employees are organized so that the organization can function
effectively and accomplish its objectives. The entire understanding of
organizational structure is explored in this essay, along with its
importance, major elements, types, benefits, and drawbacks, as well
as its influence on an organization's success.

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Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

1. How does globalization affect the Architects? 30 pts.

The globe has become a highly integrated global community as a

Architecture has been significantly impacted by globalization, the

The Challenge of Cultural Sensitivity

Technological Advancements in Design and Construction

Technological Advancements and Design Integration

Additionally, advancements in construction materials and techniques

The Rise of Megaprojects and Iconic Landmarks

Economic Pressures and Project Diversity

Impact on Urbanization and City Planning

Globalization also drives the rise of iconic architectural landmarks

Enhanced Design Diversity and Inspiration

Globalization also makes it easier for architects from various

Ethical Considerations in Global Practice

Architects must also consider the social implications of their projects,

In order to shape the built environment in a way that is socially

In conclusion, for architects, globalization has presented both

Beyond design, globalization has an impact on architects that extends

play a significant part in determining the world's future by staying

2. Why is risk management important? 30 pts

Organizations face a wide range of uncertainties and potential risks in

Risk is an inherent aspect of any endeavor, be it in business, finance,

Minimizing Uncertainty and Improving Decision-Making

Protection of Assets and Resources

Enhancing Business Continuity

Facilitating Innovation and Growth

Meeting Regulatory Requirements and Compliance

Protecting Stakeholder Interests

Cost Reduction and Resource Optimization

reducing potential risks in the early stages. Additionally, risk

Fostering a Culture of Resilience and Adaptability

Enhancing Reputation and Brand Image

Protecting Assets and Investments

Ensuring Business Continuity

potential risks and developing contingency plans, organizations can

Compliance and Legal Obligations

Building Resilience in the Face of Uncertainty

Promoting Safety and Security

Mitigating Financial Losses

Building Trust and Confidence

conveys professionalism, accountability, and transparency, which are

Long-term Sustainability and Success

Risk management is a fundamental notion that underpins many facets

3. What is bookkeeping in financial accounting?

Bookkeeping is a fundamental process within financial accounting that

Purpose of Bookkeeping in Financial Accounting

Bookkeeping serves as the foundation for preparing financial

While single-entry bookkeeping is easy to maintain, it lacks the

Double-entry bookkeeping is the more widely used and comprehensive

a debit and once as a credit, in corresponding accounts. This dual-

The double-entry method offers several advantages, such as providing

Importance of Accurate Bookkeeping

b. Compliance and Legal Requirements:

d. Effective Tax Planning:

different periods, management can identify trends, assess growth, and

Technology and Bookkeeping

Computerized bookkeeping offers several advantages, including

reporting, and automated reconciliation of accounts. Cloud-based

Bookkeeping vs. Accounting

Accounting builds upon the foundation of bookkeeping and utilizes the